This Document Contains Chapters 3 to 4 Chapter 3: Affirmative Aging—Adulthood 3.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Most older Americans prefer to live in A. assisted living units B. nursing homes C. continuing care facilities D. their own homes Answer: D 2. Choose the false statement. A. The five senses decline with age. B. Older drivers have more accidents than younger drivers. C. Older adults are less likely to get a cold. D. Reaction time slows with age. Answer: B 3. Choose the true statement. A. Recognition memory declines sharply with old age. B. About one-fourth of those over 65 live in nursing homes. C. People become more fearful of death as they grow older. D. Widows outnumber widowers about three to one. Answer: D 4. During early adulthood, we face the crisis of A. intimacy vs. isolation B. industry vs. inferiority C. generativity vs. stagnation D. integrity vs. despair Answer: A 5. The developmental task of leaving home most importantly involves A. moving out of the family home B. cutting all ties to one's parents C. getting married and having a family D. engaging in more autonomous decision making Answer: D 6. In the last decade, a trend seen in young adults’ behavior is that A. more young adults are moving in with their parents B. more young adults are majoring in humanities and social sciences C. more females than males between 20-24 years old are living with their parents D. many are less concerned with social issues, such as the environment Answer: A 7. The unemployment rate for 20- to 24-year-olds is A. half that of adults 25 and older B. the same as that of adults 25 and older C. twice that of adults 25 and older D. three times that of adults 25 and older Answer: C 8. Over the past several decades, _______ has become an increasingly important issue when choosing an academic major and/or career. A. earning potential B. happiness C. location D. family support Answer: A 9. Close to ________ percent of all childbirths in the U.S. occur out of wedlock. A. 20 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50 Answer: C 10. Compared to couples in the past, young married couples today are A. having mostly girl babies B. starting their families later C. having larger families D. starting their families earlier Answer: B 11. The motherhood penalty refers to the fact that A. mothers pay more in health insurance B. women are waiting longer to become mothers C. working mothers are viewed as less competent than non-mothers D. there are increasing numbers of women with infertility issues Answer: C 12. Which of the following is true of infertility? A. the reasons for infertility mainly affect women, not men B. reproductive technologies always successfully result in a live birth C. less than 6 million women in the United States are infertile or have impaired fertility D. the number of live births resulting from assisted reproductive technologies has doubled over the past decade Answer: D 13. One effect of having children is A. an enhanced sense of purpose in life B. less stress in marriage C. feeling less responsible D. more time to do things on one’s own Answer: A 14. According to Erikson, the main task during the midlife transition is A. integrity B. generativity C. industry D. initiative Answer: B 15. According to the text, midlife individuals __________. A. rarely take up new interests B. focus on the time they “have left” C. will almost always experience a midlife crisis D. don’t focus on physical appearance Answer: B 16. Some of the most obvious signs of middle age include A. memory losses B. better eyesight C. changes in physical appearance D. none of these Answer: C 17. Life satisfaction tends to peak at about __________ years of age. A. 25 B. 35 C. 50 D. 65 Answer: D 18. Compared to younger adults, older individuals tend to A. experience more autonomy in their lives B. feel that they are not an integral part of their communities C. be less likely to experience personal growth D. experience negative emotions more often Answer: A 19. Physical changes in midlife include all but which of the following? A. graying hair B. weight loss around the waist C. farsightedness D. less physical energy Answer: B 20. Women in middle adulthood go through significant physical changes called A. cessation B. menopause C. reproduction D. dysfunction Answer: B 21. Menopause usually occurs sometime between the ages of A. 35-45 B. 40-50 C. 45-55 D. 50-60 Answer: C 22. Viagra is used to A. treat loss of appetite B. treat memory loss C. improve facial appearance in women D. treat erectile inhibition Answer: D 23. Medications for erectile dysfunction can lead to A. an increase in adultery B. an increase in STDs C. an increase in awareness of sexual dysfunction D. all of these Answer: D 24. Which statement is NOT true of hormone replacement therapy? A. It lowers the risk of most types of cancer. B. It helps to alleviate such symptoms as hot flashes, night sweats, and dry skin. C. It reduces the risk of urinary tract infections. D. It reduces the risk of osteoporosis and heart disease. Answer: A 25. Tom, aged 52, has less sexual vigor and fewer fertile sperm than in the past. Tom is experiencing A. menopause B. sexual senility C. the climacteric D. sexual impotency Answer: C 26. Ageism refers to A. the midlife crisis B. the study of people over the age of 80 C. the inherent rights of the elderly D. negative attitudes toward older Americans Answer: D 27. Which of the following is NOT important in healthy aging? A. exercising B. stopping smoking C. eating well D. avoiding physicians Answer: D 28. Which is NOT associated with late adulthood? A. slower reflexes B. more restful sleep C. trouble maintaining balance D. less physical energy Answer: B 29. Which is true of our cognitive functions in late adulthood? A. Cognitive decline is inevitable in late life. B. The ability to use accumulated knowledge to solve problems can improve with age. C. Adults lose some of their creative ability in late adulthood. D. Older adults have less difficulty remembering information related to time. Answer: B 30. Which statement regarding Alzheimer’s disease is NOT true? A. there is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease B. scientists are testing a vaccine that could prevent Alzheimer’s disease C. Alzheimer’s is not a major cause of cause in the United States D. Alzheimer’s symptoms include confusion with time and place and changes in mood and personality Answer: C 31. Erikson suggests that, in late adulthood, ________ brings successful aging. A. integrity B. autonomy C. generativity D. industry Answer: A 32. According to the text, one of the most important ingredients of successful aging is A. avoiding disputes with one's spouse B. maintaining a sense of internal control C. finding a suitable nursing home D. living near one's children Answer: B 33. Choose the true statement. A. Nearly twice as many older men as women live alone. B. 97 percent of nursing home residents have at least one disability. C. 20 percent of individuals 75 and older reside in nursing homes. D. By the age of 85, about one-quarter of all the elderly live alone. Answer: B 34. Older women typically A. outlive their husbands B. are wealthier than men their age C. adjust less well than men to spousal death D. all of the above Answer: A 35. Which statement is true about elderly widows and widowers? A. A large majority of women in the United States is widowed by 60 years of age. B. Women tend to adjust to the loss of their spouse more readily than men. C. Older women are better off financially than are older men. D. Persons who have remained single feel less satisfied in late adulthood. Answer: B 36. Which statement is true about retirement? A. Retirement experiences vary by individual. B. Adjustment to retirement is better when it is forced by the employer. C. Health is not a predictor in retirement adjustment. D. Retired persons require more income for major expenses. Answer: A 37. What is true of the Social Security system? A. Individuals automatically receive it upon retirement. B. The age for eligibility is rising. C. The government can be depended on to help the elderly even if they have never worked a day in their lives. D. All of these are true. Answer: B 38. The more active a person is, the more satisfied a person remains is explained by A. the climacteric B. activity theory C. disenchantment D. disenfranchisement Answer: B 39. According to the text, people can age successfully if they A. continue being active in their advanced years B. disengage from society with advancing age C. do not feel despair at all D. grow old in their own way Answer: D 40. Simon is approaching the end of his life. He is spending a lot of time thinking about choices he made over his life and sharing stories of his life with his grandchildren. He is likely engaging in A. disengagement B. Alzheimer’s symptoms C. life review D. ageism Answer: C 3.2 True/False Questions 1. The number of people aged 65 and over in the U.S has remained approximately the same over the last 50 years. Answer: False 2. People become more fearful of death as they grow older. Answer: False 3. A large proportion of young adults are still living with their parents or relatives. Answer: True 4. Careers and financial security are not of as much concern to young adults today as they were for their parents. Answer: False 5. Working mothers are paid 5 percent less, per child, than non-mothers. Answer: True 6. Close to 75 percent of adults will experience a midlife crisis. Answer: False 7. Middle-aged people and those 60 or older report levels of happiness and satisfaction lower than people in their 20s and 30s. Answer: False 8. Menopause tends to occur sometime between of 45 and 55 years of age. Answer: True 9. The greatest number of STDs are contracted during late adolescence and early adulthood. Answer: True 10. The decline in the ability to reproduce in men is known as the male climacteric. Answer: True 11. Individuals in their 20s report levels of marital happiness surpassing couples in their 40s and 50s. Answer: False 12. Over 90 percent of older adults are not in need of custodial care. Answer: True 13. Cognitive decline in late life is inevitable. Answer: False 14. Alzheimer’s disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Answer: True 15. Nearly twice as many older men as women live alone. Answer: False 16. More than 15% of individuals 75 and older reside in nursing homes. Answer: False 17. Among those over 65, widows outnumber widowers three to one. Answer: True 18. Women have an easier time than men keeping friends in old age. Answer: True 19. The age at which Social Security is received has been and will be constant. Answer: False 20. Boredom is the leading reason people continue to work after retirement from their primary jobs. Answer: False 3.3 Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the difference between age-related and non-age-related changes in development. Answer: Age-related changes in development are predictable and follow a biological timeline, while non-age-related changes are influenced by individual experiences and external factors. 2. Discuss why more young adults are moving in with their parents after years of absence from home. Answer: More young adults are moving in with their parents due to financial challenges, such as student debt and high housing costs, and personal factors like job instability and delayed marriage. 3. Describe Erikson's developmental task for middle adulthood. Answer: Erikson's developmental task for middle adulthood is generativity vs. stagnation, focusing on contributing to society and helping to guide the next generation. 4. Why is the midlife transition a period of personal evaluation? Answer: The midlife transition is a period of personal evaluation because individuals reassess their life achievements, set new goals, and reflect on their mortality and future legacy. 5. Compare and contrast menopause and the climacteric. Answer: Menopause refers specifically to the end of a woman's menstrual cycles and fertility, while the climacteric encompasses the broader range of physiological and emotional changes that occur during midlife in both men and women. 6. What are the changes that may take place in people’s mental abilities in their advanced years? Answer: In advanced years, mental abilities may change by showing declines in processing speed and memory, but knowledge and vocabulary often remain stable or even improve with experience and learning. 7. List five steps to healthy aging. Answer: Five steps to healthy aging are: maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, staying socially connected, managing chronic health conditions, and keeping the mind active through learning and hobbies. 8. What is the life review? Why and when does it occur? Answer: The life review is a reflective process where older adults assess their past experiences and accomplishments, typically occurring in later life as they seek to find meaning and resolve any lingering conflicts or regrets. 3.4 Essay Questions 1. What is adult development? Why study it when Americans believe that childhood is more important? Answer: Adult development refers to the biological, psychological, and social changes that occur throughout an individual's adult life. This period includes young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood, each characterized by distinct developmental tasks and challenges. Despite a common focus on childhood in American society, studying adult development is crucial for several reasons. First, adulthood constitutes the majority of the human lifespan; understanding this phase provides insights into lifelong health and well-being. Second, adult development involves significant events such as career establishment, family formation, and community involvement, which are essential for societal functioning. Third, it helps address age-related challenges such as cognitive decline, retirement planning, and end-of-life issues, contributing to better policies and support systems. Lastly, understanding adult development emphasizes that growth and change continue throughout life, promoting a more comprehensive view of human development. 2. Describe the three main challenges of early adulthood. Answer: Early adulthood, typically spanning the ages of 20 to 40, presents three main challenges: establishing independence, forming intimate relationships, and developing a career. 1. Establishing Independence: This involves transitioning from the family home, becoming financially self-sufficient, and making autonomous life decisions. Young adults often navigate living on their own, managing finances, and creating a personal identity separate from their parents. 2. Forming Intimate Relationships: During this period, individuals seek to establish close, meaningful relationships, which often culminates in partnerships or marriage. This challenge involves building emotional bonds, balancing personal needs with those of a partner, and for some, starting a family. 3. Developing a Career: Early adulthood is marked by the pursuit of career goals and professional identity. Young adults face the challenge of completing education or training, entering the workforce, and striving for job stability and growth. This stage often requires balancing career aspirations with personal life and other responsibilities. 3. Discuss the developmental tasks of leaving home and choosing a career. Answer: Leaving home and choosing a career are pivotal developmental tasks in early adulthood, each carrying its own set of challenges and opportunities for growth. Leaving Home: This task signifies the transition from dependence to independence. It involves not only the physical act of moving out but also the psychological process of becoming self-reliant. Successfully leaving home requires practical skills such as managing finances, maintaining a household, and making independent decisions. It also involves emotional adjustments, including dealing with separation from family, establishing new social networks, and developing a sense of personal responsibility. This transition is crucial for personal development as it fosters self-confidence, resilience, and a stronger sense of identity. Choosing a Career: Selecting and pursuing a career path is a fundamental task in early adulthood that shapes one's professional and personal life. This process involves exploring interests, gaining necessary education or training, and making informed decisions about job opportunities. Career choice is influenced by various factors, including personal values, financial needs, job market conditions, and advice from mentors. Successfully navigating this task requires setting realistic goals, acquiring relevant skills, and adapting to changing circumstances in the job market. A well-chosen career can provide not only financial stability but also personal fulfillment and a sense of purpose. Both tasks are interconnected, as leaving home often necessitates financial independence, which is closely tied to career success. Successfully managing these tasks sets the foundation for further personal and professional growth in adulthood. 4. Discuss the developmental task of starting a family. Answer: Starting a family is a significant developmental task in early adulthood that encompasses a range of responsibilities and emotional adjustments. This task typically involves forming a stable partnership, deciding to have children, and taking on the roles of parenthood. Forming a stable partnership requires individuals to establish trust, communicate effectively, and balance personal needs with those of their partner. This foundation is crucial for the emotional and practical aspects of starting a family. Deciding to have children involves careful consideration of timing, financial readiness, and personal desires. It is a decision that affects lifestyle, career plans, and long-term goals. Parenthood brings a new set of responsibilities, including providing physical care, emotional support, and guidance to children. It requires learning new skills, such as nurturing, discipline, and education. The transition to parenthood can be challenging, as it often involves balancing work and family life, managing stress, and maintaining relationship quality with one's partner. Successful navigation of this task fosters personal growth, enhances life satisfaction, and contributes to the well-being of future generations. 5. What are the characteristic sexual changes that occur in middle adulthood? Answer: Middle adulthood, typically defined as the period between ages 40 and 65, is characterized by several sexual changes due to hormonal shifts, physical health, and psychosocial factors. For women, menopause marks a significant change, usually occurring between ages 45 and 55. Menopause involves the cessation of menstrual cycles and a decline in estrogen and progesterone levels, leading to symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and reduced libido. These changes can affect sexual desire and comfort during intercourse. For men, this period may involve a gradual decline in testosterone levels, leading to changes such as reduced sexual desire, erectile dysfunction, and decreased sperm production. These changes can impact sexual performance and satisfaction. Both men and women may experience changes in sexual activity due to other factors such as chronic health conditions, medication side effects, stress, and relationship dynamics. Despite these changes, many individuals in middle adulthood continue to have fulfilling sexual lives by adapting to new circumstances, maintaining open communication with partners, and seeking medical advice when necessary. 6. What is ageism? Discuss several stereotypes about the elderly that are untrue. Answer: Ageism refers to the prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping of individuals based on their age, particularly against older adults. This bias can manifest in various forms, including social exclusion, negative attitudes, and unfair treatment in the workplace and healthcare settings. Several stereotypes about the elderly are untrue and perpetuate ageism: 1. Decline in Cognitive Abilities: It is commonly believed that all older adults experience significant cognitive decline. While some cognitive functions such as processing speed may slow down, many elderly individuals maintain strong intellectual abilities, memory, and problem-solving skills. Lifelong learning and mental activities can help preserve cognitive health. 2. Lack of Productivity: There is a stereotype that older adults are no longer productive or capable of contributing meaningfully to society. In reality, many elderly people remain active in their careers, volunteer work, and caregiving roles. They bring valuable experience and knowledge to various sectors. 3. Disinterest in Technology: Another stereotype is that older adults are technologically inept or uninterested in learning new technologies. However, many seniors actively use smartphones, computers, and social media. With proper training and support, they can adapt to and enjoy new technological advancements. 4. Social Isolation and Loneliness: While some older adults may experience loneliness, it is incorrect to assume that all elderly individuals are socially isolated. Many maintain strong social networks, engage in community activities, and have fulfilling relationships with family and friends. 5. Poor Health and Frailty: It is often assumed that aging inevitably leads to poor health and frailty. Although the risk of chronic conditions increases with age, many older adults are in good health, stay physically active, and manage their health conditions effectively to lead vibrant lives. Dispelling these stereotypes is crucial for promoting respect, inclusion, and equal opportunities for older adults in all aspects of society. 7. Describe the physical and cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood. Answer: In late adulthood, typically defined as age 65 and older, individuals experience various physical and cognitive changes. Physical Changes: Common physical changes include decreased bone density, leading to increased risk of fractures; reduced muscle mass and strength; diminished sensory abilities, such as hearing and vision; and slower reaction times. Cardiovascular efficiency declines, which can affect endurance and stamina. The skin becomes thinner and less elastic, and there may be changes in sleep patterns and appetite. Cognitive Changes: Cognitive changes in late adulthood can vary widely among individuals. Some experience a decline in processing speed, working memory, and executive functions such as planning and multitasking. However, many retain strong crystallized intelligence, which includes accumulated knowledge and vocabulary. Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, affects a subset of the elderly, leading to significant memory loss and impaired cognitive functions. Yet, cognitive stimulation through mental activities and social engagement can help maintain cognitive health. 8. Discuss the premise that each person grows old in his or her own distinctive way. Answer: The premise that each person grows old in his or her own distinctive way acknowledges the individual variability in aging processes. Aging is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and psychological factors. Genetics play a role in determining susceptibility to certain age-related conditions and overall longevity. Lifestyle choices, such as diet, physical activity, and smoking, significantly impact health outcomes in late adulthood. Environmental factors, including socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and social support, also influence how people age. Psychological factors such as resilience, outlook on life, and engagement in meaningful activities contribute to individual differences in aging experiences. For example, one person might remain physically active and socially engaged, maintaining cognitive function and physical health, while another might experience more significant health declines due to chronic conditions or lack of support. These variations underscore the importance of personalized approaches to healthcare and aging well. 9. What are: the climacteric, ageism, life review, and Alzheimer's disease? Answer: The Climacteric: The climacteric is a phase of life marked by hormonal changes, typically occurring in middle adulthood. For women, it encompasses menopause, characterized by the end of menstrual cycles and a decline in estrogen and progesterone levels. For men, it involves a gradual decrease in testosterone levels, sometimes referred to as andropause, which can lead to changes in sexual function and energy levels. Ageism: Ageism is the prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping directed at individuals based on their age, particularly against older adults. It can manifest in social attitudes, workplace practices, and healthcare, leading to negative outcomes such as social isolation, reduced opportunities, and inadequate care. Life Review: A life review is a reflective process in which older adults evaluate and make sense of their life experiences, achievements, and failures. This process often occurs in late adulthood and can help individuals find meaning, resolve conflicts, and achieve a sense of closure and peace. Alzheimer's Disease: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It is the most common form of dementia and involves the buildup of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, leading to the death of brain cells and impairment in various cognitive functions. 10. Provide a concrete example for each of the following: age-related changes, midlife transition, ageism, and life review. Answer: Age-Related Changes: An example of age-related changes is the gradual decline in vision, such as presbyopia, where an individual in their 40s or 50s begins to have difficulty focusing on close objects and may need reading glasses. Midlife Transition: A midlife transition might involve a 50-year-old executive reassessing their career and personal goals, leading them to pursue a new profession or hobby that aligns more closely with their values and passions, often termed a "midlife crisis." Ageism: An example of ageism is a qualified 65-year-old job applicant being passed over for a position because the employer assumes they lack technological skills or the ability to keep up with younger colleagues, despite their extensive experience and capabilities. Life Review: An elderly individual might engage in a life review by compiling a memoir, reflecting on significant life events, and sharing stories with family members, helping them come to terms with their past and find a sense of accomplishment and meaning. Chapter 4: Seeking Selfhood 4.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1. All those perceptions of "I" and "me" together with the feelings and beliefs associated with them are called the A. self-concept B. real self C. ideal self D. social self Answer: A 2. We tend to actively manage our self-concept to A. keep it realistic B. maintain a balanced view of self C. promote a positive view of self D. present ourselves better to others Answer: C 3. The self I think I am is called A. the ideal self B. self-image C. the social self D. body image Answer: B 4. Which is NOT true of our self-image? A. It is almost never influenced by stranger’s opinions. B. Teasing by family members can lead to a negative self-image. C. We tend to revise our self-image through more recent experiences with others. D. Youth tend to internalize what others think of them. Answer: A 5. The self I'd like to be refers to the A. self-image B. social self C. private self D. ideal self Answer: D 6. Our aspirations, morality, and values make up the A. public self B. ideal self C. self-image D. social self Answer: B 7. If the ideal self is quite different from the real self, it can lead to A. high self-esteem B. boastfulness C. social anxiety D. pride Answer: C 8. It may be most appropriate for us to modify our ideal self when our aspirations prove to be A. excessive or unrealistic B. unattainable in principle C. consistent and unchangeable D. unaffected by daily experience Answer: A 9. The impression we think others have of us refers to our A. ideal self B. social self C. self-image D. private self Answer: B 10. The "spotlight effect" related to self-esteem means that A. low-esteem people like to draw attention to themselves B. high-esteem people hope to be the center of attention C. we expect others to judge us more harshly than they really do D. we actively seek out criticism as part of self-growth Answer: C 11. Research demonstrates that most individuals A. overestimate how salient their own behaviors and appearance are to others B. underestimate their own intelligence C. expect higher grades than they receive D. feel self-feedback is more important than feedback from others Answer: A 12. We have many different social selves because A. we see ourselves somewhat differently with each person we meet B. we are always guarded and reserved with strangers C. we are always confident around our employers D. we do not have different social selves; the social self is consistent Answer: A 13. The notion that each of us has multiple selves really means A. everyone has multiple personality disorders B. there is no such thing as the self-concept C. the self-concept is a cluster of self-images D. there is no coherent core of the self-concept Answer: C 14. Which aspect of self-concept is present in Japanese individuals and likely to be missing in White Americans? A. ideal self B. private self C. familial self D. none of these is missing in Americans Answer: C 15. The aspects of ourselves that we regard as very important to us A. are rarely accurately labeled B. are usually distorted C. comprise the core of our self-concept D. are denied to awareness Answer: C 16. Experiences that are inconsistent with our existing self-concept tend to be A. labeled accurately B. distorted or denied to awareness C. admitted fully into conscious awareness D. incorporated into our ideal self Answer: B 17. Trivializing our failures is an example of A. self-consistency B. self-attribution C. social comparison D. self-immunization Answer: D 18. The poor recall of negative feedback is called A. self-immunization B. self-alienation C. self-consistency D. mnemonic neglect Answer: D 19. Which is NOT generally true of the parents of individuals with high self-esteem? A. They were supportive. B. They expressed affection. C. They established firm but reasonable rules. D. They were very permissive. Answer: D 20. Research shows that it is important to praise children more for their _____ than for their _____. A. intelligence; appearance B. artistic ability; mathematical ability C. efforts; intelligence D. social skills; academic performance Answer: C 21. Individuals with high self-esteem are likely to A. do better in school B. generally attribute their successes to good fortune C. deny responsibility for their failures D. hold particularly high aspirations Answer: A 22. Individuals with low self-esteem generally tend to A. be accepting of others B. stay in unhappy relationships C. expect the best of themselves even when the task is impossible D. accept personal criticism easily Answer: B 23. Which of the following is generally a sign of low self-esteem? A. savoring one's accomplishments and successes B. bragging excessively about one's achievements C. expressing one's opinions readily D. making demands on oneself to do better next time Answer: B 24. Low self-esteem is characterized by A. refusal to accept praise B. poor performance on academic tests C. looking at oneself in the mirror often D. expressing ones opinions readily Answer: A 25. Which is generally a sign of high self-esteem? A. excessive bragging B. regarding failures as an opportunity to learn C. rejecting compliments D. expecting too much of yourself Answer: B 26. High self-esteem can be related to A. depression B. worse performance in groups C. lack of persistence when faced with failure D. antisocial behaviors Answer: D 27. Which of these is NOT associated with high self-esteem? A. greater happiness B. bullying behaviors C. better job performance D. lower alcohol and drug abuse Answer: D 28. Seeking self-esteem A. almost always enhances autonomy B. usually positively impacts relationships C. can cause anxiety D. works best when seeking goals that are beneficial to the self-more than to others Answer: C 29. According to self-enhancement theory, people prefer and seek out positive feedback about A. those attributes they, themselves, view as positive B. both their positive and negative attributes C. mostly their negative attributes D. only attributes they are uncertain of Answer: A 30. People tend to elicit feedback that confirms their own self-perceptions, both positive and negative, according to A. self-enhancement theory B. social-self theory C. self-verification theory D. ideal self-theory Answer: C 31. Which statement is true about women's self-esteem? A. women's self-esteem is more affected by self-reflection than men’s B. women's self-esteem is more affected by task success than men's C. women have generally lower self-esteem than men D. men have generally lower self-esteem than women Answer: A 32. One of the most common ways our self-concept changes is A. through our interactions with people B. by not getting too close to people C. through criticism from others; praise has little effect on most people D. by avoiding successful people and therefore upward comparison Answer: A 33. During the process of __________, the outside world is shut out, and the person is able to see, experience, and learn from an intuitive, feeling, unconscious nature. A. heightened awareness B. visualization C. self-enhancement D. self-verification Answer: B 34. One of the best ways to handle personal criticism is to take it as A. a matter which requires immediate action B. the reflection of another person's envy C. a matter that requires you to defend yourself D. a cue that action may be required Answer: D 35. People who are highly sensitive to criticism are likely to strongly agree with which of the following statements? A. I tend to like people who tell me how I should do things B. I get discouraged when I don’t succeed at something right away C. it’s easy for me to admit to myself when I am wrong D. I don’t dwell on my mistakes after a failure Answer: B 36. The text suggests that when being criticized, it is better to ask the person to A. mind his/her own business B. prove that the criticism is incorrect C. be more specific and provide more information D. relax and not be so sensitive Answer: C 37. When someone criticizes your performance, it is generally a good idea to A. ask the person for suggested solutions B. patiently listen to what is said but then ignore it so that your self-esteem is unaffected C. assert your right to be different D. remain silent and do what the other person wants you to do Answer: A 38. During the early stages of self-improvement, people tend to express a lot of A. self-acceptance B. rejection of the therapist C. self-disparagement D. self-insight Answer: C 39. During the latter stages of personal growth, individuals A. are less aware of the complexity of their feelings B. reaffirm their commitments and ideals C. deny the negative aspects of themselves D. become more self-directed Answer: D 40. When we fail to acknowledge or accept certain aspects of ourselves and then project them onto others, whom we then dislike, we are suffering from A. self-immunization B. self-alienation C. self-consistency D. mnemonic neglect Answer: B 4.2 True/False Questions 1. The self-concept is the overall image or awareness we have of ourselves. Answer: True 2. More than 40 percent of comments posted on social networking websites are negative. Answer: False 3. We usually take personal credit for both our successes and failures. Answer: False 4. The way you see yourself is called your ideal self. Answer: False 5. We tend to think that people pay a lot more attention to us than they really do. Answer: True 6. Our social self is consistent in every relationship we have. Answer: False 7. Aspects of self are the same across cultures. Answer: False 8. People tend to clearly remember negative feedback when it is inconsistent with core aspects of their self-concept. Answer: False 9. There are six main types of self-esteem. Answer: False 10. It is good to praise children for their positive aspects, including intelligence. Answer: False 11. Someone with high self-esteem tends to listen to what others say, even when they disagree. Answer: True 12. Someone with low self-esteems tends to express their opinions readily. Answer: False 13. Minorities have lower self-esteem than others. Answer: False 14. People generally prefer to hear opinions that support their own views of themselves. Answer: True 15. Investment in gender ideals positively affects self-esteem for both men and women. Answer: False 16. Women's self-esteem is higher than men’s self-esteem. Answer: False 17. Visualizing the self you would like to be actually has little impact on your behavior. Answer: False 18. Each time you are criticized, you should hasten to do what is asked of you. Answer: False 19. The first stage of self-revision is usually characterized by greater self-direction. Answer: False 20. Personal growth and accepting oneself more fully is always a comfortable process. Answer: False 4.3 Short Answer Questions 1. Define self-concept. Answer: Self-concept: Self-concept is the comprehensive understanding a person has of themselves, encompassing their beliefs, attributes, and who and what they are, both in terms of traits and roles. 2. What is meant by self-serving attributions? Answer: Self-serving attributions: Self-serving attributions are the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to one's own actions or traits and negative outcomes to external factors, thus preserving self-esteem. 3. What are self-image and ideal self? Answer: Self-image and ideal self: Self-image is how individuals perceive themselves currently, including attributes and roles, while the ideal self is how they would like to be, representing their aspirations and goals. 4. Describe the concept of social selves. Answer: Social selves: The concept of social selves refers to the different roles and identities individuals adopt in various social contexts, influenced by interactions with others and societal expectations. 5. Does an individual have one stable concept of self or flexible, multiple selves? Answer: Stable concept of self vs. multiple selves: An individual typically has a flexible, multiple selves concept, adapting their behavior and identity according to different social roles and contexts while maintaining an underlying stable core self. 6. How does parenting style affect self-esteem of children? Answer: Parenting style and children's self-esteem: Authoritative parenting, characterized by warmth and structure, tends to boost children's self-esteem, while authoritarian or neglectful parenting can lead to lower self-esteem. 7. Describe three characteristic signs each for high and low self-esteem. Answer: Signs of high self-esteem: High self-esteem is characterized by confidence, positive self-regard, and resilience to setbacks. Signs of low self-esteem: Low self-esteem includes self-doubt, negative self-talk, and sensitivity to criticism. 8. How does the text suggest we manage criticism from others? Answer: Managing criticism: The text suggests viewing criticism as feedback for growth, maintaining perspective by considering the source, and distinguishing between constructive and destructive criticism. 4.4 Essay Questions 1. What is self-concept? What are the functions of self-concept? Answer: Self-concept is the comprehensive perception individuals have about themselves, encompassing their beliefs, attributes, and who they are in terms of traits, abilities, and roles. It includes self-image, the actual self, and the ideal self. Self-concept is dynamic and shaped by experiences, social interactions, and personal reflections over time. Functions of Self-Concept: 1. Self-Regulation: Self-concept helps individuals regulate their behavior by aligning actions with their values, goals, and self-perceived abilities. This alignment ensures consistency and coherence in behavior. 2. Self-Evaluation: It allows individuals to assess their strengths and weaknesses, guiding personal development and goal setting. Through self-evaluation, people can make adjustments to improve their skills and achieve their aspirations. 3. Social Identity: Self-concept provides a sense of identity and belonging by defining how individuals see themselves within social groups. This helps in forming connections, fostering community, and understanding one's role in society. 4. Guidance and Motivation: A well-defined self-concept can inspire motivation and provide direction. By understanding their capabilities and aspirations, individuals are better equipped to pursue their goals and persist through challenges. 2. What is the relationship between our social selves and opportunities for personal growth? Answer: The relationship between our social selves and opportunities for personal growth is integral and dynamic. Social selves refer to the different identities and roles individuals adopt in various social contexts, influenced by interactions with others and societal expectations. This multiplicity allows for diverse experiences that contribute to personal growth. 1. Role Exploration: Engaging in different social roles provides opportunities to explore various aspects of one's personality and abilities. This exploration helps individuals discover new interests and develop a broader skill set. 2. Feedback and Reflection: Social interactions offer feedback from others, which can be instrumental in self-reflection and growth. Constructive feedback allows individuals to recognize areas for improvement and make necessary changes. 3. Adaptability and Resilience: Navigating multiple social roles requires adaptability, enhancing one’s ability to manage change and uncertainty. This adaptability fosters resilience, a key component of personal growth. 4. Social Learning: Through interactions with diverse groups, individuals learn new perspectives, cultural norms, and problem-solving strategies. This learning enriches their worldview and promotes cognitive and emotional development. In summary, the social selves provide a platform for continuous learning and adaptation, crucial for personal development and growth. 3. What is meant by multiple selves with regard to self-concept? Is this "normal"? Why or why not? Answer: Multiple selves with regard to self-concept refer to the different versions of oneself that individuals present in various social contexts. These selves are influenced by the roles people play, the expectations of others, and the specific situations they encounter. Normalcy and Benefits: 1. Contextual Adaptation: Having multiple selves is normal and necessary for effective social functioning. Individuals adapt their behavior and presentation based on the social context, whether it’s at work, home, or with friends. This adaptation helps in meeting different social demands and expectations. 2. Social Harmony: Multiple selves facilitate smoother social interactions and relationships. By adjusting to the norms and expectations of different groups, individuals can better navigate social landscapes and build harmonious relationships. 3. Personal Growth: Embracing multiple selves allows for exploration and development of various aspects of one’s identity. This flexibility contributes to a richer, more complex self-concept and promotes personal growth. 4. Psychological Health: Having multiple selves supports psychological health by providing a broader range of coping strategies and perspectives. It allows individuals to be resilient in the face of challenges by drawing on different aspects of their identity. While multiple selves are normal, maintaining a core sense of self is important to ensure coherence and stability in one’s identity. This core self serves as an anchor, providing consistency and integrity across different roles and situations. Thus, the concept of multiple selves, when balanced with a stable core identity, is not only normal but also beneficial for personal and social well-being. 4. What are the core characteristics or ingredients of self-concept? Answer: Self-concept is composed of several core characteristics or ingredients that collectively shape how individuals perceive and understand themselves: 1. Self-Image: This is how individuals see themselves in terms of physical appearance, traits, roles, and abilities. It includes perceptions of strengths, weaknesses, and overall self-assessment. 2. Self-Esteem: This refers to the evaluative aspect of self-concept, where individuals gauge their own worth and value. It is closely tied to feelings of confidence, self-respect, and self-worth. 3. Ideal Self: The ideal self represents an individual’s aspirations, goals, and the person they strive to become. It is a future-oriented aspect of self-concept that drives motivation and personal growth. 4. Social Identity: This involves the roles and identities individuals adopt in social contexts, such as family roles, professional identities, and cultural affiliations. It reflects how individuals see themselves in relation to others and society. 5. Self-Knowledge: This includes the accumulation of insights and understanding about oneself, such as personal values, beliefs, and past experiences. It is the cognitive component that informs self-awareness. 6. Self-Perception: How individuals interpret their behaviors, emotions, and thoughts in different situations. It influences how they understand their actions and reactions. 5. Does self-esteem remain the same from situation to situation? When self-esteem changes, what induces the change? Answer: Self-esteem does not remain the same from situation to situation; it is subject to fluctuations based on various internal and external factors. Inducers of Change in Self-Esteem: 1. Social Feedback: Positive or negative feedback from others can significantly impact self-esteem. Compliments and recognition boost self-esteem, while criticism and rejection can lower it. 2. Achievements and Failures: Successes, such as achieving goals or receiving awards, enhance self-esteem, whereas failures or setbacks can diminish it. 3. Comparison with Others: Comparing oneself to peers can affect self-esteem. Feeling superior in certain aspects raises self-esteem, while feeling inferior lowers it. 4. Internal States: Mood and emotional states influence self-esteem. For instance, feeling happy and energetic can enhance self-esteem, while feeling anxious or depressed can lower it. 5. Significant Life Events: Major life changes, such as career shifts, relationship changes, or health issues, can impact self-esteem positively or negatively depending on the nature of the event. 6. Compare and contrast self-verification and self-enhancement theory. Answer: Self-Verification Theory and Self-Enhancement Theory both relate to how individuals perceive themselves and seek to maintain their self-concept, but they emphasize different motivations and processes. Self-Verification Theory: • Core Concept: Self-verification theory posits that individuals seek consistency and confirmation of their self-concept from others. People desire feedback that aligns with their existing beliefs about themselves, even if those beliefs are negative. • Motivation: The primary motivation is to maintain a stable and coherent self-concept. Consistency in feedback helps individuals feel understood and validated. • Behavior: Individuals may engage in behaviors that elicit feedback consistent with their self-view and may reject or discount feedback that contradicts it. Self-Enhancement Theory: • Core Concept: Self-enhancement theory suggests that individuals strive to maintain or enhance their self-esteem by seeking positive feedback and avoiding negative feedback. People desire to see themselves in a favorable light. • Motivation: The main motivation is to increase or protect self-esteem. Positive feedback boosts self-worth, and individuals actively seek experiences and interactions that affirm their positive self-views. • Behavior: Individuals may interpret information in a biased manner to maintain a positive self-image and may engage in self-promotion or compare themselves to others in ways that highlight their strengths. Comparison and Contrast: • Consistency vs. Positivity: Self-verification focuses on consistency of feedback with self-concept, while self-enhancement focuses on positivity of feedback to boost self-esteem. • Reaction to Negative Feedback: In self-verification, negative feedback is accepted if it aligns with the individual’s self-view. In self-enhancement, negative feedback is often rejected or minimized to protect self-esteem. • Stability vs. Growth: Self-verification seeks to maintain a stable self-concept, whereas self-enhancement aims for growth in self-esteem and positive self-regard. In practice, individuals may seek both self-verification and self-enhancement, balancing the need for a stable identity with the desire for positive self-perception. 7. Knowing what you know about self-concept and self-esteem, what five pieces of advice would you give to parents? Answer: 1. Provide Unconditional Love and Support: Show acceptance and support for your child regardless of their achievements or failures. This fosters a sense of security and self-worth. 2. Encourage Autonomy and Decision-Making: Allow children to make age-appropriate decisions and take responsibility. This builds confidence and a sense of competence in their abilities. 3. Promote a Positive Self-Image: Focus on your child's strengths and encourage them to develop their talents and interests. Help them see setbacks as opportunities for growth rather than failures. 4. Model Healthy Self-Esteem: Demonstrate positive self-talk, resilience in the face of challenges, and the ability to accept feedback constructively. Children learn by observing parental behavior. 5. Facilitate Open Communication: Create an environment where children feel comfortable expressing their thoughts, feelings, and concerns. Listen actively and provide guidance without judgment. 8. Why might we expect Shandra, the fictional character in the case presented in the chapter on self, to have self-concept problems? Why didn't she? Use information from the chapter to support your answer. Answer: Shandra, despite experiencing challenges and adversity, did not develop significant self-concept problems due to several factors: 1. Supportive Environment: Shandra had a supportive family environment that valued her efforts and provided emotional support. This positive reinforcement helped her maintain a healthy self-concept despite external pressures. 2. Resilience and Coping Skills: She demonstrated resilience by persevering through difficulties and adapting to changes in her life circumstances. Resilient individuals are better equipped to maintain a positive self-concept in the face of adversity. 3. Self-Awareness and Identity: Shandra had a clear sense of her strengths, interests, and values. This self-awareness allowed her to navigate challenges while maintaining a consistent and confident self-image. 4. Social Support and Connections: Shandra had friends and mentors who supported her and provided encouragement. Social connections contribute to a sense of belonging and validation, which are crucial for developing a positive self-concept. 5. Personal Growth and Achievement: Despite facing obstacles, Shandra experienced personal growth and achieved her goals. Accomplishments and progress contribute to a sense of competence and self-worth, bolstering self-concept. 9. Provide both a definition of and a concrete example for the following concepts: self-serving attribution, self-consistency, self-immunization, self-enhancement, and self-esteem. Answer: 1. Self-Serving Attribution: • Definition: Self-serving attribution is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors (e.g., abilities, efforts) and negative outcomes to external factors (e.g., luck, circumstances) to maintain self-esteem. • Example: After receiving a good grade on a test, a student attributes their success to their intelligence and hard work. However, if they perform poorly, they attribute it to the test being unfair or the teacher's grading style. 2. Self-Consistency: • Definition: Self-consistency refers to the maintenance of stable beliefs and perceptions about oneself over time, leading to predictable behavior and attitudes across different situations. • Example: A person who values honesty and integrity consistently behaves ethically in various contexts, demonstrating self-consistency in their moral beliefs and actions. 3. Self-Immunization: • Definition: Self-immunization involves strategies individuals use to protect their self-concept from threats or challenges. This may include downplaying negative feedback, avoiding situations that challenge self-beliefs, or seeking out supportive information. • Example: A politician facing criticism for a controversial policy decision may deflect blame onto external factors or highlight their other accomplishments to protect their public image and self-esteem. 4. Self-Enhancement: • Definition: Self-enhancement refers to the motivation and strategies individuals employ to maintain or elevate their self-esteem. This includes seeking positive feedback, emphasizing personal strengths, and minimizing weaknesses. • Example: During a job interview, a candidate confidently discusses their achievements and skills, emphasizing their qualifications and positive attributes to impress the interviewer and enhance their self-image. 5. Self-Esteem: • Definition: Self-esteem is the subjective evaluation of one's own worth and value. It reflects an individual's overall sense of self-worth and confidence in their abilities and qualities. • Example: A teenager with high self-esteem feels capable of handling challenges, values themselves as a person, and believes in their ability to achieve their goals despite setbacks. Understanding these concepts provides insights into how individuals perceive themselves, maintain their self-concept, and navigate social interactions to preserve their self-esteem. Test Bank for Psychology for Living: Adjustment, Growth, and Behavior Today Steven J. Kirsh, Karen Grover Duffy, Eastwood Atwater 9780205961627
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