This Document Contains Chapters 5 to 6 Chapter 5: Violence in Society: Rape and Murder MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. If two people get into a fight, that is __________. A) group violence B) anomie C) individual violence D) a personal problem Answer: D 2. From the 1960s to 1991, the rate of violence __________. A) decreased B) increased C) stayed the same D) fluctuated up and down Answer: B 3. The number of violent crimes for each 100,000 Americans is called the __________. A) crime rate B) rate of violent crime C) anomie D) organization of violence Answer: B 4. What is your likelihood of getting murdered if you live in Washington, D.C., compared to New Hampshire? A) Ten times greater. B) Thirty times greater. C) Twenty-two times greater. D) Eighty-one times greater. Answer: C 5. Which age group is least likely to be murdered? A) 17-18 B) 20-25 C) 30-40 D) 65 and up Answer: D 6. Which of the following is true concerning murder in the United States? A) Whites are more likely than African Americans to be murdered. B) African Americans are more likely than whites to be murdered. C) Whites and African Americans are equally likely to be murdered. D) We don’t have the data to determine which race is most likely to be murdered. Answer: B 7. A serial killer is loose in New York City. This is an example of __________. A) a social problem B) anomie C) patriarchy D) individual violence Answer: A 8. When a stranger approached Olivia in a nightclub and propositioned her for sex, she smacked his face. This is an example of __________. A) group violence B) anomie C) a social problem D) a personal problem Answer: D 9. Tonya used a baseball bat to shatter the windshield of her husband’s Mercedes Benz sports car. This is an example of __________. A) violence B) anomie C) patriarchy D) modeling Answer: A 10. When female students are concerned about walking to their classes at night, this is __________. A) a subjective concern B) organized group violence C) institutionalized group violence D) irrational Answer: A 11. Who concluded that violent people are atavistic? A) Earnest Hooton B) Sigmund Freud C) Konrad Lorenz D) Cesare Lombroso Answer: D 12. The frustration–aggression theory of violence is __________. A) a biological explanation B) a sociological explanation C) a psychological explanation D) a conflict theory Answer: A 13. Martha told her 6-year-old son Robby that he could not have any candy. Upset because he could not have what he wanted, Robby punched his mother in the leg. Robby’s violence is best explained by __________. A) containment theory B) control theory C) frustration–aggression theory of violence D) subcultural theory Answer: C 14. Sociologists look for causes of violence __________. A) outside of the individual B) within the individual C) by looking at the individual’s personality D) in religious teachings Answer: A 15. The basic approach sociologists take to understanding violence is to focus on how the __________ encourages or discourages violence. A) social environment B) genetic makeup of an individual C) race and ethnicity of a person D) religious background of a group Answer: A 16. Modeling is a(n) __________. A) biological explanation B) sociological explanation C) psychological explanation D) insignificant explanation Answer: C 17. Some societies downplay violence while others encourage it. This shows __________. A) that some societies are more primitive than others B) that people are biologically different C) the role that the social environment plays D) that some people are liars Answer: C 18. The soldiers who show bravery in battle receive medals to wear on their uniforms. The giving of these medals to reward a certain type of behavior is an example of __________. A) anomie B) reinforcement C) modeling D) patriarchy Answer: B 19. Growing up with his parents, Brad saw his father hit his mother on numerous occasions. Now that Brad is married, he hits his wife in the same manner. This illustrates __________. A) anomie B) reinforcement C) modeling D) patriarchy Answer: C 20. To maintain a non-violent atmosphere in her classroom, Mrs. Elliot gives one golden star to every student who plays nicely with the other students. Mrs. Elliot’s actions are in line with __________. A) operant conditioning B) anomie C) subcultural theory D) containment theory Answer: A 21. Subcultural theory was introduced by __________. A) Robert Merton B) Emile Durkheim C) Edwin Sutherland D) Marvin Wolfgang Answer: D 22. People who are violent have learned more attitudes that favor violence. This is known as ___________. A) genetic predisposition B) excess of definitions C) mental conditioning D) operant conditioning Answer: B 23. According to the __________, poor people have different values than the middle class, and this is why they act as they do. A) culture of poverty B) social structure of poverty C) containment theory D) control theory Answer: A 24. According to the __________, the poor act as they do because, unlike middle-class people, they do not have the same opportunities to attend good schools or to obtain good jobs. A) culture of poverty B) social structure of poverty C) containment theory D) control theory Answer: B 25. April’s new friends believe that it is perfectly acceptable to hit another person if that person has said something insulting. Because the attitudes that surround April support violence, this illustrates __________. A) modeling B) excess of definitions C) behavior modification D) anomie Answer: B 26. Mrs. Hibaji does not like her son’s friends because they are ex-convicts. She tells her son that if he continues to hang around them, he will probably end up serving time in prison like them. Mrs. Hibaji’s views are in line with __________. A) containment theory B) control theory C) frustration–aggression theory of violence D) differential association Answer: D 27. Aaron grew up in a violent urban area. Todd grew up in a non-violent suburban area. Subcultural theory suggests that __________. A) Aaron has a greater chance than Todd of being violent. B) Todd has a greater chance than Aaron of becoming violent C) Aaron and Todd are equally likely to be violent D) neither Aaron nor Todd will be violent Answer: A 28. Susan is attending college and working part-time so that she can get a good job. This is an example of __________. A) finding cultural means to achieve goals B) a self-fulfilling prophecy C) the culture of poverty D) anomie Answer: A 29. When Jethro left his small-town home to go away to a university, he felt that the rules that used to apply no longer fit. Jethro felt less restrained and experienced a sense of anxiety. Jethro was experiencing __________. A) modeling B) excess of definitions C) behavior modification D) anomie Answer: D 30. When families worked on farms and cooperated with one another, this helped to keep violence at a low level. This is __________. A) anomie B) social integration C) containment theory D) social acceptability Answer: B 31. Sam wants to shoplift, but when he thinks about the reaction of his family and friends he stops himself. He is experiencing __________. A) inner control systems B) outer control systems C) anomie D) decrease of violence Answer: B 32. Renee has a high level of self-control and would not think about committing a crime. She is experiencing __________. A) inner control systems B) outer control systems C) containment theory D) social integration Answer: A 33. The American dream of owning a home and two cars is an example of __________. A) anomie B) cultural means C) cultural goals D) modeling Answer: C 34. Muhammad believes that if you want to reduce crime in the inner city, then you must provide more jobs so that people can have the opportunity to become successful without breaking the law. Muhammad’s beliefs are in line with __________. A) strain theory B) containment theory C) differential association D) frustration–aggression theory of violence Answer: A 35. __________ argues that we can expect violence because groups are competing with one another for highly desired, but limited, resources. A) Strain B) Containment C) Subcultural D) Conflict Answer: D 36. Rape is one way that men make women submissive so that they can maintain a larger share of power, known as __________. A) matriarchy B) patriarchy C) anarchy D) frustration–aggression Answer: B 37. Joanne is a 31-year-old high school teacher. Brian is Joanne’s 14-year-old student. Joanne and Brian engaged in sexual intercourse. This is an example of __________. A) soldier rape B) forcible rape C) statutory rape D) legal rape Answer: C 38. Ted pressured and threatened Jenny to have sex with him against her will. This is an example of __________. A) statutory rape B) forcible rape C) legal rape D) negligible rage Answer: B 39. Rapes are more likely to occur in __________. A) spring B) summer C) fall D) winter Answer: B 40. A woman is most likely to be raped by __________. A) a stranger in the middle of the night B) a sibling C) someone of a different race D) someone she knows, such as a family member Answer: D 41. The highest rates of rape are in which state? A) Alaska B) Wisconsin C) Texas D) North Dakota Answer: A 42. The __________ rapist beats his victims because he has learned to get pleasure from hurting others. A) woman hater B) sadist C) generally violence-prone D) revenger Answer: B 43. The __________ rapist has an unrealistic image of masculinity and uses rape to bridge the gap between the way he perceives how men ought to be and the way he perceives himself. A) woman hater B) opportunist C) acquaintance D) sadist Answer: A 44. White people are most likely to be killed by __________. A) other white people B) African Americans C) Asian Americans D) Native Americans Answer: A 45. Murder rates in the United States are highest in the __________. A) East B) West C) South D) Midwest Answer: C 46. Which theoretical perspective explains that some societies view killing as a manly act? A) Feminism B) Conflict C) Symbolic interactionists D) Functionalists Answer: C 47. The killing of four or more people in a single episode is called __________. A) serial murder B) mass murder C) statutory murder D) big murder Answer: B 48. __________ is the killing of several people in three or more separate events. A) Serial murder B) Mass murder C) Statutory murder D) Big murder Answer: A 49. Michael walked into the classroom and shot each of his 22 classmates. Fourteen people died from the injuries and nine survived. This is a case of __________. A) serial murder B) mass murder C) statutory murder D) big murder Answer: B 50. Justin Pinchot killed one man in 1993, a teenager in 1995, and a woman in 1996. This is an example of __________. A) serial murder B) mass murder C) statutory murder D) big murder Answer: A FILL IN THE BLANK 51. __________ are more afraid of being victims of violent crime. Answer: The elderly 52. The __________ suggests that when a person’s goals are blocked, that person will relieve his/her irritation by striking out at others. Answer: frustration–aggression theory of violence 53. The reward given for good behavior is called __________. Answer: reinforcement 54. __________ suggests that people who associate with lawbreakers are more likely to break the law than are people who associate with those who follow the law. Answer: Differential association 55. __________ claims that people who grow up in a subculture that approves of violent behavior have a high chance of becoming violent. Answer: Subcultural theory 56. Success involves attaining __________. Answer: cultural goals 57. The legitimate ways that society offers to achieve aspirations are called __________. Answer: cultural means 58. The newly defined crime that includes completed and attempted sexual assaults against all genders is called __________. Answer: criminal sexual assault 59. When a rape victim becomes the accused during the trial, this is called __________. Answer: legal rape 60. The raping of men occurs frequently in __________. Answer: prisons TRUE/FALSE 61. Violence is the use of force to injure people or destroy property. Answer: True 62. Today’s streets are safer than they were a decade ago. Answer: True 63. Manliness is associated with violence. Answer: True 64. Durkheim claims that normal violence is the violence that a group usually has. Answer: True 65. Date rapists generally prefer violent encounters. Answer: False 66. Male rape is just as common as female rape. Answer: False 67. Men kill 90% of those murdered in the United States. Answer: True 68. The number one murder weapon is a gun. Answer: True 69. The chance of getting murdered is greater in the country than in the city. Answer: False 70. Policy makers have very little control over violence. Answer: False SHORT ANSWER 71. What are the subjective concerns of violence and who is fearful of violence? Answer: Subjective concerns of violence can vary widely depending on individual experiences and contexts. Generally, people who are more likely to be fearful of violence include those who have been direct victims of violence in the past, individuals living in high-crime areas, those who have witnessed violence, and people who feel vulnerable due to factors like age, gender, or socioeconomic status. Fear of violence can also be influenced by media portrayal, personal trauma, and cultural norms regarding safety and security. 72. Compare and contrast the psychological and biological theories of violence. Answer: Psychological Theories of Violence focus on learned behaviors, social influences, and unresolved conflicts, emphasizing how individuals respond to frustration and social learning. Biological Theories of Violence explore genetic, neurobiological, and hormonal factors that may predispose individuals to aggression, emphasizing innate predispositions and physiological influences. Comparison: Psychological theories focus on social and environmental influences, while biological theories emphasize genetic and neurological factors. Contrast: Psychological theories highlight learned behaviors and social responses, while biological theories delve into innate predispositions and physiological mechanisms. 73. Compare and contrast the two functionalist theories of violence. Answer: Structural-Functionalism: Views violence as a dysfunction stemming from societal imbalance or strain, such as economic disparity or social disintegration. Conflict Theory: Views violence as a tool used by powerful groups to maintain control over resources and suppress dissent, highlighting social inequalities and power dynamics. Comparison: Both theories analyze violence's societal impact but differ in their focus on societal cohesion (structural-functionalism) versus power dynamics and inequality (conflict theory). Contrast: Structural-functionalism sees violence as a breakdown in social order, while conflict theory sees it as a result of power struggles and inequality among social groups. 74. Characterize the 10 different types of rapists. Answer: Here are brief descriptions of ten types of rapists: 1. Power Assertive Rapist: Seeks dominance and control over the victim, often planning the assault with minimal force. 2. Anger Retaliation Rapist: Motivated by anger, seeks retaliation through intense and brutal violence. 3. Opportunistic Rapist: Takes advantage of situational opportunities, often impulsive without premeditation. 4. Gang Rapist: Acts in a group to exert power and control, influenced by peer pressure. 5. Sadistic Rapist: Derives sexual pleasure from inflicting pain or humiliation, may engage in prolonged assaults. 6. Sexual Gratification Rapist: Seeks sexual satisfaction through non-consensual means, lacking empathy for the victim. 7. Partner Rapist: Assaults an intimate partner, using emotional manipulation or coercion. 8. Pedophilic Rapist: Targets children for sexual assault due to a sexual preference for prepubescent children. 9. Date Rapist: Assaults someone known or met socially, often using alcohol or drugs to incapacitate the victim. 10. Serial Rapist: Commits multiple rapes over time, showing consistent patterns of behavior and potential escalation. Understanding these types helps in addressing the varied motivations and behaviors associated with sexual violence. 75. Discuss four policies that have the potential to prevent violence. Answer: Four policies with potential to prevent violence include: 1. Gun Control Legislation: • Description: Policies that restrict access to firearms, particularly for individuals with a history of violence or mental illness. • Impact: Reduces gun-related violence and fatalities by limiting opportunities for impulsive acts and reducing the lethality of conflicts. 2. Community Policing Initiatives: • Description: Programs that emphasize proactive engagement between police and communities, focusing on building trust and addressing local safety concerns collaboratively. • Impact: Improves crime prevention and reduces violence by fostering positive relationships, enhancing communication, and promoting community involvement in crime prevention efforts. 3. Early Childhood Intervention Programs: • Description: Policies that invest in early childhood education, parenting support, and social services aimed at at-risk families and children. • Impact: Reduces the likelihood of future violent behavior by addressing root causes such as poverty, neglect, and exposure to violence early in life, promoting healthier development and social integration. 4. Restorative Justice Programs: • Description: Policies that prioritize rehabilitation and reconciliation over punitive measures, focusing on repairing harm caused by crime through mediation and community involvement. • Impact: Reduces recidivism rates and promotes healing by addressing underlying issues like trauma and social alienation, fostering accountability while restoring relationships within communities. These policies address violence prevention through various strategies, from regulating access to firearms and improving community-police relations to investing in early intervention and promoting restorative justice approaches. ESSAY 76. What are the two major theories that explain poverty? Do they apply in the United States? Give examples. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Define and explain culture of poverty. • Define and explain structure of poverty. • Apply both of these to violence in the United States using specific examples for each. Sample Answer: The two major theories that explain poverty are: 1. Structural Theory: Poverty results from systemic inequalities in society, such as limited access to education, discrimination, and economic structures that favor certain groups over others. Example: Persistent racial wealth gaps in the US due to historical discrimination and unequal access to opportunities. 2. Cultural Theory: Poverty is attributed to individual behaviors and attitudes, such as lack of motivation or initiative. Example: Stereotypes about welfare dependency in the US leading to policies that emphasize personal responsibility. Both theories apply in the United States, where debates over poverty often involve discussions on systemic barriers and individual responsibility. 77. What is Sutherland’s differential association theory? How can it be used to explain violence? Give examples. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain basic tenets of differential association theory. • Explain violence in the five ways articulated by the theory: interactions, techniques, definitions, life cycle, violence and nonviolence mechanisms. • Apply theory to modern examples of violence. Sample Answer: Sutherland's Differential Association Theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others who engage in crime, within intimate personal groups. It explains violence by emphasizing that individuals learn violent behaviors through exposure to and reinforcement of violent norms and attitudes. For example, gang members teaching new recruits how to commit violent acts or domestic violence patterns being passed down through generations in families are examples that illustrate this theory in explaining violence. 78. What is the difference between the symbolic interactionist, functionalist and conflict perspectives on violence? Which types of violence are best explained by each theory? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain symbolic interactionist theory of violence with respect to group norms and systems. • Explain functionalist theory of violence which emphasizes social conditions and bonds. • Explain conflict theory of violence which stresses class exploitation. • Compare and contrast the three explanations with respect to the particular kinds of violence they explain. Sample Answer: 1. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Focuses on how violence is socially constructed through meanings and interactions. It examines how individuals interpret and respond to violent situations. Examples include school bullying or gang violence where symbols and meanings shape interactions. 2. Functionalist Perspective: Views violence as a dysfunction within society, disrupting social order. It suggests that some level of social control and regulation is necessary to prevent excessive violence. Examples include state interventions to maintain law and order or community programs to reduce crime. 3. Conflict Perspective: Emphasizes power struggles and inequality as root causes of violence. It argues that violence often reflects deeper societal divisions and conflicts over resources or status. Examples include riots protesting economic inequality or domestic violence rooted in gender power dynamics. Each perspective offers unique insights into different types of violence, from interpersonal conflicts to societal upheavals, based on their respective focuses on social interactions, social functions, and power dynamics. 79. Murder is a complex act that follows some general social patterns. Explain the who, what, when, and where of murder trends. What explains these trends? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • The main elements of the answer is reporting who is likely to be affected by murder, what weapons are used, when murder is more common, and where murders are most likely to happen. • Use theories and data to explain the trends identified above. Sample Answer: Murder trends often show patterns in terms of: • Who: Demographics such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status of both victims and perpetrators. • What: Motives behind murders, including disputes, robberies, domestic violence, or organized crime. • When: Time of day, seasonality, and trends over years. • Where: Locations such as urban vs. rural areas, specific neighborhoods, or regions. These trends are explained by factors such as social inequalities, access to firearms, cultural norms, law enforcement effectiveness, and economic conditions, which influence both the occurrence and nature of murders in society. 80. What are the main arguments in the gun control debate? Is there a side you identify with more? Why? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain pro-gun control arguments. • Explain anti-gun control arguments. • Give reasons for identifying with one side or another. Sample Answer: The main arguments in the gun control debate include: 1. Pro-Gun Control: Advocates argue for stricter regulations to reduce gun violence, emphasizing public safety and preventing mass shootings and homicides. 2. Pro-Gun Rights: Supporters argue for Second Amendment rights, asserting the need for self-defense and protection against government tyranny. I don't lean heavily towards either side. I understand the importance of both public safety and individual rights, and believe effective policies should balance these concerns while considering empirical evidence on what measures actually reduce gun violence. Chapter 6: Crime and Criminal Justice MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In Florida, it is illegal to sell alcohol before 1 pm on any Sunday. This is an example of __________. A) a criminal enterprise B) a “dumb law” C) restitution D) retribution Answer: B 2. Which of the following was once deemed criminal in China but is not anymore? A) consuming pork B) making a profit C) birth control D) running a business Answer: B 3. Determining which behavior is criminal is a __________. A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) value C) diversion D) political process Answer: D 4. Because laws differ from one society to another, so does crime. This means that crime is __________. A) culturally relative B) uniform C) a Ponzi scheme D) diversionary Answer: A 5. When asked what she wants to be when she grows up, Marquita says that she wants to be a lawmaker who determines what is legal and what is criminal. As such, Marquita wants to be involved in the __________. A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) recidivism rate C) a Ponzi scheme D) political process Answer: D 6. Despite opposition, the Supreme Court made abortion legal in the United States. This illustrates the court’s __________. A) deterrence B) retribution C) power D) incapacitation Answer: C 7. Which of the following is true regarding concern over victimization? A) Women are more concerned about becoming a crime victim than men. B) Men are more concerned about becoming a crime victim than women. C) Women and men are equally concerned about becoming a crime victim. D) It is impossible to gather data about potential victim concerns. Answer: A 8. Ray is a detective, his brother is a lawyer, and his father is a warden at the state penitentiary. All of these men are a part of the __________. A) political system B) criminal justice system C) illegitimate opportunity structure D) Cosa Nostra Answer: B 9. Grace is graduating from college and she has been offered two jobs: one in San Diego and one in San Francisco. Grace will consider the number of crimes occurring per 100,000 people in each city to determine which job she will take. Grace is using the __________. A) crime rate B) illegitimate opportunity structure C) incapacitation rate D) juvenile delinquency rate Answer: A 10. Chambliss’s research on the saints and the roughnecks is an example of __________. A) conflict theory B) illegitimate opportunity structure C) labeling D) criminal enterprise Answer: C 11. Officer McFriendly pulled Meredith over for speeding. Meredith cried a little and flirted a lot, and Officer McFriendly let her go with a warning. This is an example of __________. A) plea bargaining B) recidivism C) uniform sentencing D) police discretion Answer: D 12. Ophelia is conducting research on how police officers are more likely to stop drivers who fit a certain profile. Ophelia’s research is in line with __________. A) functionalism B) symbolic interactionism C) conflict theory D) exchange theory Answer: B 13. Bernie Madoff was one of the most notorious white-collar criminals. He ran a __________. A) Ponzi scheme B) Cosa Nostra act C) Sarbanes-Oxley Act D) insider trading scheme Answer: A 14. Trading stock on the basis of secret information is called __________. A) differential association B) plea bargaining C) insider trading D) organized crime Answer: C 15. __________ was involved in insider trading and served time in a “country club prison.” A) Martha Stewart B) Julia Child C) Sam Smith D) Buckley O’ Reilly Answer: A 16. Robbery, burglary, drug dealing, prostitution, pimping, gambling, and other activities that are woven into the texture of life in urban slums are a part of the __________. A) Sarbanes-Oxley Act B) illegitimate opportunity structure C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) criminal enterprise Answer: B 17. __________ consider crime a natural part of a healthy society. A) Functionalists B) Symbolic interactionists C) Conflict theorists D) Psychologists Answer: A 18. Penny wants to buy a house. She works two jobs and saves her money and after three years, she purchases her first home. Penny is a(n) __________. A) innovator B) retreatist C) ritualist D) conformist Answer: D 19. Marsha wants to purchase a car so she sells drugs to earn cash. Marsha is a(n) __________. A) innovator B) retreatist C) ritualist D) conformist Answer: A 20. Constance has been taking classes at a college for the last seven years. She is not pursuing any degree, just going through the motions of being a student. Constance is a(n) __________. A) innovator B) retreatist C) ritualist D) conformist Answer: C 21. Wendell is addicted to drugs and has rejected society’s means and goals. Wendell is a __________. A) rebel B) retreatist C) ritualist D) conformist Answer: B 22. The Neo-Nazis seek to replace the current social order with a new one. The Neo-Nazis are __________. A) rebels B) retreatists C) ritualists D) conformists Answer: A 23. Jamaal wants to be an all-around hustler when he grows up. He plans to engage in robbery, burglary, drug dealing, as well as pimping. The chance for Jamaal to pursue this career path is readily available in the urban area in which he resides. This chance is a part of the __________. A) Sarbanes-Oxley Act B) illegitimate opportunity structure C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) criminal enterprise Answer: B 24. Ralph is a construction worker. He is typically unemployed for five months out of each year. As such, Ralph is a part of the __________. A) stable working class B) marginal working class C) upper level manager D) contingency class Answer: B 25. Omar thinks that the high unemployment rate in the urban metropolitan area encourages some people to commit crime. Omar’s thinking is in line with __________. A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) strain theory C) techniques of neutralization D) symbolic interactionism Answer: B 26. __________ emphasize that justice is not always fairly administered because the law is controlled by the ruling class. A) Differential theorists B) Functionalists C) Symbolic interactionists D) Conflict theorists Answer: D 27. The younger a juvenile is when first charged with a violent crime, __________. A) the less likely it is that he or she will be charged with subsequent violent crimes B) the more likely it is that he or she will be charged with subsequent violent crimes C) the less likely it is that he or she will drop out of school D) has no effect on his/her likelihood to be charged with subsequent violent crimes Answer: B 28. Which of the following is true regarding rearrest among juvenile delinquents? A) Girls are more likely than boys to be rearrested. B) Girls are less likely than boys to be rearrested. C) Girls and boys are equally likely to be rearrested. D) There are no statistics kept about juvenile offenders. Answer: B 29. Thirteen-year-old Saeed stole his neighbor’s automobile. This is an example of __________. A) juvenile deterrence B) juvenile delinquency C) juvenile diversion D) juvenile discretion Answer: B 30. It is not illegal to drink alcohol in the United States, but it is illegal for minors to drink alcohol in the United States. So when 16-year-old Mina was caught drinking, she was guilty of a __________. A) status crime B) criminal enterprise C) diversion D) property crime Answer: A 31. Bay Bay’s father was a pimp and his mother was a prostitute. As such, Bay Bay grew up in an environment where prostitution, drug use, robbery, assault, and rape were seen as a normal part of life. This reflects __________. A) the Cosa Nostra B) organized crime C) a delinquent subculture D) a Ponzi scheme Answer: C 32. Brittany works in the cashier’s office on campus. She steals money from her job and thinks that she deserves the stolen money because she has not received a raise in two years. This illustrates a(n)__________. A) technique of neutralization B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) criminal enterprise D) organized crime Answer: A 33. __________ coined the term white-collar crime. A) Edwin Sutherland B) Robert Merton C) William Chambliss D) Emile Durkheim Answer: A 34. Corporations can produce a culture that is __________. A) restorative B) criminogenic C) conformist D) deterrent Answer: B 35. Rashida is an accountant. She has been skimming money off of the payroll for the past seven years. This is an example of a(n) __________. A) organized crime B) white-collar crime C) status offense D) property crime Answer: B 36. Professional and organized crime involves __________. A) violence B) a middle class background C) pride in specialized skills D) access to resources Answer: C 37. Amir is a jewel thief who prides himself on his skill and his success. As such, Amir is a(n) __________. A) juvenile criminal B) white-collar criminal C) organized criminal D) professional criminal Answer: D 38. The most famous organized crime group, which originated in Sicily, is called __________. A) the Mafia B) criminal enterprise C) Ponzi scheme D) Sarbanes-Oxley Answer: A 39. Which group dominates organized crime today? A) Italians B) Puerto Ricans C) Russians D) No group dominates Answer: D 40. Maria knows that her family is part of the Mafia but she has to uphold __________. A) fictive kinship B) endogamy C) a Ponzi scheme D) omerta Answer: D 41. Although he is not legally related to him, Tony is Nunzio’s godfather. This relationship, which unites two families, is an example of __________. A) fictive kinship B) village endogamy C) a Ponzi scheme D) omerta Answer: A 42. The percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested is called the __________. A) crime rate B) recidivism rate C) restitution rate D) retribution rate Answer: B 43. The jury sentenced Gary Heidnick to be executed for the kidnapping, torture, and murder of 17 women. This is an example of __________. A) capital punishment B) deterrence C) retribution D) diversion Answer: A 44. Even though Tyrone is innocent of the murder charges launched against him, his defense attorney is encouraging him to plead guilty for a lesser charge of manslaughter. The defense attorney is encouraging __________. A) uniform sentencing B) restitution C) a plea bargain D) retribution Answer: C 45. __________ requires offenders to compensate their victims for harm created. This is a form of retribution. A) Rehabilitation B) Restitution C) Deterrence D) Diversion Answer: B 46. Uniform sentencing is a form of __________. A) retribution B) restitution C) deterrence D) diversion Answer: C 47. __________ aims to create fear by letting potential offenders know that they will be punished if they commit a crime. A) Retribution B) Restitution C) Deterrence D) Diversion Answer: C 48. Melissa gets a higher sentence every time she is convicted. This is known as __________. A) a Ponzi scheme B) Cosa Nostra C) added incapacitation D) white-collar crime Answer: C 49. Shawn’s punishment for stealing and wrecking a car includes repaying the automobile owner for damages to the vehicle. This is an example of __________. A) deterrence B) diversion C) restitution D) rehabilitation Answer: C 50. Jill recently took a job outside the home. This __________. A) increases her chances of committing a crime B) decreases her chances of committing a crime C) has no effect on her chances of committing a crime D) will set a good example to deter future criminals Answer: A FILL IN THE BLANK 51. __________ is the violation of law. Answer: Crime 52. The number of crimes occurring per 100,000 people is called the __________. Answer: crime rate 53. __________ suggest that social class impacts our perception and behavior. Answer: Symbolic interactionists 54. A(n) __________ occurs when high investment returns are paid to clients using other clients’ money instead of real investment profit. Answer: Ponzi scheme 55. __________ view property crime as inherent in societies that socialize people of all social classes to desire material success while limiting the legitimate means to achieve that success. Answer: Functionalists 56. Those who own the means of production are called the __________. Answer: ruling class 57. The legal term for crimes committed by children is __________. Answer: juvenile delinquency 58. When employees violate the trust their company has placed in them, but still consider themselves to be respectable, law-abiding citizens, they are engaged in __________. Answer: techniques of neutralization 59. Punishing criminals to uphold values and to demonstrate that criminal behavior will not be tolerated is called __________. Answer: retribution 60. Ramone has committed so many crimes that he has been removed from circulation by the criminal justice system. This is called __________. Answer: incapacitation TRUE/FALSE 61. No activity is criminal in and of itself. Answer: True 62. Every society has some crime. Answer: True 63. Social class influences who shows up in official statistics. Answer: True 64. Working-class students are more likely than upper-class students to drop out of school. Answer: True 65. White-collar crime is committed by people of high social status in the course of their occupations. Answer: True 66. The Mafia is made up of Italians only. Answer: False 67. The Mafia has a bureaucracy with full-time specialists in many criminal pursuits. Answer: True 68. Men are more likely than women to be executed. Answer: True 69. In the United States, most ex-cons are rearrested. Answer: True 70. Rehabilitation is successful for most people who are in prisons. Answer: False SHORT ANSWER 71. Explain the universal nature of crime. Answer: The universal nature of crime refers to the fact that crime exists in every society, across cultures, and throughout history. It encompasses behaviors that violate societal norms or laws and can vary widely in severity and type. Despite differences in legal systems and cultural norms, crime persists universally due to factors such as economic inequality, social disorganization, psychological factors, and opportunities for criminal behavior. This universality underscores the complexity of addressing crime and the need for diverse approaches in law enforcement, prevention, and social policy. 72. Identify and explain the three groups that comprise the working class. Answer: The three groups that comprise the working class are: 1. Blue-collar Workers: These are individuals engaged in manual labor or skilled trades, typically in industries such as manufacturing, construction, or maintenance. They often perform physical work and may have specific vocational skills. 2. Service Workers: This group includes individuals who provide services rather than producing goods. Service workers may be employed in sectors such as hospitality, retail, healthcare, education, or personal services. Their work involves direct interaction with customers or clients. 3. Agricultural Workers: These workers are involved in primary agricultural production, including farming, forestry, fishing, and related activities. They may work on farms, ranches, fisheries, or in agricultural support roles. These groups collectively form the working class, characterized by their dependence on wages for income and their position in the economic structure below the managerial, professional, and ownership classes. 73. Why does the Mafia remain successful despite the U.S. government’s opposition? Answer: The Mafia remains successful despite the U.S. government's opposition due to several factors: 1. Organizational Resilience: The Mafia operates with a hierarchical structure, strict codes of silence (omertà), and a network of connections that enable it to adapt to law enforcement efforts and maintain operations over time. 2. Diversified Criminal Activities: Beyond traditional activities like gambling, extortion, and narcotics, the Mafia has diversified into legitimate businesses, allowing it to launder money and maintain financial stability despite legal crackdowns. 3. Local Support and Influence: In some communities, the Mafia garners support through intimidation, bribery, and providing services that are perceived as beneficial, fostering a level of local protection and influence that complicates law enforcement efforts. 4. Corruption and Complicity: Historically, elements within law enforcement and political circles have been compromised or complicit in Mafia activities, undermining efforts to dismantle criminal operations effectively. 5. Adaptation to Globalization: The Mafia has expanded internationally, collaborating with transnational criminal networks and exploiting global markets, making it harder for national governments to combat its activities effectively. These factors collectively contribute to the Mafia's enduring success despite ongoing efforts by the U.S. government and law enforcement agencies to dismantle its operations. 74. Explain why those who have been to prison are more likely to be rearrested. Answer: Those who have been to prison are more likely to be rearrested due to several interconnected factors: 1. Stigma and Labeling: Having a criminal record often leads to social stigma and labeling, which can limit employment opportunities and social integration, increasing the likelihood of resorting to criminal activities for survival. 2. Limited Opportunities: Ex-convicts often face significant barriers to education, housing, and employment, which are crucial for successful reintegration into society. This lack of opportunities can push individuals back into criminal behavior. 3. Psychological and Social Factors: Incarceration can exacerbate mental health issues, foster a sense of alienation from mainstream society, and lead to association with other criminals, all of which contribute to a higher risk of recidivism. 4. Lack of Support Systems: Many ex-convicts return to communities with inadequate support systems for rehabilitation, such as access to counseling, substance abuse treatment, or structured reentry programs, making it challenging to break the cycle of crime. 5. Criminal Networks: During incarceration, individuals may establish or strengthen connections with criminal networks, which can facilitate re-engagement in illegal activities upon release. These factors create a cycle where ex-prisoners face significant challenges in rebuilding their lives, increasing their vulnerability to recidivism and rearrest. 75. Discuss the major elements of a rehabilitation program. Answer: The major elements of a rehabilitation program typically include: 1. Assessment and Individualized Planning: Each participant undergoes a thorough assessment to identify their needs, strengths, and risks. Based on this assessment, a personalized rehabilitation plan is developed. 2. Education and Skill Development: Programs often focus on improving basic literacy, job skills, vocational training, and educational attainment. This equips individuals with the tools necessary to secure employment and reintegrate into society. 3. Counseling and Therapy: Mental health counseling, substance abuse treatment, and cognitive-behavioral therapy are essential components to address underlying issues contributing to criminal behavior and support emotional well-being. 4. Social and Life Skills Training: Participants learn essential life skills such as problem-solving, decision-making, conflict resolution, communication, and anger management. These skills help in managing everyday challenges and building healthier relationships. 5. Employment Assistance: Programs provide job readiness training, resume building, interview skills coaching, and connections to employers willing to hire individuals with criminal records. Stable employment reduces the likelihood of recidivism. 6. Community Support and Reintegration: Support services include mentoring, peer support groups, family counseling, and assistance in accessing housing, healthcare, and legal services. Building a supportive network helps individuals maintain positive changes after release. 7. Monitoring and Aftercare: Post-release supervision, monitoring, and follow-up are critical to ensure participants adhere to their rehabilitation plan and receive ongoing support. Aftercare programs help individuals transition back into the community successfully and prevent relapse into criminal behavior. These elements work together holistically to address the multifaceted needs of individuals in rehabilitation, promoting their successful reintegration into society and reducing the likelihood of future criminal involvement. ESSAY 76. How does the Chambliss study on the saints and the roughnecks explain the idea of labeling? What is another example of a label commonly used for people engaged in acts of deviance? What does that label convey? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain concept of labeling with respect to Chambliss’ study. • Identify the effects of saints and roughnecks labels. • Select another example of labeling and explain its effects. Sample Answer: The Chambliss study on the saints and the roughnecks illustrates labeling theory by showing how societal perceptions and reactions shape behavior. The "saints," despite their delinquent activities, were labeled positively due to their social status and connections, receiving leniency and opportunities. In contrast, the "roughnecks" were negatively labeled as troublemakers due to their lower socioeconomic status and appearance, leading to harsher treatment and fewer opportunities. Another example of a label commonly used for people engaged in acts of deviance is "criminal." This label conveys a negative perception of individuals who have violated laws or societal norms, often leading to stigma, exclusion, and legal consequences. 77. Discuss strain theory. Explain the five responses to cultural goals and give examples of each. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline the central tenets of strain theory paying particular attention to the mismatch between means and goals. • Identify and explain all five responses to mismatch between goals and means. • Give examples of each of the above. Sample Answer: Strain theory posits that individuals experience strain when they are unable to achieve culturally prescribed goals through legitimate means. The five responses to cultural goals, as outlined by strain theory, are: 1. Conformity: Individuals accept both the cultural goals (such as wealth or success) and the means (education, hard work) to achieve them. Example: A student studies diligently to secure a good job and financial stability. 2. Innovation: Individuals accept the cultural goals but reject or are unable to access legitimate means, so they innovate new, often illegal or deviant, means to achieve success. Example: A person turns to selling drugs to attain wealth quickly. 3. Ritualism: Individuals abandon the pursuit of cultural goals but rigidly adhere to the legitimate means. Example: A worker continues to follow strict company rules and procedures despite lacking ambition for career advancement. 4. Retreatism: Individuals reject both the cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. They often withdraw from society and may turn to substance abuse or other forms of escapism. Example: A homeless person who has given up on societal goals and lives on the margins of society. 5. Rebellion: Individuals reject both the cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them but replace them with new goals and means. They seek to change or replace existing social structures. Example: Political activists who challenge societal norms and institutions in pursuit of a new social order. These responses illustrate how individuals adapt to the pressures of achieving societal goals when faced with structural constraints or barriers. 78. Discuss Zimbardo’s study. Explain what it tells us about social interactions in prison and the problems that it raised in the scientific community. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline Zimbardo’s study. • Note the ethical dilemmas this study posed and the effects on future research. • Explain what we learn from Zimbardo’s study. • Craft an argument about the effect of structures on power. Sample Answer: Zimbardo's Stanford prison study aimed to investigate the effects of perceived power dynamics in a simulated prison environment. It revealed how social roles and situations can significantly influence behavior, as participants quickly adapted to assigned roles of guards and prisoners, with guards displaying increasingly authoritarian and abusive behavior, and prisoners showing signs of emotional distress and passive acceptance. The study raised ethical concerns due to the psychological harm inflicted on participants and the lack of proper safeguards. It highlighted issues with research methodology, including the potential for researcher bias and the manipulation of experimental conditions. Critics argued that the study lacked ecological validity and generalizability, questioning its relevance to real-world prison dynamics. Overall, Zimbardo's study underscores the powerful impact of situational factors and social roles on behavior, prompting greater ethical scrutiny and methodological rigor in psychological research involving human subjects. 79. Compare and contrast the four different policies toward criminals. Which of them do you think is the most effective? In what circumstances are the different policies likely to be effective? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline the four policies: punishing, restitution, deterrence, and rehabilitation. • Note the effectiveness of each policy with respect to the various theories we’ve learned about. • Analyze these theories and policies and apply them to different types of crime. Sample Answer: • Retribution: Focuses on punishment as deserved consequences for crime, emphasizing accountability. • Deterrence: Aims to prevent crime through fear of punishment, either to deter individuals or society at large. • Rehabilitation: Focuses on reforming offenders through education, therapy, and skills training to reduce recidivism. • Restoration: Focuses on repairing harm caused by crime and promoting healing among offenders, victims, and the community. The effectiveness of each policy varies based on the specific goals of the justice system, the nature of the crime, and the circumstances of the offenders and victims involved. A balanced approach that considers all aspects of justice—punishment, prevention, reform, and restoration—may be most effective overall. 80. Explain the ways in which the criminal justice system acts to hinder justice. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Analyze the effects of long pretrial waits. • Assess the role of plea bargaining. • Explain the role of mandatory minimum sentencing. • Note the demographic patterns in arrests and sentencing. Sample Answer: The criminal justice system can hinder justice in several ways: 1. Bias and Discrimination: Systemic biases based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or gender can lead to unequal treatment and outcomes for defendants and victims. 2. Overcriminalization: Laws that criminalize minor offenses or behaviors can disproportionately affect marginalized communities and contribute to overcrowding in prisons. 3. Mandatory Minimum Sentences: Rigid sentencing laws may limit judicial discretion and lead to disproportionate punishments that do not fit the crime or individual circumstances. 4. Legal and Procedural Complexities: Complex legal procedures and lengthy court processes can delay justice, increase costs, and deter victims or witnesses from pursuing cases. 5. Resource Allocation: Inadequate funding for public defenders, legal aid, and support services can limit access to quality defense and representation, especially for those who cannot afford private attorneys. 6. Ineffective Rehabilitation: Insufficient support for rehabilitation and reintegration programs can contribute to high rates of recidivism, perpetuating cycles of crime rather than addressing underlying causes. Addressing these challenges requires reforms that promote fairness, equity, and effectiveness throughout the criminal justice system, ensuring that it serves the interests of justice for all individuals involved. Test Bank for Social Problems: A Down-to-Earth Approach James M. Henslin 9780205968848, 9781292039862, 9780205965120, 9780205004164, 9780135164709
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