CH-5-6 Communication and Language – Cultural Anthropology : Exam Guide

This Document Contains Chapters 5 to 6 Chapter 5: Communication and Language Multiple Choice Questions 1. The word communicate comes from the Latin verb communicare, meaning to __________. A. transmit B. share C. make equal D. travel Answer: B 2. Any system of communication consists of publically accepted __________ by which individuals try to share private experiences. A. symbols B. beliefs C. ideas D. facts Answer: A 3. Which of the following types of nonverbal communication appears to be culturally universal? A. amount of eye contact B. the distance between two speakers C. movement of the hands while speaking D. facial expressions Answer: D 4. A study comparing Japanese and American facial expressions found that __________. A. the two had similar expressions in public, but the American participants were more expressive when they thought they were alone B. the two had similar expressions in private, but the Japanese participants tried to mask their feelings in front of authority figures C. participants of both cultural groups were careful to mask their feelings in front of authority figures D. participants of the two cultural groups had nearly identical facial expression, both in public and in private Answer: B 5. The study of communication by nonverbal or nonvocal means including facial expression, posture, mannerisms, and gestures is called __________. A. morphology B. language acquisition C. phonology D. kinesics Answer: D 6. What linguistic differences constitute a person’s accent? A. vocabulary B. pronunciation C. proverbs D. grammar Answer: B 7. __________ refers to all optional vocal features or silences that communicate meaning apart from the language itself. A. Body language B. Metalanguage C. Symbolic language D. Paralanguage Answer: D 8. Some forms of __________ can exist without __________. A. body language; spoken language B. paralanguage; body language C. written language; spoken language D. body language; paralanguage Answer: A 9. Animal systems, such as sound or odor, represent ________ but not __________. A. messages; symbolism B. symbolism; communication C. communication; language D. language; messages Answer: C 10. Some scientists see continuity between human and nonhuman communication systems. Others believe that human language is so different that the capacity for language must have been acquired through __________. A. imitation B. sexual selection C. trial and error D. a genetic mutation Answer: D 11. When we say that a communication is __________, we mean at least two things. First, the communication has meaning even when the referent is not there, and second, the meaning is arbitrary. A. understandable B. symbolic C. interpretive D. rhetorical Answer: B 12. What does it mean to say that a word or sound is arbitrary? A. It has the same meaning in nearly all languages. B. One cannot just guess the meaning from the sound. C. The word’s meaning is the opposite of what it sounds like. D. The meaning of the word has changed over the years. Answer: B 13. For which animal have researchers demonstrated the symbolic meaning of certain forms of communication used naturally in the wild? A. ants B. bees C. hyenas D. vervet monkeys Answer: D 14. Which of the following statements accurately represents vervet monkey alarm calls? A. The calls are instinctive, and infants can use them correctly from birth. B. The monkeys only understand the calls in the presence of the referent. C. Infants gradually learn to restrict their calls to the correct referent. D. The calls are so complex that only very old monkeys understand them all. Answer: C 15. Nonhuman vocal systems are often referred to as __________ systems, because they do not combine different calls to produce new meanings. A. absolute B. closed C. limited D. restricted Answer: B 16. Although gorillas and chimpanzees appear to have the capacity for symbolic communication, human language is a unique communication system because __________. A. it relies heavily on body language more than other animals B. its spoken and symbolic nature permits an infinite number of combinations of meaning C. it requires fewer phonemes than other primate communication systems D. it is more effective than animal call systems Answer: B 17. Chimpanzees and bonobos have been taught to communicate with humans through __________. A. puppets B. written English C. spoken language D. computers Answer: D 18. Why does the study of ape language capabilities advance the understanding of human language? A. Apes are capable of everything short of verbal language, which helps us improve communication with deaf people. B. Apes have at least some of the capabilities of language, which helps us better understand the evolution of human language. C. It is clear that apes can only mimic human sign language, which indicates that human language is truly unique to our lineage. D. Ape language abilities are closer to humans than to other primates, which adds to our knowledge of the human family tree. Answer: B 19. Why is it so difficult to pinpoint the emergence of the earliest languages? A. Written language only appeared about 5,000 years ago. B. Modern apes have a rudimentary language, so it must date to at least the divergence of the human and ape lineages. C. There are clear structural differences in the brain of people who speak and people who don’t, but we have no fossilized evidence of brain structure. D. Every culture reports that they have been able to speak since the beginning of time. Answer: A 20. Some grammar theoreticians have suggested that there may be a __________ in the brain that is as innate to humans as call systems are to other animals. A. messaging system B. critical area C. language acquisition device D. logical center Answer: C 21. The fact that there are thousands of languages tells us that language is __________. A. not completely biologically determined B. not affected by cultural variation C. arranged primarily by geography D. the most difficult aspect of cultural anthropology Answer: A 22. How many mutually unintelligible languages have been identified? A. less than 1000 B. 2000 – 3000 C. 4000 – 5000 D. more than 6000 Answer: C 23. Why can we not use the languages of nonliterate societies to learn about the origins of language? A. Their written histories do not go far enough back in time. B. Their languages are not simpler or less developed than our own. C. They were often developed more recently than written languages. D. Languages of nonliterate societies change too quickly to be any use for study. Answer: B 24. What are the two key areas for investigating the origin of language? A. how children acquire language and how Creole languages develop B. how Creole languages develop and syntax in monkey vocal systems C. syntax in monkey vocal systems and how adults learn a second language D. how adults learn a second language and how children acquire language Answer: A 25. A pidgin language __________. A. is a symbolic system of communication used by certain birds B. resembles language spoken by early humans C. is a simplified language based on the language of a dominant group D. is a Creole language to which additional, key grammatical forms have been added Answer: C 26. In a pidgin language, from where does most of the vocabulary derive? A. the language of the church B. the masters’ language C. the subordinate language D. the language of regional trade Answer: B 27. Michael Krauss, a linguist who tracks disappearing languages, estimates that __________ percent of the world’s languages are endangered. A. 30 B. 50 C. 70 D. 90 Answer: D 28. What is the major cause of the disappearance of native languages? A. They are not able to create new terms to keep up with technological advances. B. The languages are no longer being taught to children. C. Most nations have outlawed the use of indigenous languages. D. It is nearly impossible to learn a language without an associated writing system. Answer: B 29. A __________ language is one which developed from a pidgin language. A. dialect B. Creole C. native D. dominant Answer: B 30. When does a pidgin language start to develop into a Creole? A. only after the pidgin language has been in use for 3–4 generations B. pidgins become Creoles when they are accepted by the dominant cultural group C. when the Creole language develops adverbs, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs D. when children start to learn the pidgin as a first language Answer: D 31. Which feature is shared by all Creole languages? A. an inclusion of gendered nouns B. a restricted set of color terms C. the use of double negatives D. the use of a past tense Answer: C 32. At birth, an infant can distinguish __________. A. between all the sounds of all the languages in the world B. between all the sounds used in their parents’ language C. only the difference between male and female vocal registers D. the sounds made only by their mother’s voice Answer: A 33. Children learn spoken language __________. A. at a relatively later age in simpler societies B. at about the same age in all cultures C. at a surprisingly wide range of ages, but with no observable correlation with societal complexity D. at a relatively later age in more complex societies Answer: B 34. How do children first learn words? A. They learn individual sounds first, then link them into a word. B. They acquire the concept of a word as a whole. C. They learn verbs before nouns. D. Most children merely repeat sounds until about 2 years of age. Answer: B 35. Children have developed an innate sense of grammar by what age? A. 12 months B. 16 months C. 12 to 18 months D. 18 to 24 months Answer: D 36. According to Derek Bickerton, how does the early speech pattern of children compare to Creole languages? A. The errors children make are consistent with the grammar of Creoles. B. Children seem to have an innate grammar in their own language, while Creole languages lack a basic grammar. C. Creole languages have a simple but consistent grammar, but children’s early speech errors have no particular pattern. D. Creole languages have more complex grammatical structure than that seen in childhood speech. Answer: A 37. Why do some linguists argue that the evidence for an innate grammar is weak? A. Children across cultures start creating short sentences at very different ages. B. Children learn features like word order at different times, depending on their importance in their native language. C. Most children learn basic syntax early, but building their vocabulary takes many years. D. Across cultures, children understand individual words but do not understand grammar rules until formally taught them in school. Answer: B 38. In Robert Schrauf’s comparative study, which group was used to represent immigrants with the greatest retention of their native language? A. first generation immigrants B. second generation immigrants C. third generation immigrants D. fourth generation immigrants Answer: C 39. Which of the following strongly predicts an immigrant group’s likelihood of retaining their native language into the third generation? A. visiting relatives in their homeland B. living in tightly knit communities C. marriage within their cultural group D. separate schools for their children Answer: B 40. What do linguists mean when they refer to grammar? A. prescriptive rules that people are supposed to follow when speaking B. unconscious principles that predict how most people talk C. geographical variation within a single language D. traits in a person’s speech that serve as clues to their education and status Answer: B 41. What is the study of phonology? A. how sound sequences convey meaning B. how words are strung together to form phrases C. the rules that predict how sounds are made D. the social rules that limit a person’s vocabulary Answer: C 42. The rules that determine how phrases and sentences are formed make up a language’s __________. A. morphology B. descriptive grammar C. syntax D. phonology Answer: C 43. A _________ is a sound to a linguist. A. phone B. phoneme C. morph D. morpheme Answer: A 44. While English has 26 letters, it has __________ significant sounds. A. only 15 B. about 40 C. around 100 D. thousands of Answer: B 45. A sound or set of sounds that make a difference in language is a __________. A. morpheme B. phoneme C. gene D. meme Answer: B 46. Infants learn to ignore sounds that are not significant sounds in their native language by about __________ of age. A. one month B. six months C. one year D. two years Answer: B 47. Which of the following is a predictor for whether a language will have regular consonant-vowel alteration? A. whether the speaker is a man or a woman B. living in a forested environment C. how frequently babies are held D. the type of educational system used by the society Answer: C 48. What is the smallest unit of language that has meaning? A. phone B. phoneme C. morph D. morpheme Answer: C 49. A dictionary most closely approximates a language’s __________. A. phonology B. grammar C. syntax D. lexicon Answer: D 50. Which of these is an example of a bound morpheme? A. the B. er C. bl D. I Answer: B 51. Which statement is true of syntax? A. Speakers of a language are usually not consciously aware of the rules of syntax. B. The rules of syntax are only learned through formal education. C. A language’s syntax changes more quickly than its vocabulary. D. All languages follow the same basic rules of syntax. Answer: A 52. Historical linguists are interested in __________. A. comparing certain languages to determine if they were derived from a common ancestral language B. how people spoke in ancient times C. how the role of body language differs between different historical periods D. comparing how the number of basic color words increases in a society over time Answer: A 53. How do historical linguists study language changes over time in non-written languages? A. They find informants who have studied the history of their own language. B. They use folktales and songs, which maintain the older language structure. C. They compare contemporary languages that are similar. D. They cannot – they are limited to studying languages with a writing system. Answer: C 54. What is a protolanguage? A. the language that early Homo sapiens is believed to have spoken B. the simplest form of language known, with no tenses or number terms C. a reconstructed language from which modern languages derived D. the rudimentary language used by the apes and monkeys Answer: C 55. To what language family does English belong? A. Indo-European B. Indo-Iranian C. Latin D. Sanskrit Answer: A 56. About __________ of the world’s people speak Indo-European language. A. 5% B. 25% C. 50% D. 90% Answer: C 57. Words that are similar in sound and meaning are __________. A. morphs B. homonyms C. synonyms D. cognates Answer: D 58. Based on linguistic and archaeological research, the speakers of Proto-Indo-European are believed to have lived around modern-day __________. A. Israel B. Pakistan C. Ukraine D. Zimbabwe Answer: C 59. Where is a protolanguage’s point of origin is most likely to be found? A. the point geographically closest to Africa, where humans originated B. where there is the greatest diversity of related languages and dialects C. where the language is spoken with the most precise grammatical usage D. the place where the written record for the language is the oldest Answer: B 60. A __________ is a variant form of language. A. syntax B. cognate C. dialect D. lexicon Answer: C 61. In addition to geographical separation, how do different dialects become completely different languages? A. intentional distinction by the speakers of the two groups B. social restrictions preventing regular communication between the two groups C. educational differences between speakers of the two dialects D. religious beliefs restricting the use of one of the dialects Answer: B 62. In general, the borrowing of __________ from another language is much more common than the borrowing of __________. A. words; grammar B. morphs; words C. grammar; syntax D. syntax; morphs Answer: A 63. Lexical content means __________. A. diversity B. vocabulary C. dialect D. syntax Answer: B 64. If a language has a basic color term for “yellow” it is most likely also to have a color term for __________. A. green B. orange C. brown D. red Answer: D 65. Which society would probably have the fewest basic color terms? A. a relatively “primitive” society B. a society located near the north pole C. a society whose people have darker eyes D. a more complex society Answer: C 66. Compared to people in simpler societies, people in complex societies __________. A. commonly have fewer terms for plants but many for animals B. commonly can give a larger number of general, or life-form, terms for plants and animals C. commonly have the same number of general terms for plants, but more terms for specific plants D. usually have more names for specific plants, but the same number of general plant terms Answer: B 67. Compared to people in simpler societies, people in complex societies __________. A. commonly have fewer terms for basic colors B. commonly have a larger overall vocabulary due to a greater number of technical specialties C. commonly have the same number of general terms for plants, but more terms for specific plants D. usually have more names for specific animals, but the same number of general animal terms Answer: B 68. Which is true of the core vocabularies of languages? A. more complex societies have larger core vocabularies B. more ancient cultures have larger core vocabularies C. more socially diverse societies have larger core vocabularies D. all languages have core vocabularies of about the same size Answer: D 69. The controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that __________. A. culture has a strong influence on how we speak languages B. language affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality C. languages reflect the values, attitudes, and beliefs of the society D. language and culture have no measurable influence on each other Answer: B 70. The idea that language influences culture __________. A. has been rejected by most anthropologists B. is accepted by most anthropologists, but not by linguists C. is supported by a comparative study of gender identity learning among Hebrew, Finnish, and American children D. is accepted by most linguists Answer: C 71. The study of cultural patterns of speaking in different social contexts (the “ethnography of speaking”) is referred to as __________. A. sociolinguists B. historical linguistics C. grammatical linguistics D. kinesics Answer: A 72. Research has shown that English people from higher-class backgrounds tend to have more __________ speech, conforming more to what is considered standard English. A. heterogenous B. inductive C. deductive D. homogeneous Answer: D 73. Which of the following is true of gender differences within languages? A. women seem to be more concerned with “correctness” than men B. men seem to be more concerned with “correctness” than women C. women use more descriptive words than men D. men use more descriptive words than women Answer: A 74. When two bilingual people change back and forth between languages during the course of conversation, they are engaging in what linguists call __________. A. paralanguage B. code switching C. code talking D. morpheming Answer: B 75. The earliest writing systems are about __________ years old. A. 3,000 B. 5,000 C. 6,000 D. 10,000 Answer: C Chapter 6: Getting Food Multiple Choice Questions 1. A society in which all able-bodied adults are engaged in getting food for themselves and their families is said to have a __________ economy. A. service B. subsistence C. perishable D. provisions Answer: B 2. Agriculture dates back only about __________ years. A. 100 B. 500 C. 1,000 D. 10,000 Answer: D 3. By “food collection,” anthropologists mean the obtaining of food from __________. A. wild plants and animals B. wild plants only C. domesticated plants and animals D. plants, wild and domesticated Answer: A 4. What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history? A. horticulture B. irrigation agriculture C. food collection D. pastoralism Answer: C 5. Foragers are also commonly referred to as __________. A. hunter-gatherers B. farmers C. hunters D. fishermen Answer: A 6. In which region are foraging societies least likely to be found today? A. deserts B. dense tropical forests C. temperate climates D. the Arctic Answer: C 7. In the last few hundred years, about how many people are or were foragers? A. 1 million B. 5 million C. 10 million D. 15 million Answer: B 8. Why must we be cautious about drawing inferences about our past from the lifestyles of modern foraging societies? A. Our ancestors had regular interactions with other societies, while modern foragers remain isolated. B. Like all societies, foraging societies have evolved and are still evolving. C. Contemporary foragers live in environments that ancient foragers never used. D. Modern foraging societies represent an artificial return to what people believe were the “old” ways. Answer: B 9. Before Europeans came to Australia, all the aboriginal people there depended on __________. A. horticulture B. food collection C. intensive agriculture D. pastoralism Answer: B 10. Most of the Ngatatjara’s food supply is gathered by __________ and is __________. A. men; meat B. men; plant foods C. women; meat D. women; plant food Answer: D 11. Why did aboriginal Australians never establish campsites right next to water? A. They believed the water was protected by fierce spirits. B. Water was so plentiful that they did not need to seek it out before camping each night. C. They did not want to frighten away game that came to drink. D. The water interfered with the construction of their temporary houses. Answer: C 12. The Inuit subsist mostly on __________ because __________ do not exist in large numbers at their northerly latitude. A. meat; plants B. plants; fish C. plants; land animals D. caribou; seals Answer: A 13. Where do most Inupiaq live today? A. small villages B. urban centers C. isolated permanent settlements D. nomadic groups Answer: A 14. Which of the following is characteristic of foraging societies? A. small group size consisting of related families B. semi-permanent settled villages C. social hierarchies reflected in ownership of land and wealthy possessions D. high levels of social differentiation Answer: A 15. On what factors is the division of labor based in most foraging societies? A. wealth and gender B. gender and age C. age and status D. status and wealth Answer: B 16. What food-getting activity is the most important for many (38%) of contemporary foraging societies? A. gathering plants B. fishing C. hunting big game D. hunting small game Answer: B 17. Studies of two aboriginal Australian and one African foraging group suggest that foraging societies spend __________ time getting food than most agricultural societies. A. much more B. more C. about the same amount of D. less Answer: D 18. Complex foraging societies like the Tlingit and the Nimpkish tend to have more __________ than most other foraging societies. A. social inequality B. elaborate folklore C. reliance on hunting D. balanced gender roles Answer: A 19. What did Paul Roscoe discover to be closely associated with a New Guinean foraging society’s dependence on fishing? A. population density B. family structure C. women’s status D. protein intake Answer: A 20. What is the difference between foraging and food production? A. Food production depends only on plant foods, while foraging involves both plants and animals. B. Foraging uses only wild plants and animals, while food production cultivates and domesticates them. C. Foraging allows for more control over processes like animal breeding and plant seeding. D. Food production requires a strict division of labor by gender, while foraging is rarely split by gender. Answer: B 21. Which of the following is a major type of food production system identified by anthropologists? A. food collection B. horticulture C. fishing D. grocery shopping Answer: B 22. What do anthropologists call a system in which people grow foods using simple tools, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields? A. agriculture B. horticulture C. slash and burn agriculture D. aquaculture Answer: B 23. What form of horticulture involves working the land for a short time, then leaving it idle for a few years? A. cash cropping B. monocropping C. shifting cultivation D. permanent cultivation Answer: C 24. As understood by anthropologists, horticulture includes __________. A. shifting cultivation B. decorative flower gardening C. large fields of cash crops D. greenhouses for growing plants Answer: A 25. Which animals are least likely to be a source of food in a horticultural society? A. pigs B. sheep C. chicken D. camels Answer: D 26. In what activity do Yanomamö participate as part of their subsistence strategy? A. plant coconut and banana trees B. raise cattle and sheep C. use irrigation to control farmland D. hunt monkeys with bow and arrow Answer: D 27. Before the 1950s, the Yanomamö did not have steel axes or machetes. Where did they get these tools? A. the government supplied them B. the Yanomamo discovered metal working around the 1950s C. missionaries gave them the steel axes and machetes D. trade with neighboring communities Answer: C 28. Clearing the undergrowth, felling trees, and using controlled burning to clear a garden plot is known as __________ horticulture. A. fire-and-air B. smoke-and-ash C. slash-and-burn D. cut-and-clear Answer: C 29. Which of the following is one of the staple crops of Samoan horticulture? A. millet B. manioc C. breadfruit D. rice Answer: C 30. Europeans who first saw the way South Pacific islanders maintained their gardens thought they were simply lazy. Why do they really allow their gardens to grow in such a messy state? A. The jumbled roots minimize erosion in the loose volcanic soil. B. They spend most of their days foraging, and don’t have time to maintain tidy gardens. C. Islanders believe their gardens should look as much like the jungle as possible. D. They had only recently discovered horticulture, and their methods were still unrefined. Answer: A 31. What is the major source of animal protein for Samoans? A. fish B. chicken C. pork D. beef Answer: A 32. How have Samoan villagers earned money to buy items such as machetes, kerosene, and flour? A. They sell traditional pieces of art to tourists. B. They sell dried coconut meat to be made into coconut oil. C. They trade breadfruit with villagers on neighboring islands. D. They raise sheep and sell the milk and wool. Answer: B 33. Compared to food-collectors, horticulturalists generally __________. A. are more sparsely populated B. are more nomadic C. get more food from a given area D. have fewer differences in prestige between people Answer: C 34. Which horticulturalists are likely to be the most sedentary? A. a group that uses slash-and-burn agriculture B. those who rely on food from trees that produce for a long time C. villages that raise chickens or pigs D. a group that still relies heavily on foraging Answer: B 35. What is one of the major consequences of horticulture? A. lower population density B. more sedentary way of life C. strict egalitarianism D. reliance on hunted game for protein Answer: B 36. What is the key feature that distinguishes intensive agriculture from horticulture? A. Only intensive agriculture incorporates any sort of technology. B. Intensive agriculture begins only after a population reaches a critical density. C. Intensive agriculture uses techniques that allow people to cultivate fields permanently. D. Horticulture produces foods for village use, while intensive agriculture focuses on crops to sell. Answer: C 37. A crop raised specifically for sale is called a __________ crop. A. cash B. market C. bumper D. trade Answer: A 38. Which of these is an important cash crop for the agricultural communities of rural Greece? A. coffee B. cotton C. sugar D. plantains Answer: B 39. Wet rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta is associated with __________. A. a tool set consisting of simple, handmade equipment B. slash-and-burn horticulture C. a clearly defined set of socioeconomic roles D. a nomadic lifestyle and seasonal movement Answer: C 40. Most work for women in intensive agricultural societies involves __________. A. food processing B. clearing the land C. harvesting crops D. planting seeds Answer: A 41. Which of these is a consequence of intensive agriculture? A. a high degree of craft specialization B. a simple political organization C. a transient, nomadic lifestyle D. smaller population groups Answer: A 42. Why are intensive agriculturalists more likely to face food shortages than horticultural societies? A. Horticulture is usually more productive than intensive agriculture. B. Intensive agriculturalists often produce crops for market. C. Horticulture involves more complex and reliable technology. D. Intensive agriculturalists usually live in more challenging environments than horticulturalists. Answer: B 43. The worldwide trend for intensive agriculturalists to produce more and more for a market is called __________. A. modernization B. industrialization C. commercialization D. mechanization Answer: C 44. Which of these trends is associated with the increasing commercialization of agriculture? A. People are choosing to eat more local food. B. A smaller proportion of a society is involved in food production. C. Technology is being used to grow a wider variety of crops on a single field. D. More food production is controlled by family-run operations. Answer: B 45. To what sort of food collection does the term “market foraging” refer? A. selling foraged plant foods in the village market B. stealing crops from agricultural lands C. collecting your food from a store D. supplementing purchased foods to your foraged diet Answer: C 46. Although a common dish in America today, spaghetti noodles originated in __________. A. China B. Italy C. Norway D. Iraq Answer: A 47. From where do most traditional pastoralists get their animal protein? A. the meat of the animals they raise B. trading wool for cheese and yogurt in cities C. the milk and blood of the animals they raise D. buying meat with cash earned through wage labor Answer: C 48. One characteristic of pastoral societies is __________. A. dependence on trade with agriculturalists B. large settlements C. permanent settlements D. dependence exclusively on meat for food Answer: A 49. What is the difference between animal husbandry and pastoralism? A. Pastoralism allows for many more animals to be kept in a small space than does animal husbandry. B. Pastoralists feed their herds on natural pasture, while animal husbandry provides special food. C. Pastoralism is associated with intensive agriculture, but animal husbandry is not. D. Pastoralists eat their animals, while animal husbandry includes raising animals for milk or wool. Answer: B 50. The Basseri pastoralists of Iran are characterized by __________. A. large, complex settlements B. annual migrations C. individual ownership of land D. sales of metal, spices, and oils Answer: B 51. What is the most important commodity of the Basseri’s pastoral economy? A. meat B. milk C. blood D. wool Answer: B 52. What herding system allows animals to roam over a large area and requires little surveillance? A. intensive B. extensive C. internal D. external Answer: B 53. The Lapps of Norway, Finland, and Sweden have traditionally herded __________. A. horses B. cattle C. sheep D. reindeer Answer: D 54. What herding strategies do contemporary Lapps use? A. They maintain their traditional nomadic lifestyle. B. They still herd animals, but have switched to sheep and goats. C. The Norwegian government now regulates reindeer herding. D. There are no longer any reindeer herders among the Lapp. Answer: C 55. Individual families in pastoral societies are most likely to own __________. A. animals B. grazing lands C. permanent dwelling places D. land for cultivating crops Answer: A 56. Societies that engage in pastoralism are characterized by __________. A. a dependence on small animals like chickens or pigs B. small, highly mobile groups C. living in densely forested environments D. a very high birth rate Answer: B 57. What do archaeologists suggest may have contributed to the decline of the earliest city-states in Mesopotamia? A. overpopulation B. drought C. salinization D. flooding Answer: C 58. Anthropologists have concluded that the physical environment by itself has a __________, rather than a __________, effect on the major types of subsistence. A. restraining; determining B. definitive; determining C. definitive; restraining D. positive; negative Answer: A 59. Which type of subsistence strategy has been practiced at one time in almost all areas of the earth? A. pastoralism B. foraging C. horticulture D. intensive agriculture Answer: B 60. What development was necessary before foragers could live in tropical forest environments? A. animal husbandry of small animals for protein B. trade with agriculturalists to obtain carbohydrates C. market economy to trade with neighbors for metal tools D. an irrigation system to deal with heavy tropical rains Answer: B 61. Why are the majority of intensive agricultural societies located outside of the tropics? A. It is difficult to control insects and weeds in the tropics, making agriculture less productive. B. Most societies in the tropics are too small to require intensive agriculture. C. Tropical forests are so bountiful that people can easily survive on a foraging lifestyle. D. Tropical environments are particularly well suited to pastoralism. Answer: A 62. In which of these environments would you be least likely to find a pastoralist society? A. steppes B. savannas C. prairies D. mountains Answer: D 63. Beginning about __________ years ago, people in some regions began to depend less on big game and more on relatively stationary food resources such as fish, small game, and wild plants. A. 3,000 B. 6,000 C. 10,000 D. 14,000 Answer: D 64. In what region do we see the very first evidence of a changeover to food production, dating to around 8,000 B.C.? A. the Indus Valley B. the Near East C. Mesoamerica D. eastern Europe Answer: B 65. How might we best describe the subsistence strategies of contemporary cultures? A. Most people today are foragers. B. Most people today are foragers, supplemented with small-scale animal husbandry. C. There is a roughly equal balance between foraging and food producing cultures. D. Most people today are food producers. Answer: D 66. What do Lewis Binford and Kent Flannery suggest must have influenced the changeover to food production? A. There was an economic incentive for foragers to become food producers. B. People settled first, then realized that they would have to produce food to sustain their permanent residence patterns. C. Population growth pushed people out of optimal areas, and they turned to food production to try to reproduce the resources they once had. D. Food production was spread culturally through contact with neighboring communities. Answer: C 67. What archaeological evidence is needed to support the Binford-Flannery model? A. evidence of seafood in conjunction with agricultural fields B. population increase before the emergence of domestication C. artifacts indicating long periods of trade with food producing societies D. skeletal evidence of domesticated animals Answer: B 68. Who argues that a worldwide population pressure is the reason so many of the world’s cultures adopted food production within a span of only a few thousand years? A. Lewis Binford B. Ester Boserup C. Mark Cohen D. Kent Flannery Answer: C 69. Recently, some archaeologists have returned to the idea that __________ played a role in the emergence of agriculture. A. lack of large game B. taming of animals C. climate change D. technology Answer: C 70. If climate change is involved in the emergence of agriculture, the transition may have occurred when __________ no longer provided sufficient resources to support the population. A. nomadic foraging B. sedentary foraging C. slash-and-burn horticulture D. animal husbandry Answer: B 71. Why should we not assume that food collectors would automatically switch to food production, once they understood the process of domestication? A. food production cannot support as many people as food collection B. food production involves more work and less security than food collection C. food production is associated with a more complex diet than food collection D. food production requires less specialized skills than food collection Answer: B 72. The spread of agriculture may be linked to the need for __________. A. more food B. territorial expansion C. permanent housing D. saving animals Answer: B 73. Although food production is not necessarily __________ than food collection, it is generally __________ per unit of land. A. easier; more productive B. harder; more productive C. easier; less productive D. harder; less productive Answer: A 74. Ester Boserup argues that the intensification of agriculture is __________. A. not linked to population growth B. associated with greater social equality C. not likely to develop naturally out of horticulture D. dependent upon a slow progression from animal husbandry and horticulture Answer: C 75. In which areas is intensive agriculture unlikely to supplant horticulture? A. plains B. the Arctic C. tropical forests D. temperate climates Answer: C Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Carol R. Ember, Melvin R. Ember 9780205711208, 9780134732831