CH-5-6 Interest Groups in Texas Politics – Lone Star Politics : Exam Guide

This Document Contains Chapters 5 to 6 Chapter 5 Interest Groups in Texas Politics Multiple Choice 1. A(n) __________ is best defined as a collection of individuals who share a common set of ideas or principles and who attempt to advance those ideas or principles by influencing public policy makers. A. interest group B. group of angel investors C. group of campaign consultants D. non-government organization E. plural executive Answer: A 2. Kris is a resident of Texas. He is troubled by the rate at which the chemical factories around the state are increasing pollution levels and wants to take action. With this intention, he forms a group with people who share his opinion and tries to influence the government to take action. The group formed by Kris best exemplifies a(n) __________. A. legislative group B. interest group C. plural executive D. group of campaign consultants E. group of angel investors Answer: B 3. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of an interest group? A. Members of interest groups cannot run for and win political office. B. Members of interest groups can contest for elections without being a member of any political party. C. Interest groups persuade office holders to see things their way. D. Interest groups do not contribute to and raise money for election candidates. E. Interest groups typically consist of members belonging to political parties. Answer: C 4. Which of the following best describes the difference between interest groups and political parties? A. Interest groups can run candidates for election directly, whereas political parties cannot. B. Political parties can run candidates for election directly, whereas interest groups cannot. C. Interest groups can raise money under a false name, whereas political parties cannot. D. Political parties can raise money under a false name, whereas interest groups cannot. E. Interest groups focus on a wide array of issues, whereas political parties have a narrower scope. Answer: B 5. Interest groups are a vital part of our political process. Which of the following supports this argument? A. They raise the right candidates for election. B. They condemn lobbying as a part of politics. C. They make sure that people vote in the election. D. They increase the possibility of the public’s voice being heard. E. They create issues so that they can be heard. Answer: D 6. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a centralized interest group? A. It lacks organizational structure. B. It typically nominates its own members for election. C. It primarily concentrates on demonstrative politics. D. It concentrates decision making near the top. E. It can run candidates for election directly. Answer: D 7. Frank has formed an interest group that focuses on the traffic conditions of his area. Frank heads the group and makes all the decisions with the advice of a few other members. This best describes a(n) __________. A. plural executive B. ad hoc committee C. centralized interest group D. amorphous interest group E. professional interest group Answer: C 8. Which of the following is an example of a decentralized interest group? A. the Texas Community College Teachers Association B. the Texas Chamber of Commerce C. the Texas Railroad Commission D. the Capitol press corps E. the State Board of Education Answer: B 9. A group of like-minded people in Texas gets together to form a group with the intention of influencing government policies. The group lacks a specific focus and a basic structure. The decision-making authority is not rested upon one individual and the opinions of all the members are considered. This group is an example of a(n) __________. A. ad hoc committee B. plural executive C. centralized interest group D. amorphous interest group E. professional interest group Answer: D 10. Interest groups whose members have only a tenuous connection to the group and only occasionally act as a group are called __________. A. centralized groups B. open groups C. amorphous groups D. factitious groups E. closed groups Answer: C 11. A group of factory owners in Texas has come together to try and improve the policies made concerning its work. The group members want to be directly in contact of policy makers so as to influence them. Which type of interest group would be most appropriate for this purpose? A. a business interest group B. a labor interest group C. a professional interest group D. an ethnic interest group E. an amorphous group Answer: A 12. The Texas Taxpayers and Research Association (TTARA) __________. A. is an example of a powerful business interest group B. was established to promote university research C. is an association of labor unions D. is officially a part of the plural executive E. consists only of construction contractors Answer: A 13. Labor interest groups __________. A. are the most powerful interest groups in Texas B. primarily act on behalf of business interest groups C. often lobby for better working conditions D. don’t incorporate oil and chemical workers E. are members of the plural executive Answer: C 14. The assembly line workers of a chemical factory in Texas have formed a group to fight for better working conditions. They plan to bring to the policy makers’ notice the issue of the health hazards faced by them. This best exemplifies a(n) __________. A. business interest group B. labor interest group C. professional interest group D. ethnic interest group E. ad hoc committee Answer: B 15. Which of the following statements is true of professional interest groups? A. The members of professional interest groups typically belong to the plural executive. B. Professional interest groups are typically associations of labor unions. C. Professional interest groups do not have any influence over Texas politics. D. Professional interest groups are invariably the same as labor interest groups. E. Clashes between professional interest groups can increase political tensions. Answer: E 16. The doctors of a government hospital in Texas are working extra hours, because the hospital is not authorized to hire more doctors without the approval of the policy makers. They want to bring this issue to the notice of the policy makers. Which of the following would best suit their purpose? A. a business interest group B. a labor interest group C. a professional interest group D. an ethnic interest group E. an amorphous group Answer: C 17. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of single-issue groups? A. They have narrowly defined policy goals. B. They typically represent ethnic groups in the political process. C. They consist of members from the plural executive. D. They can directly run their members, who are not part of any political party for elections. E. They typically act on behalf of organized labor. Answer: A 18. The National Rifle Association __________. A. is a single-issue group B. typically represents ethnic groups in the political process C. is an example of an amorphous interest group D. typically acts on behalf of organized labor E. has unclear interest focus Answer: A 19. Which of the following statements is true of ethnic interest groups? A. Ethnic interest groups are not authorized to influence public policies. B. Intergroup jealousies among ethnic interest groups frequently have led to a squandering of political influence. C. Ethnic interest groups are invariably the same as labor interest groups. D. Ethnic interest groups typically represent the business community in Texas and have consistently proven to be the most powerful and influential in the state. E. The members of Ethnic interest groups typically belong to the plural executive. Answer: B 20. The League of Women Voters __________. A. primarily works to advance political awareness B. is a type of professional interest group C. typically represents ethnic groups in the political process D. typically represents the business community E. is a type of labor interest group Answer: A 21. John has recently joined an interest group and firmly believes in its goals. As the representative of the group, John is required to communicate to the policy makers the various facts associated with their cause. This best describes the process of __________. A. information processing B. information tracking C. information dissemination D. information collection E. information disclosure Answer: C 22. An interest group spends most of its time and resources in information dissemination primarily because the information is required to __________. A. present a particular issue to the legislators B. issue reading material to the public C. form an amorphous interest group D. become a member of the plural executive E. increase the knowledge of the group members Answer: A 23. The ability of an interest group to contact policy makers in an attempt to enlist their help is referred to as __________. A. access B. coalition C. accountability D. connectivity E. exclusivity Answer: A 24. Access is crucial for interest groups. Which of the following statements supports this argument? A. Without access, people cannot build an interest group. B. Without access, interest groups cannot reach the public. C. Without access, policy makers cannot be given the required information. D. Without access, interest groups cannot gather the required information. E. Without access, policy makers cannot initiate their cause in the legislature. Answer: C 25. John, who has recently joined an interest group, has been given the responsibility of using the information gathered by his group to persuade the legislators on a particular issue. He serves as the point of contact between the group and policy makers. In this interest group, John serves the role of a(n) __________. A. angel investor B. whistle-blower C. campaign consultant D. plaintiff E. lobbyist Answer: E 26. A person who works on behalf of an interest group and who serves as a point of contact between the group and policy makers is known as a(n) __________. A. whistle-blower B. lobbyist C. plaintiff D. campaign consultant E. angel investor Answer: B 27. It has been noticed that most of the successful lobbyists of Texas are former members of the Texas legislature. Which of the following statements, if true, supports this observation? A. Former members of the Texas legislature are officially appointed by the governor as members of various interest groups. B. Former members of the Texas legislature are not answerable to anyone. C. Former members of the Texas legislature are well aware of the proceedings of the house or senate. D. Former members of the Texas legislature can run for elections as a member of a particular interest group. E. Former members of the Texas legislature do not volunteer their services and usually have to be paid. Answer: C 28. A professional, outside lobbyist employed by an interest group to represent its interests on a particular issue is known as a(n) __________. A. angel investor B. hired gun C. fat cat D. agency head E. whistle-blower Answer: B 29. Samuel, a former member of the Texas legislature, is paid by an interest group to support its efforts to stop deforestation caused by industrialization. Samuel best exemplifies a(n) __________. A. angel investor B. hired gun C. fat cat D. agency head E. whistle-blower Answer: B 30. Successful lobbyists are least likely to __________. A. testify before committees in the legislature B. make many legislative contacts C. outline an interest group’s position on a pending issue D. work with committee members and staff to alter wording in proposed legislature E. provide distorted information to the members of legislature Answer: E 31. Most lobbyists make formal contacts with the legislators with the primary intention of __________. A. counting the interest group’s supporters quickly B. answering any questions the legislators might have C. hiding that the group had been meeting any particular legislator D. hiring them as lobbyists E. running their own group members for elections Answer: B 32. Timing can be very important in making formal contacts. What is most likely to be a drawback if formal contacts are made before time? A. The information could be leaked. B. The information could be forgotten. C. There might be no time to explain. D. There might not be a chance to approach others. E. There could be a change of interests in the group. Answer: B 33. An interest group has been busy inviting legislators to luncheons, parties, professional sports, and other outings to win their support. This approach is an example of __________ contacts. A. prohibited B. illegal C. indirect D. reverse E. informal Answer: E 34. The members of an interest group want to arrange activities around the state to support their efforts of controlling air pollution and influencing policy makers to take action regarding the same. Which of the following methods would be best suited for them? A. gerrymandering B. membership mobilization C. cracking D. stacking E. whistle-blowing Answer: B 35. __________ is the act of enlisting the rank-and-file members of an interest group in attempting to sway policy makers. A. Membership mobilization B. Stacking C. Cannibalization D. Cracking E. Gerrymandering Answer: A 36. The process of monitoring agency actions when the legislature is out of session is known as __________. A. membership mobilization B. cannibalization C. gerrymandering D. filibustering E. coalition Answer: B 37. When out of session, members of interest groups discuss with people the issues of concern. Which of the following is the most important reason that interest groups hold these discussions? A. to prepare their candidates for elections B. to get attention from media C. to build support for the group’s agenda D. to condemn lobbying as a part of politics E. to nominate the right candidate to contest in elections Answer: C 38. One of Common Cause’s first legislative successes in Texas was the enactment of the __________. A. Motor-Voter Law B. Sarbanes’s Oxley Act C. Lobbyist Registration Act D. Investor Protection Act E. Glass–Steagall Act Answer: C 39. According to Texas law, a lobbyist must register with the __________ if he or she receives more than $1,000 in a calendar quarter as compensation for engaging in communications with legislative or executive branch members that are intended to influence the passage of laws or the formulation of administrative rules. A. Texas Legislature B. Speaker of the House of Representatives C. Ethics Commission D. governor’s office E. lobbyist board Answer: C 40. Which of the following are lobbyists allowed to do as per the Texas law? A. provide loans to candidates B. provide expenditure for entertainment C. give gifts to worth less than $500 to candidates D. give gifts worth more than $1000 to candidates E. provide transportation to candidates Answer: C 41. Texas has tended to focus primarily on registering lobbyists as a means of __________. A. helping interest groups to nominate candidates for elections B. receiving funds from interest groups C. eliminating the influence of the interest groups over the policy-making process D. controlling the actions of the legislators E. controlling interest group actions Answer: E 42. The process by which an interest group raises money for its ongoing political operations is known as __________. A. internal funding B. gerrymandering C. direct investment D. income segmentation E. stacking Answer: A 43. An interest group needs to raise money for its ongoing political operations. Which of the following methods will be best suited to raise the required money? A. gerrymandering B. income segmentation C. public funding D. levying membership dues E. stacking Answer: D 44. Political action committees serve as a loophole primarily because they __________. A. cannot be questioned by anyone B. borrow money from legislators C. borrow money from interest groups D. allow interest groups to raise money E. allow interest groups to invest in electoral campaigns Answer: E 45. External funding refers to the money gathered by interest groups to typically support __________. A. their ongoing operations B. an election campaign C. a current political issue D. a government organization E. a non-government organization Answer: B 46. Suppose an interest group in Texas wants to raise money to contribute to the election campaign of the candidate who supports its cause. Which of the following methods will be best suited to raise the required money? A. practicing gerrymandering B. forming a political action committee C. levying membership dues D. income segmentation E. selling information Answer: B 47. Which of the following statements is true of political action committees? A. Political action committees are illegitimate organizations. B. Political action committees contribute to an erosion of access to elected representatives by the citizenry. C. Political action committees have driven down the costs of running for office. D. Political action committees are government aides to raise money for political campaigns. E. Political action committees raise money in the name of elections and distribute it among all the legislators. Answer: B 48. The closed net relationship among government agencies, interest groups, and the legislature is called the __________. A. plural executive B. iron triangle C. capitol press corp D. political action committee E. bureaucracy Answer: B 49. Which of the following is true of the “iron triangle”? A. It is a coalition formed among interest groups, non-governmental organizations, and the capitol press corp. B. It operates because each element involved does not relate to anything else besides the other elements. C. It operates because each element in the coalition has something that it can give to each of the other elements. D. It is a coalition formed among interest groups, non-governmental organizations, and the legislature. E. Each of the elements in the coalition requires the support of the other elements to fund its individual candidates for elections. Answer: C 50. An advantage of joining an interest group is that it __________. A. gives one the authority to nominate candidates for elections B. eliminates the need for interim oversight C. makes it possible to contribute to the decisions of the government D. makes one a member of the plural executive E. authorizes one to run for elections Answer: C True/False 1. Political parties as well as interest groups are united around a core of ideas. Answer: True 2. Interest groups attempt to formally capture elected office by running candidates. Answer: False 3. The size of an interest group affects the outcome intended by the group. Answer: True 4. Business interest groups can easily influence policy makers because of their numerical and financial strength. Answer: True 5. The Texas Taxpayers and Research Association is primarily interested in helping to develop the state’s overall fiscal policies. Answer: True 6. Interest groups that act on behalf of organized labor have generally had more effect on Texas politics than business groups. Answer: False 7. Mothers Against Drunk Drivers is an example of an ethnic interest group. Answer: False 8. The National Rifle Association is an example of a single-issue group. Answer: True 9. The primary objective of the League of Women Voters is to routinely publish information on interest groups prior to the convening of the Texas Legislature. Answer: False 10. Interest groups attempt to gain their ends through Texas legislature because it is the primary policy-making agent in Texas politics. Answer: True 11. Successful interest groups spend a great amount of time on information dissemination. Answer: True 12. Graham is a retired Senate member. The Texas law does not allow interest groups to hire him as a lobbyist. Answer: False 13. Interest groups need to be at work even after the legislature adjourns. Answer: True 14. Lobbyists are required to register with the Texas Secretary of State. Answer: False 15. In Texas, lobbyists are not restricted from providing loans to policy-makers. Answer: False 16. Interest groups raise money to fund their operations as well as to contribute to election campaigns. Answer: True 17. An interest group needs to raise money to support its operations. The group can gather more money by levying membership dues. Answer: True 18. The Texas constitution says all citizens have an equal right to join together and pursue group goals before policy makers. The reality of Texas politics says such efforts are rarely equal when it comes to money. Answer: True 19. The “iron triangle” is a coalition formed among interest groups, the legislature, and government departments. Answer: True 20. Andrew wants to be a part of the political system. He can join an interest group and work his way forward. Answer: True Short Answer Questions 1. Interest groups with the decentralized structure are likely to take a longer time in taking decisions as compared to groups with the centralized structure. Give reasons to support this argument. Answer: Interest groups with a decentralized structure tend to take longer to make decisions compared to those with a centralized structure due to the following reasons: 1. Coordination Challenges: Decentralized groups often involve multiple chapters or local branches, each with its own leadership and priorities. Coordinating efforts and reaching consensus among these diverse entities can be time-consuming. 2. Communication Delays: Information flow may be slower in decentralized groups, as decisions and communications must pass through multiple layers or levels of leadership before consensus can be reached. 3. Conflict Resolution: Disputes or disagreements among different chapters or factions within decentralized groups may require additional time to resolve, as consensus-building efforts are needed to reconcile conflicting perspectives. 4. Policy Alignment: Ensuring alignment on policy goals and strategies across decentralized units requires extensive negotiation and consultation, potentially prolonging the decision-making process. These factors contribute to a longer decision-making timeline in decentralized interest groups, contrasting with the more streamlined and efficient decision-making processes typically found in centralized groups where authority and decision-making power are concentrated at the top. 2. An interest group wants to concentrate its effort on getting gay marriages legalized in Texas. Identify the category of interest group to which this group is likely to belong. Answer: The interest group seeking to legalize gay marriages in Texas would likely belong to the category of civil rights or social justice interest groups. These groups advocate for equal rights and protections under the law for marginalized or underrepresented communities, including LGBTQ+ rights. 3. A lobbyist wants to establish links with the legislatures for his group. What are the methods that he can use to achieve his goal? Answer: To establish links with legislators, a lobbyist can employ several methods: 1. Direct Communication: Schedule meetings with legislators to discuss the group's priorities, provide information, and build personal relationships. 2. Coalition Building: Form alliances with other interest groups or organizations that share similar goals to amplify advocacy efforts. 3. Campaign Contributions: Provide financial support to legislators' campaigns or political action committees (PACs) to gain access and build rapport. 4. Issue Briefings: Provide legislators with well-researched information, data, and policy briefs to support the group's positions. 5. Public Relations: Use media channels to raise awareness about the group's issues, potentially influencing public opinion and gaining legislative attention. 4. Why do former members of Texas legislature make good lobbyists? Answer: Former members of the Texas legislature make good lobbyists for several reasons: 1. Insider Knowledge: They possess firsthand experience and understanding of legislative processes, procedures, and the inner workings of government, which can be invaluable in navigating the legislative environment. 2. Established Relationships: They have existing relationships with current legislators and staff, built during their time in office, which can facilitate access and influence. 3. Understanding of Constituent Concerns: Former legislators often have a deep understanding of constituent needs and priorities, allowing them to advocate effectively on behalf of interest groups. 4. Political Acumen: They are typically skilled in strategy development, negotiation, and coalition-building, essential for advancing policy agendas and achieving legislative goals. 5. Credibility: Their previous public service can lend credibility to their advocacy efforts, enhancing their ability to persuade legislators and stakeholders. These attributes make former legislators well-suited to represent and advocate for the interests of various groups and organizations in Texas politics. 5. Rex, an interest group in Texas, wants to gain the support of the policy makers on the issue of adequate water supply to the citizens. What are the various ways of achieving this goal? Answer: To gain support from policymakers on the issue of adequate water supply in Texas, Rex, the interest group, can employ several strategies: 1. Research and Data: Provide policymakers with comprehensive research, data, and analysis demonstrating the importance of addressing water supply issues and outlining potential solutions. 2. Coalition Building: Form alliances with other stakeholders, such as environmental groups, businesses, and local communities, to collectively advocate for policies that ensure adequate water supply. 3. Engagement and Education: Organize briefings, seminars, or informational sessions for policymakers to educate them about the complexities of water supply issues and the potential impact of policy decisions. 4. Advocacy Campaigns: Launch public advocacy campaigns to raise awareness among the public and policymakers about the need for action on water supply, potentially influencing public opinion and legislative priorities. 5. Direct Lobbying: Engage in direct communication with policymakers through meetings, letters, and testimonies during legislative hearings to articulate Rex's positions and proposals for addressing water supply challenges. By combining these approaches strategically, Rex can effectively advocate for policies that support adequate water supply in Texas and garner support from policymakers to enact meaningful legislative solutions. Essay Questions 1. How have interest groups disturbed the American culture? Answer: Interest groups in American politics have influenced and sometimes disturbed American culture in several ways: 1. Shaping Public Opinion: Interest groups often engage in advocacy campaigns that shape public opinion on various social and political issues. They use media, advertising, and grassroots mobilization to sway public perception and influence cultural norms. 2. Policy Influence: By lobbying lawmakers and policymakers, interest groups can impact legislation and public policy decisions that shape cultural practices and values. This influence extends to issues such as civil rights, healthcare, environmental protections, and education. 3. Cultural Divides: Some interest groups advocate for controversial or divisive issues that contribute to cultural polarization and social divisions within American society. They amplify conflicting viewpoints and contribute to debates over values and identity. 4. Promoting Diversity: Conversely, interest groups advocating for minority rights, marginalized communities, and cultural diversity have pushed for greater inclusion and representation in American culture and institutions. 5. Economic Impact: Interest groups representing business sectors or labor unions influence economic policies and practices that can have ripple effects on employment, wages, consumer behavior, and economic inequalities, thereby impacting cultural dynamics. Overall, while interest groups play a crucial role in American democracy by representing diverse interests and promoting civic engagement, their activities can also disrupt cultural norms, influence societal values, and contribute to both social progress and contention. 2. How can interim oversight help an interest group in affecting policy makers even when the legislature is out of session? Answer: Interim oversight can help an interest group in Texas affect policymakers even when the legislature is out of session by: 1. Monitoring and Influence: Interest groups can closely monitor interim committee hearings and studies conducted between legislative sessions. They can submit testimony, provide expert witnesses, and offer research to inform committee decisions. 2. Relationship Building: During the interim period, interest groups have more time to cultivate relationships with legislators and their staff. They can schedule meetings, attend town halls, and engage in informal discussions to build rapport and influence. 3. Issue Advocacy: Interim oversight allows interest groups to maintain visibility and advocacy on their key issues. They can use this time to strategize, mobilize supporters, and continue educating policymakers and the public on their priorities. 4. Policy Development: Interest groups can use the interim period to develop detailed policy proposals, draft legislation, and refine their advocacy strategies. This preparation increases their effectiveness when the legislature reconvenes. 5. Public Engagement: Utilizing the interim period for public outreach and awareness campaigns can build momentum and support for their issues. By keeping the public informed and engaged, interest groups can amplify their impact on policymakers. Overall, interim oversight provides valuable opportunities for interest groups in Texas to maintain momentum, build relationships, advance their policy agendas, and ensure their issues remain prominent even when the formal legislative session is not in progress. 3. The government officials in Texas suspect that a few of the interest groups were working for their own personal interests rather than the welfare of the society? Explain how the concerned government body can regulate the workings of the interest groups. Answer: In Texas, government officials can regulate the workings of interest groups suspected of prioritizing personal interests over societal welfare through several measures: 1. Disclosure Requirements: Mandate that interest groups disclose their funding sources, expenditures, and activities to provide transparency. This allows government officials and the public to assess potential conflicts of interest and ensure accountability. 2. Registration and Licensing: Require interest groups to register with a regulatory agency and obtain a license to operate. This process can include background checks and compliance with ethical standards to prevent misuse of influence or resources. 3. Ethics and Conduct Standards: Establish ethical guidelines and codes of conduct that interest groups must adhere to when engaging with government officials and advocating for their causes. Violations of these standards could result in penalties or sanctions. 4. Monitoring and Auditing: Conduct regular audits and monitoring of interest group activities to verify compliance with regulations and ensure that resources are used appropriately for the stated purposes. 5. Enforcement and Penalties: Implement enforcement mechanisms, such as fines, penalties, or revocation of licenses, for interest groups found to be engaging in fraudulent activities, misrepresentation, or actions detrimental to the public interest. 6. Public Accountability: Encourage public scrutiny and engagement by making information about interest groups' activities and impact readily accessible. This empowers citizens to hold interest groups accountable for their actions and advocate for reforms if necessary. By implementing these regulatory measures, the government in Texas can mitigate the risks posed by interest groups acting in their own self-interest rather than in the broader societal interest. These steps promote transparency, integrity, and responsible advocacy within the state's political landscape. 4. Steadfast is a newly formed interest group. What are the various funding options available to this group? Answer: Steadfast, as a newly formed interest group in Texas, can explore several funding options to support its advocacy efforts: 1. Membership Dues: Solicit membership fees from individuals who support Stead fast’s mission and goals. Membership dues can provide a steady source of funding and demonstrate grassroots support. 2. Donations: Seek donations from individuals, businesses, foundations, and other organizations sympathetic to Stead fast’s cause. Donors may contribute one-time gifts or recurring donations to sustain the group's activities. 3. Fundraising Events: Organize fundraising events such as galas, dinners, auctions, or concerts to attract donors and raise funds. These events can also raise awareness about Stead fast’s issues and mission. 4. Grants: Apply for grants from government agencies, private foundations, or philanthropic organizations that fund initiatives aligned with Stead fast’s goals. Grants can provide substantial funding for specific projects or operational expenses. 5. Corporate Sponsorships: Seek sponsorship from businesses or corporations that share Stead fast’s values or benefit from its advocacy efforts. Corporate sponsors may provide financial support in exchange for visibility or recognition. 6. Crowdfunding: Utilize online platforms to launch crowdfunding campaigns, allowing supporters to contribute small amounts of money collectively to fund Stead fast’s activities. This approach can engage a broad base of supporters and raise awareness. 7. Political Action Committees (PACs): Form a PAC to pool contributions from individuals interested in influencing elections or legislation relevant to Stead fast’s agenda. PACs can donate funds to candidates or advocate for specific policies. By diversifying its funding sources and engaging supporters through various avenues, Steadfast can build financial sustainability and effectively advocate for its interests in Texas politics. 5. How can an individual joining an interest group affect the society? Answer: When an individual joins an interest group in Texas, they can affect society in several ways: 1. Amplifying Voices: By joining an interest group, individuals contribute to a collective voice that advocates for specific policies, causes, or reforms. This amplification can draw attention to issues that may otherwise go unnoticed. 2. Policy Influence: Interest groups often engage in lobbying efforts to influence lawmakers and policymakers. Members provide grassroots support and personal stories that illustrate the impact of policies on individuals and communities, thereby shaping legislative decisions. 3. Public Awareness and Education: Participation in an interest group increases public awareness about important issues. Members can educate their peers, community members, and policymakers about complex topics, promoting informed decision-making. 4. Community Engagement: Interest groups foster civic engagement by providing opportunities for members to participate in advocacy campaigns, community events, and volunteer activities. This involvement strengthens social bonds and encourages collective action. 5. Advocacy for Change: Through advocacy efforts, interest group members push for societal change and improvements in areas such as healthcare, education, civil rights, environmental protection, and economic policy. Their actions can lead to legislative reforms or policy advancements that benefit society as a whole. 6. Accountability and Oversight: By monitoring government actions and policies, interest group members help ensure accountability and transparency in decision-making processes. They can advocate for ethical practices and challenge policies that may have adverse effects on society. Overall, individual participation in an interest group in Texas can significantly impact society by influencing policy outcomes, raising awareness about critical issues, promoting civic engagement, and advocating for positive societal changes. Chapter 6 The Media and Public Opinion in Texas Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is true of the ‘Fairness Doctrine’ in the United States? A. The law was introduced in 2000 to curb media abuse. B. The law required media to air both sides of controversial issues. C. The law was repealed during Bill Clinton’s second term as president. D. The law allowed state governments to censor radio programs if necessary. E. The law was struck down as unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. Answer: B 2. The first newspaper in Texas was the __________. A. Texas Republican B. Texas Times C. The Dallas Times D. Gaceta de Tejas E. Dallas Times Herald Answer: D 3. Andrew had lived in Texas during the period after it gained independence from Mexico. Which of the following would Andrew have noticed in the newspapers of the time? A. Newspapers were divided between pro- and anti-Sam Houston factions. B. Articles supporting the Confederacy were increasingly prevalent. C. Texas media were strongly vocal against the Ku Klux Klan. D. The issue of female suffrage dominated the newspapers columns. E. Partisanship was apparent in favor of the Radical Republicans. Answer: A 4. The __________ was the first English-language paper published in Texas. A. Gaceta de Tejas B. Texas Republican C. Houston Morning Star D. San Antonio Express E. Houston Post Answer: B 5. Which of the following is true of the first newspapers in Texas? A. The Gaceta de Tejas was written, typeset, and published in Texas. B. The first daily newspaper in Texas was the Galveston Zeitung. C. The Houston Morning Star was Texas’s first daily newspaper. D. The Texas State Gazette was a religion-affiliated newspaper in Houston. E. All the newspapers in the 19th century were published in Nacogdoches. Answer: C 6. Which of the following is true of the Galveston News? A. It ceased all publication during the Civil War. B. It was the first English daily newspaper in Texas. C. It is the oldest surviving newspaper in Texas. D. It went out of business after the 1900 Galveston hurricane hit. E. It was the first newspaper in Texas. Answer: C 7. As a publisher of a newspaper in Texas during the Civil War, which of the following is a possible reason for Daniel to close down his newspaper? A. The Confederate Army offered incentives for reliable reports of the War. B. Companies couldn’t afford advertisements. C. Articles from Texas were not printed elsewhere due to their biased reporting. D. The repressive policies of Edmund Davis affected most newspapers in Texas. E. Lack of advertisements due to the practice of yellow journalism and sensationalism prevailed in Texas. Answer: B 8. Which of the following is true of media in Texas during the Civil War? A. Media in Texas was censured and strictly regulated by the Confederate Army. B. Radio quickly gained a large number of subscribers who wanted instant news. C. The first African-American newspaper was started in defiance of Texan laws. D. Newspapers made record profits due to people's necessity for news of the war. E. Texan newspapers published fewer and smaller editions during the Civil War. Answer: E 9. As a well-informed citizen living in Texas in the 19th century after the Civil War, which of the following characteristics is William likely to find in the newspapers? A. newspapers resorting to sensationalism and yellow journalism B. outspoken stances taken on social issues like women’s suffrage C. partisanship by the press along political lines D. a lack of political or product advertising in the newspapers E. newspapers targeting a larger audience with bilingual articles Answer: C 10. Philip is a political reporter at Flake’s Bulletin during the Reconstruction Era. Which of the following political opinions is Philip most likely to promote in the newspaper? A. that the Democratic Party should return to power in Texas B. that newspapers should remain impartial in their reporting C. that the newly freed slaves should participate in government D. that Edmund Davis should be removed as governor of Texas E. that the policies of the Radical Republicans should be adopted by the state Answer: D 11. Gary was the publisher of a newspaper toward the end of the 19th century in Texas. His newspaper was one of the first to distance itself from its peers and become less partisan in its tone. Which of the following situations during the end of the century most likely persuaded Gary in changing the tone of his newspaper? A. Newspapers were becoming more dependent on political parties for subscription. B. Texas had become a one-party state with the removal of Davis. C. African-Americans were becoming an emerging force in Texas. D. The radio had become the staple for news and entertainment for most Texans. E. The development of news organizations like the Associated Press emphasized unbiased reporting. Answer: E 12. __________ was launched in 1873 and was one of the first newspapers to be owned and operated by African Americans. A. Flake’s Bulletin B. Galveston Spectator C. Dallas Express D. San Antonio Register E. Houston Post Answer: B 13. Which of the following is true of the Houston Post? A. It was bought by William Hobby after he became the governor of Texas. B. It was the first newspaper to have no advertisements on the front page. C. It was the first newspaper to be owned and operated by African Americans. D. It was the only major Republican daily in Texas after Davis's governorship. E. It was acquired by Amon Carter to form the first newspaper merger in Texas. Answer: A 14. The __________ was the only major Republican daily in Texas after the Reconstruction. A. San Antonio Express News B. Fort Worth Telegram C. Houston Chronicle D. Austin American Statesman E. San Antonio Light Answer: E 15. Amy is a faithful reader of the Houston Chronicle at the beginning of the 20th century. Which of the following opinions is she most likely to see in the Houston Chronicle? A. that bars should be forced to close on Sunday afternoons B. that the policies of the Ku Klux Klan are beneficial to Texans C. that African Americans should be granted voting rights in Texas D. that the media should not be involved in political campaigns E. that the creation of the Port of Houston will be an economic disaster for Texas Answer: A 16. Mark is a faithful reader of the Houston Chronicle at the turn at the beginning of the 20th century. Which of the following opinions is he most likely to see in the Houston Chronicle? A. that bars should be forced to close on Sundays B. that the Confederacy will win the Civil War C. that women should be granted voting rights in Texas D. that the Radical Republicans should return to power in Texas E. that the creation of the Houston Ship Channel will be an economic disaster for Texas Answer: C 17. Which of the following is true of the decline of newspapers in Texas? A. the ability to influence policy has declined due to lack of local ownership B. the continuing rise of radio in Texas caused the decline of newspapers C. newspapers have increasingly become partisan on political lines D. the continuing dominance of all the major newspapers from the Reconstruction era E. newspapers with bilingual editions seeing a large rise in their subscriptions Answer: A 18. The agency created by the U.S. Congress to regulate publicly broadcasted radio stations was the __________. A. Interstate Broadcasting Commission B. Radio Censorship Commission C. Media Relations Commission D. Electronic Frontier Commission E. Federal Communications Commission Answer: E 19. __________ radio was the first licensed radio station in the state of Texas. A. WFAA B. WBAP C. KPR D. WRR E. KTRH Answer: D 20. Which of the following is true of the first licensed radio station in Texas? A. It was created as a useful addition to the Dallas Morning News by the publisher. B. It was initially created to explain government policies to the citizens. C. It was formed by Walter Dealey in conjunction with the city of Dallas. D. It brought sports scores, local news, and music programs to its subscribers. E. It became popular for bringing news of the World War to army stations in Dallas. Answer: C 21. __________ was the second licensed radio station in Texas and went on the air in June 1922. A. WRR B. WBAP C. WFAA D. KPRC E. KTRH Answer: C 22. The __________ are generally referred to as the Golden Age of Radio. A. 1900s B. 1930s C. 1950s D. 1970s E. 1990s Answer: B 23. Which of the following is true of the Golden Age of Radio in Texas? A. All the radio channels were created in partnership with the city councils in Texas. B. Most of the radio channels in Texas were created as a public service by newspapers. C. The term “penny press” came from the amount required to subscribe to radio channels during this period. D. The lack of good newspapers made radio listenership in Texas the highest in the United States. E. Radio channels in Texas were used primarily by political parties to spread their message. Answer: D 24. The __________ issued the first television license in the United States. A. Federal Communications Commission B. Federal Radio Commission C. Media Relations Commission D. Radio Censorship Commission E. Interstate Broadcasting Commission Answer: B 25. The first commercial television license in Texas was obtained by __________ in 1948. A. Walter Dealey B. William B. Hobby C. Amon Carter D. Walter Cronkite E. Bob Schieffer Answer: C 26. Frank, a resident of Texas toward the end of the 1940s, had got access to Texas’s first television station. Which of the following stations had Frank accessed? A. KRLD B. WBAP C. KEYL D. WOAI E. KPRC Answer: B 27. Which of the following is true of the adoption of television as a medium in the United States? A. Walter Dealey obtained first commercial television license in the state in 1948. B. The FCC was set up by Texas in 1950 to regulate television stations. C. Commercial television came to Texas halfway through World War II. D. The first television license in the United States was issued by the city of Dallas. E. A two-year moratorium was issued on granting licenses by the FCC in 1950. Answer: E 28. A prominent Texan on the national stage who became well-known due to her role in the impeachment of Richard Nixon and the advent of television was __________. A. Barbara Jordan B. Isadore Callaway C. Oveta Culp Hobby D. Vanessa Leggett E. Judith Miller Answer: A 29. The __________ announced the closing of their Austin bureau in March 2012. A. Austin American Statesman B. Dallas Morning News C. Denton Record Chronicle D. San Antonio Express E. Fort Worth Star Telegram Answer: E 30. __________ was a reporter at the Austin American Statesman whose investigations led to charges against former Texas House Speaker Gib Lewis. A. Dan Rather B. Walter Cronkite C. Bob Schieffer D. Laylan Copeland E. Scott Pelley Answer: D 31. Which of the following newspapers is still owned by a Texas-based company? A. Houston Chronicle B. Star Telegram C. American Statesman D. San Antonio Express E. Dallas Morning News Answer: E 32. Jessica believes that media in Texas does not sufficiently cover political issues. Which of the following statements, if true, supports her view? A. A large amount of advertising in Texas is done by corporations. B. Surveys show that 70 percent of Texans follow political news closely in Texas. C. Many Texan television stations have closed their Austin bureaus. D. The emergence of new parties has diluted political consensus among the media in Texas. E. There has been an increase in local ownership of newspapers in Texas. Answer: C 33. Which of the following is true of the mainstream media in Texas? A. All the mainstream media companies in Texas have their headquarters in Austin. B. The power to influence society has seen a steady increase with mainstream newspapers in Texas. C. The mainstream television media in Texas uses most of its air time to cover political issues. D. The mainstream newspapers in Texas have seen a demise of local ownership. E. The mainstream television media in Texas is the only media in the United States that is completely nonpartisan. Answer: D 34. Which of the following circumstances raised suspicion of corruption in the judiciary in Texas in the 1980s? A. the pro-business stand of the Supreme Court B. the fact that judges were appointed by the governor C. the constant moving of appellate cases to other courts D. the fact that clerks attended deliberation conferences E. the tough stand of the Court on political issues Answer: C 35. Which of the following is true of the scandal that engulfed the Texas Supreme Court in the 1980s? A. All the Texas Supreme Court justices were Republican candidates. B. Newspapers in Texas played a large part in investigating the issue. C. The corruption scandal was first exposed by public prosecutors in Texas. D. The scandal culminated with a public rebuke of Chair Frank Tejeda by the Court. E. C. L. Ray was found guilty after being subpoenaed by Chair Frank Tejeda. Answer: B 36. Shows with relatively low appeal being shown on television is a consequence of __________. A. narrowcasting B. crowdsourcing C. merchandising D. benchmarking E. mass marketing Answer: A 37. Which of the following describes one of the features of media in Texas? A. All the major newspapers in Texas offer free access to their websites. B. Television stations in Texas have adopted the policy of narrowcasting. C. Texas media has made the transition to complete unbiased reporting of political news. D. Texan political websites and blogs are yet to emerge as credible sources of news. E. Local cable access shows bring reliable and nonpartisan political news to Texans. Answer: B 38. Phoebe is a citizen of Texas with overtly liberal political views who prefers to read free blogs to keep herself informed of political developments. Which of the following political websites is she most likely to follow? A. Morning News B. Texas Monthly C. Texas Tribune D. Burnt Orange Report E. Texas Insider Answer: D 39. Chris is a political reporter working at a newspaper in Texas. Which of the following will Chris note of the bias in the media? A. There is no political bias in Texas as newspapers are forbidden to endorse candidates. B. Bias in newspapers is usually visible in the editorials and opinion pieces. C. News coverage is more biased than it was during the first half-century of the state’s existence. D. Most of the partisanship and bias in media in Texas tends to favor Democrats. E. Selective exposure and bias in newspapers has a big impact on presidential races. Answer: B 40. Shannon is a member of a committee in the Republican Party that plans party strategies for the down-ballot races in Texas. Which of the following should Shannon take into consideration? A. Even with pay walls, most Texans rely on newspaper websites for their political news. B. Advertising in local access shows should be cut due to their lack of popularity. C. Endorsements in newspapers are important for candidates in down-ballot races. D. The Open Meeting and Open Records laws have severely curtailed political advertising. E. Traditional media forms are preferable to new media to reach maximum number of Texans. Answer: C 41. Which of the following is true of the provisions and enforcement of the Open Meeting and Open Records law in Texas? A. It curtails websites from publishing articles or images that could incite hate crimes. B. It prevents governmental information from being accessed by politicians. C. It disallows any unbiased news reports or coverage to air on national TV. D. It authorizes the lieutenant governor to decide if any governmental information is exempt from disclosure. E. It allows both individuals and interest groups to request for access to almost all public documents in Texas. Answer: E 42. __________ is used to measure the public’s opinion, intensity, and direction about government and politics. A. Balloting B. Surveying C. Polling D. Benchmarking E. Endorsing Answer: C 43. The __________ forbids members of a city council to assemble informally and discuss business that is on the city council’s agenda. A. Securities Act of 1933 B. Banking Act of 1933 C. Glass–Steagall Act D. Open Meetings Act E. Sarbanes-Oxley Act Answer: D 44. Polls that trace public opinion over time are known as __________. A. exit polls B. push polls C. straw polls D. tracking polls E. focus group polls Answer: D 45. Since the runoff elections are scheduled to be held 9 weeks from the date of the primaries, Joseph Rand, a politician in Texas, requires data after polling throughout until the date of the elections. Which of the following types of polling should Joseph use? A. tracking polls B. exit polling C. push polling D. entrance polling E. straw polling Answer: A 46. Which of the following is true of polling in the United States? A. State-specific polls are more accurate than if the state numbers are derived from national polls. B. Polls with a large sample size are accurate even if the order of candidates in the poll is unchanged. C. Any group of people can be taken as an indicator of the entire population for national polling. D. All the major pollsters in the United States weight the results of campaign polls as per party identification. E. The margin of error is smaller in state polls than national polls because of the small sample size. Answer: A 47. Heather is a politically-aware citizen who actively participates in elections. She is randomly selected as part of a group which is shown political advertisements to effectively determine the word usage that resonates with voters. Heather is part of a __________. A. focus group B. interest group C. push poll sample D. exit poll sample E. campaign group Answer: A 48. Mario is a political science student residing in Texas. Which of the following statements, if true, strengthens Mario’s opinion that exit polls are not that useful in Texas? A. Exit polls don’t take into account the early voting system, which is prevalent in Texas. B. Exit polls are not useful when dealing with multicultural demographics like Texas‘s. C. Exit polls do not take into account those who have participated in early voting. D. The complete lack of political bias in the Texan media makes exit polls unreliable. E. Exit polls are mostly derived from push polls, which are illegal. Answer: A 49. Which of the following is true of the types of polling? A. Push polling is not considered to be a legitimate form of polling. B. Exit polls are most effective in Texas because they account for early voting. C. All pollsters in Texas weight results of campaign polls as per party identification. D. Tracking polls are used to determine who voted for whom and the reasons behind it. E. Polls done by interest groups are considered to be the most accurate type of polling. Answer: A 50. __________ is a tactic disguised as a poll used to persuade respondents. A. Exit polling B. Straw Polling C. Focus-group polling D. Track polling E. Push polling Answer: E True/False 1. The migration of American expatriates to Mexican Texas led to a decrease in the number of newspapers being published. Answer: False 2. Jonathan, a journalist working for the Galveston Press during the pre-Reconstruction era is most likely to write articles about political activities in Texas in a less partisan manner. Answer: True 3. The newspaper that started publishing in 1889 and published articles in both Wendish and German was The Giddings Deutsches. Answer: True 4. The San Antonio Light was the only major Democratic daily in post-Reconstruction Texas. Answer: False 5. The Morning News strongly advocated the movement for suffrage for women during the early 20th century. Answer: True 6. The opposition of the Morning News to the Ku Klux Klan caused its parent company to gain a large number of subscribers. Answer: False 7. The University of Texas operated a noncommercial radio station in 1915 that broadcasted weather and crop reports. Answer: True 8. The WRR radio station was launched after the success of WFAA radio by Walter Dealey as a public service provided by the Morning News. Answer: False 9. Texas was the only state to have commercial television before the Second World War. Answer: False 10. The first television license was licensed by the Federal Communications Commission after the Second World War. Answer: False 11. As a reporter working on political issues, Philip is most likely to be working at the paper’s Austin bureau. Answer: True 12. The Texas Supreme Court consistently gave rulings which were antibusiness in the mid-1980s. Answer: True 13. The scandal in the Texas judiciary in the 1980s ended after the justices filed a lawsuit against one of the briefing clerks for divulging confidential information. Answer: True 14. As an avid subscriber to local access television, Jennifer is most likely to be politically well-aware of the policies of the different political parties in Texas. Answer: False 15. Zoe is of the opinion that her party needs the endorsement of major newspapers in Texas to compete successfully in the down-ballot races. Zoe is right in her assessment of the media. Answer: True 16. Raymond plans to have an informal meeting of the members of the city council to decide the awarding of a building contract. Raymond is liable to be prosecuted under the provisions of the Open Meeting and Open Records Act. Answer: True 17. As the campaign manager for a Democratic candidate in Texas, Paul needs polling done to determine the effectiveness of their campaign advertising. He should use focus groups to get the required data. Answer: True 18. The margin of error for national polls is around +/–3 percent. Answer: True 19. Among the major professional polling organizations, only Gallup weights its polls according to party identification. Answer: False 20. Push polling is a technique of attacking political opponents by associating them with policies that might be disadvantageous to their campaigns. Answer: True Short Answer Questions 1. Ron is the editor and publisher of a newspaper in post-Reconstruction Texas. Ron, whose newspaper followed the partisan press style, has decided to make his paper less partisan. Explain the reasons why Ron might decide to change the style of the newspaper. Answer: Ron might decide to make his newspaper less partisan for several reasons: 1. Broadening Readership: By reducing partisanship, Ron can appeal to a wider audience beyond a specific political ideology or party affiliation. This can increase readership and attract advertisers seeking a broader demographic. 2. Enhancing Credibility: A less partisan approach can enhance the newspaper's credibility and reputation as an objective source of news. This can attract more subscribers and advertisers who value balanced reporting. 3. Avoiding Bias Perceptions: Partisan newspapers may be perceived as biased or agenda-driven, potentially limiting their influence and credibility among readers seeking unbiased information. 4. Adapting to Changing Times: Post-Reconstruction Texas may be undergoing social, political, or economic changes that necessitate a more balanced and inclusive approach in the media. Ron's decision reflects an adaptation to these evolving circumstances. 5. Promoting Unity: Amidst political divisions or social tensions, a less partisan newspaper can promote unity and foster constructive dialogue among readers with diverse viewpoints. Overall, Ron's decision to make his newspaper less partisan aligns with strategic goals of expanding readership, enhancing credibility, adapting to societal changes, and promoting a more inclusive approach to journalism in post-Reconstruction Texas. 2. Analyze the reasons why newspapers in Texas did not indulge in much sensationalism or yellow journalism as compared to their counterparts in other parts of the United States. Answer: Newspapers in Texas historically avoided sensationalism or yellow journalism compared to counterparts in other parts of the United States for several reasons: 1. Ethical Standards: Many Texas newspapers adhered to higher ethical standards and journalistic integrity, prioritizing factual reporting over sensationalism. This commitment to responsible journalism helped maintain credibility and trust among readers. 2. Market Size and Competition: Texas had fewer large metropolitan areas compared to other states, resulting in less intense competition among newspapers for readership. This reduced the incentive for sensationalist reporting to attract attention. 3. Audience Preferences: Texas newspapers often catered to a more conservative audience that valued accurate reporting and traditional news values. Sensationalism or yellow journalism may have been seen as inappropriate or less appealing to this audience. 4. Community Values: Texas communities often emphasized community cohesion and moral values, which may have discouraged newspapers from engaging in sensationalist practices that could undermine social harmony or moral standards. 5. Editorial Control: Newspaper editors and publishers in Texas exercised editorial control to uphold standards of journalism that focused on informing the public rather than entertaining or shocking them with sensationalist stories. Overall, these factors contributed to Texas newspapers maintaining a reputation for more restrained and factual reporting, avoiding the excesses of sensationalism and yellow journalism seen in other regions of the United States. 3. Tony was a resident of Texas during the second half of the twentieth century. Discuss how television would‘ve impacted Tony's political awareness of issues with a few examples. Answer: Television would have significantly impacted Tony's political awareness in Texas during the second half of the twentieth century by: 1. Increased Access to Information: Television provided Tony with immediate access to news and political events, allowing him to stay informed about local, state, and national issues without relying solely on print media or radio. 2. Visual and Emotional Impact: Television news coverage brought political events and debates into Tony's living room with vivid visuals and sound, making political issues more tangible and emotionally engaging. For example, televised presidential debates or coverage of civil rights protests could evoke strong reactions and shape Tony's opinions. 3. Candidate Visibility: Television allowed political candidates to reach a broader audience through advertisements, speeches, and interviews. Tony could learn about candidates' platforms, personalities, and campaign promises directly from their televised appearances. 4. Cultural and Social Issues: Television news covered a wide range of topics beyond politics, including cultural shifts, social movements, and economic developments. This exposure broadened Tony's understanding of societal issues influencing politics. 5. Public Opinion Formation: Television news played a role in shaping public opinion through editorial decisions, framing of stories, and selection of topics for coverage. Tony's political views could be influenced by how issues were presented and discussed on television. In summary, television in the second half of the twentieth century transformed Tony's political awareness by providing real-time information, visual engagement with political events, direct access to candidates, exposure to cultural and social issues, and influencing public opinion formation in Texas. 4. Michelle, a journalist in the 1980s, was sent to cover the judicial scandal in Texas. Briefly explain the circumstances that led to the discovery of the corruption in the judicial system. Answer: The discovery of corruption in the judicial system in Texas during the 1980s likely occurred due to: 1. Investigative Reporting: Journalists like Michelle may have conducted thorough investigations into allegations or tips about unethical or illegal activities within the judiciary. This could involve interviews, document reviews, and gathering evidence. 2. Whistleblower Revelations: Insiders or whistleblowers within the judicial system may have come forward with information about misconduct, bribery, or other corrupt practices, prompting media scrutiny and public attention. 3. Legal Cases and Trials: High-profile legal cases or trials could have uncovered evidence of judicial impropriety, such as biased rulings, conflicts of interest, or improper conduct by judges or court officials. 4. Public Outcry: Concerned citizens, advocacy groups, or other stakeholders may have raised public awareness and demanded investigations into suspicions of judicial corruption, prompting media coverage and government responses. 5. Government Investigations: State or federal agencies tasked with oversight of judicial conduct may have initiated probes or audits that revealed instances of corruption or ethical lapses, leading to media coverage and public disclosure. Overall, Michelle's coverage of the judicial scandal in Texas likely stemmed from a combination of investigative journalism, whistleblowers, legal proceedings, public scrutiny, and government actions that brought to light instances of corruption within the state's judicial system during the 1980s. 5. Kristin works for a professional polling organization in Texas. She has been asked to use push polling techniques for the upcoming elections. Provide an example of how Kristin would go about using the push polling technique. Answer: Push polling is a controversial political campaigning technique that involves using loaded or leading questions to influence or manipulate respondents' opinions rather than gather unbiased information. Here's how Kristin might use push polling techniques: 1. Leading Questions: Kristin would craft survey questions that subtly or overtly suggest negative or positive aspects about a candidate or issue. For example, "Would you be more or less likely to vote for Candidate X if you knew they were involved in a scandal?" 2. Negative Information: The questions may include misleading or false information about candidates or issues to sway respondents' opinions. For instance, "How concerned are you that Candidate Y supports policies that would raise taxes for hardworking Texans?" 3. Volume and Timing: Push polling is often conducted on a large scale and strategically timed close to elections to influence undecided voters or reinforce existing opinions. 4. Limited Information: The goal is not to gather genuine feedback but to push a particular narrative or agenda. Information about the sponsor of the poll may be intentionally vague or withheld to prevent respondents from critically evaluating the source. 5. Impact on Public Opinion: The results of push polling can be used to create headlines or narratives in media coverage that shape public perception and influence voter behavior, potentially affecting election outcomes. While push polling can be effective in shaping public opinion, it is widely criticized for its lack of transparency, ethical concerns about manipulating voters, and potential to undermine the democratic process by spreading misinformation. Essay Questions 1. Trace the history of bias and partisanship in Texas newspapers from the time of Sam Houston till date. Analyze how political scenario contributed to and shaped the style of Texan newspapers. Answer: The history of bias and partisanship in Texas newspapers from the time of Sam Houston to the present day reflects the evolving political landscape and societal changes: 1. Early Days and Partisan Press (1830s-1860s): • Sam Houston Era: In the early years of Texas statehood, newspapers often aligned themselves with political factions or parties. Sam Houston's tenure as president and later governor saw newspapers like the "Telegraph and Texas Register" supporting his policies. • Partisan Divisions: Newspapers were outspoken in their support for or opposition to issues such as annexation, slavery, and state sovereignty, reflecting the political tensions of the time. 2. Reconstruction and Post-Reconstruction (1860s-1900s): • Civil War and Reconstruction: Newspapers played crucial roles in promoting Reconstruction policies or advocating for Confederate sympathies, depending on their editorial stance. • Rise of Populism and Progressivism: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Texas newspapers began to align with populist and progressive movements, focusing on issues like railroad regulation, labor rights, and women's suffrage. 3. Modern Era (20th Century Onward): • Oil Boom and Urbanization: During the early to mid-20th century, Texas newspapers expanded alongside the state's economic growth and urbanization. Newspapers in cities like Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio became influential voices in statewide politics. • Political Consolidation: Newspapers often aligned with dominant political figures or parties, such as the influence of the Democratic Party in Texas until the late 20th century. • Diversification and Challenges: In recent decades, the diversification of media platforms and the rise of digital journalism have challenged traditional print newspapers. Many newspapers have adapted their editorial styles to attract broader audiences while navigating political polarization. 4. Impact of Technology and Globalization: • Digital Age: The advent of the internet and social media has transformed how news is consumed and disseminated in Texas. Online platforms have provided opportunities for new voices and perspectives while also amplifying partisan divides. • Local vs. National Issues: Texas newspapers continue to navigate between covering local issues affecting communities and broader national debates, influencing how they balance bias and partisanship in their reporting. Overall, the political scenario in Texas has historically shaped the style of Texan newspapers by influencing their editorial stances, coverage priorities, and alignment with political factions or movements. From the partisan press of the early republic to the challenges of modern digital journalism, Texas newspapers have played pivotal roles in reflecting and shaping public opinion within the state. 2. As a citizen of Texas born in the early part of the twentieth century, explain what the advent of the radio means for Susan. Citing the example of some political events, discuss how radio made Texans more politically aware. Answer: As a citizen of Texas born in the early twentieth century, Susan would have experienced a significant transformation in her political awareness due to the advent of the radio. Before the radio became widely accessible, Texans relied heavily on newspapers and word of mouth for information about politics and current events. However, with the radio becoming popular in the 1920s and 1930s, Susan would have gained access to immediate and direct sources of information that shaped public opinion in Texas. Firstly, the radio allowed Susan to listen to political speeches and debates in real-time, making her more connected to state and national politics. For instance, during the gubernatorial election of 1924 in Texas, the radio broadcasted debates between candidates, enabling Susan and other Texans to hear their platforms and make informed decisions. This direct access to political discourse helped Texans understand the issues at stake and the positions of different candidates, thus influencing their voting behaviors. Moreover, radio news broadcasts provided timely updates on political developments both within Texas and across the country. For example, during the Great Depression, Texans relied on radio broadcasts to learn about government relief efforts and policies affecting their lives. This increased awareness of political events and policies helped Texans like Susan to participate more actively in civic life, advocating for their interests and engaging in discussions about public policy. Additionally, radio personalities and programs emerged as influential voices in Texas politics. Figures like commentator Raymond Graham Swing became well-known for their analysis of political events, shaping public opinion through their broadcasts. These personalities often discussed issues specific to Texas, such as oil industry regulations or agricultural policies, thereby deepening Susan's understanding of local and state politics. In conclusion, the advent of the radio in Texas during the early twentieth century significantly enhanced Susan's political awareness by providing immediate access to political speeches, debates, news updates, and influential commentators. This newfound accessibility to information through radio broadcasts empowered Texans to engage more actively in political discourse, contributing to a more informed electorate and shaping the political landscape of Texas in the decades to come. 3. Roger, an affluent businessman and investor in Texas in the early 1950s, was interested in investing in emerging media. Explain why television would have been a good investment for him. Answer: Television would have been a promising investment for Roger, an affluent businessman and investor in Texas in the early 1950s, due to several compelling reasons: 1. Rapid Growth and Popularity: During the 1950s, television experienced explosive growth in the United States, including Texas. The number of households owning television sets skyrocketed, indicating a rapidly expanding audience. Investing in television would have positioned Roger at the forefront of a burgeoning industry poised for significant growth. 2. Advertising Revenue Potential: Television quickly became a powerful advertising medium. Companies were eager to reach the large and diverse audiences tuning in to television programs. Advertisers were willing to pay substantial sums for airtime, making television networks and stations lucrative platforms for generating advertising revenue. As an investor, Roger could capitalize on this demand for advertising slots and benefit financially from the burgeoning advertising market. 3. Influence on Public Opinion: Television had a profound impact on shaping public opinion and culture. It became a primary source of news, entertainment, and information for millions of Americans, including Texans. By investing in television, Roger would not only gain financial returns but also influence public discourse and potentially wield considerable social and political influence through ownership or sponsorship of programming. 4. Technological Advancements: The 1950s marked significant technological advancements in television broadcasting and production. Improvements in transmission quality, the introduction of color television, and the expansion of programming genres (e.g., news, sports, dramas) enhanced the appeal and reach of television. Investing in these technological advancements could have provided Roger with opportunities to innovate and lead within the industry. 5. Cultural and Social Impact: Television played a crucial role in shaping cultural norms and societal values. It brought new ideas, perspectives, and lifestyles into American homes, including those in Texas. Investing in television would have allowed Roger to contribute to the cultural fabric of society and potentially influence public attitudes and behaviors. In summary, television represented a compelling investment opportunity for Roger in the early 1950s due to its rapid growth, advertising revenue potential, influence on public opinion, technological advancements, and cultural impact. By strategically investing in television, Roger could have positioned himself at the forefront of a transformative industry and reaped significant financial and societal rewards. 4. Explain how the features of the media in Texas impact political reporting in Texas. Also, explain how Alex, a member of a political party in Texas, should best use these characteristics to effectively manage a political campaign and raise awareness of his party in Texas. Answer: The features of the media landscape in Texas play a crucial role in shaping political reporting and influencing public opinion. Understanding these features is essential for Alex, a member of a political party in Texas, to effectively manage a political campaign and raise awareness of his party: 1. Diverse Media Outlets: Texas boasts a diverse media landscape, including major newspapers, television stations, radio channels, and increasingly, digital platforms. Each of these outlets has its own audience and reach, catering to different demographics and geographic regions within the state. Alex should leverage this diversity by crafting tailored messages and using appropriate channels to reach specific voter groups effectively. 2. Regional Variations: Texas is geographically vast and culturally diverse, with distinct regional identities and interests. Media coverage varies across different regions, reflecting local priorities and concerns. Alex should understand these regional variations and customize his campaign messaging to resonate with local issues and values. Engaging local media outlets and participating in community events can help Alex connect with voters on a more personal level. 3. Influence of Traditional and New Media: While traditional media like newspapers and television continue to hold sway, digital media platforms have gained prominence in Texas and beyond. Social media, in particular, offers a powerful tool for reaching a broad audience quickly and engaging in real-time communication. Alex should utilize social media platforms to amplify his party's message, interact directly with voters, and mobilize supporters. 4. Political Polarization: Texas, like many states, experiences political polarization reflected in its media coverage. Different outlets may have varying ideological leanings, influencing how political events and issues are framed and interpreted. Alex should navigate this landscape by strategically engaging with media outlets that align with his party's values while also seeking opportunities to reach across partisan divides to appeal to a broader spectrum of voters. 5. Role of Opinion Leaders and Influencers: Influential figures within Texas, such as political commentators, community leaders, and influencers, play a significant role in shaping public opinion. Alex should cultivate relationships with these opinion leaders, seek endorsements where appropriate, and utilize their platforms to amplify his party's message and policy proposals. To effectively manage a political campaign and raise awareness of his party in Texas, Alex should: • Develop a Comprehensive Media Strategy: Create a well-rounded media strategy that includes traditional media, digital platforms, and direct voter engagement tactics. • Tailor Messages to Different Audiences: Craft messages that resonate with diverse voter demographics and regional interests across Texas. • Utilize Social Media and Digital Tools: Leverage social media platforms to disseminate information, mobilize supporters, and respond swiftly to emerging issues. • Engage with Local Media Outlets: Build relationships with local journalists and media outlets to secure coverage of campaign events and initiatives that highlight the party's agenda. • Monitor and Respond to Media Coverage: Stay informed about media coverage and public perception, and be prepared to respond effectively to criticisms or inaccuracies. By strategically leveraging the features of Texas' media landscape, Alex can enhance his party's visibility, engage voters effectively, and build momentum for a successful political campaign in the Lone Star State. 5. Juanita is a campaign manager for a gubernatorial candidate in Texas. Explain the different types of polls and how they may be of use to her at different stages of the campaign. Also, briefly discuss the reliability of polls. Answer: As a campaign manager for a gubernatorial candidate in Texas, Juanita can utilize different types of polls strategically throughout the campaign to gauge voter sentiment, understand key issues, and adjust campaign strategies accordingly. Here are the different types of polls and their potential uses at various stages of the campaign: 1. Benchmark Polls (Baseline Polls): • Purpose: Conducted early in the campaign, these polls establish a baseline measure of voter preferences, candidate recognition, and key issues. • Use: Juanita can use benchmark polls to assess the candidate's initial standing, identify strengths and weaknesses, and determine the electorate's top concerns. This helps in crafting the campaign's messaging and strategy from the outset. 2. Tracking Polls: • Purpose: Conducted repeatedly over time (e.g., daily or weekly), tracking polls monitor changes in voter preferences and perceptions of the candidate and their opponents. • Use: Juanita can use tracking polls to track shifts in public opinion, assess the effectiveness of campaign messaging and advertisements, and make timely adjustments to the campaign strategy as needed. 3. Exit Polls: • Purpose: Conducted on Election Day, exit polls survey voters as they leave polling places to gather demographic data and understand voter behavior. • Use: Juanita can use exit polls to analyze voter demographics, understand which groups supported the candidate, and evaluate the success of voter turnout efforts and campaign messaging on Election Day. 4. Issue Polls: • Purpose: Focus on specific policy issues or topics of interest to voters. • Use: Juanita can use issue polls to assess public opinion on key policy positions, understand which issues resonate most with voters, and tailor the candidate's platform and messaging accordingly. Reliability of Polls: Polls can provide valuable insights, but their reliability depends on several factors: • Sample Size and Composition: A larger and more diverse sample generally produces more reliable results. • Sampling Methodology: Random sampling ensures that every eligible voter has an equal chance of being included in the poll. • Margin of Error: Polls typically report a margin of error, which indicates the range within which the true population value is likely to fall. • Bias and Methodological Issues: Biases in question wording, sampling methods, or response rates can affect the accuracy of poll results. • Timing: Public opinion can shift rapidly, so the timing of polls relative to events or campaign developments is crucial. Juanita should critically evaluate the methodology and track record of polling firms she considers using, consider trends over time rather than relying on a single poll, and supplement polling data with other forms of voter outreach and data analysis to ensure a comprehensive understanding of voter sentiment throughout the campaign. Test Bank for Lone Star Politics Paul Benson, David Clinkscale, Anthony Giardino 9780205971220