This Document Contains Chapters 3 to 4 Chapter 3: History of Theory in Anthropology Multiple Choice 1. Historians of anthropology trace the birth of the discipline to __________. A. 20th century expansions in technology associated with globalization B. 18th century imperialism and cultural assimilation of indigenous peoples C. 16th century encounters between Europeans and native peoples of Africa and the New World D. 12th century crusades and missionary excursions to Africa and the Middle East Answer: C 2. Anthropology was born out of a largely __________ background. A. colonial B. military C. scholarly D. religious Answer: A 3. A theoretical orientation in anthropology is a general attitude about how __________ are to be explained. A. customs B. cultural phenomena C. societies D. behaviors Answer: B 4. Belief in Macrobius’ “great chain of being” implied that __________. A. humans evolved from lower life forms B. fossils represented creatures that had gone extinct C. humans were the last creatures to be created D. no life forms could become extinct Answer: D 5. Which of these people was a leading opponent of evolutionary theory in the 19th century? A. George Cuvier B. Alfred Russel Wallace C. Charles Lyell D. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Answer: A 6. Linnaeus is considered an anti-evolutionist for what reason? A. He placed humans in the same order as apes and monkeys. B. He suggested a descending order from kingdom to species with humans on the bottom. C. He accepted the notion that all species were created by God and fixed in their form. D. He classified plants and animals in a systema naturae. Answer: C 7. In what publication did Charles Darwin explicitly state that humans were descendants of nonhuman species? A. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection B. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex C. Mammalia D. The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Answer: B 8. Darwin’s idea caused many problems for those who believed in the biblical account of creation because __________. A. he believed it possible that some genera are lineal descendants from other generally distinct species B. he refused to acknowledge the existence of God C. he clearly stated that humans were descendents from non-animals D. he implied that all animals had a common ancestor Answer: A 9. In his work Ancient Society, Morgan speculated that the family evolved through _________ stage(s). A. 1 B. 3 C. 6 D. 9 Answer: C 10. __________ is defined as the borrowing of one cultural trait by another culture as a result of contact between the two. A. Adaption B. Evolution C. Diffusion D. Adoption Answer: C 11. Along with Lewis Henry Morgan, what 19th century anthropologist exemplified the ideas of cultural evolution? A. Charles Darwin B. Charles Lyell C. E.B. Tylor D. Thomas Huxley Answer: C 12. Who was the first to explicitly link “race” with behavior and intelligence? A. Francis Galton B. Louis Agassiz C. Samuel Morton D. Richard Herrnstein Answer: C 13. What was Eugenics? A. a movement to civilize native peoples through language and liturgical lessons B. an effort to manipulate “races” of humans through selective breeding C. the application of evolution through natural selection to dog breeding D. a failed attempt to discover the original race of Adam and Eve Answer: B 14. What is the status of “race” theory in academia today? A. It is the prevailing theory in anthropology and sociology today. B. It is one of many widespread and accepted theories in current social sciences. C. It has been refuted by most disciplines but has not disappeared completely. D. It is no longer in use by modern academics. Answer: C 15. Which of these is true of biological anthropology’s position on “race”? A. The different races of humans are equivalent to different subspecies of other animals. B. There are four accepted human races. C. There are is no genetic evidence of true races in humans. D. Race and ethnicity are synonymous terms. Answer: C 16. The diffusionists attributed the characteristic features of a culture to a __________ culture center. A. societal B. geographical C. hypothetical D. physical Answer: B 17. What were the two main schools of late 19th and early 20th century diffusionism? A. American and Belgian-French B. British and German-Austrian C. French and Polish-Russian D. German and Canadian-American Answer: B 18. The American tradition of diffusionism can be traced to __________. A. Franz Boas B. Ruth Benedict C. Margaret Mead D. Alfred Kroeber Answer: D 19. Boas published “The Limitation of the Comparative Method of Anthropology,” which dealt with his __________ the evolutionist approach. A. objections to B. agreements with C. concerns regarding D. confusion about Answer: A 20. Franz Boas felt the complexity of cultural variation made it difficult to develop universal laws because __________. A. Cultures would last forever and, therefore, require time to study. B. Single cultural traits had to be studied in the context of the society in which they appeared. C. At the time, there was too much human data available to study. D. It is impossible to develop universal laws about humans. Answer: B 21. What is the primary thread connecting Margaret Mead, Alfred Kroeber, and Edward Sapir? A. They were all European anthropologists who worked in Africa. B. They were all trained by Franz Boas. C. Each wrote a seminal book redefining the field of anthropology. D. Each served as the head of the American Anthropological Association. Answer: B 22. Which approach emphasized field data collection over theorizing? A. Functionalism B. Historical Particularism C. Cognitive Anthropology D. Interpretive Anthropology Answer: B 23. __________ have (has) to do with the customary way of making a living, the customary composition of the family, and the customs of childrearing. A. Secondary institutions B. Primary institutions C. Basic personality D. Personality structure Answer: B 24. ___________ believed that family units became progressively smaller and more self- contained as human society developed. A. Douglas B. Taylor C. Morgan D. Smith Answer: C 25. Which of the following is an example of a secondary institution? A. folklore B. family structure C. childrearing practices D. economics Answer: A 26. John Whiting and Irvin Child independently suggest that cultures with similar primary institutions should also show similar __________. A. life expectancy B. personality outcomes C. economic wealth D. family size Answer: B 27. To generalize about the psychological approach to cultural anthropology, we may say that it tries to understand how psychological factors and processes may help to __________ cultural practices. A. shape B. change C. explain D. retain Answer: C 28. Two schools of functionalism were associated with the British anthropologists Bronislaw Malinowski and __________. A. Edward Sapir B. Ralph Linton C. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown D. Ruth Benedict Answer: C 29. Malinowski’s functionalism assumed that cultural traits served the needs of the __________. A. individual B. family C. clan D. society Answer: A 30. Radcliffe-Brown’s functionalism assumed that cultural traits served the needs of the __________. A. individual B. family C. clan D. society Answer: D 31. The major objection to Malinowski’s functionalism is that it cannot readily account for __________ variation. A. culture B. individual C. societal D. group Answer: A 32. What is the primary difficulty with the functional approach to explaining cultural traits? A. There is not enough cultural variation for certain traits. B. Traits that are passed down as traditions have no practical benefits. C. There is more than one way to fulfill a societal or individual need. D. When a trait stops being useful, it is quickly eliminated. Answer: C 33. Who is credited with bringing the evolutionary approach to the study of cultural variation? A. Marshall Sahlins B. Julian Steward C. Claude Levi-Strauss D. Leslie White Answer: D 34. Neoevolution links cultural change to advances in __________. A. population size B. literacy C. human rights D. technology Answer: D 35. Into what three schools did Julian Steward divide evolutionary thought? A. unilinear, universal, and multilinear B. cultural, biological, and historical C. beginning, intermediate, and advanced D. practical, theoretical, and quantum Answer: A 36. __________ evolution refers to the particular sequence of change and adaptation of a particular society in a given environment. A. Societal B. General C. Specific D. Structural Answer: C 37. Whose approach is often referred to as “structural-functionalism”? A. Claude Levi-Strauss B. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown C. Mary Douglas D. Bronislaw Malinowski Answer: B 38. Claude Levi-Strauss has been the leading proponent of an approach to cultural analysis called __________. A. functionalism B. neoevolution C. structuralism D. ethnoscience Answer: C 39. A system that exists if a society is divided into two large intermarrying groups is a __________. A. cultural phenomenon B. binary opposition C. linear opposition D. moiety Answer: D 40. Structuralist interpretations of culture tend to focus on __________. A. origin stories and hero myths B. how people perceive and classify the things around them C. kinship and family structure D. connections between language and personality Answer: B 41. The studies of __________ have come to be regarded by many as vague and untestable. A. Marshall Sahlins B. Julian Steward C. Immanuel Wallerstein D. Claude Levi-Strauss Answer: D 42. Ethnoscience was an early kind of __________ anthropology. A. evolutionary B. biological C. social D. cognitive Answer: D 43. Which framework seeks to understand a people’s world from their own point of view? A. etic B. epic C. emic D. edic Answer: C 44. Which approach considers the level of “cultural consensus” that exists for particular rules and patterns? A. structuralism B. neoevolution C. ethnoscience D. pragmatism Answer: C 45. __________ is the analysis of the relationship between a culture and its environment. A. Ethnoscience B. Ecology C. Cultural ecology D. Biological science Answer: C 46. Cultural ecology focuses mostly on what biologists call group selection because __________. A. certain behavioral or social characteristics may be adaptive for a group in a given environment B. certain characteristics may be adaptive for an individual in a given environment C. biological considerations have little to do with understanding culture D. cultures are rarely significantly influenced by the actions of individuals Answer: A 47. Julian Stewart became associated with the concept of cultural ecology because he wanted to resolve the questions of anthropology __________. A. subjectively B. empirically C. experimentally D. theoretically Answer: B 48. What biological mechanism do cultural ecologists apply to cultural adaptation? A. mutation B. extinction C. natural selection D. hybridization Answer: C 49. The more frequent survival and reproduction of the better adapted best describes __________. A. biological ecology B. cultural ecology C. natural selection D. cultural adaptation Answer: C 50. Which of these cultures practices a ritual pig feast? A. Japanese B. Montagnais-Naskapi C. Abelam D. Tsembaga Answer: D 51. Which of these anthropologists would be best described as a cultural ecologist? A. Roy Rappaport B. Clifford Geertz C. Margaret Mead D. Michael Foucault Answer: A 52. The school of thought known as __________ assumes that external forces explain the way a society changes and adapts. A. diffusionism B. cultural ecology C. psychological anthropology D. political economy Answer: D 53. The political economy approach grew in importance along with the spread of __________. A. English B. Christianity C. capitalism D. democracy Answer: C 54. Which paradigm is also known as the world-system view? A. political economy B. cognitive anthropology C. postmodernism D. cultural ecology Answer: A 55. What subset of biological sciences informed the anthropological approaches of behavioral ecology and evolutionary psychology? A. eugenics B. behaviorism C. genetics D. sociobiology Answer: D 56. Behavioral ecology is like cultural ecology in that it __________. A. shares the idea that natural selection can operate on the behavioral characteristics of populations B. places a great deal of importance on genes C. emphasizes that behavior must be adaptive in evolutionary terms D. emphasizes group selection Answer: A 57. In contrast to cultural ecology, on what does behavioral ecology focus? A. individual selection B. group selection C. individual behavior D. group behavior Answer: A 58. In general, behavioral ecological theory does not expect that __________ will prevail unless __________ underlies it. A. individual good; individual selection B. social good; individual selection C. individual selection; social good D. social good; individual good Answer: D 59. What is optimal foraging theory used to explain? A. the transition to agriculture B. the decision-making of recent hunter-gatherer populations C. nutritional differences between hunter-gatherers and farmers D. differences in caloric needs across cultures Answer: B 60. Why has the behavioral ecology approach stirred controversy among anthropologists? A. Some cultural anthropologists believe that biology has little to do with culture. B. Some behavioral ecologists retain outdated ideas of “race.” C. Behavioral ecology relies on laboratory work in place of field research. D. The ideas of early behavioral ecologists have already been disproven. Answer: A 61. By __________, women anthropologists began asking why women were not a more important focus of research. A. 1940 B. 1956 C. 1960 D. 1975 Answer: C 62. Which of the following is true about feminist anthropology? A. It is limited to childrearing and other biologically feminine issues. B. It is innately political. C. It is a highly diverse area of research. D. It may only be conducted by women anthropologists. Answer: C 63. Which of the following anthropologists studied the Trobriand Islanders and came to quite different findings from those reported by Bronislaw Malinowski? A. Sally Slocum B. Eleanor Leacock C. Mary Douglas D. Annette Weiner Answer: D 64. Which of these in an important effect of feminist scholarship on the field of anthropology? A. an increase in the number of women scholars in anthropology and in academic in general B. the recognition that perceptions of other cultures are shaped by the observer’s culture and behaviors in the field C. a change in the structure of research grants and field reporting D. implementation of maternity leave and family-friendly policies in field sciences Answer: B 65. When did applied anthropological work begin to be involved in direct social change? A. during the late 19th century B. around World War II C. by the 1950s D. in the early the 21st century Answer: C 66. Anthropology took a “literary turn” in the 1960s because __________. A. anthropologists became better writers B. it was recognized that fiction, personal insights, and poetry were forms of ethnography C. anthropology was becoming stagnant D. many English majors switched to anthropology Answer: B 67. Who popularized the idea that culture is a literary text, which can be analyzed for meaning? A. Jaques Derrida B. Michael Foucault C. Clifford Geertz D. Sally Slocum Answer: C 68. Hermeneutics may be used to examine __________. A. disease transmission B. adaptations to the environment C. interactions of people D. psychological variation Answer: C 69. Like some feminist anthropology, interpretive analyses are often __________. A. objective B. personal C. etic D. evolutionary Answer: B 70. According to Dan Sperber, what is the difference between interpretation and explanation? A. interpretation is subjective, while explanation is objective B. explanation is subjective, while interpretation is objective C. interpretation is culturally-dependent, while explanation is more general D. explanation is culturally-dependent, while interpretation is more general Answer: C 71. In the postmodern view, all knowledge is __________. A. subjective B. irrelevant C. universal D. temporary Answer: A 72. __________ argued that those in political power were able to shape the way accepted truths were defined. A. Geertz B. Spencer C. Foucault D. Salzman Answer: C 73. Looking for meanings of symbols would fall under which approach to anthropology? A. interpretive B. behavioral ecology C. postmodern D. political ecology Answer: A 74. Postmodernists argue that anthropology must turn itself into what? A. a purely activist discipline B. a statistical and mathematically-based system C. an accepted branch of the physical sciences D. an interdisciplinary “umbrella” field Answer: A 75. Anthropologists who follow a pragmatic approach are those who __________. A. ignore all theoretical writings in favor of raw field data B. do not have a particular theoretical paradigm driving their research C. work in applied anthropology instead of academic research D. only do research on topics for which there is sufficient funding Answer: B Chapter 4: Explanation and Evidence Multiple Choice Questions 1. Anthropological research follows a(n) __________ orientation. A. scientific B. creative C. absolutist D. decisive Answer: A 2. According to the scientific orientation, all knowledge is __________. A. static B. uncertain C. universal D. dependable Answer: B 3. An explanation is an answer to a __________ question. A. what B. why C. how D. who Answer: B 4. Explaining a cultural feature by saying it is “traditional” __________. A. is incorrect because, by definition, traditions are not cultural features B. is a generally productive way to think C. helps us to understand the “why” of a question D. is unsatisfactory because it is a tautology Answer: D 5. What is a tautology? A. when the thing to be explained is being explained by itself B. providing a series of examples to clarify a point C. a word that means the same thing as another word D. a piece of evidence that shows definitive proof of a theory Answer: A 6. In science, investigators achieve what two kinds of explanations? A. tautologies and models B. associations and theories C. models and associations D. theories and tautologies Answer: B 7. What are the factors within a scientific study that may vary? A. controls B. laws C. variables D. hypotheses Answer: C 8. Two things that are associated, or tend to go together, can be said to be __________. A. correlated B. interconnected C. causal D. paradoxical Answer: A 9. In the physical sciences, we can call an idea a law when __________. A. there is a solid, testable hypothesis B. almost all scientists accept it as truth C. at least half of scientists have accepted the idea D. there is undeniable proof that the idea is true Answer: B 10. In the social sciences, associations are usually stated __________. A. definitively B. hypothetically C. probabilistically D. unreliably Answer: C 11. A statistical association is a(n) ________. A. chance association between two variables B. relationship between two variables that may be meaningful, but that may equally well be due to chance C. relationship between two variables that is unlikely to be due to chance D. organization devoted to the documentation of numerical information from different societies Answer: C 12. Whiting found a statistical relationship between societies with a __________ and those with long postpartum sex taboos. A. low-protein diet B. nomadic lifestyle C. means of birth control D. history of overcrowding Answer: A 13. What are theories? A. ideas which explain untested hypotheses B. explanations of laws and statistical associations C. a guess as to how things are related D. a precise answer to a question that had been unanswerable Answer: B 14. In contrast to statistical associations, theories __________. A. may contain parts that are not observable B. are not part of the scientific method C. do not deal with direct relationships D. are less complex and easy to support with evidence Answer: A 15. Unlike theories, statistical associations and laws are based entirely on __________. A. mathematics B. ideas C. observations D. philosophy Answer: C 16. Theories cannot be proven because __________. A. they are too vague to be tested B. they are too complex to be tested C. the ideas and concepts are not directly observable D. human behavior is basically unpredictable Answer: C 17. A theoretical construct is something __________. A. that can be shown to exist B. ephemeral and unknowable C. that cannot be observed or verified directly D. that demonstrates relationships between facts while proving their existence at the same time Answer: C 18. What is the main advantage of a theory as a kind of explanation? A. Only a new theory can replace a long-standing law. B. It may lead to new understanding or knowledge. C. A theory is the only type of explanation than can be proven. D. Only theories explain the “what” and “how” of a situation. Answer: B 19. Considering Whiting’s association of low-protein diet and a long postpartum sex taboo, what cultural change might invalidate this relationship? A. the adoption of the birth control pill B. an earlier start to school C. a later average age of marriage D. a relaxation of the pressure to have male children Answer: A 20. What is the primary difference between scientists and humanists? A. For humanists, interpretation is the goal, while for scientists the goal is to test those interpretations. B. For scientists, interpretation is the goal, while for humanists the goal is to test those interpretations. C. For humanists, data must be quantitative, while for scientists either quantitative or qualitative data are appropriate. D. For scientists, data must be quantitative, while for humanists either quantitative or qualitative data are appropriate. Answer: A 21. The method of __________ shows that a theory seems to be wrong. A. guessing B. proving C. falsification D. estimation Answer: C 22. A scientists’ prediction of what might be found in a study is called a(n) __________. A. variable B. hypothesis C. data set D. statistic Answer: B 23. If an hypothesis is not correct, what can the scientists conclude from the study? A. The scientist did write a logical hypothesis in the first place. B. Something may be wrong with the theory of the test used. C. The data are inaccurate. D. Nothing can be concluded when a hypothesis is incorrect. Answer: B 24. The theoretical orientation __________ explain how or why a cultural trait exists. A. will nearly always B. can usually C. does not automatically D. can never Answer: C 25. In __________ analysis, the anthropologist might be interested in explaining a particular custom. A. multivariate B. single-case C. comparative D. paired Answer: B 26. What two types of procedures help anthropologists explain cultural phenomena? A. historical research and laboratory experiments B. laboratory experiments and single-case analysis C. single-case analysis and comparative studies D. comparative studies and historical research Answer: C 27. How does one’s theoretical orientation influence cross-cultural studies? A. A theoretical orientation limits the activities in which an anthropologist may participate. B. The orientation limits the type of previous research the anthropologist has read. C. One’s theoretical orientation determines what type of data can be tested. D. The orientation usually points to the importance of one set of factors over others. Answer: D 28. Which of the following show the typical strategy in testing science? A. predict what one will find and then conduct an investigation to see if data are consistent with the prediction B. conduct a study to collect data and then find a hypothesis that fits the data C. write a number of hypotheses and then create a theory than best incorporates the whole set of hypotheses D. test your hypothesis and then predict which theoretical orientation is best suited to the hypothesis Answer: A 29. A description of the procedures used to measure a variable is known as a(n) __________. A. hypothesis B. operational definition C. theoretical construct D. theory Answer: B 30. Why is it important to specify an operational definition for each variable? A. Most studies have many variables, and an operation definition clarifies them. B. Anthropologists have an ethical obligation to identify their variables before beginning their study. C. It allows other investigators to check a researcher’s results. D. It is impossible to control your variables without setting an operation definition first. Answer: C 31. To measure something is to say how it compares with other things on some scale of __________. A. sets B. classification C. society D. variation Answer: D 32. If a variable is __________, we can test our hypotheses. A. numerical B. measurable C. algebraic D. abundant Answer: B 33. Which of the following is an example of sorting data into sets? A. calculating each students’ average exam score throughout the term B. classifying respondents as either male or female C. measuring blood pressure changes after exercise D. asking individuals for their opinions on a new product Answer: B 34. Why must a researcher make sampling choices? A. No one can investigate all possible cases. B. Using random samples is not methodologically sound. C. Researchers usually need to pay people to participate in their studies. D. The researcher must select samples that are most likely to support the hypothesis. Answer: A 35. In a random sample, cases are chosen __________. A. on the basis of some standard criterion, such as size of population B. as haphazardly as possible C. so that each case has an equal chance of being selected D. from among materials the researcher happens to have at home or in the office Answer: C 36. What is the relationship between statistical tests and random sampling? A. Random samples cannot be collected without first conducting statistical tests. B. Almost all statistical tests require randomly sampled data. C. There are no reliable statistical tests than can be performed on randomly collected data. D. You can perform statistical tests without random samples and vice versa. Answer: B 37. A random sample is done inside of a __________. A. population B. sampling universe C. society D. small group Answer: B 38. For anthropologists doing long-term field work, the __________ often becomes the sampling universe. A. family B. community C. society D. nation Answer: B 39. From where do cross-cultural anthropologists draw their sampling universe? A. cultures with which they have first-hand experience B. living societies that can be visited for follow-up C. published records of described societies, past and present D. societies that fit within their own theoretical orientation Answer: C 40. While random sampling is not always possible in anthropology, we must still strive for a sampling procedure that __________. A. reduces the chances of having a sampling bias B. provides the largest sample size possible C. limits samples to a known subset of respondents D. deviates from the sample universe used in previous studies Answer: A 41. To what does the acronym HRAF refer? A. Humanities Research and Funding B. Human Relations Area Files C. Harvard Restorative Foundation D. Holistic Research and Fieldwork Answer: B 42. A __________ table shows whether a study’s variables are associated as predicted. A. possibility B. contingency C. likelihood D. probability Answer: B 43. Statistical tests of significance can help us __________. A. measure variables B. prove theories C. determine the level of importance we should attach to a theoretical construct D. determine whether our results are attributable to chance Answer: A 44. The likelihood that the observed result or a stronger one could have occurred by chance is known as the __________-value. A. proximity B. practicality C. possibility D. probability Answer: D 45. A figure that is statistically significant is __________. A. definitely true B. probably true C. unlikely to be true D. definitely untrue Answer: B 46. __________ occurs when change in one aspect of culture takes time to produce change in another aspect A. Delay B. Variation C. Limitation D. Culture lag Answer: D 47. Which of the following types of anthropological research would be most likely to perform a worldwide sample? A. ethnography B. ethnohistory C. cross-cultural research D. controlled comparison Answer: C 48. Which of the following is most likely to depend on data collected firsthand? A. cross-cultural researcher B. ethnographer C. cross-historical researcher D. ethnohistorian Answer: A 49. Which type of anthropologist would be most likely to rely on informants? A. a cross-cultural researcher B. an ethnohistorian C. an ethnographer D. a within-group researcher Answer: C 50. To study a society in depth, anthropologists decided that they would have to perform __________ in order to record valuable ethnographies. A. participant observation B. ethnology C. ethnological observation D. cross-cultural studies Answer: A 51. Participant-observation refers to the __________. A. observation of how people interact in contrived situations B. use of a laboratory to standardize measurements C. fieldwork method of immersing oneself firsthand in the language and customs of a society D. employment of natives to gather information from their peers for the anthropologists to study Answer: C 52. The published account of an anthropological field study of a single society from a single period in time is referred to as a(n) __________. A. journal entry B. ethnology C. ethnography D. cross-cultural comparison Answer: C 53. Anthropologists have realized that __________ their experiences and personal interactions is an important part of understanding. A. documenting B. reflecting on C. reporting D. theorizing about Answer: B 54. Knowledgeable people who are willing to work with anthropologists and provide inside perspectives on the culture under study are known as __________. A. informants B. participants C. associates D. confidantes Answer: A 55. What is the cultural consensus model? A. the tradition of living with a wide number of families while doing participant-observation B. the principle that things most informants agree upon are probably cultural C. an outdated model of selecting an informant by choose the person you agree with the most D. a modern model of selecting an informant by using the most popular person in the community Answer: B 56. Which is true of key informants? A. They represent the typical person in a community. B. Most are elderly people who would like the company. C. They are often somewhat marginalized. D. They are usually the person with the highest income. Answer: C 57. Which of the following is an important limitation to ethnographic research? A. A field study of a single site is not sufficient for testing hypotheses. B. Cultures change too fast to say anything definite about a society. C. Most anthropologists do not understand the language of the people they study. D. Many people are afraid of the ethnographer and will not share their knowledge with them. Answer: A 58. Who wrote the ethnography Coming of Age in Samoa? A. Franz Boas B. Paul Shankman C. Derek Freeman D. Margaret Mead Answer: D 59. What lesson was gleaned from Mead’s and Freeman’s different interpretations of sexuality among young Samoan girls? A. Fieldwork does not lead to replicable results. B. Sampling many people through interviews is a more reliable method than using an informant. C. Ethnographic research can be affected by the characteristics of the researchers themselves. D. Traditional cultures are fairly static and can be revisited years later with the same basic results. Answer: C 60. What ethical consideration must ethnographers take into account during their research? A. agencies providing financial support for research must not be linked to governments or other political entities B. ethnographers should not conduct research on groups who will not have access to the final, published work C. how to fairly compensate the observed community for their time and research assistance D. how to make the most money from books resulting from their research Answer: C 61. What method should be used to test a theory within one society? A. regional controlled comparison B. within-culture comparisons C. cross-cultural research D. historical research Answer: B 62. What would be the best method to conduct within-culture comparisons to test Whiting’s diet and postpartum sex taboo association? A. find historical documents describing postpartum taboos and diet in this culture’s history B. research other postpartum taboos in cultures around the globe C. compare the length of the postpartum taboo and survival rates in couples within a single culture D. interview key informants about the mythology and ethics surrounding the postpartum sex taboo Answer: C 63. Whether or not a reseacher can design intracultural tests of hypotheses depends on whether they have sufficient __________ in the trait. A. variability B. sample size C. interest D. significance Answer: A 64. In __________, the anthropologist compares ethnographic information obtained from societies found in a particular region. A. regional controlled comparison B. within-culture comparisons C. cross-cultural research D. historical research Answer: A 65. The regional controlled comparison is used for __________. A. generating explanations but not testing them B. testing explanations but not generating them C. both generating and testing explanations D. neither generating nor testing explanations Answer: C 66. How does the knowledge of an ethnographer and a regional anthropologist compare? A. The regional anthropologist likely has greater experience with statistical analysis than the regional anthropologist. B. The ethnographer probably knows less about anthropological theory than the regional anthropologist. C. The regional anthropologist likely has a broader understanding of the single society than the ethnographer. D. The ethnographer’s knowledge of a single society is probably greater than the anthropologist’s knowledge of the region of study. Answer: D 67. Anthropologists can generate interpretations on the basis of worldwide comparisons by looking for differences between those societies having, and those lacking, a particular characteristic. This type of research is called __________. A. nonhistorical controlled comparison B. within-culture comparisons C. cross-cultural research D. historical research Answer: C 68. What is the most common use of worldwide comparisons? A. generating theories B. testing comparisons C. creating hypotheses D. proving scientific laws Answer: B 69. What is contained in the HRAF database? A. full-text ethnographies B. pointers to specific ethnographies C. historical documents regarding first contacts D. legal treaties between nations Answer: A 70. The archive known as the Human Relations Area Files __________. A. is a physical collection located a Harvard University B. specializes in providing information on social problems in societies around the world C. is available only to qualified researchers D. is an ever-growing collection of ethnographic books and articles that have been indexed and cross referenced to make them easier to consult Answer: D 71. What is a major limitation of cross-cultural research? A. Data from other researchers are difficult to access. B. There is rarely enough funding for comprehensive cross-cultural research. C. Researchers may draw data from societies with which they are unfamiliar. D. It takes too long to do participant-observation on a wide sample of cultures. Answer: C 72. What did applied anthropological research discover about the cross-cultural use of the potato? A. Potatoes are often grown as a luxury crop, rather than a staple food for the poor. B. Potatoes can only grow in the tropical lowlands. C. Contrary to previous belief, the domesticated potato originated in Africa. D. Many people in Asia are allergic to potatoes, so the crop is rare there. Answer: A 73. Which area of research is the study of descriptive materials about a single society at more than one point in time? A. nonhistorical controlled comparison B. within-culture comparisons C. ethnohistory D. cross-cultural research Answer: C 74. Most ethnohistorical data comes from __________. A. ethnographic fieldwork B. accounts of early explorers C. government censuses and reports D. controlled studies Answer: B 75. In terms of generating and testing hypotheses, studies of single societies over time are most like studies of __________. A. multiple contemporary societies B. single societies in a single period C. regional patterns over time D. globalization and rapid cultural change Answer: B Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Carol R. Ember, Melvin R. Ember 9780205711208, 9780134732831
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