Chapter 5: Consciousness Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following concepts was found by researchers to be linked to patients who reported being abducted by aliens? A. REM sleep behaviour disorder B. Sleep paralysis C. Lucid dreaming D. Night terrors Answer: B 2. _______________ is associated with the strange feeling of being unable to move just after falling asleep or immediately upon awakening. A. Lucid dreaming B. REM sleep behaviour disorder C. Narcolepsy D. Sleep paralysis Answer: D 3. Daydreams or fantasies are A. psychologically unhealthy. B. associated with dissociative disorders. C. normal and can help us solve problems creatively. D. prevalent only in 2-4 percent of the population. Answer: C 4. Eric had a dream where he reported feeling strapped down and unable to move or survey much of his surroundings. When discussing this with his therapist, he wonders whether it was an alien abduction. The therapist suggests that these feelings more correctly reflect A. hypnosis. B. sleep paralysis. C. an out-of-body experience. D. dissociation. Answer: B 5. One's mental perspective and personal understanding of the world are what psychologists refer to as A. sensation. B. motivation. C. consciousness. D. perception. Answer: C 6. What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? A. Thinking B. Consciousness C. Conscience D. Cognition Answer: B 7. Consciousness is the A. state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes. B. awareness of ourselves and the environment. C. memory of personally experienced events. D. intentional recollection of an item of information. Answer: B 8. Our awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating, is called A. consciousness. B. creativity. C. intelligence. D. self-awareness. Answer: A 9. When we feel drowsy late at night, it is the result of neurons that are controlled within our A. thalamus. B. cerebellum. C. hypothalamus. D. amygdala. Answer: C 10. Which of the following is not one of the biological processes that operate according to circadian rhythms? A. Hormone release B. Body temperature C. Kinesthetic sense D. Drowsiness Answer: C 11. What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night? A. Body temperature bottoms out in the morning. B. The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points in the morning. C. Heart rates typically increase at night. D. There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness. Answer: D 12. A circadian cycle is about _______________ hours long. A. 24 B. 12 C. 6 D. 5 Answer: A 13. A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) _______________ cycle. A. infradian B. circadian C. diurnal D. ultradian Answer: B 14. Our sleep–wake cycle follows a(n) _______________ rhythm. A. infradian B. diurnal C. circadian D. ultradian Answer: C 15. The hypothalamus controls the A. hypnotic suggestibility ratio. B. sleep–wake cycle. C. frequency of nightmares. D. growth hormones that occur during sleep. Answer: B 16. The sleep–wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the A. optical nerve. B. frontal lobe. C. hypothalamus. D. median forebrain bundle. Answer: C 17. Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located? A. Thalamus B. Cerebellum C. Basal ganglia D. Hypothalamus Answer: D 18. Circadian rhythms are controlled by the A. pineal gland. B. suprachiasmatic nucleus. C. thalamus. D. hippocampus. Answer: B 19. _______________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland. A. Serotonin B. Testosterone C. Estrogen D. Melatonin Answer: D 20. SCN stands for A. serotoninchiasmatic nucleus. B. suprachiasmatic nucleus. C. serotonin controlled nucleus. D. sleep control nucleus. Answer: B 21. The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the A. morning. B. early evening. C. afternoon. D. night. Answer: D 22. Melatonin is a A. stimulant. B. hormone. C. depressant. D. sleeping pill. Answer: B 23. Melatonin is to _______________ as an aspirin is to _______________. A. nausea; nightmare B. insomnia; headache C. nightmare; blood clots D. apnea; blood thinner Answer: B 24. We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in what altered state of consciousness? A. Sleeping B. Out-of-body experiences C. Dreaming D. Under the influence of drugs Answer: A 25. Sid is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation; he has been without sleep for 75 hours. Right now researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter S on the screen. A few days ago, Sid was a whiz at this task; however, he is doing very poorly today. How are sleep researchers likely to explain Sid’s poor performance? A. Due to the sleep deprivation, Sid does not understand the task. B. He has accumulated a “sleep debt” that impedes his learning, attention, and reaction time. C. He is determined to ruin the research because of the suffering he is enduring at the hands of the researchers. D. He is probably dreaming that he is somewhere else and has no interest in responding to the “here and now.” Answer: B 26. According to research on sleep deprivation, a moderate amount of sleep loss A. is still a serious problem. B. is not a problem at all. C. only is a problem for women, not men. D. does not affect people older than age 50. Answer: A 27. All of the following result from sleep deprivation except A. droopy eyelids. B. irritability. C. hyperalertness. D. cognitive impairment. Answer: C 28. Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation? A. Hyperactivity B. Cheerfulness C. Depression D. Nausea Answer: C 29. Even though sleep research suggests that most college students require approximately _______________ hours of sleep nightly, they often get _______________ hours. A. 9; 8 B. 9; 6 C. 7; 6 D. 10; 8 Answer: B 30. The human circadian rhythm can be disrupted by A. sleep deprivation. B. working the late shift. C. jet lag. D. all of the above. Answer: D 31. Nathan was a psychologist in the 1930s. Which of the following would best represent his understanding of what happened inside the brain during sleep? A. Humans, unlike animals, experience REM sleep but both experience non-REM sleep. B. Nothing interesting happens as humans sleep through the night. C. Humans pass through five distinct stages of sleep. D. Neurons fire and create the biological underpinnings of dreams and nightmares as we sleep. Answer: B 32. Jim has just taken a flight from Vancouver to Halifax, which is a 4 hour time difference. He finds he falls asleep easily when he arrives, but when he wakes up the next morning at 8:00am, he is exhausted as it feels like 4:00am to him. What is the likely source of disruption to Jim’s circadian rhythm? A. Working late shifts B. Jet lag C. Sleep paralysis D. Insomnia Answer: B 33. We are especially likely to experience jet lag when we travel A. west. B. east. C. shorter flights. D. longer flights. Answer: B 34. Electrical activity in the brain during REM sleep is similar to A. sleep spindles and stage 2 sleep. B. brain activity during non-REM sleep. C. activity during periods of wakefulness. D. states of daydreaming. Answer: C 35. As we sleep during the night, we spend the majority of our time in _______________ sleep. A. REM B. stage 1 C. stage 4 D. stage 2 Answer: D 36. Colleen is sleeping and is experiencing twitches in her legs and hands, and she has had the sensation that she is falling. What stage of sleep is associated with these experiences? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stages 3 & 4 D. REM sleep Answer: A 37. Sudden muscle contractions experienced during Stage 1 sleep are called A. sleep spindles. B. myoclonic jerks. C. K-complexes. D. hypnagogic imagery. Answer: B 38. Sleep research has continually shown that children spend more of their night getting deep sleep than do adults. This deep sleep corresponds to what stage(s) of sleep? A. Stages 3 and 4 B. Stages 2 and 3 C. Stage 3 and REM D. REM Answer: A 39. During what stage of sleep are we most likely to experience a vivid dream? A. Non-REM sleep B. Stage 2 sleep C. Paradoxical/REM sleep D. Stage 4 sleep Answer: C 40. Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person’s brain waves? A. Electromyograph (EMG) B. Electrocardiograph (EKG) C. Electro-oculograph (EOG) D. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Answer: D 41. If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is A. really not sleeping and is awake. B. in stage 1. C. in stage 4. D. in stage 2. Answer: A 42. You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple—just put on a tape and fall asleep. The accompanying description cites proof that people can learn while asleep. Being a good psychological detective, what question would you ask about the offered proof? A. Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language? B. What did the EEG indicate about the participants’ level of sleep? C. Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes? D. Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material? Answer: B 43. REM sleep refers to A. dreamless sleep. B. sleep induced by sleeping pills. C. sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely. D. sleep periods in which a person’s eyes move rapidly. Answer: D 44. You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep? A. Alpha eventually replaced by delta B. Alpha eventually replaced by delta C. Alpha eventually replaced by theta D. Delta eventually replaced by beta Answer: C 45. What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1–4 of sleep? A. REM B. Non-REM sleep C. REMN sleep D. Paradoxical sleep Answer: B 46. If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep? A. REM B. stage 1 C. stage 4 D. stage 2 Answer: D 47. Sleep spindles appear during _______________ sleep. A. REM B. stage 1 C. stage 4 D. stage 2 Answer: D 48. Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected? A. Beta B. Alpha C. Theta D. Delta Answer: D 49. Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called A. delta waves B. beta waves C. paradoxical sleep waves D. sleep spindles Answer: D 50. The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is _______________ sleep. A. stage 1 B. stage 2 C. stage 3 D. stage 4 Answer: C 51. The deepest stage of sleep is _______________ sleep. A. stage 1 B. stage 2 C. stage 3 D. stage 4 Answer: D 52. The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is _______________ sleep. A. REM B. stage 1 C. stage 4 D. stage 2 Answer: C 53. Stage 4 sleep is marked by _______________ waves. A. alpha B. beta C. theta D. delta Answer: D 54. People in stage 4 sleep A. dream all the time. B. are hard to wake up. C. are easy to wake up. D. hallucinate. Answer: B 55. Lynne has just fallen asleep, and appears to have awakened with a start, reporting that she thinks she just saw a ghost hovering by the end of her bed. What is a likely explanation for her behaviour? A. She was experiencing K-complexes during Stage 2 sleep, which is associated with visual disturbances. B. She was in REM sleep and was dreaming of ghosts like what she had seen in a movie earlier that night. C. She was in Stage 1 sleep and experienced a myoclonic jerk and hypnagogic imagery. D. She was having a non-REM dream that was more like fleeting sleep images. Answer: C 56. Jemele has decided to remain awake two hours more than normal so that she can study for her British Literature exam. She also plans to wake one and a half hours earlier than normal to resume studying. This change in her sleep pattern will have the biggest effect on the amount of _______________ sleep she gets. A. Stage 2 B. Stage 3 C. REM D. Stage 4 Answer: C 57. The human sleep cycle repeats itself approximately every A. 45 minutes. B. 60 minutes. C. 120 minutes. D. 90 minutes. Answer: D 58. Curtis has been getting only four hours of sleep a night during final exams because he didn't prepare like he should have during the semester. Upon returning home for the summer, he experiences intense dreams for three nights as he gets his more typical seven and a half hours of nightly sleep. Curtis is most likely experiencing A. dissociation. B. REM rebound. C. sleep paralysis. D. narcoleptic seizures. Answer: B 59. What relatively rare sleep disorder involves people acting out the movements and events of their dreams? A. REM behaviour disorder B. Insomnia C. Narcolepsy D. Sleep apnea Answer: A 60. Which of the following is not associated with REM sleep? A. Rapidly darting eye movements B. Muscle contractions associated with dream content C. REM rebound following sleep deprivation D. Middle ear muscle activity Answer: B 61. Upon waking, Carrie reports short “sleep thoughts” about her upcoming statistics project. Carrie’s dreams are associated with what stage of sleep? A. REM B. non-REM C. Stage 3 D. Stage 1 Answer: B 62. Which of the following is true about dolphins and sleep? A. Dolphins sleep with one of their brain’s hemispheres sleep and the other awake. B. Sleep patterns in dolphins closely resemble humans, including experiencing REM sleep. C. Dolphins have two stages of sleep associated with both theta and delta waves brainwaves. D. Dolphins have similar sleep patterns as humans, with the exception of a lack of muscle paralysis during sleep. Answer: A 63. Les is a 54 year old man who has a condition called _______________ that causes him to act out his dreams even though he remains asleep. A. night terrors B. lucid dreaming C. REM behaviour disorder D. sleep paralysis Answer: C 64. Geoff is reading the science section of the newspaper. He should be most skeptical of which of the following headlines? A. Feeling bad? Angry? Dream your problems away. B. Researcher claims dreaming not limited to deep sleep. C. Gender differences in dream content found again. D. Sight restored in dreams for man blinded in recent accident. Answer: A 65. Fletcher is having a dream where he is ship-wrecked out at sea. He encounters some pirates who end up saving him and transporting him to a tropical island where he is the newest member on the new season of Survivor. Fletcher is likely having what type of dream? A. Non-REM dream B. Lucid dream C. REM dream D. Hypnagogic imagery Answer: C 66. Joanne falls asleep and seems to have several dreams involving things she needs to do, such as a research paper, grocery shopping, and dinner with her Mom. These dreams are short and always start off the same way. What type of dreams is Joanne experiencing? A. Non-REM dreams B. REM dreams C. Lucid dreams D. Hypnagogic imagery Answer: A 67. Which of the following concepts most strongly challenges the conventional belief that one is either entirely awake and consciously aware or asleep and not consciously aware? A. Hypnosis B. Sleepwalking C. Dissociation D. Lucid dreaming Answer: D 68. _______________ is associated with a knowledge that one is dreaming, bizarre or improbable imagery that alerts the dreamer of a dream, and the possibility of controlling our dreams. A. Sleep paralysis B. REM rebound C. Lucid dreaming D. Narcolepsy Answer: C 69. A psychologist or a psychiatrist is likely to diagnose one's difficulty in attaining adequate nightly sleep as a psychological disorder A. if it interferes with daily activities such as work and negatively impacts a person's health. B. when it results from a deliberate choice, such as studying all night for an exam. C. even if it occurs relatively infrequently. D. only if the person feels that the lack of sleep is causing problems in other areas. Answer: A 70. The most commonly experienced sleep disorder is A. insomnia. B. night terrors. C. narcolepsy. D. sleep apnea. Answer: A 71. Joaquin frequently experiences difficulty staying asleep through the night. He has no problem falling asleep initially, but recently he has experienced problems with waking up and then returning to sleep after receiving a new promotion at work approximately three weeks ago. Joaquin is most likely to be diagnosed as suffering from A. nightmares. B. insomnia. C. REM behaviour disorder. D. sleep apnea. Answer: B 72. Which of the following is not a reported cause of insomnia? A. Relationship problems B. Depression C. Chronic pain D. Drinking alcohol Answer: D 73. If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from A. insomnia. B. parasomnia. C. hypersomnia. D. reverse insomnia. Answer: A 74. A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is A. insomnia. B. parasomnia. C. hypersomnia. D. reverse insomnia. Answer: A 75. To treat your sleep problem you are told that you should not nap, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing? A. Insomnia B. Parasomnia C. Hypersomnia D. Reverse insomnia Answer: A 76. Sleep research supports several recommendations to help combat insomnia. Which statement is not accurate? A. Don’t try too hard to get to sleep. B. In cases of insomnia, don’t associate your bedroom with wakefulness. C. Sleeping pills cure insomnia. D. It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night. Answer: C 77. Sleep research supports several recommendations to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is not a helpful hint? A. Don’t try too hard to get to sleep. B. In cases of insomnia, don’t associate your bedroom with wakefulness. C. Try to nap as much as possible. D. It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night. Answer: C 78. Mary is experiencing insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it? A. Take sleeping pills. B. Go to bed every night at the same time. C. Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep. D. Don’t do anything but sleep in your bed. 79. Rebound insomnia refers to A. sleeping difficulties resulting from relationship troubles. B. sleeping difficulties caused by napping too much. C. sleeping difficulties resulting from not taking sleeping pills after long-standing use. D. excessive sleeping resulting from accumulated sleep debt. Answer: C 80. The difference between insomnia and apnea is that A. apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children. B. insomnia is treatable but apnea is not. C. insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties. D. apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not. Answer: C 81. A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called A. sleep apnea. B. insomnia. C. narcolepsy. D. cataplexy. Answer: A 82. Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim’s symptoms? A. Narcolepsy B. Sleep apnea C. Sleep terror D. REM sleep behaviour Answer: B 83. _______________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke, gasp, and momentarily awaken. A. Sleep apnea B. Insomnia C. Narcolepsy D. Non-REM sleep Answer: A 84. Which of these individuals has the highest risk for having sleep apnea? A. John, 62 years old, who is overweight B. Angela, 21 years old, who is depressed C. Alicia, 42 years old, who is suffering from anorexia D. Juan, 8 years old, who is experiencing episodes of enuresis Answer: A 85. Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by A. difficulty falling or remaining asleep. B. nodding off without warning in the middle of the day. C. difficulty breathing while asleep. D. experiencing temporary paralysis immediately after waking up from sleep. Answer: C 86. Surgery to which organ in the body may relieve symptoms of apnea? A. Septum B. Tonsils C. Olfactory membrane D. Auditory canal Answer: B 87. What rare neurological condition, also known as Sleeping Beauty Disorder, results in excessive sleeping for weeks unless medicated? A. Narcolepsy B. Kleine-Levin Syndrome C. REM behaviour disorder D. Cataplexy Answer: B 88. Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from A. narcolepsy. B. parasomnia. C. REM rebound. D. sleep apnea. Answer: A 89. You are telling a joke to your friend who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor. You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as A. enuresis. B. narcolepsy. C. sleep terror. D. daytime insomnia. Answer: B 90. Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy? A. “I have difficulty getting to sleep.” B. “I don’t have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills.” C. “I sometimes fall into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation.” D. “When I get up in the morning, I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares.” Answer: C 91. Narcolepsy occurs when A. REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness. B. NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness. C. inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks. D. inadequate levels of stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage. Answer: A 92. Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have? A. Enuresis B. Narcolepsy C. Sleep terror D. Daytime insomnia Answer: B 93. Which of the following is a suggested treatment for insomnia? A. Try to sleep only when tired. B. Use an alarm clock to wake up in the morning. C. Consume caffeine if planning to stay up late. D. Remain in bed until you are able to fall asleep no matter how long it takes. Answer: A 94. Ed often experiences an intense urge to sleep and has often fallen asleep for a few minutes while in business meetings, while driving, and talking on the phone. He is most likely to diagnosed as suffering from A. sleeptalking and sleepwalking. B. narcolepsy. C. sleep apnea. D. REM behaviour disorder. Answer: B 95. Mr. Colbert is meeting with his doctor to discuss treatments for his recently diagnosed narcolepsy. Which of the following is likely to be a part of his treatment regimen? A. Sleeping pills to promote deeper sleep B. Taking medications to promote wakefulness C. Exercise to promote weight loss D. Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule Answer: B 96. Which hormone plays a role in triggering sudden attacks of sleepiness? A. Oxytocin B. Orexin C. Melatonin D. Estrogen Answer: B 97. Janice has had difficulty sleeping in the past and has been taking sleeping pills for several months. She does not want to take these any longer, but finds that she is having a lot of trouble falling and staying asleep when she doesn’t take the pills. Janice is experiencing A. rebound insomnia. B. REM behaviour disorder. C. sleep paralysis. D. sleep apnea. Answer: A 98. Sudden loss of muscle tone associated with narcolepsy is called A. restless legs syndrome. B. sleep paralysis. C. cataplexy. D. hypnic myoclonia. Answer: C 99. Cassie walks into her house on her birthday and a bunch of guests jump out and yell “Surprise!” She gasps, mumbles “I see the elephant!”, and then drops to the floor and appears to be sleeping. Cassie suffers from what sleep disorder? A. REM behaviour disorder B. Sleepwalking C. Lucid dreaming D. Narcolepsy Answer: D 100. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Sleepwalking has never been used successfully as a murder defence. B. There have been cases in which sleepwalking was a successful murder defence. C. Sleepwalking in prisons is a common occurrence. D. A famous lawyer reported that he tried a murder case while he was sleepwalking. Answer: B 101. Sleepwalking occurs most often during _______________ sleep. A. REM B. stage 2 C. stage 4 D. stage 1 Answer: C 102. Which of the following disorders is more common among children than among adults? A. Night terrors B. Sleep apnea C. Narcolepsy D. Insomnia Answer: A 103. Mario is overweight, and has been since he was a teenager, and has been diagnosed with sleep apnea. What is the first recommendation that Mario's doctor is likely to make to help treat the sleep apnea? A. Surgery to remove his tonsils B. Change his eating or exercise habits to promote weight loss C. Medication to help stimulate wakefulness D. Develop and maintain a consistent sleep schedule Answer: B 104. Albert is extremely obese and his family often complains of his snoring. During the night as he sleeps, he often stops breathing for a few seconds. As a result, his sleep is less restful because he awakens gasping for air. Albert clearly suffers from A. dissociation. B. narcolepsy. C. insomnia. D. sleep apnea. Answer: D 105. People with narcolepsy have abnormally few brain cells that produce A. melatonin. B. lipochrome. C. rhodopsin. D. orexin. Answer: D 106. Which of the following statements about night terrors is not accurate? A. Intense stress can lead to occasional night terrors. B. They occur almost exclusively in adults. C. They are usually associated with little to no memory of what happened. D. They are associated with screaming, thrashing, sweating, and confusion. Answer: B 107. _______________ is to acting out your dreams whereas _______________ is to walking while asleep but engaging in relatively little activity otherwise. A. Night terrors; narcolepsy B. Sleepwalking; REM behaviour disorder C. REM behaviour disorder; sleepwalking D. Narcolepsy; night terrors Answer: C 108. Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk? A. A 10-year-old child B. A 24-year-old adult C. A 44-year-old adult D. A 64-year-old adult Answer: A 109. Which statement about sleepwalking is incorrect? A. It is unsafe to wake up someone who is sleepwalking. B. Sleepwalking is most frequent in childhood. C. Sleepwalkers rarely remember their actions after waking up. D. Sleepwalkers are not acting out their dreams. Answer: A 110. Which of the following statements about sleepwalking is not true? A. Sleepwalking can be triggered by stress. B. People with psychological problems are more likely to sleepwalk. C. Children are more likely than adults to sleepwalk. D. Sleepwalking occurs most often during non-REM sleep. Answer: B 111. Which of the following is consistent with cross-cultural patterns of dreaming? A. A dream of winning the lottery and being able to have everything you ever wanted. B. Dreaming of getting in a fight with your best friend over plans that you cancelled. C. A dream where you meet the love of your life and get married. D. Those in traditional societies frequently dream of buildings and technology. Answer: B 112. Which of the following statements on REM sleep and dreaming is true? A. Most dreams when we are younger contain more positive than negative emotions. B. Women's dream content contains more emotion than do men's. C. REM dreams are shorter and more repetitive than non-REM dreams. D. Dreams involving aggressive feelings or actions are relatively rare. Answer: B 113. Anne was blind from birth, and Toby was blinded in a car accident at the age of 9. Which of the following statements is accurate with respect to their dreams? A. Both Anne and Toby are able to “see” in their dreams and experience visual imagery. B. The things Anne dreams of remain child-like whereas Toby’s dreams aren’t constrained by his age. C. Anne doesn’t experience visual imagery in her dreams whereas Toby does. D. Neither Anne nor Toby experience visual imagery in their dreams because both have been blinded. Answer: C 114. Interest in understanding dreams can be traced back A. many centuries. B. to the research on REM sleep of Aserinsky and Kleitman. C. to the work and theorizing of Sigmund Freud. D. only about 30 years. Answer: A 115. Freud's theoretical explanation about why we dream has received _______________ empirical research support. A. substantial B. mixed C. little D. increasing Answer: C 116. The perspective that one's dreams contain more information than would be expected at first glance is most consistent with A. information processing theory. B. dream protection theory. C. activation synthesis theory. D. dissociation theory. Answer: B 117. According to Freud, our sexual and aggressive impulses are transformed into symbols that represent _______________ and how we wish things could be. A. latent content B. manifest content C. wish fulfillment D. dream guardians Answer: C 118. What theoretical explanation of dreams explains dreaming as resulting from normal neural transmission and interpretation? A. Activation-synthesis theory B. Dream protection theory C. Neurocognitive theory D. Information processing theory Answer: A 119. Freud believed that dreams A. stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires. B. are sexual perversions. C. are reflections of consciousness. D. are ways to solve problems. Answer: A 120. Freud’s dream protection theory states that A. the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts. B. there is no purpose to dreaming; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals. C. the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems. D. dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections. Answer: A 121. What two categories of dream content did Sigmund Freud describe? A. Poetic and realistic B. Literal and symbolic C. Latent and manifest D. Delusional and hallucinatory Answer: C 122. Interpretation of the _______________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the _______________ content. A. latent; manifest B. manifest; latent C. manifest; sublimated D. metaphorical; denotative Answer: B 123. According to Sigmund Freud, the important underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the A. deep content. B. latent content. C. manifest content. D. subliminal content. Answer: B 124. A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the A. deep content. B. latent content. C. manifest content. D. subliminal content. Answer: B 125. A client tells his therapist about a dream in which he drives his wife to the airport where she boards a plane. As the plane takes off, he is smiling. The therapist says the dream suggests a desire for a divorce. The therapist’s interpretation represents what Sigmund Freud called the dream’s A. deep content. B. latent content. C. manifest content. D. subliminal content. Answer: B 126. Sigmund Freud would agree with all of the following except A. that dreams represent the unconscious. B. that early memories could be found in dreams. C. that the key to analyzing a dream will be found in the manifest content. D. that dreams represent conscious rather than unconscious desires. Answer: D 127. According to Freud, the visible, or directly observable, content of a dream is its _______________ content. A. primary B. manifest C. secondary D. latent Answer: B 128. A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The content of this dream, as related by the client to the therapist, is what Freud called its A. primary content. B. manifest content. C. secondary content. D. latent content. Answer: B 129. A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The therapist suggests that the “terminal” in the dream indicates an unconscious desire by the client to “terminate” his boss. This desire to terminate the boss, if it exists, would reflect what Freud called the _______________ of the dream. A. primary content B. manifest content C. secondary content D. latent content Answer: D 130. According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the source of a dream is neuronal firing in A. Broca’s area. B. the cortex. C. the lower brain stem. D. the optical lobe. Answer: C 131. How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming? A. The surfacing of repressed sexual urges B. Biological attempts to make recent memories more permanent C. The cortex making sense of signals from the brain stem D. The use of elaborate symbolism to disguise “unthinkable” topics Answer: C 132. The best adjectives associated with the activation-synthesis hypothesis are A. bizarre, meaningless, and random. B. unconscious, symbolic, and meaningful. C. meaningful, problem oriented, and historical. D. intelligent, free, and neurotic. Answer: A 133. The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming states that A. the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts. B. dreams are merely another kind of thinking; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals. C. the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems. D. dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections. Answer: B 134. The contention that dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities is argued by proponents of what dreaming theory? A. Dream protection theory B. Activation-synthesis theory C. Neurocognitive theory D. Activation-information model Answer: C 135. The lack of aggression or negative emotion in children’s dreams, when compared with adult’s dreams, is explained by A. underdeveloped latent aggressive impulses. B. the lack of neurological structures associated with complex cognition. C. less convoluted forebrain connections in the brain. D. a deficit in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Answer: B 136. Research has highlighted the importance of what region of the brain in the process of dreaming? A. Temporal lobe B. Midbrain C. Forebrain D. Occipital lobe Answer: C 137. Which of the following is the number one most frequent dream theme? A. Being lost, late, or trapped B. Sexual dreams C. Injury or illness D. Being chased or pursued Answer: D 138. Which of the following research findings has not been used to challenge Freud’s dream protection theory of dreaming? A. Dreams contain mostly positive content thus do not reflect sexual and aggressive instincts. B. Sexual themes account for less than 10 percent of the dreams that we remember. C. Dreams frequently are straightforward descriptions of events and problems and are not disguised. D. Brain damaged patients who report they do not dream still sleep soundly. Answer: A 139. Surges of the neurotransmitter _______________ have been associated with activation of REM dreams. A. serotonin B. norepinephrine C. acetylcholine D. melatonin Answer: C 140. In terms of dream theories, Hobson and McCarley are to _______________ as Freud is to _______________. A. dream protection; activation-synthesis B. activation-synthesis; dream protection C. lucid dreaming; the neurocognitive view D. the neurocognitive view; dream protection Answer: B 141. Dwayne and his nine-year-old son are sitting at the breakfast table and talking about various things. The son mentions a dream he had about school. Dwayne mentions a bizarre dream he had the previous night. These differences in the content of dreams is best explained by A. neurocognitive theory. B. dream protection theory. C. sleep dissociation theory. D. activation-synthesis theory. Answer: A 142. Which parts of the brain become more active during REM sleep? A. Forebrain B. Pons and amygdala C. Prefrontal cortex D. The temporal lobe Answer: B 143. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the neurocognitive perspective on dreaming? A. Dreams can be accounted for my neurotransmitter shifts and random neural impulses. B. Children are unlikely to have complex or negative dreams due to developmental factors. C. Complex dreams are cognitive achievements that parallel development and advanced cognitive abilities. D. Dreams are often concerned with emotional concerns and everyday preoccupations. Answer: A 144. Individuals that endorse a neurocognitive view of dreaming would argue that _______________ demonstrate that dreams are more than just random neural impulses. A. lucid dreams B. nightmares C. recurrent dreams D. sleepwalking Answer: C 145. Why do we dream? Some evidence points to the importance of dreaming in A. the integration and reorganization of memory. B. protecting sleep from harmful instincts such as aggression. C. achieving wish fulfillment. D. transmitting information from the brain stem to the thalamus and forebrain. Answer: A 146. Getting an adequate amount of sleep, which also means that one is likely to dream, may be important in the process of A. avoiding accidents during the day. B. physical growth and development. C. integrating and organizing information within memory. D. strengthening one's reasoning abilities and strategies. Answer: C 147. Kerri has experienced sensations where she sees bugs crawling on her skin although there is nothing there. Her doctor decides to give her a brain scan, and notices that her _______________ is just as active when she is having hallucinations as when she experiences this in reality. A. temporal lobe B. somatosensory cortex C. parietal lobe D. visual cortex Answer: D 148. Carla reported observing herself help a pedestrian who had been hit by a taxicab driver from on top of a building awning 5 metres off the ground. This is an example of what altered state of consciousness? A. Out-of-body experience B. Near-death experience C. Dissociation D. Hypnosis Answer: A 149. One key criticism of claims of near-death experiences is that there are often multiple explanations for the phenomena. This is an example of what key principle in critical thinking? A. Ruling out rival hypotheses B. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence C. Parsimony D. Falsifiability Answer: A 150. Not everyone claims to have had an out-of-body experience. What is one important factor that is associated with a self-reported out-of-body experience? A. A glitch in neural transmission within the brain B. Neurological damage within one month prior to the first out-of-body experience C. The release of endorphins within the brain D. Loss of body awareness Answer: D 151. Michelle claims that she often leaves her body and floats above her body, often during stressful events. Michelle experiences a phenomenon called _______________. A. déjà vu experiences B. out-of-body experiences C. sleep paralysis D. hallucinations Answer: B 152. Having important life events replay quickly and being in a tunnel walking toward a bright light are common themes in A. out-of-body experiences. B. near-death experiences. C. hypnotic trances. D. déjà vu experiences. Answer: B 153. Descriptions of near-death experiences tend to vary by A. person. B. pleasantness. C. culture. D. all of the above. Answer: D 154. Rather than accepting claims of near-death experiences (NDEs) as an example of an altered state of consciousness, Dr. Marvin Monroe asserts that many of the symptoms of NDEs are consistent with the physiological changes associated with a dying brain. His view is most similar to what general principle of critical thinking? A. Falsifiability B. Replicability C. Ruling out rival hypotheses D. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence Answer: C 155. Raja is conducting research on altered states of consciousness. He notices that during his initial interviews fewer persons who reported negative near-death experiences are willing to come back and complete his battery of surveys than are persons who reported positive near-death experiences. This fact leads him to question whether the information collected by previous researchers truly explains what happens during near-death experiences or simply is biased toward those with positive experiences. This example demonstrates what principle of critical thinking? A. Ruling out rival hypotheses B. Replicability C. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence D. Correlation does not mean causation Answer: A 156. Cultural variations in the features of near-death experiences suggest that A. NDEs provide a genuine glimpse of the afterlife for those that experience them. B. NDEs are constructed from prevalent beliefs about the hereafter in response to the threat of death. C. NDEs in Eastern cultures involve more “hellish” imagery relative to the life review experienced by those in Western cultures. D. while there are cultural differences, the sense of experiencing the “light at the end of the tunnel” appears to be cross-cultural. Answer: B 157. Physiological explanations for near-death experiences include all of the following except A. electrical stimulation of the brain’s temporal lobes. B. lack of oxygen to the brain. C. psychedelic or anesthetic drugs. D. massive release of acetylcholine in the brain. Answer: D 158. Enrico claims that déjà vu is evidence of a memory from one's past life. This claim violates which principle of critical thinking? A. Falsifiability B. Parsimony C. Ruling out rival hypotheses D. Replicability Answer: A 159. Which altered state of consciousness might be due to the combination of distraction and nonconscious information processing? A. Hypnosis B. Déjà vu experiences C. Out-of-body experiences D. Near-death experiences Answer: B 160. Which of the following individuals is most likely to report experiencing déjà vu illusions? A. Mary, a 20 year old political science major who travels all over the world studying liberalism and globalization. B. Jennifer, a 33 year old child and youth care worker who strongly believes in her Christian faith. C. Marcus, a 55 year old bus-driver who has not ever travelled outside of Alberta. D. Larry, a 37 year old environmentalist who has his Masters degree but has trouble remembering his dreams. Answer: A 161. Which of the following explanations for déjà vu is unfalsifiable? A. Small seizures in the right temporal lobe lead to feelings of familiarity. B. There is an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the temporal lobes. C. Feelings of familiarity stem from memories of past lives and experiences. D. Déjà vu may be related to previously experienced situations that we may not have consciously processed. Answer: C 162. Excess of what neurotransmitter in the temporal lobes has been associated with déjà vu experiences? A. Acetylcholine B. Serotonin C. Endorphin D. Dopamine Answer: D 163. Fiona enters her friend’s house but suddenly has the brief sense that she has never been there before and everything feels unfamiliar. Fiona is likely having A. an out-of-body experience. B. a déjà vu experience. C. an episode of astral projection. D. a jamais vu experience. Answer: D 164. _______________ refers to suggestive techniques for altering a person's perceptions, thoughts, or beliefs about one's self. A. Meditation B. Perceptual sets C. Hypnosis D. Déjà vu Answer: C 165. The key to hypnotic induction is related to A. the gender of the person doing the hypnotizing. B. education. C. state of suggestibility. D. time of day. Answer: C 166. Which of the following general statements best expresses your text’s authors' view of the general public's knowledge and understanding of hypnosis? A. The general public is not well informed about the scientific developments regarding hypnosis. B. The general public, as well as the scientific community, believes that hypnosis is a true altered state of conscious. C. The general public is well informed about the scientific developments regarding hypnosis. D. The general public recognizes and understands the limitations of hypnosis as memory recall technique. Answer: A 167. Contrary to popular public opinion regarding hypnosis, people can A. experience a total lack of situational awareness when in a hypnotic state. B. resist and oppose hypnotic suggestions at will. C. forget what happened while hypnotized. D. experience highly enhanced memory for situational details when hypnotized. Answer: B 168. What does the research evidence suggest about the relationship between hypnosis and sleep states? A. When people are hypnotized, it is like they are in effect dreaming within stage 1 and REM sleep. B. When people are hypnotized, it is like they are in effect dreaming in REM sleep. C. When people are hypnotized, it is a state that is entirely different from sleep. D. When people are hypnotized, it is like they are in effect in deep stages 3 and 4 sleep. Answer: C 169. Which of the following statements reflects one of the misconceptions about hypnosis? A. Amazing experiences in hypnotized subjects are likely due to suggestibility and stage whispers. B. Brain waves of hypnotized subjects are not similar to those that are asleep. C. Hypnotized people are fully aware of their surroundings. D. Hypnosis improves memory and can help people recover memories of experiences they have forgotten. Answer: D 170. During public performances, hypnotists attempt to show that hypnosis is "real" by demonstrating its special powers. However, what most audience members fail to realize is that many of the phenomena can occur without receiving hypnotic suggestion. In these presentations, the hypnotists are most like A. acrobats and circus performers. B. persons with ESP abilities. C. magicians and illusionists. D. con artists. Answer: C 171. Audience members at hypnosis demonstrations are often amazed by seemingly extraordinary events. They seem to have failed to realize that the persons who are on stage demonstrating the power of hypnosis were selected for their A. gullibility. B. reactivity. C. suggestibility. D. flexibility. Answer: C 172. Sarah witnessed a robbery and is having difficulty clearly remembering the details of what the perpetrator looked like and what he said. She asks you if she should undergo hypnosis to help her to remember. Based on what you have learned in your psychology class, what would you advise her? A. Hypnosis has been associated with enhanced memory and it might help her feel more confident about her memories. B. Hypnosis is commonly used when victims can’t remember the details of an offence and her lawyer will know of a good hypnotist that they keep on contract. C. While she might remember more information under hypnosis, it may not be accurate and hypnotically refreshed memories are not admissible in court. D. The memories recovered during hypnosis are reliable and arise even in the absence of suggestion. Answer: C 173. Research on age-regression and past life regression therapeutic techniques suggests that A. they are more effective for male clients than for female clients in overcoming their psychological difficulties. B. they are effective techniques for individuals who experience physical or sexual abuse during childhood. C. they are excellent means for producing accurate recall and recollections during hypnosis. D. they say more about the patient's beliefs than about any true healing properties. Answer: D 174. The thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and experiences that occur during age regression or past life regression are A. best guesses. B. actively constructed. C. rarely accurate. D. all of the above. Answer: D 175. Which theory of hypnosis argues that hypnosis is not an altered or unique state of consciousness? A. Dissociation theory B. Sociocognitive theory C. Psychodynamic theory D. Activation-synthesis theory Answer: B 176. What theory of hypnosis posits that individuals who are highly suggestible are simply responding to cues from the hypnotist rather than truly entering an altered state of consciousness? A. Demand characteristics theory B. Unconscious motivation theory C. Sociocognitive theory D. Dissociation theory Answer: C 177. Hypnosis has been explained by all of the following factors except A. unconscious drives and motivations. B. excessive activation of the frontal lobes. C. receptivity to suggestion. D. a willingness to overlook logical inconsistencies. Answer: B 178. What theory of hypnosis would be best able to account for research findings that suggest that an individual can be consciously telling a researcher that placing one's hand in ice-cold water isn't painful while unconsciously tapping a button that indicates they are experiencing pain? A. Activation synthesis theory B. Information processing theory C. Sociocognitive theory D. Dissociation theory Answer: D 179. Hypnosis theorists all agree that people who respond easily to hypnotists and hypnotherapists are A. faking. B. gullible. C. suggestible. D. in an altered state of consciousness. Answer: C 180. The use of hypnosis seems to be an effective treatment option for all of the following types of conditions except A. therapies for anxiety. B. serious psychological problems. C. pain. D. habit disorders like smoking. Answer: B 181. The effects of psychoactive drugs on people's thoughts and behaviours are determined by A. their genetic makeup. B. their beliefs about the effects of the drugs. C. their cultural background. D. all of the above. Answer: D 182. Opiates are associated with a sense of euphoria, decreased pain, and relaxation or sleepiness. Which of the following is not an opiate drug? A. Codeine B. Morphine C. Marijuana D. Heroin Answer: C 183. Societal commentators have long lamented the misery and difficulties associated with the misuse of A. cocaine. B. methamphetamine. C. tobacco. D. alcohol. Answer: D 184. Even though many assume that alcohol is primarily a _______________, it is, in fact, primarily a(n) _______________. A. depressant; psychedelic B. stimulant; depressant C. stimulant; opiate D. depressant; stimulant Answer: B 185. Sandy has been out at a wine bar with her friends, and has consumed about 4 glasses of red wine. She is having some trouble coordinating her movements and her thoughts and speech are becoming incoherent. Which of the following statements about the effects of alcohol apply to Sandy’s situation? A. Sandy’s blood alcohol content (BAC) is probably still low as she is in a good mood and can still walk. B. Alcohol is acting like an emotional and physiological stimulant for Sandy at this point. C. Sandy is experiencing the sedative and depressant effects of alcohol and likely has a BAC of around.10. D. Sandy must have a very high blood alcohol level because she is experiencing a mixture of sedative and stimulating effects. Answer: C 186. Dr. LaBlatz and Dr. Kookanee are conducting a study on the effects of alcohol consumption on gambling behaviour. They have four groups of participants that are told the following: 1) they will be consuming alcohol and are given alcohol, 2) they will be consuming alcohol but are given a placebo, 3) they will not be consuming alcohol and are given alcohol, and 4) they will not be consuming alcohol and are given a placebo. What type of design are the researchers using? A. Single-blind controlled trials design B. Correlational design C. Expectancy bias design D. Balanced placebo design Answer: D 187. Behaviours such as aggression, flirting, and crying or extreme sadness while using alcohol result primarily from A. physiological effects of the alcohol. B. physiological effects of the alcohol in combination with gender role differences. C. an individual's expectancies about the effects of alcohol. D. one's genetic characteristics and how they interact with alcohol consumption. Answer: C 188. _______________ occurs when people require larger amounts of a drug to experience the same effects experienced during their initial usage. A. Satiety B. Psychological withdrawal C. Tolerance D. Physical withdrawal Answer: C 189. Which of the following drugs has a very specific set of serious withdrawal symptoms? A. Alcohol B. Marijuana C. LSD D. Tobacco Answer: A 190. Use of alcohol or other drugs to “self-medicate” and relieve anxiety is explained by _______________. A. the tension reduction hypothesis. B. psychological dependence. C. an addictive personality. D. withdrawal syndromes. Answer: A 191. Which class of psychoactive drugs works by increasing activity within the nervous system? A. Opiates B. Psychedelics C. Depressants D. Stimulants Answer: D 192. Tobacco is often used to A. appear more sophisticated. B. increase feelings of anxiety. C. enhance feelings of sexual pleasure. D. reduce feelings of anxiety. Answer: D 193. The most powerful natural stimulant is A. tobacco. B. LSD. C. cocaine. D. marijuana. Answer: C 194. If someone is experiencing difficulty sleeping, like with insomnia, he or she may go to a family doctor. What type of drug is the doctor most likely to prescribe to assist the person in falling asleep? A. Sedative-hypnotics B. Opiate-narcotics C. Stimulants D. Psychedelics Answer: A 195. Nicotine activates receptors sensitive to the neurotransmitter _______________, and smokers report feelings of stimulation as well as relaxation and alertness. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. melatonin Answer: A 196. What drug did Sigmund Freud use to treat morphine addiction? A. Cocaine B. Methamphetamine C. Heroin D. Mescaline Answer: A 197. The physical effects of _______________ involve destroyed blood vessels, acne, weight loss, tremors, and dental problems. A. cocaine B. methamphetamine C. heroin D. mescaline Answer: B 198. Which of the following people is least likely to become addicted to the opiate drugs he or she is using? A. Demetria, who uses heroin frequently to avoid the painful withdrawal symptoms. B. Trevor, who desires the extreme euphoria and high he gets when using OxyContin. C. Phyllis, who is using morphine to help control her pain levels after a recent surgery. D. Xavier, who is using them to forget about the problems in his social and work life. Answer: C 199. What general category of drug is used in the controlling of pain? A. Depressants and sedative-hypnotics B. Psychedelics C. Opiate narcotics D. Stimulants Answer: C 200. Symptoms like abdominal cramps, vomiting, drug cravings, yawning, runny nose, sweating, and chills are associated with _______________. A. methamphetamine use. B. amotivational syndrome. C. heroin withdrawal syndrome. D. cocaine psychosis. Answer: C 201. Which type of drug could also be labelled "hallucinogenics"? A. Psychedelics B. Stimulants C. Narcotics D. Depressants Answer: A 202. What is the most frequently used illegal drug in Canada? A. Marijuana B. Methamphetamine C. Cocaine D. Alcohol Answer: A 203. The experiencing of a high is most strongly enhanced by learning and/or expectancies with A. tobacco. B. methamphetamine. C. cocaine. D. marijuana. Answer: D 204. Legitimate concerns about the long-term hazards of marijuana include all of the following except A. marijuana use may trigger schizophrenia in people with a personal or family history of the disorder. B. marijuana is a ‘gateway’ drug that may lead people to try more serious drugs. C. marijuana is linked to amotivational syndrome, personality degeneration and destructive behaviour. D. high doses of marijuana are associated with short-term memory disturbances but it is unclear how marijuana impacts memory over time. Answer: C 205. With the use of even the tiniest amounts of which of the following drugs would a person experience extreme changes in perceptions and consciousness? A. LSD B. Cocaine C. Marijuana D. Alcohol Answer: A 206. What drug was once investigated for use as a possible mind control device by the CIA in the United States? A. Heroin B. Marijuana C. LSD D. Cocaine Answer: C 207. What drug has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties? A. Heroin B. Marijuana C. Ecstasy D. Cocaine Answer: C Critical Thinking Questions 1. Design an intervention to help a person who is complaining of insomnia. Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit. The depth of this answer assumes that further detail was covered by the instructor during his or her discussion of sleep or the sleep disorder, insomnia. • There are three main suggestions made to treat insomnia that were identified by the authors from the sleep research literature. The student should identify at least two in his or her answer. See below for the general points that should be made. • First, one should develop and adhere to a consistent sleep schedule. The circadian rhythm will be out of sync with one's daily schedule. The student should then explain why this is helpful and how it fits into his or her overall intervention. • Second, a person should limit, as much as possible, those activities and things that will interfere with one's newly developed sleep schedule. The student should identify at least one problematic activity and explain how his or her intervention would work to reduce that problem. • Third, a person should come to associate his or her bed and sleeping area with only one thing: sleep. The student should identify at least one method for making this association and explain how it fits into his or her overall intervention. Design a cognitive-behavioral intervention for insomnia: 1. Sleep hygiene: Establish a regular sleep schedule and create a relaxing bedtime routine. 2. Cognitive restructuring: Address negative thoughts about sleep and promote relaxation techniques. 3. Stimulus control: Associate the bed with sleep by avoiding stimulating activities in bed. 4. Education: Provide information on sleep hygiene and the importance of a conducive sleep environment. 2. Discuss how the neurocognitive perspective on dreaming differs from the dream protection and activation-synthesis theories of dreaming. Answer: --The neurocognitive perspective argues that one's information- processing abilities influence the content of one's dreams. The neurocognitive perspective argues that the information contained in one's dreams represents the concerns of one's daily life—such as issues in relationships, school, or at work— rather than the deep, dark secrets and symbolic imagery that Freud said were housed within our unconscious mind and occupied the content of our nightly dreams. • The neurocognitive perspective, unlike, activation-synthesis theory does assert that these dreams then are somewhat psychologically meaningful to people, because a person is ruminating over a lost phone number or concert ticket rather than just experiencing random content within the dream. The activation-synthesis theory, by contrast, suggests that the content of dreams is more random and any meaning is created by the forebrain in its attempt to bring coherence to one's internal world, much like it brings coherence to our external and internal worlds during waking consciousness. The neurocognitive perspective posits that dreaming reflects ongoing cognitive processes and emotional concerns from waking life, serving adaptive functions like memory consolidation. In contrast, the dream protection theory suggests dreams serve to preserve sleep by neutralizing threatening waking stimuli. The activation-synthesis theory proposes that dreams result from random neural activity in the brainstem, interpreted and synthesized by the cortex, emphasizing the brain's attempt to make sense of internal signals during sleep. 3. Why are many psychologists skeptical of claims that hypnosis represents a true altered state of consciousness? Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit. • One key point of contention is that the ability to experience hypnosis is related to one's receptivity to suggestibility. Therefore, unlike dreams, it is a state of consciousness that only some people, not all, will experience. • A second key point is the fact that much of what occurs during the hypnotic state involves one responding to cues from the hypnotist. For many, this seems to support the idea of role-playing rather than altered consciousness. • Also, there is no unique brain state identified with being hypnotised as one might expect if it were, in fact, different from normal consciousness. • Lastly, the idea of a hidden observer may serve as an additional cue to the person about how to act rather than represent a true, unique state of consciousness. Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that hypnosis represents a true altered state of consciousness because: 1. Lack of empirical evidence: There is limited empirical support for a distinct, altered state of consciousness during hypnosis. 2. Susceptibility variation: Individuals vary widely in their susceptibility to hypnosis, suggesting suggestibility rather than a uniform altered state. 3. Alternative explanations: Hypnotic phenomena can often be explained by social influence, role-playing, and suggestibility rather than a unique state of consciousness. 4. Ethical concerns: Hypnosis can lead to false memories or suggestibility, raising ethical concerns about its use as evidence of altered consciousness. Essay Questions 1. Describe the typical night's sleep cycle, including the defining characteristics of each stage of sleep. Answer: Answers will vary but should include the following information for full credit. • The human sleep cycle takes approximately 90-110 minutes to cycle through once and is repeated approximately five to six times over the course of eight to nine hours of sleep. This cycle is comprised of two different types of sleep: non-REM and REM sleep. • The non-REM sleep is comprised of four different stages. In stage 1 sleep, the person is transitioning from wakefulness to sleep. This stage of sleep is quite brief, perhaps no more than 10 minutes in length, and sees brain activity decline by up to 50 percent. • The majority of our sleep is spent in stage 2 sleep, which is marked by continued slowing of brain wave activity that lasts between 10–30 minutes each time we pass through it. Every so often a person may experience sudden, quick, intense bursts of activity known as sleep spindles. Consistent with the overall slowing of brain activity many other body changes occur including slowing heart rate, decreased body temperature, and muscle relaxation. • Stages 3 and 4 are marked by deep, slow-wave sleep. These combined stages last 15– 30 minutes but disappear later in the sleep cycle. From here one cycles back through stage 2 sleep and into REM sleep. • REM sleep is characterized by high-frequency brain wave activity and the movement of our eyes under our eyelids (which gives this sleep its name). • Along with this increased brain activity, we also see increased heart rate and blood pressure levels along with a more rapid and irregular breathing. Although the brain is highly active, our body remains inactive. • More of our dreaming occurs during REM sleep than during the various non-REM stages. The first REM stages lasts between 10 and 20 minutes but each subsequent REM sleep stage increases in length. The typical night's sleep cycle consists of several stages: 1. Stage 1: Light sleep where we drift in and out of wakefulness; theta waves present. 2. Stage 2: Deeper sleep characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes; body temperature drops. 3. Stage 3 and 4: Deep sleep (slow-wave sleep) with delta waves; essential for physical restoration and growth. 4. REM sleep: Rapid eye movement stage where dreams occur; brain activity resembles wakefulness, and muscles are temporarily paralyzed. 2. Compare and contrast Freud's wish fulfillment theory of dreaming with Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit. • The one general area of agreement between the two theories is that they both say that dreams are a real phenomena that occurs as we sleep. • The two perspectives differ in terms of (a) general explanation for why we dream, (b) the function of dreams, and (c) the meaning of the content of dreams. • Freud's wish fulfillment approach is a largely psychological approach to why we dream. The psychological function of dreams is to protect the dreamer from his or her more inappropriate or socially unacceptable urges and desires. The ego protects sleep by using manifest content to cover the unacceptable id impulses that comprise the latent content and provide the ultimate meaning of one's dreams. • Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis approach is a largely biological approach to why we dream. Dreams simply represent the brain activation that is occurring as we sleep and develop through the forebrain's efforts to provide coherence and understanding of these random, internally generated signals during REM sleep. The content of the dreams therefore is less meaningful and in fact, only involves meaning because the brain tries to impart that meaning, not knowing that there is no need to understand this internal activity. Freud's wish fulfillment theory posits that dreams represent unconscious desires and conflicts, serving as a way to fulfill unmet wishes in a disguised form. In contrast, Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis theory suggests that dreams result from random neural firing in the brainstem, interpreted and synthesized by the cortex to create a narrative. While Freud emphasizes the symbolic meaning of dreams, activation-synthesis focuses on the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity during REM sleep, without attributing deeper psychological meanings. 3. Discuss how several of the principles of critical thinking apply to a discussion of altered states of consciousness such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences, or hypnosis. Answer: Answers will vary but should contain discussion of at least three of the principles of critical thinking and how they apply to these alterations of consciousness. The examples could be either based on material from the text or a student's own original example. • Hume's dictum/extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence: This principle requires that claims that differ greatly from what is accepted about human consciousness require greater evidence for such claims to be accepted. • Occam's razor/parsimony: This principle says that we choose the explanation that makes the fewest assumptions. • Replicability: This implies that others are able to take the basic elements of our research and produce similar results with different people. If positive results cannot be verified by others, scientists come to doubt the existence of the particular phenomenon. • Ruling out rival hypotheses: This principle requires that the data are not open to more than one particular interpretation. Several principles of critical thinking are crucial when discussing altered states of consciousness like out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences, or hypnosis. These include skepticism towards anecdotal evidence, demand for empirical research supporting claims, examination of potential biases or suggestibility, and consideration of alternative explanations rooted in psychology and neuroscience. Applying these principles helps evaluate the validity and interpretations of subjective experiences within the context of scientific inquiry. 4. Discuss why critical thinkers are likely to be skeptical about claims of age regression and past life regression. Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information, along with supportive explanations, for full credit. • First, there is the issue of ruling out rival hypotheses. • Second, because extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, both examples demonstrate that this is often not the case. • Third, because of rival hypotheses, we have to go with the principle of parsimony; what reasonable explanation makes the fewest assumptions? Critical thinkers are skeptical about claims of age regression and past life regression due to the lack of empirical evidence supporting these phenomena. They question the reliability of recovered memories, which can be influenced by suggestion or therapeutic techniques. Moreover, alternative explanations such as confabulation or imaginative processes during hypnosis are considered more plausible than genuine recall of past experiences. 5. Discuss how one's expectations of the influence of a drug affect one's subsequent behaviour after using that drug. Answer: Answers will vary but should include the following information, along with supporting discussion, for full credit. • The authors mention the importance of mental sets—that is, one's beliefs and expectations—as an important influence on their behaviour after taking that drug. • The authors mentioned the importance of culturally learned expectancies that are most influential at low alcohol dose levels. People "act" as if they are more inebriated than they really, physiologically speaking, are. One's expectations of the influence of a drug can significantly affect subsequent behavior due to the placebo effect and psychological priming. Positive expectations can enhance the perceived effects of a drug, leading to increased confidence, reduced anxiety, and improved performance in tasks or behaviors the drug is believed to enhance. Conversely, negative expectations can amplify side effects or impair performance, demonstrating the powerful influence of mindset and belief on drug outcomes. 6. Describe the sleep disorders of sleepwalking and REM behaviour disorder, and discuss how these disorders differ. Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit. Sleepwalking (walking while fully asleep) often involves relatively little activity, but sleepwalkers have been known to drive cars, turn on computers, or fire guns. In actuality, a sleepwalking person often acts like any fully awake person, although a sleepwalker may be somewhat clumsier. For most people, sleepwalking is harmless, and sleepwalkers rarely remember their actions on awakening. Sleepwalking isn’t associated with deep-seated psychological problems, although episodes of sleepwalking can be triggered by stress. And, contrary to another common myth, most sleepwalkers aren’t dreaming, because sleepwalking almost always occurs during non- REM (especially stage 3 or 4) sleep. Most common in children. REM behaviour disorder—normally during REM sleep, our supercharged brains are creating dreams, but our bodies are relaxed and, for all practical purposes, paralyzed. If we weren’t paralysed by REM, we’d act out our dreams. In fact, people with the strange condition called REM behaviour disorder (RBD) do just that. In this condition, the brain stem structures that ordinarily prevent us from moving during REM sleep don’t function properly. Only about 1 person in 200 has symptoms of RBD, which occurs most frequently in men over the age of 50. Sleepwalking occurs during non-REM deep sleep (typically stages 3 and 4), where individuals perform activities while partially aroused but not fully awake, often with no memory of the event. REM behavior disorder involves acting out vivid dreams during REM sleep due to a failure of the usual muscle paralysis that accompanies REM, potentially leading to violent movements and injuries. The primary difference is that sleepwalking happens in non-REM sleep, often with simple, repetitive behaviors, while REM behavior disorder occurs during REM sleep and involves complex, dream-enacting behaviors. 7. Describe the characteristics of insomnia and at least four different types of treatments/tips for helping to overcome insomnia. Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit. Insomnia can take the following forms: (a) having trouble falling asleep (regularly taking more than 30 minutes to doze off), (b) waking too early in the morning, and (c) waking up during the night and having trouble returning to sleep. Treatments/tips: hide clocks to avoid becoming preoccupied with the inability to fall asleep quickly, short-term psychotherapy, don’t do anything stressful and relax as much as possible before bedtime, sleep and wake up at regular times, sleep in a cool room, avoid consuming caffeine (especially after 2 p.m.), taking naps longer than 20 minutes, or watching television and surfing the Web right before bedtime, try to sleep only when you’re tired, get out of bed if you’re having a hard time sleeping and go back to bed when you’re tired so that your bed becomes a classically conditioned stimulus. Sleeping pills can also be used to treat insomnia but can lead to rebound once you stop taking them. Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early, leading to daytime impairment. Treatments include: 1. Sleep hygiene practices: Establishing a consistent sleep schedule and creating a relaxing bedtime routine. 2. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I): Addressing negative thoughts and behaviors related to sleep. 3. Medications: Short-term use of sleep aids like benzodiazepines or non-benzodiazepine hypnotics. 4. Stress reduction techniques: Practicing relaxation exercises or mindfulness to alleviate anxiety affecting sleep. 8. Identify the six misconceptions about hypnosis and briefly discuss each. Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit, and should briefly mention how each myth is contrary to research findings. Myth 1: Hypnosis Produces a Trance in Which “Amazing” Things Happen. Myth 2: Hypnotic Phenomena Are Unique. Myth 3: Hypnosis Is a Sleep-like State. Myth 4: Hypnotized People Are Unaware of Their Surroundings. Myth 5: Hypnotized People Forget What Happened during Hypnosis. Myth 6: Hypnosis Improves Memory. Six misconceptions about hypnosis include: 1. Loss of control: Contrary to belief, individuals under hypnosis maintain full control over their actions and behaviors. 2. Mind control: Hypnosis does not allow external control or manipulation of a person's mind against their will. 3. Truth serum: Hypnosis is not a reliable method for extracting accurate or truthful information beyond what a person is willing to disclose. 4. Memory enhancement: While hypnosis may enhance recall, memories retrieved under hypnosis can be inaccurate or confabulated. 5. Sensory enhancement: Hypnosis does not heighten sensory abilities or perceptions beyond normal capabilities. 6. Magic or supernatural powers: Hypnosis is a natural psychological state involving heightened suggestibility and concentration, not supernatural abilities. 9. Pretend that you are a researcher who wants to study the effects of alcohol on flirting behaviour. Using a balanced placebo design, discuss what conditions you would have and how you would conduct your study. Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit. The balanced-placebo design includes four groups in which participants (a) are told they’re receiving alcohol and in fact receive alcohol, (b) are told they’re receiving alcohol but actually receive a placebo, (c) are told they’re receiving a placebo but actually receive alcohol, and (d) are told they’re receiving a placebo and in fact receive a placebo. Assign single participants into conditions, administer the alcohol or placebos and allow for time for these to take effect, and then put participants into an experimental situation with several “attractive” individuals (pre-rated for levels of attractiveness). Measure extent to which participants engage in social interactions, seek out phone numbers or dates from attractive confederates, or some variation of measuring ‘flirting’ (as long as well described). In a balanced placebo design studying alcohol's effects on flirting behavior, participants would be randomly assigned to four groups: (1) Told they received alcohol and received alcohol, (2) Told they received alcohol but received a placebo, (3) Told they received a placebo but received alcohol, and (4) Told they received a placebo and received a placebo. Flirting behavior would be measured in a controlled social setting, with outcomes compared across the groups to assess the true effects of alcohol versus expectations and placebo effects. 10. Briefly describe the major drug types, their effects on our bodies and consciousness, and provide one example of each drug category. Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit. Stimulants: Increased activity of the central nervous system. Examples are tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine Depressants: Decreased activity of the central nervous system. Examples are alcohol, barbiturates, Quaaludes, Valium Opiates: Sense of euphoria, decreased pain, sleep. Examples are heroin, morphine, codeine Psychedelic: Dramatically altered perception, mood, and thoughts; hallucinations. Examples are marijuana, LSD, Ecstasy The major drug types include: 1. Depressants: Slow down central nervous system activity, inducing relaxation and reducing anxiety (e.g., alcohol). 2. Stimulants: Increase central nervous system activity, enhancing alertness and energy (e.g., caffeine). 3. Hallucinogens: Alter perceptions and sensations, often inducing hallucinations (e.g., LSD). 4. Opioids: Act on opioid receptors to relieve pain and produce euphoria (e.g., morphine). Fill in the Blank Questions 1. One's awareness of both the external and internal environments is what psychologists refer to as _______________. Answer: consciousness. 2. The release of hormones, such as testosterone or estrogen, as well as the regulation of one's body temperature are under the control of our _______________. Answer: circadian rhythm (hypothalamus would also be a correct answer). 3. Vivid dreams are most likely to be experienced during _______________. Answer: REM/rapid eye movement sleep 4. As we proceed through the sleep cycle during the night, the amount of time one spends in non-REM sleep _______________. Answer: decreases. 5. As he sleeps, Chauncey begins dreaming. In his dream, he shows up late to his Introductory Psychology final. As he enters the room, Chauncey realises he is dreaming and subsequently directs himself to approach the teacher to discuss why he was late for the final. This is an example of _______________. Answer: lucid dreaming. 6. The most commonly reported sleep problem is _______________. Answer: insomnia. 7. _______________ would be the most problematic sleep disorder for a taxi driver to be diagnosed with. Answer: Narcolepsy 8. The sleep disorder(s) most likely to be diagnosed during childhood is/are _______________. Answer: night terrors and sleepwalking (may just accept one answer as correct). 9. The _______________ theory focuses entirely on the biological underpinnings of dreams. Answer: activation-synthesis 10. According to the activation-synthesis theory, the fact that our dream has any coherent story or focus is largely the result of _______________. Answer: the forebrain. 11. The neurocognitive _______________ perspective on dreaming says that the complexity of our dreams is directly related to one's mental abilities and capacities. Answer: (information processing is also correct) 12. Claims of consciousness outside of the body during an out-of-body experience (OBE) are _______________ by research. Answer: not supported 13. The critical thinking principle of _______________ requires that claims of near-death experiences should be interpreted as physiological changes within a dying brain rather than an altered state of consciousness. Answer: parsimony 14. Research documenting that hypnosis fails to make amazing or unusual things happen or that many hypnotic phenomena are not as unique as hypnotists would have an audience believe provides supportive evidence for the _______________ of hypnosis. Answer: sociocognitive theory 15. _______________ rejects claims that hypnosis is a true altered state of consciousness by demonstrating, through empirical research, that hypnotized behaviour is largely a function of one's expectancies. Answer: Sociocognitive theory 16. Researchers who are dubious of Hilgard's and others' claims of a "hidden observer" have documented that changing the instructions given to persons make the observer either more or less likely to appear. This has led Nicholas Spanos and others to rename the "hidden observer" the _______________. Answer: flexible observer. 17. _______________ drugs alter our conscious experience by altering the chemical processes in neurons. Answer: Psychoactive 18. Your textbook authors identified _______________ as the most widely used and abused drug. Answer: alcohol 19. Clark is trying to cut back his consumption of caffeine. Within a couple of days of stopping drinking caffeine entirely he experiences a headache and feels extremely fatigued. Clark is experiencing _______________. Answer: withdrawal. 20. Using tobacco produces physiological changes including reported increases in alertness as well as increases in heart rate and blood pressure. It is most correct, therefore, to label tobacco as a _______________. Answer: stimulant. 21. For several years around 1900, many health professionals and psychologists advocated the use of _______________. Sigmund Freud even used it to improve his mood. Answer: cocaine 22. A medical doctor might prescribe morphine for a postoperative patient to help alleviate _______________. Answer: pain. 23. _______________ represent a collection of drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system, including heart rate and respiration. Answer: Stimulants Test Bank for Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding Scott O. Lilienfeld, Steven J. Lynn, Laura L. Namy, Nancy J. Woolf, Kenneth M. Cramer, Rodney Schmaltz 9780205896110, 9780133793048, 9780133870282
Download
Close
Close
