This Document Contains Chapters 5 to 6 Chapter 5: The American Revolution: From Elite Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763-1783 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) At the end of the Seven Years' War, American colonists could be characterized best as __________. a. hostile toward the British b. optimistic about the future c. apathetic about colonial-British relations d. eager for independence from Great Britain e. trying to rebuild Answer: b 2) George III believed __________. a. Parliament should run the empire b. the monarch should make policies for the empire c. the monarch should be a figurehead d. qualified men should run the government e. the monarch should consider parliamentary opinion when making decisions Answer: b 3) The central issue in the Anglo-American debate over governance was __________. a. divine sovereignty b. laissez-faire c. parliamentary sovereignty d. absolute rule e. colonial sovereignty Answer: c 4) In the 1760s and 1770s, colonists viewed the political struggle with Britain in terms of __________. a. haves against have-nots b. democracy against aristocracy c. good against evil d. West against East e. agriculture against industrialization Answer: c 5) The English political philosopher most often cited by American rebels was __________. a. Thomas Paine b. Edmund Burke c. William Pitt d. John Locke e. David Hume Answer: d 6) According to which political theory is power dangerous and must be countered by virtue? a. commonwealth b. separation of powers c. balance of power d. contractual law e. corruption and virtue Answer: a 7) A major source of information for the colonists was __________. a. newspapers b. books c. church meetings d. the marketplace e. the town crier Answer: a 8) Who was the Delaware Prophet? a. Cotton Mather b. Pontiac c. Charles Townshend d. George Grenville e. Neolin Answer: e 9) Which parliamentary act prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains? a. Navigation Act of 1772 b. Proclamation of 1763 c. Stamp Act of 1765 d. Townshend Acts of 1767 e. Settlement Act of 1765 Answer: b 10) The radical American group that first emerged during the Stamp Act crisis was known as __________. a. the Loyalists b. the Sons of Liberty c. the Democratic Republicans d. the Federalists e. Oliver's Raiders Answer: b 11) The Stamp Act of 1765 affected __________. a. only businessmen and merchants b. primarily colonial manufacturers c. ordinary people, as well as the elite d. only those in direct trade with Great Britain e. notaries and other public officials Answer: c 12) The boycott movement against the Stamp Act __________. a. had little effect on Great Britain b. mobilized colonial women to action c. ultimately hurt American businessmen more than British d. was opposed by New England businessmen e. was badly organized Answer: b 13) Which of the following acts stated Parliament's belief in its own sovereignty? a. Townshend Acts b. Declaratory Act c. Coercive Acts d. Stamp Act e. Sovereignty Act Answer: b 14) The fundamental issue leading to the Boston Massacre in 1770 was the __________. a. British attempt to enforce the Tea Act b. Boston Tea Party c. passage of the Townshend Acts d. sinking of the Gaspee e. presence of so many British troops in American cities Answer: e 15) The Boston Massacre __________. a. proved the importance of the British army in the colonies b. raised the possibility of colonial armed resistance c. had little effect on Anglo-colonial relations d. had little support from colonial leaders e. left fifty-three Americans dead Answer: b 16) Prior to 1774, Samuel Adams's role can best be described as __________. a. pacifier b. compromiser c. genuine revolutionary d. pragmatist e. guerilla fighter Answer: c 17) The Tea Act of 1773 was passed in order to __________. a. save the East India Company b. raise revenue to pay royal governors' salaries c. punish colonists for the Boston Massacre d. support the stationing of British troops in America e. recover revenue lost by reducing the tax on molasses Answer: a 18) England passed the Coercive Acts in response to the __________. a. colonial boycott of the Stamp Act b. Boston Tea Party c. American victory at Saratoga d. Declaratory Act e. Tea Act Answer: b 19) The Suffolk Resolves advocated __________. a. forcible resistance to the Coercive Acts b. the assassination of British tax collectors c. the formation of an American navy d. the repeal of the Stamp Act e. the formation of the Sons of Liberty Answer: a 20) In December 1775, Parliament passed the ________, which declared war on American international commerce. a. Declaratory Act b. Prohibitory Act c. Commerce Act d. Tea Act e. Trade Act Answer: b 21) The author of the Declaration of Independence was __________. a. George Washington b. Benjamin Franklin c. Samuel Adams d. Patrick Henry e. Thomas Jefferson Answer: e 22) The Declaration of Independence __________. a. stated that all power came from the people and monarchs who ruled by force surrender their claim to obedience b. blamed George III and his government for much of the impasse c. was unanimously approved with no alterations d. was adopted by the First Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776 e. called for non-violent methods of resistance until a vote for independence could take place Answer: d 23) The American victory that led to the French alliance occurred at __________. a. Saratoga b. Yorktown c. Breed's Hill d. Philadelphia e. Trenton Answer: a 24) Whose activities were essential to the establishment of a colonial alliance with the French? a. Thomas Paine b. John Adams c. John Dickinson d. Thomas Jefferson e. Benjamin Franklin Answer: e 25) For the British, French intervention meant __________. a. a change in military strategy b. little change in their military strategy c. little challenge to their empire d. a new ally in the war effort e. fighting a two-front war, both in the colonies and in Europe Answer: a 26) How did ordinary colonists respond after the wealthy elite had initiated the American rebellion? a. They rejected the lead of their "betters." b. They lost rights gained during the colonial period. c. They turned an elite movement into a mass movement. d. They fought for a social-economic revolution against the gentry. e. They retreated further from political activities. Answer: c 27) Which was central to the colonists' position in the Anglo-American debate over parliamentary powers? a. their strong belief in the powers of their own provincial assemblies b. their unswerving support of the monarchy c. their willingness to defer to the wishes of Parliament d. their desire for an authoritarian government e. their desire for revolution Answer: a 28) Which of the following linked religious ideas to the practice of government? a. colonial newspapers b. the Great Awakening c. theories of the Earl of Bute d. ideas from the Commonwealthmen e. the works of John Locke Answer: b 29) What was the most significant consequence of the Seven Years' War? a. its virtual destruction of American Indians b. Britain's staggering war debt c. the remaining French toehold in Quebec d. the assassination of George II e. a distaste for further fighting by the colonists Answer: b 30) How did the Sugar Act differ from earlier regulations, such as the Navigation Acts? a. Its purpose was to show the colonists that they were not in control. b. Its purpose was to show the colonists that they were autonomous. c. It taxed sugar for the specific benefit of the East India Company. d. Its purpose was to collect revenue from the Americans. e. It had nothing to do with trade. Answer: d 31) Which of the following occurred as part of the Stamp Act crisis? a. Newspapers throughout the colonies denounced the Virginia Resolves. b. Colonial leaders from different regions gathered in New York City to petition the king in protest. c. Calls for women to stay out of the political sphere increased. d. Massachusetts reacted so bitterly that the British imposed the Coercive Acts. e. Ordinary men and women were not affected, so protests were small and focused on the elite. Answer: b 32) What was the tone of the Stamp Act Congress? a. extreme radicalism, with some delegates pushing for acts of violence b. restraint and conciliation, with no mention of independence or disloyalty c. bitter division between pro-independence radicals and Loyalists who favored British rule d. angry disputes between various colonies and regions e. antagonistic, with some delegates calling for an immediate declaration of independence Answer: b 33) Which list places events in the correct order? a. Townshend duties, Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, Coercive Acts b. Townshend duties, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Coercive Acts c. Boston Tea Party, Coercive Acts, Boston Massacre, Townshend duties d. Coercive Acts, Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, Townshend duties e. Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, Townshend duties, Coercive Acts Answer: b 34) While repealing the Townshend duties, why did the North ministry retain a tax on tea? a. to stabilize prices for tea b. to punish American tea smugglers c. to punish John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and the Sons of Liberty d. to symbolize Parliament's power to tax Americans e. to ensure that tea from England would not be boycotted Answer: d 35) What was the main purpose of the Continental Association formed at the First Continental Congress? a. to foster improved relations between the various colonies b. to seek a conservative, peaceful resolution of the political crises of the mid-1770s c. to raise money to feed starving Indians displaced by western settlements d. to maintain a total boycott of all British imports e. to raise and equip armies to fight for the American cause Answer: d 36) What was the most important responsibility facing the Second Continental Congress? a. to convince the colonists of the necessity for war b. to win loyalty from the Indians c. to organize the colonies for war d. to find a strong political leader for the nation e. to draft the Declaration of Independence Answer: c 37) What was the significance of Thomas Paine's Common Sense? a. It provided the colonists with a rationale for revolution. b. It acknowledged the sovereignty of the monarch. c. It persuaded colonial elites to sever their ties with Great Britain. d. It had little immediate popularity among the colonists. e. It did not criticize all monarchs, just George III. Answer: a 38) Which of the following explains why England lost the Revolutionary War? a. The British government did not believe it could win the war. b. British finances could not support the war. c. British strategists did not understand how to fight the war. d. George III never supported the war effort. e. British soldiers sympathized with the Americans. Answer: c 39) What was the role of the colonial militias? a. They played a decisive role in several major battles. b. They kept the slave population in line. c. They maintained political control in areas not occupied by British troops. d. They consisted mainly of African Americans. e. They would sometimes switch sides if they did not get paid. Answer: c 40) Why did many African Americans in the North take up arms to fight the British? a. They believed that the king and the British Parliament were solely responsible for their lack of freedom. b. They felt that the British had unfairly taxed them without offering representation in Congress. c. They believed that the Americans were more likely to win the war. d. They felt that the army was the safest place for them to be at the time. e. They felt that the Americans were more likely to free them from slavery if they sided with them. Answer: e 41) What did military strategists in 1779 predict would be Britain's last chance for victory over the colonies? a. a more effective use of its great navy b. the breaking of the French-American alliance c. calling on its European allies for help d. a successful campaign in the American South e. increasing the British army in the colonies by 25,000 men Answer: d 42) Which event marked the end of the military phase of the war? a. the capture of New York City by French forces b. Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga c. the British evacuation of Boston d. Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown e. the destruction of a British army at the Battle of New Orleans Answer: d 43) American Loyalists, who sided with the British during the War for Independence, __________. a. tended to be wealthy conservatives b. were known for their wickedness and immorality c. favored a strongly centralized, authoritarian form of government d. came from all occupations and social classes e. were pacifists who opposed war for any reason Answer: d 44) After the Revolutionary War, why did many American Loyalists, who returned to England, feel betrayed? a. They were treated as second-class citizens in England. b. They were denied any monetary compensation for their sacrifices. c. They were viewed as traitors by the native-born English. d. They were viewed as foreigners by the native-born English. e. They were put in prisons because they would not pay their debts. Answer: a 45) What was the significance of the Treaty of Paris of 1783? a. It established the American borders at the Appalachian Mountains. b. It ensured Loyalists would not be compensated for their lands. c. It did not provide a favorable conclusion to the war. d. It allowed Americans the opportunity for an independent nation. e. It provided for fair treatment of Native Americans in America’s interior. Answer: d 46) Which of the following was a key benefit of the Treaty of Paris for the United States? a. the rights to Florida b. fishing rights in the Gulf of Mexico c. guaranteed independence from Britain d. a portion of the territory east of the Mississippi River would be owned by the United States e. the Loyalists were forced to move to Canada Answer: c 47) What challenge remained for the colonists following the signing of the Treaty of Paris? a. deciding what form the new government would take b. determining how to return seized property and lands to the Loyalists c. compensating plantation owners for slaves who fought for the British d. learning to fend off French attempts to control the country e. compensating Native Americans for ceded lands in the newly gained territories Answer: a 48) What was the most significant outcome of the Boston Massacre? a. It demonstrated to the colonists that British troops were largely symbolic and the British would back down in the face of organized resistance. b. It demonstrated to the colonists that British troops had no effective way to restore order in the colonies. c. It showed that the colonists had a better organized army than the British and would be difficult to defeat. d. It was the first act of organized resistance against the British troops in the colonies. e. It demonstrated to the colonists that British troops would resort to violence to restore order in the colonies. Answer: e 49) Which statement best explains why the Boston Tea Party became a famous symbol of the American Revolution? a. The Boston Tea Party was one of the most destructive acts in the entire war. b. The Boston Tea Party was the final action before the first shots that led to the actual war. c. The Boston Tea Party showed that the colonists had lost their respect for the British monarchy. d. The Boston Tea Party not only killed many soldiers, but it also destroyed property worth millions of dollars. e. The Boston Tea Party was an unprecedented act of violence by angry colonists against the British troops. Answer: c 50) What does the following quote by Benjamin Rush signify? "The American war is over, but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed." a. The American Revolution was not a war at all, but merely a break from English control over the colonies. b. The war was merely the first step in the colonists' move toward establishing a truly independent nation. c. The war was not yet over, and the Americans needed to prepare for another round of fighting against the British if they ever hoped to gain their independence. d. Americans needed to revolt against other European countries that were restricting their trade and keeping them from economic and political independence. e. The American Revolution would not end until the English monarchy was destroyed and a new form of government was put in place in England to better rule the colonies. Answer: b Essay Questions 51) Why were parliamentary sovereignty and the meaning of representation the main points of conflict in the years leading up to the Revolution? Why would the writings of the Commonwealthmen have appealed to Americans influenced by the Great Awakening? Answer: In the years leading up to the American Revolution, parliamentary sovereignty and the meaning of representation were key points of conflict between the American colonies and Great Britain. Parliamentary sovereignty refers to the principle that Parliament has the ultimate authority to make laws and govern the nation. However, many American colonists believed that this sovereignty should be limited by the colonial charters and by natural law principles. Representation, on the other hand, was a contentious issue because the American colonies were not directly represented in the British Parliament. This lack of representation led to the famous slogan, "No taxation without representation," as the colonists felt it was unfair for Parliament to impose taxes on them without their consent. The writings of the Commonwealthmen, a group of British political thinkers who advocated for the rights of individuals and limits on government power, would have appealed to Americans influenced by the Great Awakening for several reasons. The Great Awakening was a religious revival that emphasized individual spiritual experiences and a personal relationship with God. This focus on individualism and the rights of individuals would have resonated with the ideas of the Commonwealthmen, who argued for the protection of individual liberties against government tyranny. Additionally, the Commonwealthmen often criticized the British government for its corruption and abuse of power, which would have struck a chord with Americans who were increasingly dissatisfied with British policies and perceived injustices. Overall, the writings of the Commonwealthmen provided intellectual justification for the American colonists' grievances and helped to shape their ideas about liberty and self-government. 52) How did the outcome of the French and Indian War affect Native Americans? Answer: The outcome of the French and Indian War had significant effects on Native Americans. Prior to the war, various Native American tribes had allied with either the French or British, hoping to protect their interests or regain territory. After the British victory in 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the war. This treaty marked a turning point for Native Americans. The British gained control of much of North America, including territory inhabited by Native Americans. The Proclamation of 1763, issued by the British government, aimed to prevent conflict between colonists and Native Americans by prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. However, this proclamation was largely ignored by colonists, leading to further tensions and conflicts. The war's outcome also weakened many Native American tribes, as they lost French support and faced increased pressure from British settlers moving westward. Additionally, the British government often disregarded Native American land rights and treaties, leading to further conflicts and displacement. Overall, the French and Indian War and its aftermath had detrimental effects on many Native American tribes, contributing to their loss of land, autonomy, and overall well-being. 53) What factors led to British defeat in the American Revolution? Answer: 1. Distance and supply line challenges. 2. Foreign intervention and alliances. 3. Guerrilla warfare tactics and terrain advantage. 4. Lack of popular support and divisions in Britain. 5. Leadership and strategic errors. 6. War weariness and financial strain. 7. Strategic mistakes and underestimation of American forces. 54) Why did some Americans oppose independence? How did their overall political beliefs compare with those of Americans who supported independence? Answer: Some Americans opposed independence for a variety of reasons: 1. Loyalists: Known as Tories, these Americans remained loyal to the British Crown for various reasons, including a belief in the benefits of remaining part of the British Empire, fear of instability and chaos that might come with independence, and personal ties to Britain. 2. Economic Concerns: Some Americans, particularly those involved in trade with Britain, feared that independence would disrupt their economic relationships and lead to financial losses. 3. Political Philosophy: Some Americans believed in the principles of monarchy and aristocracy, viewing them as stable forms of government, and were wary of the more radical ideas of democracy and republicanism that were gaining popularity among supporters of independence. 4. Religious Reasons: Some religious groups, such as the Quakers and some Anglicans, believed in pacifism and loyalty to the established order, leading them to oppose the revolutionary cause. 5. Fear of Anarchy: Some Americans worried that independence would lead to chaos and violence, as seen in other revolutions, and preferred the stability of British rule. Overall, the political beliefs of Americans who opposed independence tended to align more closely with traditional forms of governance, such as monarchy and aristocracy, and emphasized stability, order, and continuity with the British Empire. In contrast, Americans who supported independence generally embraced republican ideals, such as popular sovereignty, individual liberty, and representative government. They believed in the right of self-government and saw independence as a means to establish a more just and democratic society. They were often inspired by Enlightenment philosophy and viewed the British government as oppressive and unjust, leading them to seek independence and the establishment of a new nation based on democratic principles. Chapter 6: The Republican Experiment, 1783-1788 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) As understood in the late 1700s, a republic was a system in which ultimate political authority is vested in __________. a. a constitutional monarchy b. the people c. the chosen few d. the rich and powerful e. evangelical Protestants Answer: b 2) The law permitting a man to pass on his entire estate to his eldest son was known as __________. a. access b. primogeniture c. federalism d. land tenure e. the law of entail Answer: b 3) __________ caused the most important changes in voting patterns in the immediate postwar years. a. The tremendous loss of male lives b. Western migration c. The dramatically increased standard of living d. The Articles of Confederation e. The movement of state capitals to more central locations Answer: b 4) The leading African American scientist and mathematician in early America was __________. a. John Woolman b. Richard Allen c. Benjamin Banneker d. Sojourner Truth e. Phillis Wheatley Answer: c 5) Even before achieving statehood, __________ prohibited slavery in its constitution. a. Connecticut b. New Jersey c. Massachusetts d. Pennsylvania e. Vermont Answer: e 6) How many states did not have to draft new constitutions, since they already had republican governments as part of their colonial charters? a. none b. one c. two d. three e. four Answer: c 7) An important fact about the Americans who wrote the first state constitutions was that they __________. a. totally rejected British traditions and ideas in creating them b. demanded written documents c. refused to include bills of rights d. made the constitutions vague and imprecise where basic rights were concerned e. followed the example of the British constitution Answer: b 8) Most new state constitutions after the American Revolution __________. a. strengthened the power of the governor b. weakened the power of the legislature c. were agreed-upon rather than written d. included declarations of rights e. affirmed freedom of speech and press but not of religion Answer: d 9) John Dickinson's 1776 plan for a new U.S. government revolved around the concept of __________. a. a weak central government b. extremely powerful state governments c. unification with Canada d. a strong central government e. a centralized banking system Answer: d 10) The Articles of Confederation __________. a. gave too much power to the central government b. provided for state representation by population c. jealously guarded state sovereignty at the expense of national power d. created a powerful presidency e. changed little from first draft to final document Answer: c 11) The controversy that delayed ratification of the Articles of Confederation involved __________. a. slavery b. the disposition of western lands c. American relations with European countries d. regulating trade with British manufacturers e. boundaries between the states Answer: b 12) The most important accomplishment of Congress under the Articles of Confederation was its __________. a. disposition of the Florida border problem with Spain b. passage of ordinances organizing the Northwest Territory c. management of the nation's financial affairs d. rejection of British demands for territory along the country's borders with Canada e. set of rules for interstate trade and tariffs Answer: b 13) Under the terms of the __________, an orderly process for laying out lands and towns in the western territory was established. a. Land Ordinance of 1785 b. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 c. Proclamation of 1763 d. Cumberland Agreement e. Ordinance of 1784 Answer: a 14) The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 __________. a. defined the process by which a territory became a state b. provided for the surveying of the Northwest Territory c. ignored the basic rights of settlers in the region d. specifically allowed slavery to exist in the region e. was one of the first acts passed under the Confederation Answer: a 15) The most brilliant American political theorist of the post-Revolutionary period was __________. a. James Madison b. George Washington c. John Locke d. John Adams e. Thomas Jefferson Answer: a 16) The European philosopher whose ideas supported the theory of state sovereignty was __________. a. Locke b. Montesquieu c. Voltaire d. Machiavelli e. Rousseau Answer: b 17) The most important result of the Annapolis Meeting of 1786 was __________. a. that it added support for the Articles of Confederation b. the establishment of new, more efficient trade regulations for the United States c. the settlement of problems involving Spain's control of the Mississippi River d. the nationalists' recommendation to Congress for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation e. the growing political power and influence of James Madison Answer: d 18) Shays's Rebellion involved __________. a. discontented New England merchants b. western settlers demanding Indian territory c. supporters of freer trade with Great Britain d. discontented farmers in Massachusetts e. Continental Army officers who had been denied their pensions Answer: d 19) An important procedural decision approved at the opening of the Constitutional Convention involved __________. a. publicizing the convention's meetings and debates b. its refusal to allow the small states to present their plans for constitutional revisions c. the decision to keep deliberations as secret as possible d. the election of James Madison as chairman e. the requirement of a plurality rather than a simple majority to implement changes Answer: c 20) Under the intellectual guidance of __________, the Constitutional Convention formed a new government. a. Robert Morris b. Alexander Hamilton c. James Madison d. Benjamin Franklin e. Thomas Jefferson Answer: c 21) The compromise that resolved the dispute between the large and the small states included __________. a. the states would be equally represented in the lower house b. all bills pertaining to taxation or spending would begin in the upper house c. the states would be proportionally represented according to population in the upper house d. slave-holding states could count 60 percent of their slaves for purposes of representation e. in both houses, at the beginning, there would be one representative for every 30,000 inhabitants Answer: d 22) The three-fifths rule concerned the issue of __________. a. whether to count slaves as part of the population b. the number of branches in the national government c. checks and balances d. presidential power e. the number of votes required in the House to pass legislation Answer: a 23) The proposed new Constitution of 1787 called for the election of a president by __________. a. a direct vote of the people b. the state legislatures c. an electoral college d. the federal congress e. the Senate Answer: c 24) The Federalist was a series of essays written by __________. a. Washington and Adams b. Thomas Jefferson c. Madison, Hamilton, and Jay d. Randolph and Franklin e. Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton Answer: c 25) The author of the original proposal for the Bill of Rights was __________. a. Patrick Henry b. George Washington c. Alexander Hamilton d. James Madison e. Thomas Jefferson Answer: d 26) Why was there an uproar surrounding the formation of the Society of the Cincinnati? a. The public feared that it would begin a hereditary peerage in America. b. Many women were angry because membership was exclusively male. c. Religious leaders felt the society was pagan in its rituals. d. Parents feared allowing young men and women to meet without chaperones. e. Southerners questioned the society's strong antislavery stance. Answer: a 27) What was the effect of the American Revolution on slavery? a. At the end of the war, slavery was abolished in northern states. b. The war set a time limit to end slavery in the South. c. Initially, the war had little effect on slavery at all. d. Initially, the war led to African Americans' gaining freedom. e. The war emancipated African Americans in several states. Answer: c 28) How was slavery an obvious contradiction to the principles of the American republic? a. Slavery showed how poorly treated black women were. b. Americans claimed to be fighting for freedom, but still enslaved others. c. Slavery funded much of the Revolution, so it was part of the new republic. d. Slavery was a British institution and had no place in an independent America. e. People who fought in the war and enslaved others were too violent for a republic. Answer: b 29) How were women affected by the political ideas of the American Revolution? a. These ideas did not interest women very much. b. The ideas brought dramatic changes and opportunities to their lives. c. The ideas caused them to be more assertive about their roles in the family. d. The end of the war allowed women to participate actively in government. e. Revolutionary ideas brought them together to demand universal suffrage. Answer: c 30) What did women gain as a result of the American Revolution? a. Women gained voting rights and access to higher education. b. Women gained little; their lives remained much the same. c. Women could now become landowners, shopkeepers, and dress makers. d. Women gained education, new divorce laws, and some economic opportunities. e. Women could travel freely, study widely, and find gainful employment. Answer: d 31) Why did most first state constitutions include a bill of rights? a. to remind future rulers of the exact limits of their authority b. to establish that only white male landowners had rights c. to create a stronger central federal government d. to prevent a stronger central federal government e. because the federal Constitution included a bill of rights Answer: a 32) Why did the Articles of Confederation give states more power than the central government? a. The delegates believed that powerful state governments were dangerous. b. The delegates were mostly state governors, so they wanted to preserve their own power. c. The new central government had proven itself unworthy of power with corrupt officials and systematic abuses. d. Articles of Confederation by definition must give power to the states, as they form a statewide document. e. The delegates believed that powerful central governments were dangerous. Answer: e 33) Why did disagreements over western lands delay the ratification of the Articles of Confederation? a. Britain still held claims on the western lands, so the Americans had to negotiate with Britain before they could ratify. b. Some states claimed the land that Britain had given to Native Americans, and other states had no claim on the land. c. Native Americans protested the Articles of Confederation in an effort to secure their land in the West. d. A large percentage of Americans lived in the West, but travel and communication was poor, so it took a long time to receive their votes. e. Most of the land in the West belonged to Spain and France, so the impoverished new America had to wait to raise money to buy it. Answer: b 34) How could a territory become a state according to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? a. First a territory had to raise enough money to buy its land from the European country that owned it, and then the people could petition for statehood. b. Once the people of the territory had successfully subdued the Native American population, they could become a state. c. Territories had to elect officials and then write Articles of Confederation in order to become full-fledged states. d. Once the population reached 60,000, the residents could write a constitution and petition for statehood. e. After a period of eighteen years, territories could petition the federal government for permission to become states. Answer: d 35) Why were talented intellectual leaders of the time, including James Madison, described as political geniuses? a. He wrote the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. b. He helped Americans think of republican government in radical new ways. c. He used the teachings of Montesquieu to advocate for strong state governments. d. He had fought bravely in the Revolutionary War, leading his men with wisdom and courage. e. He was successfully governing his home state of Virginia in a socialist manner, giving all power to the people. Answer: b 36) How did Shays's Rebellion help advance Madison's reformation ideas? a. Farmers throughout the United States began supporting Madison as a way of guaranteeing their rights. b. Wealthy plantation owners feared rebellions on their own lands and wanted a strong government to protect their interests. c. Madison was instrumental in calming the farmers and ending the rebellion, so people began to trust him. d. Even Northerners were alarmed to see that African Americans could wield such power, and looked to Madison to establish a government to protect whites. e. People throughout the United States realized that law and order were breaking down. Answer: e 37) Why did the delegates at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention vow to secrecy during the proceedings? a. to keep their competition (Antifederalists) in the dark b. so that James Madison could wield limitless power c. to avoid erroneous and mischievous rumors d. to avoid a civil war between the North and the South e. so that there would be a balance of power between state and federal governments Answer: c 38) Why didn't William Paterson's New Jersey Plan appeal to most delegates of the Philadelphia Convention? a. It proposed a unicameral Congress in which the states would be represented equally, giving the states too much power. b. It proposed a two-house national legislature, giving the federal government too much power. c. It only represented the wishes of the smaller states, excluding the larger and more powerful states. d. It was strongly supported by Madison and his colleagues, so most delegates rejected it on that basis alone. e. It denied Congress power to tax or regulate trade, severely hampering its political and economic viability. Answer: a 39) How did the question of slavery impact the Constitutional Convention? a. It caused few real problems. b. Generally northerners were willing to support southern concerns. c. It threatened to disrupt and destroy the work of the convention. d. Southern delegates were eager to compromise on most significant arguments. e. It was resolved, but left the South at a disadvantage. Answer: c 40) How did the Constitutional Convention affect slavery? a. It allowed the slave trade to continue indefinitely. b. It permitted Congress to outlaw the importation of slaves in 1808. c. It provided for an immediate end to the importation of African slaves. d. It declared slavery to be illegal as of 1808. e. It declared that slaves could not be purchased in the United States after 1808. Answer: b 41) Why did the new Constitution of 1787 call for the election of a president by an electoral college? a. so that the people could directly vote for their president b. because most voters were illiterate c. so the president would not be indebted to Congress for his office d. so that no state would have more power than another no matter its size e. to prevent no white males from voting Answer: c 42) How did the Philadelphia Convention delegates ensure ratification of the Constitution? a. They called for electing thirteen state conventions, requiring the assent of only nine state legislatures to ratify it. b. They decided that a unanimous vote among the general public of all the states would ratify it. c. They decided that a unanimous vote among the state congresses would ratify it. d. They called for electing James Madison president so he could ratify it instead of Congress. e. They decided that three-fifths of all state legislators would need to ratify it. Answer: a 43) Why did Gouverneur Morris use the phrase "We the People of the United States" in the new Constitution? a. He wanted to exclude women and African Americans from the rights described in the document. b. The phrase recalled the Declaration of Independence and would help Americans approve the document. c. The other delegates voted unanimously on the phrase, thinking it would help ensure ratification. d. He wanted to include women and African Americans in the rights described in the document. e. He wanted to avoid mention of the states because he was unsure how many and which states would ratify the document. Answer: e 44) Why did those who campaigned actively for ratification of the Constitution call themselves "Federalists"? a. The term "Nationalists" had been used during the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and was now negatively viewed. b. The term suggested that they stood for a confederation of states and not for a supreme national authority. c. They wanted the public to know that they supported strong state governments that controlled the federal government. d. The term "Antifederalists" was perceived as negative because of the root "anti." e. The popular song "Federalists on the Shore" recalled the glories of the Revolutionary War. Answer: b 45) Why were Antifederalists concerned about the new Constitution? a. They worried that public officials would scheme to increase their power. b. They knew that preservation of liberty required no vigilance. c. They saw that smaller republics were prone to political corruption. d. They believed that legislators should be insulated from political pressure. e. They believed that constituents reflect the character of their elected officials. Answer: d 46) How did the Bill of Rights of 1789 protect only some individual freedoms? a. It did not allow for freedoms of speech, religion, press, or trial. b. It excluded foreigners and poor Americans. c. It protected the freedoms of speech, religion, press, trial, bearing arms, and searches but did not grant rights to no white males. d. It granted the states more power than the federal government. e. It was comprised mostly of legal procedures for Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court. Answer: c 47) How does the modern Bill of Rights compare to that of 1789? a. The modern one allows for freedoms despite ethnicity, race, gender, or sexual orientation— provisions that were not made in 1789. b. The modern one allows for infringement on freedom of speech and privacy with technology laws—provisions that did not exist in 1789. c. The 1789 bill led to political controversy whereas the modern one has not. d. The modern bill has led to political controversy whereas the 1789 one did not. e. The 1789 bill was longer; the modern one is a shorter rewriting of the same tenets. Answer: a 48) How did the debate between public morality and private freedom mirror political debate in the 1780s? a. The Americans who preached public morality did not believe in political debate. b. Because public morality and private freedom are in direct contrast, they mirror the political debates of the 1780s about tyranny versus republicanism. c. Because public morality leads to private freedom, Americans believed that British tyranny would lead to American democracy. d. Americans defended individual rights but believed that a society without virtue could not preserve liberty and independence. e. Because English colonialism had imposed public morality, Americans rejected it for private freedom. Answer: d 49) In the 1780s, why did Americans disagree sharply over the relative importance of liberty and order? a. Americans believed that in order to gain liberty, everyone should be free to do what he/she wanted. b. Some Americans believed people should be free; others believed they should be well-mannered. c. Americans who valued British traditions supported order; those loyal to the new American government supported liberty. d. Religious leaders preached order while politicians advocated for liberty and religious freedom. e. After British tyranny Americans valued liberty but also valued an ordered society. Answer: e 50) How did disagreements between Federalists and Antifederalists reflect the political climate of the 1780s and predict the climate of the 1800s? a. The disagreements showed that Americans were strangers to the political process and had a lot to learn. b. The disagreements threatened the young nation throughout the 1780s and well into the 1800s. c. The disagreements were inconsequential, as most Americans agreed about state, federal, and individual rights. d. The disagreements were quickly cleared up, demonstrating that Americans were willing to compromise on most issues. e. The disagreements showed how the country was divided and would be divided for the next several decades on state, federal, and individual rights. Answer: e Essay Questions 51) How did political reality cause Americans to modify their theories about republicanism during the 1780s? Why was balancing liberty and order so difficult? Answer: During the 1780s, several factors led Americans to modify their theories about republicanism. The experiences of the Revolutionary War and the challenges of governing under the Articles of Confederation highlighted the weaknesses of purely decentralized government structures. The economic turmoil, such as Shays' Rebellion, exposed the dangers of excessive democracy and the need for a stronger central authority to maintain order and stability. These experiences led many Americans, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, to advocate for a more centralized government, as outlined in the Constitution. Balancing liberty and order was difficult because it required finding a middle ground between too much government control, which could infringe on individual liberties, and too little control, which could lead to chaos and anarchy. Many Americans were wary of creating a government that was too powerful, fearing a return to the tyranny of the British monarchy. At the same time, they recognized the need for a government strong enough to protect their rights and maintain order. Achieving this balance required compromises and careful structuring of the government's powers, as seen in the checks and balances system and the division of powers between the federal and state governments in the Constitution. 52) How did republican idealism challenge the traditional treatment of women and blacks? Answer: Republican idealism challenged the traditional treatment of women and blacks in several ways. The principles of republicanism emphasized the importance of individual liberty, equality, and citizenship, which raised questions about the exclusion of certain groups from full participation in society. Regarding women, republican ideals of liberty and equality sparked discussions about women's rights and roles in society. Some argued that women, as individuals, should enjoy the same rights and liberties as men, including the right to vote and participate in political life. This challenged traditional views that confined women to the domestic sphere and denied them full legal and political rights. For blacks, republican ideals presented a direct challenge to the institution of slavery. The principles of equality and liberty contradicted the notion of owning another human being. Abolitionist movements gained strength in the early republic, fueled by the belief that slavery was incompatible with the values of a free and democratic society. Despite these challenges, it's important to note that the implementation of republican ideals regarding women and blacks was gradual and often incomplete. Discriminatory practices persisted, and it took many years of activism and struggle to secure more rights and equality for these groups. 53) How did the struggle between large and small states, and between northern and southern states, influence the character of the government established by the 1787 Constitution? Answer: The struggle between large and small states, as well as between northern and southern states, had a significant influence on the character of the government established by the 1787 Constitution. These tensions primarily revolved around issues of representation and slavery. The conflict between large and small states was resolved through the Great Compromise, which created a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives based on population (favoring large states) and a Senate with equal representation for each state (favoring small states). This compromise ensured that both large and small states had a voice in the federal government. The division between northern and southern states was primarily related to the issue of slavery. The Three-Fifths Compromise addressed this by counting enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining representation in the House of Representatives. This compromise gave southern states greater political power than they would have had if only free individuals were counted, while also acknowledging the humanity of enslaved individuals to some extent. Additionally, the Constitution included provisions such as the Fugitive Slave Clause, which required states to return escaped slaves to their owners, and the prohibition on Congress from banning the importation of slaves before 1808, which protected the institution of slavery and reflected the influence of southern states. Overall, the struggle between large and small states and between northern and southern states shaped the structure and provisions of the Constitution in ways that sought to balance competing interests and maintain the unity of the new nation. 54) Analyze the Antifederalist critique of the Constitution. Have any of their warnings proven to be true? Answer: The Antifederalists, who opposed the ratification of the Constitution, raised several key critiques of the document. They argued that the Constitution centralized too much power in the federal government, potentially leading to tyranny and the loss of individual liberties. They also criticized the lack of a Bill of Rights, which they believed was necessary to protect citizens from government overreach. Additionally, Antifederalists expressed concerns about the potential for corruption and the erosion of state sovereignty under the proposed Constitution. In hindsight, some of the Antifederalists' warnings have proven to be true. The concerns about centralized power and the potential for tyranny led to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution, which has been crucial in protecting individual liberties. The Antifederalists' emphasis on the importance of state sovereignty also influenced the adoption of the Tenth Amendment, which reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people. Furthermore, the Antifederalists' warnings about the potential for corruption and abuse of power by government officials remain relevant today. Issues such as government surveillance, executive overreach, and the influence of money in politics continue to be subjects of debate and concern. Overall, while the Antifederalists' critiques did not prevent the ratification of the Constitution, many of their concerns have proven to be prescient, and their emphasis on the importance of individual liberties and limited government remains a significant aspect of American political thought. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113
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