This Document Contains Chapters 6 to 9 CHAPTER SIX LITERATURE Discussion Questions 1. Discuss one of the genres of literature and its subgenres. Answer: One genre of literature is fiction, which encompasses a variety of subgenres such as mystery, science fiction, fantasy, romance, historical fiction, and literary fiction. Each subgenre has its own unique characteristics and conventions that appeal to different readers. 2. Describe one of the elements that comprise how works of fiction are put together. Answer: One essential element of fiction is character development. Characters drive the narrative and engage readers, so authors carefully craft their personalities, motivations, and arcs throughout the story. From protagonists to antagonists and supporting characters, their growth or transformation often mirrors the central themes and conflicts of the work. 3. Describe one of the elements of poetry. Answer: One crucial element of poetry is imagery. Imagery involves the use of descriptive language to create vivid mental pictures or sensory experiences for the reader. Poets use imagery to evoke emotions, convey themes, and enhance the overall impact of their work. It often involves appealing to the senses of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell, drawing readers deeper into the poem's world. 4. Compare or contrast the uses of facts or anecdotes in biographies or autobiographies. Answer: In biographies and autobiographies, facts and anecdotes serve different but complementary purposes. Facts in biographies are researched and verified details about the subject's life, including dates, events, and historical context. They provide a solid foundation of accuracy and credibility, giving readers a comprehensive understanding of the subject's life and achievements. Anecdotes, on the other hand, are personal stories or incidents that provide insight into the subject's character, personality, and experiences. They add depth and richness to the narrative, offering glimpses into the subject's thoughts, feelings, and relationships. Anecdotes humanize the subject, allowing readers to connect emotionally and empathize with their journey. In autobiographies, both facts and anecdotes are typically drawn directly from the author's own experiences. Here, facts serve to establish the chronological framework and historical context of the author's life, while anecdotes offer personal reflections, insights, and memories that highlight key moments and themes. In contrast, biographies rely on external research and sources to gather factual information about the subject, while anecdotes may come from interviews, letters, or other personal accounts. While both forms use facts and anecdotes to tell a compelling story, their sources and approaches differ based on whether the author is an outsider researching a subject or the subject themselves recounting their own life. 5. Name and define the two types of essay. Answer: The two main types of essays are: 1. Expository Essay: A type of essay that presents balanced, objective information about a topic. It explains, describes, or informs the reader about a specific subject, often without expressing the author's opinion. 2. Persuasive Essay: A type of essay that aims to convince the reader to adopt a particular viewpoint or take a specific action. It presents arguments, evidence, and reasoning to support the author's position on a controversial or debatable issue. 6. Name and define the four types of narrative point of view. Answer: The four main types of narrative point of view are: 1. First Person: Narrated by a character within the story, using pronouns like "I" and "we." This viewpoint provides direct access to the narrator's thoughts, feelings, and experiences. 2. Second Person: Narration directed at the reader using "you." This viewpoint is less common in narrative fiction but can create a sense of immediacy and involvement. 3. Third Person Limited: Narrated by an external voice that focuses on the thoughts and experiences of a single character. It uses pronouns like "he," "she," and "they" and provides insights into one character's perspective. 4. Third Person Omniscient: Narrated by an external voice that knows and can access the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of multiple characters. It provides a broader perspective on the story, often revealing information beyond what any single character knows. 7. Explain the use of metaphor in William Shakespeare’s poem “The Seven Ages of Man.” Answer: In William Shakespeare's poem "The Seven Ages of Man," metaphor is used to vividly describe the various stages of human life. One of the most prominent metaphors in the poem is the comparison of life to a stage and humans to actors playing different roles. This metaphor suggests that life is like a theatrical performance, with each stage representing a different act or phase in a person's existence. For example, in the opening lines of the poem, Shakespeare compares the world to a stage, stating, "All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players." Here, the metaphor of the world as a stage emphasizes the transient and performative nature of human life. It suggests that individuals move through various stages or roles, from birth to death, just as actors perform different parts in a play. Throughout the poem, Shakespeare continues to use metaphor to describe each stage of life, such as comparing infancy to "mewling and puking in the nurse's arms" and old age to "second childishness and mere oblivion." These metaphors help to paint a vivid picture of the human experience, capturing the joys, sorrows, and complexities of each stage of life. Overall, metaphor in "The Seven Ages of Man" serves to enhance the imagery and symbolism of the poem, allowing Shakespeare to explore the universal themes of human existence in a rich and evocative manner. 8. Explain the use of figurative language in “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost. Answer: "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert Frost is rich in its use of figurative language, which enhances the poem's imagery and mood. Here are a few examples: 1. Metaphor: Frost employs metaphor to compare the woods to a place of quiet contemplation and perhaps even temptation. The line "Whose woods these are I think I know" suggests a sense of ownership and familiarity, but also hints at a deeper, more personal connection to the landscape. 2. Personification: Throughout the poem, Frost personifies the elements of nature, such as the woods, the wind, and the snow. For instance, in the lines "The woods are lovely, dark and deep," the woods are described as possessing qualities typically associated with humans, such as loveliness and depth. 3. Imagery: Frost's use of vivid imagery helps to create a sense of place and atmosphere. He describes the snow falling softly, the dark and silent woods, and the horse's movements, painting a picture of a tranquil winter scene. 4. Symbolism: The woods in the poem can be interpreted as a symbol of the speaker's inner thoughts and desires. They represent a temporary escape from the pressures and responsibilities of everyday life, as indicated by the repeated refrain "And miles to go before I sleep." The speaker's decision to stop in the woods reflects a moment of contemplation and introspection. Overall, Frost's use of figurative language in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" contributes to the poem's beauty, depth, and emotional resonance. Through his skilful use of metaphor, personification, imagery, and symbolism, Frost invites readers to explore themes of nature, solitude, and the passage of time. 9. Discuss the effectiveness of John Wesley’s use of anecdote in God Brought Me Safe. Answer: "God Brought Me Safe" by John Wesley is a powerful example of the effective use of anecdote in conveying spiritual experiences and lessons. Wesley, the founder of Methodism, often used personal anecdotes to illustrate theological points and to connect with his audience on a personal level. In "God Brought Me Safe," Wesley recounts a harrowing experience he had while traveling by sea. He describes being caught in a violent storm and fearing for his life, but ultimately finding solace and strength in his faith. Wesley's vivid and detailed recounting of this experience allows readers to empathize with his fear and uncertainty, while also witnessing the power of his trust in God. The anecdote serves several purposes in the text: 1. Emotional Impact: Wesley's description of the storm and his feelings of fear and desperation evoke a strong emotional response from readers. By sharing his vulnerability and humanity, Wesley creates a sense of empathy and connection with his audience. 2. Illustration of Faith: Through the anecdote, Wesley demonstrates the transformative power of faith in the face of adversity. Despite the danger and uncertainty of the situation, Wesley finds peace and courage through his trust in God's protection. 3. Relatability: Wesley's personal experience makes the message of the text more relatable and accessible to readers. By sharing his own struggles and triumphs, Wesley shows that faith is not an abstract concept, but a lived experience that is relevant to everyone. Overall, John Wesley's use of anecdote in "God Brought Me Safe" effectively conveys the central themes of faith, trust, and divine providence. The personal nature of the anecdote makes the message of the text more compelling and memorable, leaving a lasting impression on readers long after they have finished reading. Multiple Choice Questions 10. Which of the following is a novel whose subject matter comprises the adventures of a rogue? a. Manners b. Gothic c. Historical d. Picaresque Answer: d. Picaresque 11. Which of the following is a novel whose subject matter comprises observations of the customs, values, and mores of a complex society? a. Manners b. Picaresque c. Historical d. Gothic Answer: a. Manners 12. Which of the following is a novel that is set in a specific time period and tries to relate the story with faithfulness to the facts? a. Picaresque b. Gothic c. Historical d. Sentimental Answer: c. Historical 13. Which of the following best describes a novel whose subject matter comprises an atmosphere of mystery and terror? a. Gothic b. Psychological c. Historical d. Sentimental Answer: a. Gothic 14. ___________ can be either formal or informal. a. Sonnets b. Novels c. Metaphors d. Essays Answer: d. Essays 15. ___________ is a device used to objectify the circumstances of a work of fiction. a. Lyricism b. Formality c. Point of view d. Character Answer: c. Point of view 16. Which of the following means the atmosphere of a story? a. Reality b. Character c. Tone d. Plot Answer: c. Tone 17. The structure of a work of literature is which of the following? a. Theme b. Character c. Tone d. Plot Answer: d. Plot 18. Which of the following is the overriding idea by which the other elements of a story are shaped? a. Plot b. Tone c. Symbolism d. Theme Answer: d. Theme 19. By altering the flow of sound through accents and syllables, poets create ___________ in their works. a. metaphor b. symbolism c. rhythm d. colour Answer: c. rhythm 20. Since poetry relies on compressed language to express its meanings, ___________ are very important elements. a. symbols b. meters c. themes d. tones Answer: a. symbols 21. In poetry, the repetition of similar or identical consonant sounds is called _________. a. dissonance b. assonance c. alliteration d. consonance Answer: d. consonance 22. Iambic, trochaic, and anapaestic are types of ___________ lines. a. anecdotal b. metric c. alliterate d. respondent Answer: b. metric 23. In biographies, the ___________ are the verifiable details around which a writer shapes the life of the protagonist. a. anecdotes b. meter c. facts d. allegories Answer: c. facts 24. One way to bring the reader closer to the subject of a biography is for the writer to present part of the story in a _________. a. sonnet b. dialog c. rhythm d. meter Answer: b. dialog 25. Which of the following characteristics describes the writing of Toni Morrison? a. Elaborate prose language b. Emotional restraint c. Sensitive observation d. Poetic dialectic Answer: c. Sensitive observation 26. With what work did Toni Morrison win the 1988 Pulitzer Prize? a. Beloved b. Tar Baby c. Song of Solomon d. The Bluest Eye Answer: a. Beloved CHAPTER SEVEN THEATRE Discussion Questions 1. Explain the genres of tragedy, comedy, and melodrama, including similarities and differences. Answer: Tragedy, comedy, and melodrama are theatrical genres. 1. Tragedy: Typically features a protagonist facing a downfall due to their own flaws or external circumstances. It evokes emotions like pity and fear, often ending in death or suffering. 2. Comedy: Focuses on humour, often depicting exaggerated situations or characters. It typically ends in resolution and harmony, with a sense of joy or relief. 3. Melodrama: Emphasizes exaggerated emotions and situations, often featuring clear-cut heroes and villains. It tends to have a sensational or sensationalized plot and strong emotional appeal. While all three genres involve dramatic storytelling, they differ in tone, themes, and the emotions they evoke. Tragedy focuses on the downfall of the protagonist, comedy on humour and resolution, and melodrama on exaggerated emotions and situations. 2. Identify and explain the structural elements of a play. Answer: The structural elements of a play include: 1. Exposition: Introduces the audience to the characters, setting, and basic situation. 2. Inciting Incident: The event that sets the main action of the play in motion, often creating conflict or tension. 3. Rising Action: Develops the main conflict and builds tension as the plot progresses. 4. Climax: The turning point of the play, where the conflict reaches its peak and the outcome is decided. 5. Falling Action: Resolves the conflict and ties up loose ends, leading towards the conclusion. 6. Resolution (Denouement): The final outcome of the play, where any remaining questions or conflicts are addressed, and the story comes to a close. These elements help to structure the plot and guide the audience through the narrative arc of the play. Additionally, plays often include acts and scenes, which further organize the story into smaller segments and provide natural breaks for the audience. 3. Compare and contrast two or more types of theatres. Answer: A brief comparison between proscenium and thrust theatres: 1. Proscenium Theatre: • Audience typically sits in front of a stage that's framed by an arch. • Creates a sense of distance between performers and audience. • Often used for larger productions with elaborate sets and lighting. • Provides a "picture frame" view of the performance. • Commonly associated with traditional Western theatre. 2. Thrust Theatre: • Audience surrounds the stage on three sides, creating a more intimate atmosphere. • Offers closer proximity to the performers, enhancing engagement. • Allows for more interaction between performers and audience. • Usually used for smaller productions or experimental works. • Originates from ancient Greek and Elizabethan theatre designs. Both theatre types have their unique characteristics and cater to different performance styles and audience experiences. 4. Explain the purposes of scenic, lighting, or costume design and how they work. Answer: Scenic, lighting, and costume design serve to enhance the storytelling, mood, and atmosphere of a production. Scenic design creates the physical environment, setting the stage for the narrative. Lighting design manipulates light to evoke emotion, highlight key elements, and create focus. Costume design communicates character traits, period, and style, enriching the audience's understanding of the characters and their world. Together, these elements work harmoniously to bring a performance to life, engaging the audience on multiple sensory levels. 5. Explain the fundamental characteristics of comedy and farce. Answer: Comedy aims to entertain by provoking laughter through humour, wit, and irony. It often explores the lighter side of life's complexities and human follies. Farce, a subtype of comedy, exaggerates situations and characters to absurd levels, relying heavily on physical humour, misunderstandings, and improbable plot twists for comedic effect. It's characterized by fast-paced action, slapstick humour, and often features exaggerated stereotypes or caricatures. Both comedy and farce rely on timing, pacing, and clever dialogue to engage and amuse audiences. 6. What are the elements of the plot? Answer: The elements of a plot typically include: 1. Exposition: Introduces the setting, characters, and background information. 2. Inciting Incident: The event that sets the main conflict in motion. 3. Rising Action: Series of events that build tension and develop the conflict. 4. Climax: The highest point of tension or turning point in the story. 5. Falling Action: Events that occur as a result of the climax, leading towards resolution. 6. Resolution (or Denouement): The conclusion of the story where the conflict is resolved, and loose ends are tied up. These elements work together to structure the narrative and drive the storyline forward. 7. Explain what the lighting designer does and why his or her work is ephemeral. Answer: The lighting designer is responsible for creating the visual atmosphere and mood of a production through the strategic use of light. They work closely with the director and other designers to enhance the storytelling, highlight key elements, and evoke specific emotions in the audience. The work of a lighting designer is ephemeral because it exists only for the duration of the performance. Unlike set pieces or costumes, which can be seen and touched, light is intangible and fleeting. Once the performance ends, the lighting design disappears, leaving only memories and perhaps recordings or photographs. This transient nature adds to the unique and immersive experience of live theatre, where each performance is a one-of-a-kind event shaped by the interplay of light, sound, and action. Multiple Choice Questions 8. In theatre, types of plays such as tragedies and comedies are called which of the following? a. Conventions b. Genres c. Dynamics d. None of the above Answer: b. Genres 9. In his Poetics, Aristotle described in great detail the characteristics of which of the following? a. Melodrama b. Comedy c. Farce d. Tragedy Answer: d. Tragedy 10. What is the most popular dramatic form of the 20th century? a. Tragedy b. Drama c. Melodrama d. Farce Answer: c. Melodrama 11. In this type of play, the plot usually unfolds as a series of trials instigated by a villain that the hero must overcome. a. Low comedy b. High comedy c. Tragedy d. Melodrama Answer: d. Melodrama 12. The word theatre comes from the word _________, which means “a place for seeing.” a. Thanatos b. theatron c. Theos d. the archon Answer: b. theatron 13. What is the term for a play structured in such a way that it rises to a peak and falls to a conclusion? a. Foreshadowed b. Pyramidal c. Episodic d. Causal Answer: b. Pyramidal 14. Which of the following terms describes the part of a play’s structure in which the playwright gives the audience background information? a. Complication b. Denouement c. Crisis d. Exposition Answer: d. Exposition 15. Which of the following terms describes the part of a play’s structure in which the playwright twists the events of the plot and the subplots? a. Complication b. Denouement c. Crisis d. Exposition Answer: a. Complication 16. Which of the following terms describes the part of a play’s structure in which the playwright resolves the issues of the play? a. Complication b. Denouement c. Crisis d. Exposition Answer: b. Denouement 17. The central personage of a play is called the _________. a. protagonist b. focal point c. person of interest d. motivator Answer: a. protagonist 18. Which of the following terms is applicable to a situation such as a peasant jumping to the upper class? a. Thematic reorder b. Reversal c. Crisis d. None of the above Answer: b. Reversal 19. Which of the following is a theatre form in which the audience totally surrounds the playing area? a. Arena form b. Thrust form c. Proscenium form d. Open form Answer: a. Arena form 20. Which of the following is a theatre form in which the audience views the action through a frame? a. Arena form b. Thrust form c. Proscenium form d. Open form Answer: c. Proscenium form 21. Which of the following is a theatre form in which the audience surrounds the action on three sides? a. Arena form b. Thrust form c. Proscenium form d. Open form Answer: b. Thrust form 22. Items that are like those we see in everyday life are called _________. a. true b. theatrical c. lifelike d. false Answer: c. lifelike 23. Items that are not as we find them in daily life are called _________. a. true b. theatrical c. lifelike d. false Answer: b. theatrical 24. Which of the following terms means mental and physical involvement in situations not directly participated in? a. Sympathy b. Sensibility c. Empathy d. Aesthetic distance Answer: c. Empathy 25. Which of the following is a type of theatre in which elements from fields in the humanities and arts may be combined? a. Mime b. Performance art c. Tragicomedy d. None of the above Answer: b. Performance art 26. What is the main channel of communication between the playwright and the audience? a. Exposition b. Denouement c. Actors d. Scenery Answer: c. Actors 27. Which of the following is the theatre for which Shakespeare wrote? a. The Odeon b. The Lord Chamberlain’s c. The Globe d. The Bear Answer: c. The Globe 28. According to Aristotle, one of the attributes of tragedy is that it produces _________, or the purging of the emotions of pity and fear. a. mood b. dynamics c. catharsis d. all of the above Answer: c. catharsis CHAPTER EIGHT CINEMA Discussion Questions 1. Compare and contrast two of the three main film genres. Answer: Let's compare and contrast two popular film genres: drama and science fiction. Drama: Common Elements: 1. Focus on Character: Dramas often delve deeply into the internal conflicts, emotions, and relationships of the characters. 2. Realistic Settings: They typically take place in realistic or everyday settings, focusing on human experiences and interactions. 3. Emotional Depth: Dramas explore complex themes such as love, loss, redemption, and morality, eliciting emotional responses from the audience. 4. Character Development: Character arcs and growth are central to dramas, as characters grapple with personal challenges and dilemmas. Contrast: 1. Narrative Style: Dramas usually have a linear narrative structure, following a chronological sequence of events to explore character development and thematic elements. 2. Visual Effects: Dramas rely less on visual effects and spectacle, instead prioritizing dialogue, performance, and storytelling. Science Fiction: Common Elements: 1. Imaginative Settings: Science fiction films are set in futuristic, fantastical, or speculative worlds, often exploring advanced technology, space travel, or alternate realities. 2. Conceptual Themes: They delve into themes such as humanity's relationship with technology, the consequences of scientific advancements, and the nature of existence. 3. Visual Spectacle: Science fiction films often feature elaborate visual effects, futuristic landscapes, and imaginative creature designs to create immersive worlds. 4. Exploration of Ideas: Science fiction uses futuristic or speculative settings to explore philosophical, ethical, and societal questions, offering commentary on contemporary issues through allegory and metaphor. Contrast: 1. Narrative Style: Science fiction narratives can be non-linear and complex, featuring time travel, parallel universes, or nonlinear storytelling techniques. 2. Emotional Focus: While science fiction may include emotional elements, the emphasis is often more on intellectual exploration and world-building rather than deep emotional resonance. In summary, while both drama and science fiction films engage audiences with compelling stories and thought-provoking themes, they differ in setting, narrative style, and emotional focus, catering to different storytelling preferences and interests. 2. Pick three aspects of film production and explain their parts in creating the final work. Answer: 1. Screenwriting: The screenplay serves as the blueprint for the film, outlining the story, characters, dialogue, and structure. It lays the foundation for the entire production, providing the framework upon which other elements are built. A well-written screenplay captures the essence of the story and guides the director, actors, and crew in bringing it to life on screen. 2. Cinematography: Cinematography involves the art of capturing images on film or digitally. It encompasses various elements such as camera angles, framing, lighting, and composition. The cinematographer works closely with the director to visually interpret the screenplay, creating the desired mood, atmosphere, and visual style. Through their creative choices, cinematographers enhance the storytelling, evoke emotion, and immerse the audience in the world of the film. 3. Editing: Editing is the process of selecting, arranging, and assembling raw footage into a coherent and compelling narrative. It plays a crucial role in shaping the pace, rhythm, and flow of the film. Editors work closely with the director to refine performances, tighten sequences, and ensure continuity. Through the manipulation of timing, transitions, and visual effects, editing helps to enhance storytelling, build tension, and create emotional impact, ultimately shaping the final viewing experience. 3. How do editing and camera techniques help create a sense of time and story movement in film? Answer: Editing and camera techniques play crucial roles in creating a sense of time and story movement in film. Editing: Through the manipulation of pacing, transitions, and the arrangement of scenes, editing controls the rhythm and flow of the film. Jump cuts or montages can compress time, condensing events and propelling the story forward. Conversely, elongated shots or slow-paced editing can draw out moments, emphasizing their significance or creating a sense of suspense. Additionally, flashbacks or nonlinear storytelling techniques can disrupt chronological order, offering insights into characters' pasts or parallel storylines. Overall, editing shapes the viewer's perception of time within the narrative, influencing the pacing and progression of the story. Camera Techniques: Camera movements, angles, and framing also contribute to the portrayal of time and story movement. Tracking shots or long takes can convey a continuous passage of time, following characters as they move through space or engage in action. Conversely, static shots or close-ups can intensify moments, slowing down the narrative pace and focusing attention on specific details or emotions. Additionally, techniques such as time-lapse photography or slow motion can manipulate the perception of time, compressing or elongating sequences for dramatic effect. By strategically employing these camera techniques, filmmakers can enhance the audience's engagement with the story and shape their experience of its temporal dimension. 4. Examine the director’s role in cinema and the auteur theory. Answer: The director plays a central role in cinema, serving as the creative visionary responsible for translating the screenplay into a visual and emotional experience for the audience. They oversee all aspects of production, including casting, performance direction, set design, cinematography, and editing, shaping the artistic direction and tone of the film. The director collaborates closely with the cast and crew to realize their artistic vision, guiding them in bringing the story to life on screen. The auteur theory, developed in the 1950s by French film critics such as François Truffaut and André Bazin, proposes that the director is the primary author of a film, imbuing it with their personal style, thematic concerns, and creative vision. According to this theory, a director's body of work reflects their unique artistic sensibilities and recurring themes, regardless of the specific genre or subject matter of their films. Auteur directors are celebrated for their distinctive voices and singular contributions to the medium, with their films often analysed for deeper insights into their worldview and artistic philosophy. 5. Explain the role that convention plays in film. Answer: Conventions in film refer to the established techniques, styles, and storytelling norms that are commonly accepted and expected by audiences. They help create familiarity and coherence, guiding filmmakers in crafting narratives, characters, and visuals that resonate with viewers and effectively convey meaning and emotions. These conventions can include elements such as shot composition, editing techniques, genre conventions, and narrative structures, all of which contribute to shaping the audience's experience and understanding of the film. Multiple Choice Questions 6. Which of the following is the basic picture unit of a film? a. Reel b. Shot c. Frame d. Cut Answer: c. Frame 7. Which type of film attempts to record actuality using primarily a sociological or journalistic approach? a. Absolute film b. Narrative film c. Documentary film d. Silent film Answer: c. Documentary film 8. In many ways, this type of film uses the techniques of theatre. a. Narrative film b. Documentary film c. Absolute film d. None of the above Answer: a. Narrative film 9. This type of film exists solely as movement or form and tends to be very short. a. Narrative film b. Documentary film c. Absolute film d. None of the above Answer: c. Absolute film 10. According to legend, who discovered the optical phenomenon called “persistence of vision”? a. Aristotle b. Ptolemy c. Steven Spielberg d. D. W. Griffith Answer: b. Ptolemy 11. Which of the following is a cinema technique similar to third-person narrative in literature? a. Montage b. Subjective viewpoint c. Objective viewpoint d. Cutting within the frame Answer: c. Objective viewpoint 12. Which of the following describes how a film is recorded? a. In the order its scenes appear in the final version b. Beginning with the climax and working backward c. Beginning with close-ups and moving to cover shots d. None of the above Answer: d. None of the above 13. The magnitude of a television film relies more heavily on which of the following, as compared to a film made for theatre viewing? a. Long shots b. Medium shots c. Close-up shots d. Cutting within the frame Answer: c. Close-up shots 14. Which of the following terms means the joining together of shots during the editing process? a. Montage b. Cutting c. Persistence of vision d. Camera viewpoint Answer: b. Cutting 15. Which of the following is the technique and effect resulting from the use of natural or outdoor lighting and a hand-held camera? a. Chiaroscuro b. Cinema verité c. Cinema concrete d. Journalism Answer: b. Cinema verité 16. Which of the following is a technique that breaks the continuity of time? a. Cut b. Form cut c. Jump cut d. Montage Answer: c. Jump cut 17. Which of the following is a technique that moves from one image in a shot to another that has a similar shape? a. Cut b. Form cut c. Jump cut d. Montage Answer: b. Form cut 18. Which of the following is the term for what is recorded by the camera over a period of time? a. Cut b. Shot c. Dissolve d. Crosscut Answer: b. Shot 19. Which of the following creates the interrelationship of details in cinema? a. Master shots b. Long shots c. Bridging shots d. Establishing shots Answer: d. Establishing shots 20. Which of the following shots is edited into a scene to cover a brief break in continuity? a. Master shots b. Long shots c. Bridging shots d. Establishing shots Answer: c. Bridging shots 21. Which of the following is a technique that allows a filmmaker to avoid the editing process? a. Dissolving b. Camera movement c. Pan d. Cutting within the frame Answer: d. Cutting within the frame 22. Which of the following means the technique of fading out one scene and fading in the next? a. Wipe b. Lap dissolve c. Iris-out d. Iris-in Answer: b. Lap dissolve 23. Which of the following is the technique of keeping images in the background and foreground in equal focus? a. Depth of focus b. Rack focus c. Differential focus d. Omni focus Answer: a. Depth of focus 24. Which of the following is the technique of moving the camera away from or toward the subject? a. Pan b. Dolly shot c. Track shot d. Tilt shot Answer: b. Dolly shot 25. Which of the following is the technique of rotating the camera horizontally while keeping it fixed vertically? a. Pan b. Dolly shot c. Track shot d. Tilt shot Answer: a. Pan 26. Which of the following is the technique developed by silent film comedians to allow them to make direct contact with the audience? a. Aside b. Direct address c. Soliloquy d. Camera look Answer: d. Camera look 27. In cinema, the ___________ has the function of converting the mise-en-scène from three-‐dimensional to two-dimensional space. a. actor b. editor c. director d. set designer Answer: c. director 28. According to the ___________ theory, whoever controls the mise-en-scène of a film is its true author. a. actor b. auteur c. anterior d. attaché Answer: b. auteur 29. Which director created The Birth of a Nation? a. Fernand Léger b. D. W. Griffith c. Alfred Hitchcock d. John Ford Answer: b. D. W. Griffith 30. The director ___________ is noted for his film based on the life of newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hurst. a. Orson Welles b. Ridley Scott c. Sergei Eisenstein d. George Lucas Answer: a. Orson Welles CHAPTER NINE DANCE Discussion Questions 1. Compare and contrast two styles of dance. Answer: Ballet and hip-hop are two distinct styles of dance with contrasting origins, techniques, and aesthetics. Ballet, originating in the Italian Renaissance courts during the 15th century, is characterized by its formalized techniques, graceful movements, and emphasis on precision and poise. In contrast, hip-hop emerged from African American and Latino communities in the 1970s, featuring dynamic, improvisational movements, syncopated rhythms, and a strong emphasis on self-expression and creativity. While ballet often utilizes classical music and follows predetermined choreography, hip-hop is frequently accompanied by urban beats and allows for freestyle improvisation. Despite their differences, both styles require skill, dedication, and physical discipline, serving as powerful forms of artistic expression and cultural identity. 2. How does formalized movement contribute to ballet? Answer: Formalized movement in ballet contributes by providing a structured framework that emphasizes precision, elegance, and storytelling. Through meticulous techniques such as turnout, pointed toes, and specific body alignments, formalized movement enables dancers to achieve gracefulness and fluidity in their performances. It also allows choreographers to create intricate sequences and convey narratives with clarity and expressiveness. Overall, formalized movement in ballet enhances the aesthetic beauty and artistic integrity of the dance form, showcasing the skill and discipline of the dancers while captivating audiences with its timeless allure. 3. Describe how one or more of the elements of dance contribute to a work. Answer: Music is an essential element of dance, setting the mood, rhythm, and pace of the performance. It guides dancers in their movements, providing a structured framework for choreography while also evoking emotions and enhancing the audience's engagement. The interplay between music and movement creates a dynamic and immersive experience, enriching the narrative and conveying the choreographer's artistic vision. Whether through classical compositions, contemporary beats, or experimental soundscapes, music amplifies the impact of dance, transforming it into a captivating and transformative art form. 4. Characterize how music, mise-en-scène, or lighting interacts with dancers in a work. Answer: Lighting in a dance performance interacts with dancers by enhancing visibility, setting the mood, and emphasizing movements. It can highlight specific dancers or elements of the choreography, create depth and dimension on stage, and evoke emotions through changes in color, intensity, and direction. By working in tandem with music and mise-en-scène, lighting contributes to the overall atmosphere and storytelling of the performance, guiding the audience's focus and enriching their sensory experience. 5. Describe and diagram the five basic positions of ballet. Answer: 1. First Position: Feet together, heels touching, toes pointed outward forming a straight line. Arms rounded in front of the body in a gentle curve. 2. Second Position: Feet apart, about the width of the shoulders, toes pointing outward. Arms extended to the sides in a rounded curve. 3. Third Position: One foot placed in front of the other, heel of the front foot touching the middle of the back foot. Arms typically in a rounded position but can vary in placement. 4. Fourth Position: One foot placed in front of the other, but with more distance between them than in Third Position. Front foot's heel is in line with the back foot's toes. Arms typically in a rounded position or raised overhead. 5. Fifth Position: Feet completely together, one foot positioned directly in front of the other, with the heel of the front foot touching the toe of the back foot. Arms can be in various positions, often raised overhead or rounded in front of the body. 6. Explain the three general possibilities for communicating idea content in dance. Answer: In dance, idea content can be communicated through movement, music, and visual elements. Movement involves choreography and body language, music sets the mood and enhances emotion, while visual elements like costumes and set design add context and atmosphere. Multiple Choice Questions 7. Dance appears to have sprung from what human need? a. Religious b. Psychological c. Aesthetic d. None of the above Answer: a. Religious 8. Which of the following is a body of group dances performed to traditional music? a. Modern dance b. Ballet c. Folk dance d. Line dance Answer: c. Folk dance 9. Which of the following is the most obvious repository of formalized movement in dance? a. Modern dance b. Folk dance c. Line dance d. Ballet Answer: d. Ballet 10. Which form of dance is essentially anti-balletic in its principles? a. Modern dance b. Folk dance c. Jazz dance d. Tap dance Answer: a. Modern dance 11. With which of the following is “classical” or formal dance best associated? a. Modern dance b. Ballet c. Folk dance d. None of the above Answer: b. Ballet 12. Of the types of dance discussed in the text, which one exists more to involve participants than to entertain an audience? a. Modern dance b. Jazz dance c. Folk dance d. Ballet Answer: c. Folk dance 13. Who is the choreographer of Appalachian Spring? a. Ruth St. Denis b. Ted Shawn c. Martha Graham d. Isadora Duncan Answer: c. Martha Graham 14. Who was the most significant of the late 19th century detractors of the Romantic tradition in ballet? a. Martha Graham b. Ruth St. Denis c. Ted Shawn d. Isadora Duncan Answer: d. Isadora Duncan 15. Which of the following is the most essential characteristic of dance? a. Music b. Rhythm c. Costumes d. Human body Answer: d. Human body 16. Dances are created by what person? a. Dance master b. Choreographer c. Director d. None of the above Answer: b. Choreographer 17. Which of the following defines bodily movement that suggests the kinds of movements associated with people or animals? a. Delsarte b. Assemble c. Mimetic d. Acting out Answer: c. Mimetic 18. Elements in dance that tell a story are which of the following? a. Narrative b. Abstract c. Ethnic d. Mimetic Answer: a. Narrative 19. Which of the following means dance works that are designed to be diversions? a. Mimetic b. Abstract c. Divertissements d. Ethnic Answer: c. Divertissements 20. In the mise-en-scène for dance, designers can strengthen the use of ___________ by using more saturated and intense ones. a. color b. movements c. symbols d. forms Answer: a. color 21. Most of the time in a dance, ___________ serves as a basis for the bodily movement of the work. a. mimesis b. divertissement c. music d. the theme Answer: c. music 22. Since dance is theatrical, the ___________ engage(s) us with its interrelationship with the performers as well as the rest of the work. a. movement b. ballet c. dynamics d. mise-en-scène Answer: d. mise-en-scène Test Bank for Perceiving the Arts : An Introduction to the Humanities Dennis J. Sporre 9780205991617
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