This Document Contains Chapters 3 to 4 Chapter 3: Social Problems Related to Sexual Behavior MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which University of Chicago sociologist was accused of wanting to legitimize gay sex? A) James Goodman B) Melanie Laughenberg C) Rita Jones D) Edward Laumann Answer: D 2. Today, the professor will be lecturing about those activities associated with arousal, intercourse, and reproduction. The topic of the lecture is __________. A) sex B) symbiosis C) pornography D) prostitution Answer: A 3. What is the renting of one’s body for sexual purposes called? A) Prostitution B) Sadism C) Pedophilia D) Masochism Answer: A 4. In ancient Greece, high-class prostitutes were called _________. A) temple prostitutes B) sadists C) masochists D) hetaerae Answer: D 5. In the United States, prostitution __________. A) is illegal in every state B) is illegal in every state except Nevada C) is illegal in every state except Hawaii D) is illegal in every state except California Answer: B 6. How many customers per year does the average prostitute have? A) 302 B) 561 C) 694 D) 826 Answer: C 7. What kind of prostitute has a client arrange a date and privately negotiates the inclusion of sexual services for a set fee? A) Massage parlors B) Corporate prostitution C) Escort services D) Temple prostitution Answer: C 8. What kind of prostitute is hired by businesses for their best-paying clients as a perk? A) Massage parlors B) Corporate prostitution C) Escort services D) Temple prostitution Answer: B 9. Jerome is visiting Brazil for 3 weeks. Before he leaves the United States, his father instructs him to avoid renting out a woman’s body for sexual purposes while he is out of the country. Jerome’s father instructed him to avoid __________. A) corporate prostitution B) temple prostitution C) sex tourism D) going on dates Answer: C 10. The most requested sexual act for prostitutes is __________. A) role playing B) sadism C) masochism D) oral sex Answer: D 11. When early inhabitants viewed prostitution as a service to their gods, it is __________. A) sacrifice to the gods B) sacred prostitution C) temple prostitution D) village prostitution Answer: C 12. Cara makes money by renting out her body for sexual purposes. Cara is involved in __________. A) sadism B) pedophilia C) prostitution D) masochism Answer: C 13. Tai Min is a 14-year-old girl who was encouraged by government officials to rent out her body for sexual purposes to help her country’s economy. Tai Min is being asked to engage in __________. A) patriotic prostitution B) corporate prostitution C) house prostitution D) convention prostitution Answer: A 14. When asked by the prostitute which services he is interested in, John tells her that he can only achieve sexual gratification by inflicting pain on others. John is a __________. A) masochist B) functionalist C) symbiosis D) sadist Answer: D 15. When asked by the prostitute which services he is interested in, Olaf tells her that he can only achieve sexual gratification by having others inflict pain on him. Olaf is a __________. A) masochist B) functionalist C) symbiosis D) sadist Answer: A 16. What is the underground channeling of illegitimate services to clients called? A) Safety valve B) Correlation C) Black market D) Trigger Answer: C 17. Amy is a prostitute. She believes that her relationships with her clients are mutually beneficial. As such, these relationships are built on __________. A) correlation B) symbiosis C) black market D) trigger Answer: B 18. In California prisons, condoms are banned. In spite of this, some inmates are able to illegally obtain condoms. What is this underground channeling of condoms to inmates an example of? A) Symbiosis B) A correlation C) A black market D) A trigger Answer: C 19. Liz believes that prostitution is just one of the many ways that men exploit and degrade women. Liz’s views are in line with __________. A) functionalists B) feminists C) symbolic interactionists D) ecologists Answer: B 20. What is the primary reason that young girls (ages 10 to 15) become prostitutes? A) Money B) To receive drugs C) They had “fallen in love” with a pimp D) To seek revenge on their family Answer: C 21. Which prostitutes frequent truck stops, moving from one truck to another in search of clients? A) Bar girls B) Street walkers C) Parking lot lizards D) Stag party workers Answer: C 22. What is the simplest reason that compels women to become prostitutes? A) Money B) Sex C) Love D) To hurt their families Answer: A 23. Susan is an elite prostitute. She often flies to a different city to meet with her clients. She is a __________. A) call girl B) hotel prostitute C) house prostitute D) bar girl Answer: A 24. When a person has conflicting emotions regarding the decision to become a prostitute, this is called __________. A) role ambivalence B) drift C) symbiosis D) professionalization Answer: A 25. Rochelle is a prostitute. She can be found hailing passing cars to meet her clients. She is a __________. A) convention prostitute B) apartment prostitute C) bar girl D) streetwalker Answer: D 26. Sally feels both attracted to and repulsed by prostitution. She is experiencing __________. A) normalization B) correlation C) role ambivalence D) safety valves Answer: C 27. The process involved in becoming a prostitute has how many stages? A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2 Answer: C 28. What is the first stage involved in becoming a prostitute? A) Symbiosis B) Drift C) Transitional deviance D) Professionalization Answer: B 29. Prostitutes gather in public settings. For female prostitutes, these are known as red-light districts. What is the equivalent for males? A) Red light areas B) Patriotic spots C) Meat racks D) Gigolo joints Answer: C 30. Amelia is a prostitute. She tells herself that what she is doing is normal. This reflects which stage? A) Black market stage B) Drift stage C) Professionalization stage D) Transitional deviance stage Answer: D 31. Ophelia is a prostitute and she identifies herself as such. Ophelia is in the __________. A. black market stage B. drift stage C. professionalization stage D. transitional deviance stage Answer: C 32. Laurie started having sex when she was 11 years old. Now that she is 16, she is beginning to spend more and more time with boys who have drugs. She gets high with them and they provide her with drugs. Laurie’s choices are channeling her towards prostitution. Laurie is in the __________. A) black market stage B) drift stage C) professionalization stage D) transitional deviance stage Answer: B 33. Male prostitutes have a hierarchy. At the bottom are street hustlers, in the middle are bar hustlers, and at the top are escort prostitutes who work for dating agencies. At each level, the charge per trick increases and the prestige goes up. What best characterizes this hierarchy relative to that of female prostitutes? A) They are basically the same. B) They are completely different. C) The escort role is the same, but the others are different. D) The male hierarchy is less egalitarian. Answer: A 34. Wesley was suspended from school for having a picture of a naked woman in his locker. The principal of the school noted that the picture was filthy and immoral. By the principal’s standard, the picture represented __________. A) symbiosis B) pornography C) paraphilia D) correlation Answer: B 35. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it is legal to possess computer-generated images of children in sex acts in the case of __________. A) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition B) California v. Miller C) Roth v. United States D) Renton v. Playtime Theatres Answer: A 36. Which perspective asserts that definitions of appropriate sexual behavior will always be in flux because until people attach meaning to something, words are merely sounds and human acts merely behavior, neither appropriate nor inappropriate? A) The conflict perspective B) The feminist perspective C) The common sense perspective D) The symbolic interactionist perspective Answer: D 37. The National Commission on Obscenity and Pornography concluded that pornography __________. A) stimulates the college-educated more than the less educated B) stimulates the old more than the young C) stimulates the religiously active more than the religiously inactive D) should be outlawed Answer: A 38. To study the impact of pornography, President Ronald Reagan appointed __________. A) the National Commission on Obscenity and Pornography B) Lollitots and Moppets C) the Meese Commission D) the Free Speech Coalition Answer: C 39. The Meese Commission concluded that pornography poses a serious threat to __________. A) men B) children C) women D) the lower classes Answer: C 40. Just because two things happen at the same time does not necessarily mean that one of them caused the other one to occur. The axiom that explains this statement is __________. A) correlation does not equal causation B) measure twice, be certain C) consent is not given if it is not informed D) always triangulate sources Answer: A 41. Although many children who were sexually abused become prostitutes, not all sexually abused children enter this profession. As such, the relationship between sexual abuse and prostitution involves __________. A) segregation B) correlation C) normalizing D) professionalization Answer: B 42. Since the 1990s, the rape rate in the United States has __________. A) increased B) decreased C) remained the same D) fluctuated wildly Answer: B 43. In Denmark and Japan, what happened when they made the sale of hard-core pornography legal? A) Sexual abuse in families increased. B) Sex crimes against children dropped. C) The incidence of rape increased dramatically. D) They saw decreases in use of prostitutes. Answer: B 44. Vivian views pornography as a sin and immoral. She represents what point of view __________. A) conflict perspective B) feminist C) religious conservative D) liberal Answer: C 45. The idea of legalizing child pornography in order to protect children goes against __________. A) the conflict perspective B) the feminist perspective C) the common sense perspective D) the symbolic interactionist perspective Answer: C 46. Which group of people is most likely to view the spread of pornography as synonymous with moral decay? A) Functionalists B) Democrats C) Republicans D) Religious conservatives Answer: D 47. The idea that people who find sexual acts repugnant should not have to witness them is known as what kind of right? A) Freedom of B) Freedom from C) Segregation D) Privacy Answer: B 48. Two people agree to exchange sex for money. Although this is a crime in most places in the United States, sociologists think of this transaction as __________. A) immoral B) pornographic C) victimless D) morally offensive Answer: C 49. Which of the following will continue to drive changes in pornography? A) Technology and profits B) Morality and availability of pornography C) Media and the customer D) Cable television and art Answer: A 50. The fact that prostitution has always been around can lead us to make which conclusion? A) Modern theories and research will finally bring about an end to prostitution. B) Sociologists and other scientists will be able to show how people should not care about the moral aspect. C) Taxing prostitution would have added greatly to the world’s wealth. D) We will always have some form of prostitution. Answer: D FILL IN THE BLANK 51. What is known as the “world’s oldest profession” because we find evidence of it from every civilization? Answer: Prostitution 52. As a type of service to the gods, __________.required every woman to perform an act of prostitution before she was allowed to marry. Answer: temple prostitutions 53. __________.concluded that prostitutes provide a sexual outlet for men. Answer: Kingsley Davis 54. A mutually beneficial relationship such as between those who provide a service and those who purchase that service is built on __________. Answer: symbiosis 55. __________.are the most frequently arrested prostitutes. Answer: Streetwalkers 56. __________.refers to writings, pictures, or objects of a sexual nature that people object to as being filthy or immoral. Answer: Pornography 57. The religious Indian book that dates from the 8th century and is explicit in sexual representation is called __________. Answer: Kama Sutra 58. When two things happen together it is known as __________. Answer: correlation 59. Because prostitution is a commercial transaction, some argue it should be __________. Answer: legal 60. Illegal acts between consenting adults, such as prostitution, are called __________. Answer: victimless crimes TRUE/FALSE 61. All societies control human sexual behavior. Answer: True 62. Sex is strictly a personal matter. Answer: False 63. The average prostitute has 300 customers a year. Answer: False 64. Functionalists conclude that prostitution is a form of social control over sexual behaviors. Answer: True 65. Male prostitutes have a hierarchy that is very different from that of female prostitutes. Answer: False 66. Pornography has become so common that we can say that the United States has become pornified. Answer: True 67. There is no evidence that pornography causes rape. Answer: True 68. Pornography protects women and children from rape. Answer: False 69. Child pornography is a victimless crime. Answer: False 70. Some believe pornography should be legal because it is a commercial transaction. Answer: True SHORT ANSWER 71. Characterize the men who benefit from the sexual outlet provided by prostitutes. Answer: Men who benefit from the sexual outlet provided by prostitutes typically seek immediate gratification without emotional commitment or relational complexities. They often prioritize anonymity, convenience, and specific sexual preferences that may not be easily fulfilled through conventional relationships. 72. Explain the 3 stages involved in becoming a prostitute. Answer: 1. Entry: Involves initial engagement due to financial need, coercion, or influence by peers or family. 2. Adaptation: Includes adjusting to the lifestyle, managing stigma, and developing survival skills. 3. Integration: Occurs when prostitution becomes a normalized or preferred livelihood, often involving identity shifts and continued reliance on the profession for income and stability. 73. Explain the techniques used by boys who maintain a heterosexual identity and yet perform sexual acts with other males. Answer: Boys who maintain a heterosexual identity while engaging in sexual acts with other males often use compartmentalization, framing these acts as experiments or rites of passage rather than indicators of sexual orientation. They may emphasize their attraction to females publicly while seeking sexual experiences with males privately, often influenced by peer pressure, curiosity, or a desire to conform to social norms. 74. What are the subjective concerns that surround prostitution as a social problem? Answer: Subjective concerns surrounding prostitution as a social problem include moral and ethical debates, perceptions of exploitation and human trafficking, societal stigma and discrimination against sex workers, and concerns about public health and safety. These concerns reflect personal, cultural, and societal values and attitudes, influencing how prostitution is viewed and addressed in different communities. 75. What is the pornifying of America? Answer: The pornifying of America refers to the increasing prevalence and normalization of pornographic content and sexualized imagery in mainstream media and culture. This phenomenon impacts societal attitudes toward sex, relationships, and body image, often blurring the lines between pornography and everyday media consumption. ESSAY 76. How would functionalists, conflict-feminist theorists, and symbolic interactionists analyze the prostitute/pimp relationship? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Apply each of the major theories to analyzing this relationship. • Explain the social dynamics of the pimp/prostitute relationship. • Identify points of agreement and disagreement to put together a coherent explanation. Sample Answer: • Functionalists: They might view the prostitute/pimp relationship as fulfilling certain societal functions, such as regulating sexual behavior and providing economic opportunities for marginalized individuals, despite the negative consequences. • Conflict-Feminist Theorists: They would likely see this relationship as a manifestation of gender and economic inequalities, where pimps exploit prostitutes, perpetuating male dominance and women's oppression within a capitalist framework. • Symbolic Interactionists: They would focus on the daily interactions and meanings constructed between prostitutes and pimps, examining how roles, identities, and social norms are negotiated and maintained within this relationship. 77. Compare and contrast the different types of prostitutes. Which ones have the highest status? Do male prostitutes work the same way? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain each of the types of prostitutes: escorts, corporate prostitutes, call girls, convention prostitutes, stag party workers, hotel prostitutes, streetwalkers, parking lot lizards and male prostitutes. • Rank them according to status and explain how they achieve this status. • Note the differences and similarities with male prostitutes. Sample Answer: • Street Prostitutes: Operate in public spaces and often face high risks and low earnings. • Brothel Prostitutes: Work in establishments, typically with more safety and higher earnings. • Escort Prostitutes: Provide services through agencies or independently, often catering to wealthier clients and enjoying higher status and earnings. • Call Girls: Similar to escorts but often work independently with a high degree of discretion, generally having the highest status and earnings. Highest Status: Call girls typically have the highest status due to their discretion, safety, and high earnings. Male Prostitutes: Male prostitutes may work similarly but often face different societal attitudes and demand dynamics. They might operate as escorts, street workers, or through online platforms, but the stigma and market can vary significantly compared to female prostitutes. 78. Explain how the Supreme Court’s Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition decision impacted child pornography. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Note the laws against child pornography now. • Explain the Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition decision. • Analyze the impact of the decision on the boundary for child pornography. • Identify the response of Congress with the PROTECT Act. Sample Answer: The Supreme Court's decision in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002) struck down portions of the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, which banned "virtual" child pornography, or images that appear to depict minors engaging in sexual acts but were produced without using real children. The Court ruled that these provisions were overly broad and violated the First Amendment's free speech protections, as they could criminalize material that did not involve actual exploitation of children. 79. Compare and contrast the feminist debate concerning pornography. Discuss how the debate has impacted the porn industry. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Define pornography. • Articulate the feminist responses to pornography as exploitation or empowerment. • Note the responses from the pornography industry. Sample Answer: The feminist debate on pornography is divided primarily between anti-pornography feminists and sex-positive feminists. Anti-pornography feminists, like Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, argue that pornography is inherently exploitative and harmful to women, perpetuating violence, misogyny, and the objectification of women. They advocate for stringent regulation or prohibition. Sex-positive feminists, on the other hand, view pornography as a form of sexual expression and empowerment. They argue that it can be consensual and positive, challenging traditional sexual norms and providing a space for exploring diverse sexualities. This debate has impacted the porn industry by prompting increased scrutiny and calls for ethical production practices. It has led to the rise of feminist and ethical pornography, which emphasizes consent, fair treatment, and diverse representation, while also challenging mainstream narratives and production methods in the industry. 80. On what grounds could someone argue for the legalization of prostitution? What would be the arguments against it? How do you feel? Why? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain why prostitution is illegal. • Identify the arguments against making prostitution legal. • Apply theories to explain these arguments. • Synthesize these into your own opinion. Sample Answer: Arguments for Legalization: 1. Safety and Health: Legalization could improve safety and health conditions for sex workers by enabling regulation and access to medical care. 2. Human Rights: It respects the autonomy and rights of individuals to engage in consensual adult activities. 3. Reduction of Crime: Legalization could reduce the involvement of organized crime and human trafficking in the sex trade. 4. Economic Benefits: It could provide a legitimate source of income for sex workers and generate tax revenue. Arguments Against Legalization: 1. Exploitation and Abuse: Critics argue that it could legitimize exploitation and abuse, especially of vulnerable populations. 2. Moral and Ethical Concerns: Some view prostitution as morally wrong and harmful to societal values. 3. Increased Human Trafficking: There is concern that legalization might increase human trafficking under the guise of legal sex work. 4. Public Health Risks: Potential for increased spread of sexually transmitted infections if not properly regulated. Personal View: My perspective is neutral and fact-based. However, I recognize that the debate involves complex ethical, legal, and social dimensions, and any stance should consider the balance between protecting individual rights and addressing potential harms. Chapter 4: Alcohol and Other Drugs MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer. This reflects __________. A) psychological dependence B) trail mix C) subjective concern D) an objective condition Answer: D 2. Many parents are worried that tobacco advertisements that use cartoon characters will encourage young people to smoke. This reflects __________. A) psychological dependence B) trail mix C) subjective concern D) an objective condition Answer: C 3. __________ is using drugs in such a way that they harm one’s health, impair one’s physical or mental functioning, or interfere with one’s social life. A) Drug abuse B) Drug addiction C) Binging D) Withdrawal Answer: A 4. A __________ is a substance that people take to produce a change in their thinking, consciousness, emotions, bodily functions, or behavior. A) trail mix B) drug C) binge D) methadone Answer: B 5. When Phyllis wakes up in the morning, she feels that she needs a boost to get her moving. She drinks a jumbo cup of coffee to get a caffeine “fix.” Here, Phyllis is using the coffee as __________. A) a binge B) trail mix C) methadone D) a drug Answer: D 6. Harvey’s drug use is interfering with his health and how he gets along in life. This reflects __________. A) a social problem B) a personal problem C) withdrawal D) craving Answer: B 7. U.S. citizens are demanding that the government do something about the increasing number of methamphetamine labs set up in rural, urban, and suburban areas. This reflects __________. A) a social problem B) a personal problem C) withdrawal D) craving Answer: A 8. Omar would rather use heroin than spend time with his family. His wife is fed up and she is planning to leave him. This is a case of __________. A) drug abuse B) drug addiction C) binging D) withdrawal Answer: A 9. Nirant feels that he will be unable to make it through the day if he does not get his daily dosage of cocaine. As such, Nirant is experiencing __________. A) withdrawal B) drug addiction C) a motivational syndrome D) a binge Answer: B 10. Michael is vacationing with his family at the Grand Canyon. It has been three days since his last heroin hit. As such, Michael is experiencing aches and pains, nervousness, anxiety, and depression. This is a case of __________. A) withdrawal B) a motivational syndrome C) drug addiction D) a binge Answer: A 11. As soon as Vicki wakes up in the morning, she experiences an intense desire to drink a cup of coffee. This desire is called __________. A) withdrawal B) craving C) a binge D) a motivational syndrome Answer: B 12. Although Drucilla quit smoking over a year ago, she still has an occasional desire for a smoke immediately after sex. In these moments, Drucilla is experiencing __________. A) withdrawal B) psychological dependence C) a binge D) a motivational syndrome Answer: B 13. A movement called __________ began to turn new immigrants into sober, godly people. A) withdrawal B) Temperance C) Prohibition D) abstinence Answer: B 14. Prohibition occurred with which amendment? A) Fifteenth B) Seventeenth C) Eighteenth D) Nineteenth Answer: C 15. Since the 1950s, the number of people locked away in mental institutions has __________. A) increased B) decreased C) remained the same D) been impossible to track Answer: B 16. Alcohol helps people to feel more sociable. This reflects alcohol’s __________. A) dysfunction B) deficit disorder C) function D) illegality Answer: C 17. Many people lose their jobs, their homes, and their families because of alcohol. This reflects alcohol’s __________. A) dysfunction B) deficit disorder C) function D) illegality Answer: A 18. Meredith believes that the penalty for crack cocaine is more punitive than the penalty for powder cocaine because crack cocaine is more commonly used among the poor. Meredith’s ideas are in line with __________. A) functionalism B) symbolic interactionism C) feminism D) conflict theory Answer: D 19. Aswad believes that mind-altering illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and heroin divert the attention and energy of poor and exploited minorities away from their oppression. Because the drug abusers are increasingly concerned about getting high, they do not focus on changing society to increase their opportunities. Aswad’s beliefs are in line with __________. A) functionalism B) symbolic interactionism C) feminism D) conflict theory Answer: D 20. Kobe believes that in an analysis of the “harm” of illegal drugs in America, researchers should consider the definition of harm from the viewpoint of the users, the dealers, and the government. Kobe’s ideas are in line with __________. A) functionalism B) conflict theory C) symbolic interactionism D) feminist theory Answer: C 21. Inez believes that in an analysis of the “harm” of illegal drugs in America, a researcher should consider whether or not drugs interfere with people reaching their goals. Inez’s ideas are in line with __________. A) functionalism B) conflict theory C) symbolic interactionism D) feminist theory Answer: A 22. Tianju believes that in an analysis of the “harm” of illegal drugs in America, a researcher should consider whether or not drugs lull poor minorities into acceptance of their oppressed state. Tianju’s ideas are in line with __________. A) functionalism B) conflict theory C) symbolic interactionism D) feminist theory Answer: B 23. To cope with the grief of losing her husband, Mary’s physician offered her a prescription for Valium. This illustrates __________. A) the medicalization of human problems B) a motivational syndrome C) fetal narcotic syndrome D) methadone maintenance Answer: A 24. The __________.involves offering a medical solution for the difficulties that people confront in everyday life. A) medicalization of human problems B) a motivational syndrome C) fetal narcotic syndrome D) methadone maintenance Answer: A 25. Drake is five and has been prescribed Ritalin. He uses this for __________. A) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) B) diabetes C) cancer D) depression Answer: A 26. Mark’s mother is telling the doctor that she has observed a few things about Mark since their last physician visit, which was over a year ago. She reports that Mark typically does not finish his homework, is unable to complete class assignments in the time allowed, and seems generally disorganized and forgetful. Mark is exhibiting symptoms of __________. A) a motivational syndrome B) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) C) fetal narcotic syndrome D) methadone maintenance Answer: B 27. Which of the following is true? A) Marijuana is the most used drug by college students. B) Men use more drugs than women. C) Half of college aged women binge drank during the past two weeks. D) Drug use is virtually non-existent in contemporary U.S. society. Answer: B 28. While at her sister’s bachelorette party, Heather drank six shots of tequila in a row. This is an example of __________. A) craving B) addiction C) methadone maintenance D) binge drinking Answer: D 29. Of all drug abuse problems, the most expensive is __________. A) cocaine B) alcohol C) heroin D) nicotine Answer: B 30. What percentage of marijuana smokers become addicted to cannabis? A) 2-3% B) 3-5% C) 10-12% D) 13-15% Answer: A 31. Today, marijuana possession is subject to punishment __________. A) in 50 states B) in 49 states C) in 48 states D) in 47 states Answer: C 32. __________ are people who have severe alcohol-related problems. A) Alcoholics B) Addicts C) Moral entrepreneurs D) The homeless Answer: A 33. Cocaine is most commonly used to __________. A) heighten sexual desire B) anesthetize patients before surgery C) obtain a high D) provide a hallucination Answer: C 34. The preferred method of using cocaine is __________. A) freebasing B) injecting C) snorting D) smoking Answer: C 35. Crack cocaine is most likely to be used by __________. A) whites B) Asians C) African Americans D) Native Americans Answer: C 36. Mr. Humphries has severe alcohol-related problems. As such, Mr. Humphries is a(n) __________. A) alcoholic B) social drinker C) moral entrepreneur D) homeless person Answer: A 37. Irene continued to drink alcohol while she was pregnant. Her newborn baby is addicted to alcohol. The baby is experiencing __________. A) fetal alcohol syndrome B) fetal narcotic syndrome C) a motivational syndrome D) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Answer: A 38. The popularity of marijuana has __________. A) Decreased B) remained the same C) increased D) been impossible to measure Answer: A 39. __________ paved the way for a black market in cocaine. A) The Harrison Act B) The Marijuana Tax Act C) U.S. v. Ricky Davis D) Roe v. Wade Answer: A 40. The most famous hallucinogen is __________. A) peyote B) cocaine C) mescaline D) LSD Answer: D 41. Peyote is commonly used among __________. A) African Americans B) Asian Americans C) Hispanic Americans D) Native Americans Answer: D 42. Rosemarie is a speed freak. After using, she hallucinates and becomes aggressive. During these periods, Rosemarie experiences __________. A) amphetamine psychosis B) a motivational syndrome C) withdrawal D) fetal narcotic syndrome Answer: A 43. __________ are so common they are called “gym candy.” A) Narcotics B) Barbiturates C) Anabolic steroids D) Prescription drugs Answer: C 44. Khadijah is addicted to heroin. She just had a newborn baby and the baby is also addicted to the drug. Khadijah’s newborn is experiencing __________. A) fetal narcotic syndrome B) fetal alcohol syndrome C) a motivational syndrome D) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Answer: A 45. A __________ approach is the current sentiment in the United States as it relates to drugs. A) get-tough B) three strikes, you’re out C) rehabilitative D) restitution Answer: A 46. A drug program that transfers addiction from illegal heroin to a synthetic narcotic is called __________. A) cold turkey B) methadone maintenance C) hillbilly heroin D) trail mix Answer: B 47. ___________ is a successful drug program whose principles have been applied to other addiction treatment programs. A) Immediate withdrawal B) Stop addiction now C) DARE D) Alcoholics Anonymous Answer: D 48. Ms. Lugano is addicted to heroin. She is interested in a drug treatment program that will transfer her addiction from illegal heroin to a legal drug. Ms. Lugano is interested in __________. A) craving B) withdrawal C) methadone maintenance D) drug education Answer: C 49. John is an alcoholic and wants to enrol in a treatment program. He is likely to enrol in __________. A) The Seven Step Treatment Program B) Withdrawal from Alcohol Program C) Alcoholics Anonymous D) Drug Education Program Answer: C 50. The future of drug use is likely to include __________. A) complete prohibition B) advances in chemistry resulting in new drugs C) complete legalization D) a dividing of society Answer: B FILL IN THE BLANK 51. Drug dependence is called __________. Answer: addiction 52. __________ is a desire for the drug even when the craving is over. Answer: Psychological dependence 53. Mood altering drugs are called __________. Answer: psychopharmaceuticals 54. __________ sees drug laws as political tools. Answer: Conflict theory 55. __________ suggests that illegal drugs are harmful and legal drugs are not. Answer: Common sense 56. Harry Anslinger, a man who crusaded against marijuana, was known as __________. Answer: a moral entrepreneur 57. __________ is sometimes called “embalming fluid” by users. Answer: PCP 58. When methamphetamine users experience hallucinations, aggression, and/or feelings of paranoia, this is called __________. Answer: amphetamine psychosis 59. When a pregnant woman who uses narcotics delivers a baby who is addicted, the baby suffers from __________. Answer: fetal narcotic syndrome 60. __________ declared a “war on drugs” in the 1980s. Answer: George H. W. Bush TRUE/FALSE 61. In the 1950s, doctors recommended cigarettes for one’s health. Answer: True 62. What qualifies as drug abuse depends on social norms. Answer: True 63. Some call OxyContin “hillbilly heroin.” Answer: True 64. Binge drinking is defined the same way for men and women. Answer: False 65. At one point, Coca-Cola contained cocaine. Answer: True 66. Men are taught that drinking is macho. Answer: True 67. Light-to-moderate drinking may have positive health consequences. Answer: True 68. There have been no positive aspects found of marijuana. Answer: False 69. LSD is a hallucinogen. Answer: True 70. Formal drug education programs result in more drug use. Answer: True SHORT ANSWER 71. Discuss the functions and dysfunctions of prescription drugs among mental health patients. Answer: Functions of Prescription Drugs Among Mental Health Patients: 1. Symptom Management: Prescription drugs help alleviate symptoms associated with mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. 2. Stabilization: They can stabilize mood fluctuations, reducing the severity and frequency of mood swings or psychotic episodes. 3. Improvement in Quality of Life: By controlling symptoms, these drugs can enhance patients' overall quality of life, enabling them to function more effectively in daily activities. 4. Prevention of Relapse: Many medications help prevent relapses and maintain stability over the long term, reducing the risk of acute episodes. Dysfunctions of Prescription Drugs Among Mental Health Patients: 1. Side Effects: Drugs may cause unwanted side effects ranging from mild (e.g., drowsiness, weight gain) to severe (e.g., metabolic changes, increased risk of suicidal thoughts). 2. Dependency and Addiction: Some medications can lead to dependency or addiction, particularly those used for anxiety or sleep disorders. 3. Treatment Resistance: In some cases, patients may not respond to initial drug treatments, requiring adjustments or alternative medications. 4. Overmedication: Overprescribing or using multiple medications simultaneously can lead to complications, interactions, and reduced treatment efficacy. 5. Stigma: Dependency on medication can contribute to stigma around mental health disorders, impacting patients' self-esteem and social interactions. These points outline both the benefits and potential challenges associated with prescription drugs in mental health treatment. 72. Compare and contrast legalizing drugs from the perspective of common sense and from the perspective of sociology. Answer: Common Sense Perspective: • Pros: Legalizing drugs could reduce crime associated with illegal drug trade, generate tax revenue, and allow for safer regulation of drug use. • Cons: It may increase substance abuse, lead to public health issues, and pose risks to societal norms and safety. Sociological Perspective: • Pros: Legalization could reduce stigma and discrimination against drug users, offer better access to treatment and support, and potentially address underlying social issues contributing to drug use. • Cons: It might perpetuate inequalities if access to legal drugs is unevenly distributed, challenge existing social norms and values, and require extensive regulation and monitoring. This comparison highlights how different perspectives view the legalization of drugs, reflecting both practical and societal considerations. 73. Describe the role of drug companies, physicians, pharmacists, and patients in the medicalization of human problems. Answer: Role of Drug Companies: • Research and Development: Drug companies develop pharmaceuticals to address medical conditions, often influencing the medicalization process by identifying new conditions or expanding existing treatments. • Marketing: They promote their products to physicians and consumers, potentially contributing to the perception that certain problems require medical intervention. Role of Physicians: • Diagnosis and Treatment: Physicians identify and treat medical conditions, prescribing medications when necessary. • Influence: They play a significant role in medicalizing human problems by defining what constitutes a medical issue and recommending pharmaceutical solutions. Role of Pharmacists: • Dispensing Medications: Pharmacists provide medications prescribed by physicians, ensuring proper usage and monitoring for potential drug interactions. • Patient Education: They educate patients on medication use and side effects, contributing to the responsible management of medicalized conditions. Role of Patients: • Seeking Treatment: Patients seek medical advice for their health concerns, relying on healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat their conditions. • Compliance: They adhere to prescribed treatments, influencing the effectiveness and outcomes of medical interventions. These roles illustrate how various stakeholders contribute to the medicalization of human problems, shaping perceptions and practices related to health and treatment. 74. Explain some of the health consequences of marijuana use. Answer: Health Consequences of Marijuana Use: 1. Respiratory Issues: Smoking marijuana can lead to respiratory problems similar to those caused by tobacco smoke, such as chronic bronchitis and coughing. 2. Cognitive Effects: Long-term use, especially during adolescence, may impair memory, attention, and learning abilities. It can also affect motivation and decision-making skills. 3. Mental Health: Marijuana use has been linked to increased risk of developing mental health disorders like anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia, particularly in individuals predisposed to these conditions. 4. Cardiovascular Risks: It can temporarily increase heart rate and blood pressure, potentially triggering cardiovascular events in susceptible individuals. 5. Dependency: Regular use can lead to dependence, where individuals may experience withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, insomnia, and decreased appetite when they stop using. 6. Impaired Immune Function: Marijuana use may weaken the immune system, making users more susceptible to infections and illnesses. 7. Reproductive Health: In pregnant women, marijuana use has been associated with low birth weight and developmental issues in infants. These health consequences highlight the importance of informed decision-making and responsible use of marijuana, particularly considering its potential impact on physical and mental well-being. 75. Outline the principles of effective social policy. Answer: Principles of Effective Social Policy: 1. Needs-Based: Policies should address identified needs within society, prioritizing those that contribute to well-being and equality. 2. Evidence-Based: Policies should be informed by reliable data and research to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in achieving desired outcomes. 3. Equitable: Policies should aim to reduce disparities and promote fairness, ensuring all individuals have access to necessary resources and opportunities. 4. Inclusive: Policies should consider diverse perspectives and populations, ensuring they are accessible and beneficial to all segments of society. 5. Responsive: Policies should be adaptable to changing circumstances and needs, allowing for timely adjustments and improvements as required. 6. Sustainable: Policies should be designed with long-term sustainability in mind, considering economic, environmental, and social impacts over time. 7. Transparent and Accountable: Policies should be transparent in their objectives, implementation, and outcomes, with mechanisms for accountability to ensure responsible governance and decision-making. These principles guide the development and implementation of social policies aimed at addressing societal challenges and promoting collective well-being. ESSAY 76. Is America an antidrug society or a pro-drug society? Explain your answer. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Discuss pharmaceutical drugs. • Discuss illegal drugs. • Discuss the construction of legal and illegal drug use and abuse. • Analyze the legality and use of drugs with respect to potential harm. Sample Answer: America can be seen as both an antidrug and a pro-drug society simultaneously. It has extensive laws and initiatives against illicit drugs, reflecting an antidrug stance. However, it also embraces pharmaceuticals and legal substances, indicating a pro-drug orientation in certain contexts, such as healthcare and consumer products. 77. Explain the principles that underlie a drug’s social reputation. What is the relationship between the effects of the drug and its reputation? What drug, if any, do you think will change legal status in the near future? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Articulate the three factors that underlie a drug’s social reputation. • Discuss the objective and subjective factors of drug legality. • Identify a drug that will change status and defend position. Sample Answer: A drug's social reputation is shaped by several principles, including its perceived safety, legality, cultural acceptance, and media portrayal. The relationship between a drug's effects and its reputation is crucial; drugs with perceived beneficial effects (like medical marijuana) may gain acceptance, while those with harmful effects (like opioids) often face stigma. Psychedelics such as psilocybin are likely candidates for changing legal status due to growing research showing potential therapeutic benefits. 78. Compare and contrast the three main theoretical perspectives on harm and drugs. Where do the perspectives agree and disagree? Which one do you find most compelling? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain the three major theories with respect to harm and drug use. • Identify points of agreement and disagreement. • Construct and defend an argument about which one is most compelling. Sample Answer: The three main theoretical perspectives on harm and drugs are: 1. Medical Model: Views drug use primarily as a health issue, emphasizing treatment and rehabilitation for addicts. It sees drug-related harm as stemming from physiological effects and addiction. 2. Criminal Model: Regards drug use as a legal issue, focusing on enforcement, punishment, and deterrence. It identifies harm through criminal behavior associated with drug use. 3. Public Health Model: Considers drug use within a broader social context, emphasizing harm reduction, prevention, and education. It aims to minimize harm by addressing social determinants and providing support. Agreements: • All recognize drug-related harm exists and seek to mitigate it. • They acknowledge the complexity of drug use and its impacts on individuals and society. Disagreements: • Medical and public health models emphasize treatment and harm reduction, while the criminal model emphasizes enforcement and deterrence. • The criminal model often stigmatizes drug users, contrasting with the medical and public health models' focus on support and education. Most Compelling Perspective: • The public health model is often seen as the most compelling because it addresses drug use as a multifaceted issue requiring a comprehensive approach. It prioritizes prevention, harm reduction, and social support, aiming to minimize both individual and societal harm effectively. 79. Compare and contrast the five ways to ensure a low incidence of alcoholism with the five factors that lead to alcohol-related problems. Identify how these are present in the United States. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Note the factors that ensure a low incidence of alcoholism. • Note the five factors that lead to alcohol related problems. • Evaluate how these things are present in U.S. society. Sample Answer: Five ways to ensure a low incidence of alcoholism: 1. Education and awareness campaigns. 2. Access to effective treatment and support services. 3. Strict enforcement of alcohol policies and regulations. 4. Promoting responsible drinking norms. 5. Providing alternative social activities and support networks. Five factors leading to alcohol-related problems: 1. Availability and accessibility of alcohol. 2. Socioeconomic factors (poverty, unemployment). 3. Cultural norms and social acceptance of drinking. 4. Genetic predisposition and family history. 5. Mental health issues and stress. Presence in the United States: • The U.S. employs education programs (like D.A.R.E.), treatment facilities, and strict policies (e.g., legal drinking age) to prevent alcoholism. • Factors contributing to problems include widespread availability of alcohol, cultural acceptance of drinking, socioeconomic disparities, and genetic factors, impacting mental health 80. Outline the benefits and consequences of the proposed social policies for dealing with the drug problem in the United States. Do you think these policies can be effective? Why or why not? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Articulate the policies of the United States with regard to drugs. • Outline the benefits and consequences of these policies. • Assess effectiveness of the policies. Sample Answer: Benefits of proposed social policies: 1. Harm Reduction: Reduces overdose deaths and health risks associated with drug use. 2. Treatment and Rehabilitation: Helps individuals recover and reintegrate into society. 3. Prevention Programs: Educates and deters substance use among youth. 4. Decriminalization: Reduces incarceration rates and focuses on treatment rather than punishment. 5. Social Support: Provides resources for those affected by addiction. Consequences of proposed social policies: 1. Cost: Funding treatment and prevention programs can be expensive. 2. Legal Challenges: Decriminalization may face opposition and legal hurdles. 3. Effectiveness: Success depends on implementation and public support. 4. Stigma: Some policies may not fully address societal attitudes toward addiction. 5. Regulation: Ensuring policies are equitable and effective across different communities. Effectiveness considerations: • Yes: Evidence shows harm reduction and treatment-focused approaches can reduce addiction rates and improve public health outcomes. • No: Challenges like funding, legal issues, and societal resistance may hinder full effectiveness. Overall, success depends on robust implementation, adequate funding, and addressing societal attitudes toward addiction. Test Bank for Social Problems: A Down-to-Earth Approach James M. Henslin 9780205968848, 9781292039862, 9780205965120, 9780205004164, 9780135164709
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