This Document Contains Chapters 4 to 6 Chapter 4 Child Neglect TEACHING POINTS • Child neglect is considered as the most common form of maltreatment of children. • Child neglect is the negligent treatment or maltreatment of a child by a parent or caretaker under circumstances indicating harm or threatened harm to the child’s health or welfare. • Child neglect covers a wide range of activities or omissions that impact on the physical and emotional well-being of a child. • Simply being poor does not make a neglectful parent. • The economic theory of child neglect suggests that neglect is caused by stress as a result of living in poverty. • The ecological theory of child neglect views family behavior and neglect as a result of social causes. • The personalistic theory of child neglect attributes child neglect to individual personality characteristics of the caretakers. • Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) - (42 U.S. Code 5116, as amended in 2003) provides the foundation for a national definition of child abuse and neglect. • No single set of factors establishes a clearly defined line dividing neglect and poor parenting. Any list must be viewed with caution. • Certain physical acts by children should alert teachers, nurses, social workers, and others to look for the reasons for these actions. Individual acts may appear and, in many instances, are simply normal childhood activities. • Professionals should not only be alert to physical indications of neglect but watch for emotional or psychological indications that may signal child neglect or maltreatment. These factors may be normal stages of childhood development or may indicate a darker secret that should be examined. • Failure to thrive is an identifiable medical diagnosis. This designation classifies children whose development is deficient in relation to the established norms and whose physical condition is incompatible with viability and growth. • Emotional abuse may be considered as nonphysical behavior or attitude that controls, intimidates, subjugates, demeans, punishes or isolates another person by using degradation, humiliation or fear. • Emotional neglect consists of acts or omissions that are judged by community standards and professional expertise to be psychologically damaging to the child. • Drug and alcohol neglect is a serious form of child maltreatment. • Medical neglect is the refusal of a parent or caretaker to obtain acceptable medical services for the child. • In Heinemann’s Appeal in 1880, the courts established the principle that when parents fail to provide medical care for their children, the state may intervene to do so. • One of the most emotional and hard-fought battles dealing with medical neglect concerns the conflict between parents’ religious beliefs that may prevent them from seeking and accepting medical care and the state’s interest in protecting children. • Abandonment is parental conduct that indicates a conscious rejection of the obligations of parenthood. It may take many forms and is usually established by presenting evidence of the parents leaving the child without proper care or custody. • Children who observe family violence exhibit a number of different responses. TESTBANK FOR CHAPTER 4 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Polansky and his associates established three major causes of neglect, they included: a. economic causes, psychological factors, and social forces. b. personalistic causes, social causes, and ecological causes. c. ecological causes, personalistic causes, and economic causes. d. social causes, economic causes, and psychological causes. Answer: c 2. Under the personalistic theory of child neglect, a. neglect is viewed as being caused by complex social, psychological, interpersonal behaviors. b. attributes child neglect to individual personality characteristics of the caretakers. c. neglect is viewed as being caused by a series of simple interactions involving personality factors of the abuser that indicate he or she is lacking in certain parenting skills. d. neglect is viewed as being caused by psycho-social factors such as poverty. Answer: b 3. Nonorganic Failure to Thrive (NFTT) is a condition in infants diagnosed by the presence of a. the infant is under the fifth percentile in both height and weight b. the infant at one time weighed and was of a height within the expected norm. c. the infant is under the fifth percentile in weight and was within the normal range at one time d. both a and b Answer: d 4. Emotional neglect consists of a. acts or omissions which are judged by the community standards and professional expertise to be psychologically damaging to the child. b. omissions by the parent or caretaker which are considered by experts to be psychologically damaging to the child. c. acts which result in psychological harm or injury to the child. d. both b and c. Answer: a 5. Hart and Brassard identified specific categories of emotional neglect which included a. spanking the child, rejecting the child, terrorizing the child and denying the child emotional responses. b. spurning the child, terrorizing the child, corrupting the child and spanking the child. c. spurning or rejecting the child, terrorizing the child, corrupting the child, and denying the child emotional responses. d. use of guilt, constant criticism and unrealistic expectations. Answer: c 6. Medical neglect occurs when a. the primary physician fails to take appropriate medical action to save the child from further injury. b. school personnel fail to report cases of suspected child abuse. c. the parent or caretaker agrees to acceptable medical services for the child. d. there is a refusal of a parent or caretaker to obtain acceptable medical services for the child. Answer: d 7. A parent may refuse to grant permission for medical treatment for his or her child a. if it violates the parent’s religious beliefs. b. if it violates the child’s religious beliefs. c. only if it violates both the parent’s and the child’s religious beliefs. d. never if it endangers the child’s wellbeing. Answer: d 8. Abandonment is a. parental conduct that indicates a conscious rejection of the obligations of parenthood. b. parental conduct that indicates that the parent may be rejecting the obligations of parenthood. c. a form of physical abuse. d. both b and c. Answer: a 9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of parents or caretakers who neglect their children? a. Lack of motivation. b. Inability to plan. c. Lack of knowledge. d. Inability to understand. Answer: d 10. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an emotionally neglected child? a. Exaggerated fearfulness. b. Substance abuse. c. Laziness. d. Habit disorders. Answer: c True-False Questions 1. One of the physical indicators of child neglect is a poor growth pattern. Answer: True 2. Behavioral indicators of child neglect include developmental lags, destructive to self and/or others, constant fatigue, depressed and frequent school absences. Answer: False [Note: Constant fatigue is a physical indicator not a behavioral indicator.] 3. Diseases such as chronic renal disease, food allergies or congenital heart disease may cause a child to exhibit symptoms similar to NFTT. Answer: True 4. Polansky’s Anatomy of Child Neglect includes the ecological theory of neglect, which is caused by stress as a result of living in poverty. Answer: False [Note: The economic theory is neglect as a result of poverty.] 5. Many researchers believe there is a correlation between the exposure of children to extreme violence and the eventual development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in these individuals. Answer: True 6. Abandonment is parental control that indicates a conscious rejection of the obligations of parenthood. Answer: True 7. The failure of a parent to obtain medical treatment of the child because of honest religious grounds is not considered as medical neglect. Answer: False 8. The term dirty home is used to identify a specific form of neglect. Answer: True 9. Child neglect is considered as the most common form of maltreatment. Answer: True 10. Children of rich parents are rarely neglected. Answer: False Essay Questions 1. Distinguish between physical abuse and neglect. Answer: Physical abuse and neglect are both forms of maltreatment, but they differ in their nature and impact: 1. Physical Abuse: This involves the deliberate use of force that causes injury or bodily harm to a child or vulnerable adult. It can include hitting, beating, burning, or any other form of physical harm. Physical abuse often leaves visible marks or injuries, such as bruises, cuts, or broken bones. It can also result in emotional trauma and long-term psychological effects. 2. Neglect: Neglect is the failure to provide for a child or vulnerable adult's basic needs, such as food, shelter, clothing, medical care, or supervision, to the extent that their health, safety, or well-being is at risk. Neglect can be physical, emotional, or educational. It can lead to malnutrition, poor hygiene, untreated medical conditions, or exposure to dangerous environments. Neglect can also have long-lasting effects on physical and mental health. In summary, physical abuse involves intentional harm through physical force, while neglect involves failing to meet a person's basic needs, which can also result in harm or endangerment. Both forms of maltreatment can have serious consequences and require intervention to ensure the safety and well-being of the individual. 2. Describe patterns of conduct that may cause emotional neglect in a child. Answer: Patterns of conduct that may cause emotional neglect in a child can vary but often involve consistent failure by caregivers to meet the child's emotional needs. Some common patterns include: 1. Ignoring or Dismissing Feelings: Caregivers consistently ignore or dismiss the child's feelings, telling them to "toughen up" or "stop being so sensitive." 2. Withholding Love and Affection: Caregivers do not show love or affection towards the child, such as rarely hugging, kissing, or praising them. 3. Emotional Unavailability: Caregivers are emotionally unavailable to the child, either due to their own emotional issues or preoccupation with other matters, leading the child to feel unseen or unheard. 4. Lack of Emotional Support: Caregivers do not provide the child with emotional support during times of stress, sadness, or difficulty, leaving the child to cope with their emotions alone. 5. Constant Criticism or Ridicule: Caregivers frequently criticize, belittle, or ridicule the child, damaging their self-esteem and sense of self-worth. 6. Isolation: Caregivers isolate the child from social interactions or experiences that are crucial for their emotional development, such as not allowing them to spend time with friends or participate in activities they enjoy. 7. Inconsistent or Unreliable Caregiving: Caregivers are inconsistent in meeting the child's emotional needs, leading to feelings of insecurity and instability. 8. Exposure to Domestic Violence: Witnessing domestic violence can also cause emotional neglect, as it creates an environment of fear and stress that can affect the child's emotional well-being. It's important to note that emotional neglect can have serious long-term effects on a child's mental health and development. Early recognition and intervention are crucial to addressing and preventing emotional neglect in children. 3. If a mother drinks alcohol while pregnant, should she automatically be accused of child neglect? Under what circumstances is the drinking of alcohol a contributing factor to child neglect? Answer: The issue of drinking alcohol during pregnancy is complex and should be approached with sensitivity and understanding. While there is a clear consensus among medical professionals that heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause serious harm to the fetus (known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders or FASDs), the question of whether a mother should be accused of child neglect for drinking alcohol while pregnant is not straightforward and depends on the circumstances. 1. Heavy Alcohol Consumption: If a pregnant woman is knowingly engaging in heavy alcohol consumption, despite being aware of the risks to her unborn child, there may be grounds for considering this as a form of child neglect. This is particularly true if the child is born with FASDs and suffers long-term health or developmental issues as a result. 2. Lack of Awareness or Support: In cases where a pregnant woman is not fully aware of the risks of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, or if she lacks access to adequate healthcare and support, it may be more appropriate to focus on education and support rather than accusations of neglect. 3. Addiction and Mental Health: If a pregnant woman is struggling with alcohol addiction or mental health issues that contribute to her drinking, it may be more appropriate to offer support and treatment rather than punitive measures. 4. Cultural and Societal Factors: It's important to consider cultural and societal factors that may influence a woman's behavior during pregnancy. In some cultures, alcohol consumption during pregnancy may be more accepted or even encouraged, making it more challenging to address as a form of neglect. 5. Legal Implications: In some jurisdictions, there may be legal implications for mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy, but these laws are often controversial and vary widely. In conclusion, while drinking alcohol during pregnancy can have serious consequences for the health of the unborn child, accusing a mother of child neglect should be approached with caution and consideration of the individual circumstances. Education, support, and access to healthcare are key components in addressing alcohol consumption during pregnancy and its potential impact on child welfare. 4. Describe the circumstances in which the state can intervene to order medical treatment for a child that violates the parent’s religious beliefs. Answer: The circumstances in which the state can intervene to order medical treatment for a child that violates the parent's religious beliefs generally involve situations where the child's health or life is at risk. These circumstances may vary depending on the legal jurisdiction, but some common scenarios include: 1. Life-Threatening Conditions: If a child has a medical condition that is life-threatening and requires immediate treatment, the state may intervene to ensure the child receives necessary medical care, even if the parents' religious beliefs oppose such treatment. 2. Serious Illness or Injury: In cases where a child has a serious illness or injury that requires medical intervention to prevent long-term harm or disability, the state may intervene if the parents' religious beliefs prevent them from seeking appropriate medical care. 3. Lack of Alternative Treatments: If there are no viable alternative treatments available that are consistent with the parents' religious beliefs and the child's condition requires medical intervention, the state may intervene to ensure the child receives necessary care. 4. Child's Wishes: In some cases, the child's wishes may be taken into consideration, especially if they are old enough to understand the consequences of not receiving medical treatment and express a desire to receive medical care. 5. Past History of Harm: If there is a history of the child suffering harm or neglect due to the parents' religious beliefs regarding medical treatment, the state may intervene to protect the child's welfare. 6. Court Order: In most cases, the state would need to obtain a court order to override the parents' refusal of medical treatment based on religious beliefs. This would involve a legal process where the court considers the best interests of the child and weighs the parents' religious rights against the child's right to receive necessary medical care. It's important to note that the threshold for state intervention in cases involving religious beliefs and medical treatment is typically high, and decisions are made on a case-by-case basis, with a focus on protecting the child's health and well-being. 5. What are behavioral indicators of neglected children? Answer: Behavioral indicators of neglected children can vary depending on the age of the child and the specific circumstances of the neglect, but some common signs include: 1. Poor Hygiene: Neglected children may appear dirty or unkempt, with unwashed hair, body odor, and untreated dental issues. 2. Inadequate Clothing: They may wear clothing that is ill-fitting, dirty, or inappropriate for the weather. 3. Untreated Medical Issues: Neglected children may have untreated medical or dental problems, such as infections, dental decay, or chronic illnesses. 4. Hunger or Malnutrition: They may frequently complain of being hungry or may hoard or steal food. 5. Poor School Attendance: Neglected children may frequently miss school or may have a pattern of arriving late or leaving early. 6. Poor Academic Performance: They may struggle academically, have difficulty concentrating, or exhibit developmental delays. 7. Withdrawal or Social Isolation: Neglected children may withdraw from social interactions, have few friends, or appear socially isolated. 8. Aggressive or Disruptive Behavior: Some neglected children may exhibit aggressive or disruptive behavior as a way to cope with their circumstances. 9. Depression or Anxiety: They may exhibit signs of depression, anxiety, or low self-esteem. 10. Lack of Supervision: Neglected children may be left unsupervised for long periods, leading to unsafe situations. 11. Hoarding or Stealing Food: Children may hoard or steal food due to lack of regular meals. 12. Poor Peer Relationships: They may struggle to form and maintain friendships due to social isolation or lack of social skills. It's important to note that these indicators alone do not necessarily indicate neglect, as they can also be caused by other factors. However, if these behaviors are observed along with other signs of neglect, it may indicate that the child is being neglected and may require intervention. Chapter 5 Sibling Abuse TEACHING POINTS • Sibling abuse is probably the most common form of family violence in the United States. • No one has accurate figures on the nature, type, or extent of sibling abuse. • Many acts of sibling abuse occur when the older or more powerful sibling has care or control over the victim. • Sibling abuse is any form of physical, mental, or sexual abuse inflicted by one child in a family unit on another. This definition covers the various types of abuse that will be discussed later. Additionally, it does not require that the child be related by birth; in some situations, for example, children from different marriages end up in the same household. • As with other types of family violence, sibling abuse can be divided into three distinct forms of abuse: physical, emotional, and sexual. • Some possible signs of sibling abuse include: One child always avoids their sibling; A child has changes in behavior, sleep patterns, eating habits, or has nightmares; A child acts out abuse in play; A child acts out sexually in inappropriate ways. • Factors that may contribute to sibling abuse include: Parents are mostly absence from home; Parents are involved in their children's lives; Parents are not emotionally available to the children; Parents see sibling rivalry as part of family life, rather than working to minimize it; Parents do not stop children when they are violent. • Often we think of sibling sex abuse as a sex crime, but more and more researchers are beginning to consider the crimes as a crime of power and authority. Power is common to child abuse, spouse abuse, and sibling abuse. Abuse is the weapon to achieving power and control, and is the general motive in sibling sexual abuse. • Intrafamilial sexual abuse was defined as incest and refers to any type of exploitative sexual contact occurring between relatives. • The effects of sibling sexual abuse are different and distinct from the effects of stranger or acquaintance abuse. Many times, the abuser and victim live together and the victim may feel trapped by the abuser over a long period of time. • One characteristic that is similar to other forms of sexual abuse is that the victim will feel powerless to stop the abuse. • Sibling abuse occurs at a higher rate among children in families in which both child abuse and spousal abuse are present. • Sibling assaults are higher in families with child abuse than in those with spousal abuse. • Although boys are more likely than girls to engage in sibling abuse, both sexes participate in this form of family violence. • Sibling abuse crosses all racial and socioeconomic lines. • Sibling abuse is highest in multi-assaultive families. • Serial abuse of siblings occurs when the perpetrator who is a member of the family first abuses one child and then abuses another sibling. • State courts have upheld the termination of parents’ rights on the basis of their abuse of siblings. TESTBANK FOR CHAPTER 5 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Sibling abuse a. is not a separate form of family violence. b. is a common form of family violence. c. is a rare form of family violence. d. both a and b. Answer: b 2. Early thinking regarding sibling abuse as a. relatively benign. b. extremely serious c. a rare form of family violence d. both a and b. Answer: a 3. Most authorities accept the proposition that sibling abuse a. can be cohesive in nature. b. is a rare form of family violence. c. occurs only when there is a large age difference between siblings. d. both a and c. Answer: a 4. Laredo established a continuum of motivations of perpetrators of sibling abuse. These include a. exploration. b. retribution c. power and control d. all of the above. Answer: d 5. According to Laredo, exploration a. is common in sibling sexual abuse. b. takes the form of play or games. c. is used to get even with the younger sibling for actual past slights. d. both a and b. Answer: b 6. According to O’Brien’s research on sibling abuse, siblings commit more serious types of abuse than other adolescent offenders. This increased sexual activity is based upon which of the following factors a. the secrecy that surrounds the activities of the family unit. b. the power and control aspect set forth by Laredo c. the easy and continuing access the sibling had to the victim. d. both a and c. Answer: d 7. Gelles and Cornell’s research on sibling abuse confirmed that a. sibling abuse is the most serious form of family violence. b. children who exercise power and control are more likely to abuse their siblings. c. as siblings grow older the abuse decreases. d. both and b. Answer: c 8. Hotaling and his associates established the following characteristics of sibling abuse. a. sibling abuse is highest in multi assualtive families. b. both sexes participate in sibling abuse. c. sibling abuses cross all race and socioeconomic lines. d. all of the above. Answer: d 9. Serial abuse of siblings a. occurs when the perpetrator who is a member of the family abuses first one child and then abuses another sibling. b. occurs when a stranger first abuses one child and then abuses another sibling. c. is limited to sexual abuse of siblings. d. both a and c. Answer: a 10. Which of the following is not an effect of sibling sexual abuse? a. The victim may feel trapped by the abuser. b. The victim may retaliate with anger or violence to the abuser. c. The victim may feel powerless to stop the abuse. d. The victim may feel betrayed by the fact that a brother or sister is hurting them. Answer: b 11. Involuntary sterilization of abusive parents: a. violates the Supreme-Court’s ruling of a parent’s “right to procreate.” b. is allowed by the Supreme Court in “limited situations.” c. is a form of termination of parental rights. d. Both a and b. Answer: d True-False Questions 1. Sibling abuse is probably the most common form of family violence in the United States. Answer: True 2. Similar to other forms of abuse, sibling abuse can be divided into four distinct forms of abuse: physical, neglect, emotional and sexual. Answer: False [Note: neglect is not a separate form of sibling abuse.] 3. Even though sibling abuse has been studied for over 30 years, there is still an absence of information regarding its characteristics. Answer: True 4. Termination of parental rights is one method currently used to prevent further injury to siblings. Answer: True 5. As a general rule, society tends to minimize sibling aggression. Answer: True 6. Failure to thrive is a symptom that sibling abuse may be present. Answer: True 7. Sibling abuse does not include child sexual abuse. Answer: False 8. Sibling abuse crosses all racial lines. Answer: True 9. Serial abuse of siblings occurs when the perpetrator who is a member of the family first abuses one child and then abuses another sibling. Answer: True 10. The effects of sibling sexual abuse are different and distinct from the effects of stranger or acquaintance abuse. Answer: True Essay Questions 1. List the characteristics of sibling abuse. Answer: Sibling abuse can take various forms, and its characteristics can include: 1. Physical Abuse: This includes hitting, kicking, punching, or any physical harm inflicted by one sibling on another. 2. Verbal Abuse: This involves name-calling, yelling, insulting, or any other form of verbal attack. 3. Emotional/Psychological Abuse: This includes behaviors that undermine a sibling's self-esteem, such as constant criticism, manipulation, or threats. 4. Sexual Abuse: This involves any unwanted sexual contact or behavior between siblings. 5. Neglect: This occurs when one sibling fails to provide necessary care or support to another. 6. Power Imbalance: Often, there is a significant power difference between the siblings, with one exerting control or dominance over the other. 7. Frequency and Severity: Sibling abuse can be a one-time occurrence or a pattern of behavior that is ongoing and escalates over time. 8. Context: Sibling abuse can occur in various contexts, such as within families experiencing high levels of conflict, stress, or dysfunction. 9. Age and Size Differences: Sibling abuse can be more likely to occur when there are significant age or size differences between siblings, as the older or larger sibling may feel more empowered to exert control. 10. Cultural Factors: Cultural beliefs and norms can influence how sibling relationships are perceived and managed, potentially impacting the likelihood and nature of sibling abuse. 2. Define serial abuse of siblings. Answer: Serial abuse of siblings refers to a pattern of ongoing and repeated abuse inflicted by one sibling on another. Unlike isolated incidents of conflict or aggression, serial abuse involves a consistent and persistent pattern of harmful behavior over time. This behavior can take various forms, including physical, verbal, emotional, or sexual abuse, and often involves a power imbalance where the abuser exerts control and dominance over the victim. Serial abuse of siblings can have serious long-term effects on the victim's physical and emotional well-being, as well as on the overall family dynamics. 3. Distinguish between sibling abuse and serial abuse of siblings. Answer: Sibling abuse refers to any form of abuse (physical, verbal, emotional, or sexual) that occurs between siblings. It can encompass a range of behaviors, from minor conflicts to more severe and harmful actions. Serial abuse of siblings, on the other hand, refers to a specific pattern of behavior where one sibling consistently and repeatedly engages in abusive actions towards another sibling over time. This pattern is characterized by a consistent power imbalance, with the abuser exerting control and dominance over the victim. In summary, sibling abuse is a broad term that can encompass various forms of abuse between siblings, while serial abuse of siblings refers to a specific pattern of ongoing and repeated abuse inflicted by one sibling on another. 4. List and define the three types of sibling abuse. Answer: The three types of sibling abuse are: 1. Physical Abuse: This type of abuse involves physical harm or injury inflicted by one sibling onto another. It can include hitting, punching, kicking, or any other form of physical violence. 2. Verbal/Emotional Abuse: Verbal or emotional abuse involves using words to hurt, intimidate, or control a sibling. This can include name-calling, yelling, belittling, or threatening behavior. 3. Sexual Abuse: Sexual abuse involves any unwanted or inappropriate sexual behavior between siblings. This can include sexual touching, molestation, or other forms of sexual exploitation. These types of abuse can have serious and lasting effects on the victims, including emotional trauma, low self-esteem, and difficulties in forming healthy relationships. It is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of these types of abuse and to take steps to prevent and address them if they occur. Chapter 6 Ritualistic Child Abuse TEACHING POINTS • Child abuse, neglect, and sexual molestation are difficult to accept, but satanic ritualistic abuse not only causes harm to children but strikes a chord in the collective consciousness as to the evil perpetrated by humanity. • A controversy exists as to the validity of many of the claims made by these survivors and to the extent of their abuse. • To understand this ritual abuse, it is necessary to understand the growth and development of the satanic movement. • One London police official stated that the ritual abuse of children is a hidden and unreported crime. Police in London have established a special unit to probe this type of crime and many of them believe they have only scratched the surface. • Satanism is the worship of Satan. Satan’s name is derived from early Egyptian theology in which Set, the killer of Osiris, represented the forces of disharmony and disorder. • Ritual abuse is not a new problem, but society is only just beginning to recognize the gravity and scope of this problem. • Ritual Abuse is defined as the psychological, sexual, spiritual, and/or physical assault on an unwilling human victim, committed by one or more people whose primary motive is to fulfill a prescribed ritual in order to achieve a specific goal or satisfy the perceived needs of their deity. • Recognition of ritualistic abuse is a critical aspect of this form of family violence. What may appear to be a rather simple form of child abuse or child sexual abuse may turn out to be just the tip of the iceberg. • The emotional, behavioral, and medical indicators present in a child who has been sexually abused may also indicate that the child has been ritualistically victimized. • Dissociative identity disorder is the existence within a person of two or more distinct personalities or personality states in which at least two of these personalities recurrently take full control of the person’s behavior. • Probably the most famous case involving child care takers and ritual abuse of children is the “McMartin Pre-School Case.” One positive factor in the case as that psychologists and police investigators changed their methods of interrogating young children. TESTBANK FOR CHAPTER 6 Multiple Choice Questions 1. One of the most important figures in the development of magic and mysticism published the book, Magick in Theory and Practice. His name was: a. Alister McClain b. Anton LaVey. c. Aleister Crowley d. Abbe Guinbourg. Answer: c 2. Who established the Church of Satan and drafted The Satanic Bible? a. Abbe Buinbourg. b. Aleister Crowley. c. Alister McClain. d. Anton LaVey. Answer: d 3. According to the Focus in your text dealing with day care abuse, what is used to silence young victims in day care settings? a. threats b. promises of candy c. treats d. both b and c. Answer: a 4. Ritualistic child abuse includes a. physical, emotional, ritual and sexual abuse. b. psychological, sexual, physical abuse involving the use of rituals. c. physical, emotional, sexual, ritual and neglect. d. extreme forms of physical and sexual abuse. Answer: b 5. Kahaner developed a typology of satanic groups, which includes a. publicly known cults, private cults, and formal Satanists. b. public cults, secret cults, and Satanists. c. private cults, self-styled Satanists, and publicly known cults. d. formal Satanists, self-styled Satanists, and publicly known cults. Answer: d 6. Self-styled Satanists a. are highly organized secretive groups who have styled certain aspects of the occult into a deadly organization that commit acts of abuse on children. b. do not belong to any formal satanic group. c. are loosely knit groups of individuals who band together occasionally to dabble in magic and the occult. d. are not considered as practicing black magic. Answer: c 7. Magic is a. illegal in most states. b. a method of harnessing secret powers to influence others which occurs during a ceremony. c. a method of harnessing the secret powers of nature to influence events for one’s own purpose. d. not real and is considered to be a figment of one’s imagination. Answer: c 8. According to many Satanists, transmission involves a. the belief that a four-wheel drive vehicle is better than a two-wheel drive vehicle. b. the belief that members of the cult can leave their body during certain times of the year. c. the belief that the qualities of objects of beings can be transmitted from them to another person. d. both b and c. Answer: c 9. Grimoires a. are handbooks or instruction manuals that set forth rituals carried out in satanic cults. b. are demons worshiped by many Satanists. c. are guarded by the cult leader and passed down from one generation to the next. d. both a and c. Answer: d 10. In assessing ritualistic abuse, Jones sets forth the following explanations: a. the events did in fact occur as described. b. the events did not occur and children or adult survivors are mistaken or telling lies. c. that some of the events did in fact happen and others did not. d. all of the above. Answer: d 11. Dissociative disorders a. may result from ritualistic abuse. b. include several recognized mental illnesses. c. may be sudden or gradual in nature. d. all of the above. Answer: d 12. Depersonalization disorder a. occurs when a patient’s feeling of reality is lost and is replaced with a feeling of unreality. b. occurs when a person cannot feel any emotion, such as love for another person. c. is a dissociative disorder. d. both a and c. Answer: d 13. Psychogenic amnesia involves a. a gradual loss of memory that results from being a victim of ritualistic abuse. b. a sudden loss of memory in which the person is unable to remember important personal information. c. loss of memory as a result of a blow to the head. d. both a and c. Answer: b 14. Multiple Personality Disorder a. is not recognized as a valid mental disorder and only occurs in fiction. b. is the existence within a person of two or more distinct personalities where at least two of these recurrently take full control of the person’s behavior. c. is the existence within two persons of the same personality. d. is the result of a loving caring childhood. Answer: b True-False Questions 1. The Church of Satan condones all forms of ritualistic child abuse. Answer: False 2. No single theory explains all the variations of ritualistic abuse. Answer: True 3. The caretakers in the McMartin case were all convicted of child abuse. Answer: False 4. The true extent of ritualistic child abuse is unknown. Answer: True 5. Generally cult indoctrination does not include the use of guilt. Answer: False 6. Magic is a method of harnessing the secret powers of nature to influence events for one’s own purpose. Answer: True 7. Self-styled Satanists are highly organized and secretive groups. Answer: False 8. Satanism usually embraces the opposite of Christianity. Answer: True 9. A preoccupation with death and dying is not generally a symptom of ritualistic abuse. Answer: False 10. A child’s knowledge of sexual activities far beyond his or her normal developmental stage may be a symptom of ritualistic abuse. Answer: True Essay Questions 1. Describe some of the factors that may lead a professional to conclude that a child has been a victim of ritualistic child abuse. How are these factors different from those that indicate physical or sexual abuse of children? Answer: The conclusion that a child has been a victim of ritualistic child abuse is complex and should be approached with caution, as it can have serious implications. Some factors that may lead a professional to suspect ritualistic abuse include: 1. Unusual Injuries or Marks: Injuries or marks that seem to have a ritualistic or symbolic nature, such as unusual patterns, symbols, or words carved into the skin. 2. Behavioral Signs: Extreme fear or avoidance of specific objects, places, or activities that may be associated with the abuse. Also, the child may exhibit behaviors that mimic the rituals performed during the abuse. 3. Disclosure: The child may disclose details of the abuse that suggest ritualistic elements, such as specific rituals, chants, or ceremonies. 4. Witness Statements: Statements from witnesses who observed the child in situations or locations where ritualistic abuse is suspected to have occurred. 5. Evidence at the Scene: Physical evidence at the scene of the abuse, such as candles, ropes, masks, or other items that could be associated with ritualistic practices. Factors indicating physical or sexual abuse of children, while also serious, may differ in some ways: 1. Physical Injuries: Physical abuse may result in more visible, non-accidental injuries, such as bruises, burns, fractures, or cuts, often with a pattern that indicates repeated abuse. 2. Behavioral Signs: Children who have been physically or sexually abused may exhibit changes in behavior, such as withdrawal, aggression, or regression in developmental milestones. 3. Disclosure: Children may disclose specific instances of physical or sexual abuse, including details of the perpetrator and the nature of the abuse. 4. Medical Findings: Medical examinations may reveal physical evidence of abuse, such as genital injuries in cases of sexual abuse or patterns of injury consistent with physical abuse. 5. Emotional and Psychological Effects: Children who have been physically or sexually abused may exhibit a range of emotional and psychological symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or self-harm. It's important to note that each case is unique, and professionals should consider the full context and all available information before reaching a conclusion. Collaboration with other professionals, such as medical personnel, social workers, and law enforcement, is crucial in cases of suspected child abuse to ensure the safety and well-being of the child. 2. Compare and contrast the arguments for and against the existence of ritualistic child abuse. Answer: Arguments for the existence of ritualistic child abuse often center around the following points: 1. Survivor Testimonies: Many survivors of alleged ritualistic abuse have come forward with detailed and consistent testimonies describing their experiences, including specific rituals, symbols, and perpetrators. 2. Therapeutic Evidence: Some therapists and mental health professionals argue that the patterns and themes seen in their clients' accounts of abuse point to the existence of organized and ritualistic abuse. 3. Forensic Evidence: In some cases, physical evidence, such as unusual injuries, markings, or items found at alleged abuse sites, has been interpreted as supporting the existence of ritualistic abuse. 4. Cultural and Historical Context: Some proponents argue that historical and anthropological evidence supports the idea that ritualistic abuse has occurred in various cultures throughout history. Arguments against the existence of ritualistic child abuse include: 1. Lack of Substantiated Evidence: Critics argue that there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the existence of widespread, organized ritualistic abuse. They point to the reliance on anecdotal evidence and the absence of corroborating physical evidence. 2. False Memories and Suggestibility: Skeptics suggest that some accounts of ritualistic abuse may be the result of false memories or suggestibility, especially in cases where memories are recovered through therapy or hypnosis. 3. Satanic Panic: Critics often reference the "Satanic Panic" of the 1980s and 1990s, during which widespread fear of satanic ritual abuse led to numerous false allegations and wrongful convictions. 4. Alternative Explanations: Some argue that behaviors and symptoms attributed to ritualistic abuse could be explained by other factors, such as mental health issues, trauma from other forms of abuse, or cultural influences. Overall, the debate over the existence of ritualistic child abuse is complex and contentious, with proponents and skeptics presenting differing interpretations of the available evidence. 3. What are some of the effects of ritualistic child abuse? Answer: Ritualistic child abuse, if it occurs, can have severe and long-lasting effects on victims. Some of the effects reported by survivors and observed by professionals include: 1. Physical Injuries: Victims may suffer physical injuries from the abuse, including cuts, bruises, burns, and other trauma. These injuries can range from minor to severe and may require medical attention. 2. Psychological Trauma: The psychological impact of ritualistic abuse can be profound. Victims may experience symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety. They may also develop other mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and dissociative disorders. 3. Behavioral Changes: Children who have experienced ritualistic abuse may exhibit a range of behavioral changes, including aggression, withdrawal, self-harm, and regressive behaviors such as bedwetting or thumb-sucking. 4. Cognitive Effects: Victims of ritualistic abuse may struggle with cognitive functioning, including problems with memory, concentration, and decision-making. They may also have difficulty processing and understanding their experiences. 5. Social and Relationship Issues: Ritualistic abuse can impact victims' ability to form healthy relationships and interact socially. They may have trust issues, struggle with intimacy, and experience difficulties in school or other social settings. 6. Sexual Dysfunction: In cases of sexual ritualistic abuse, victims may experience sexual dysfunction, including problems with intimacy, arousal, and sexual functioning. 7. Spiritual and Cultural Impact: For victims who come from religious or cultural backgrounds where ritualistic abuse is tied to spiritual beliefs, the abuse can have a profound impact on their beliefs and sense of identity. It's important to note that the effects of ritualistic abuse can vary widely depending on the nature and severity of the abuse, as well as the individual characteristics and resilience of the victim. Treatment for survivors often involves a combination of therapy, support groups, and other interventions to address the physical, emotional, and psychological effects of the abuse. 4. What is the most commonly used definition of ritualistic child abuse? Answer: The most commonly used definition of ritualistic child abuse is the intentional and systematic abuse of a child as part of a ritual or ceremony. This abuse is often associated with specific beliefs or practices and may involve physical, sexual, emotional, or spiritual abuse. Ritualistic abuse is characterized by its repetitive and structured nature, often involving multiple perpetrators and occurring over an extended period of time. The abuse may be intended to exert control over the child, in still fear, or serve some other purpose within the context of the ritual or belief system. 5. What are the classifications of satanic groups? Answer: Satanic groups can be classified into several broad categories based on their beliefs, practices, and organizational structures. It's important to note that these classifications are general and may not apply to all groups, as beliefs and practices can vary widely among individuals and organizations. Some common classifications include: 1. Theistic Satanism: Theistic Satanists believe in the existence of a literal, supernatural Satan and may worship or venerate Satan as a deity. They often incorporate elements of Christian, occult, or pagan belief systems into their practices. 2. LaVeyan Satanism: Founded by Anton LaVey in the 1960s, LaVeyan Satanism is an atheistic or humanistic belief system that does not worship or believe in a literal Satan. Instead, it emphasizes individualism, self-empowerment, and the pursuit of personal gratification. 3. Luciferianism: Luciferianism is a belief system that focuses on the figure of Lucifer as a symbol of enlightenment, knowledge, and individualism. Luciferians may or may not believe in a literal Satan and often emphasize personal development and spiritual growth. 4. Modern Satanic Cults: These are groups that may engage in ritualistic practices, often for shock value or as a form of rebellion against societal norms. They may not adhere to a specific set of beliefs or practices and may be more focused on individual or group expression. 5. Criminal or Abusive Groups: Some groups that identify as Satanic may engage in criminal activities or abuse, including ritualistic abuse. It's important to distinguish these groups from legitimate religious or philosophical movements. These classifications are not exhaustive, and there is significant diversity within and between groups that identify as Satanic. As with any belief system or subculture, it's important to approach the topic with an open mind and a critical perspective, taking care to distinguish between legitimate expressions of belief and harmful or criminal behavior. 6. Why is there skepticism in law enforcement and scholars about satanic cults and ritualistic child abuse, and why do others accept their existence? Answer: Skepticism about the existence of satanic cults and ritualistic child abuse exists among some law enforcement officials and scholars due to several factors: 1. Lack of Substantiated Evidence: Critics argue that there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the widespread existence of organized satanic cults or ritualistic abuse. They point to the reliance on anecdotal evidence and the absence of corroborating physical evidence in many cases. 2. False Memories and Suggestibility: Some researchers suggest that allegations of ritualistic abuse may be the result of false memories or suggestibility, especially in cases where memories are recovered through therapy or hypnosis. 3. Satanic Panic: The 1980s and 1990s saw a period of widespread fear and hysteria about satanic cults and ritualistic abuse, known as the "Satanic Panic." This period led to numerous false allegations and wrongful convictions, casting doubt on the validity of some claims. 4. Alternative Explanations: Critics argue that behaviors and symptoms attributed to ritualistic abuse could be explained by other factors, such as mental health issues, trauma from other forms of abuse, or cultural influences. 5. Professional Bias: Some skeptics suggest that professionals involved in investigating or treating cases of ritualistic abuse may have a bias towards finding evidence of abuse, leading to a confirmation bias in their assessments. On the other hand, some law enforcement officials, scholars, and advocates accept the existence of satanic cults and ritualistic abuse based on several factors: 1. Survivor Testimonies: Many survivors of alleged ritualistic abuse have come forward with detailed and consistent testimonies describing their experiences, including specific rituals, symbols, and perpetrators. 2. Therapeutic Evidence: Some therapists and mental health professionals argue that patterns and themes seen in their clients' accounts of abuse point to the existence of organized and ritualistic abuse. 3. Forensic Evidence: In some cases, physical evidence, such as unusual injuries, markings, or items found at alleged abuse sites, has been interpreted as supporting the existence of ritualistic abuse. 4. Cultural and Historical Context: Some proponents argue that historical and anthropological evidence supports the idea that ritualistic abuse has occurred in various cultures throughout history. The debate over the existence of satanic cults and ritualistic abuse is complex and contentious, with differing interpretations of the available evidence. It highlights the importance of approaching such claims with skepticism and critical thinking, while also acknowledging the need to investigate and address cases of abuse effectively. Test Bank for Family Violence: Legal, Medical, and Social Perspectives Harvey Wallace, Cliff Roberson 9780205959877
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