This Document Contains Chapters 23 to 24 Chapter 23: From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism, 1900-1920 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The characteristics of progressivism included __________. a. seeking radical changes in American life b. applying the principle of laissez-faire to big business c. being fundamentally pessimistic about human nature d. being unwilling to directly intervene in other people's lives e. emphasizing the role of the environment in human development Answer: e 2) Many of the leaders of the progressive movement __________. a. opposed professional work and workers b. were rather well educated c. tended toward radical views of reform d. opposed the expansion of women's rights e. were determined to have a negative effect on big business Answer: b 3) The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for __________. a. women's suffrage b. prohibition c. a federal income tax d. direct election of senators e. extending the franchise to 18-year-olds Answer: b 4) Two major suffrage organizations merged in 1890 to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association under which person? a. Alice Paul b. Anna Howard Shaw c. Carrie Chapman Catt d. Lucy Burns e. Susan B. Anthony Answer: e 5) The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for __________. a. women's suffrage b. prohibition c. a federal income tax d. direct election of senators e. extending the franchise to 18-year-olds Answer: a 6) Who was the most influential educator of the Progressive Era? a. Thomas Johnson b. Eugene V. Debs c. Robert M. La Follette d. John Dewey e. William James Answer: d 7) The most prominent American socialist during the Progressive Era was __________. a. "Big Bill" Haywood b. Gifford Pinchot c. Eugene V. Debs d. Upton Sinclair e. Daniel DeLeon Answer: c 8) What did progressive reformers of the cities believe were especially crucial to the success of their causes? a. trained experts b. bankers c. politicians d. basic scientists e. mayors Answer: a 9) To progressives, the commissions they championed offered a way to __________. a. increase their political power b. reduce the power of reformers c. end the corrupt alliance between business and politics d. provide employment for their supporters e. get regular citizens into political offices Answer: c 10) Who was the most famous reform governor of the Progressive Era? a. Robert M. La Follette b. "Golden Rule" Jones c. Hiram Johnson d. Lincoln Steffens e. Richard Ely Answer: a 11) Theodore Roosevelt angered southerners by __________. a. dining with Booker T. Washington at the White House b. stationing federal troops in southern states to supervise elections c. threatening to ban college football unless it were made less dangerous d. ordering the federal bureaucracy to be fully integrated e. making sure that black athletes were included in the 1908 U.S. Olympic team Answer: a 12) The Supreme Court's decision in the Northern Securities case __________. a. paved the way for several other antitrust actions b. had little effect on the problem of trusts overall c. was opposed by Roosevelt himself d. affected only the smaller American trusts e. was a unanimous decision Answer: a 13) What role did President Theodore Roosevelt play in the great coal strike of 1902? a. He played no role at all in settling the dispute. b. He sympathized completely with the company owners. c. He decided to support the Pure Food and Drug Act. d. He essentially decided to support the coal miners. e. He shut down the mines for two months. Answer: d 14) Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle led to passage of the __________. a. Hepburn Act b. Mann-Elkins Act c. Meat Inspection Act d. Elkins Act e. Clayton Antitrust Act Answer: c 15) Before becoming president, in what role did William Howard Taft display the greatest strength? a. administrator b. politician c. economic strategist d. political organizer e. orator Answer: a 16) Compared to Roosevelt, William Howard Taft __________. a. was an activist b. had less faith in the government's ability to impose reform c. did not act as aggressively against the trusts d. had fewer real problems to confront e. was a more dynamic politician Answer: b 17) Dividing the Republican party early in Taft's administration was __________. a. the issue of foreign policy and government b. the problem of banking regulation c. a decision concerning the need to lower tariffs d. the question of campaign strategy e. split loyalty between Taft and Roosevelt Answer: c 18) What did William Howard Taft do that alienated progressive Republicans? a. curbed the power of Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon b. vetoed a tariff increase c. dismissed Richard Ballinger d. campaigned against progressives in the 1910 congressional elections e. generally became a tool of the conservative Republicans Answer: e 19) The Sixteenth Amendment __________. a. established civil rights guidelines b. authorized the direct election of senators c. gave women the vote d. authorized an income tax e. extended the franchise to 18-year-olds Answer: d 20) In 1912, Roosevelt's New Nationalism __________. a. demanded a stronger role for the president and government b. called for tighter immigration laws c. represented a repudiation of progressivism d. was readily accepted by all progressives e. was resolutely antitrust Answer: a 21) Why did Woodrow Wilson win the election of 1912? a. He was more popular than Roosevelt. b. There was a split in the Republican party. c. He won the support of William Howard Taft. d. He won the support of the Socialists. e. He won the support of progressives. Answer: b 22) Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom called for __________. a. the expansion of government b. less government regulation c. business competition and small government d. government restraint of competition e. civil rights for African Americans Answer: c 23) What was the most important domestic law of Wilson's administration? a. Underwood Tariff b. Dingley Tariff c. Federal Reserve Act d. Pure Food and Drug Act e. Clayton Antitrust Act Answer: c 24) In the final analysis, Wilson's domestic programs indicated __________. a. his exclusive belief in New Freedom ideas b. his outright opposition to Roosevelt's New Nationalism c. a blending of the two competing doctrines of progressivism d. his failure as a reformer e. his determination to win re-election by pleasing as many voters as possible Answer: c 25) Woodrow Wilson's record on race relations __________. a. elicited the support of African Americans b. disappointed African Americans and many progressives c. won him support in the North d. showed his consistent opposition to racial discrimination e. was incredibly liberal Answer: b 26) Why were businessmen, such as J. P. Morgan, glad to see Roosevelt leave the United States after his White House years? a. Like him, they believed in America's involvement in World War I. b. They were tired of his meddling in big business. c. They hoped he would open new markets for their products in Africa and Europe. d. They wanted to build support for a different presidential candidate. e. Like him, they believed in securing more land in the Pacific. Answer: b 27) What did some in the business community find attractive about progressivism? a. Nothing; the business community opposed all forms of progressivism. b. Business owners, like progressives, wanted to clean up city governments and political contests. c. Progressivism believed in progress and efficiency, two industrial business values. d. Progressives wanted to control corporate abuses, reform child labor laws, and ensure factory safety—all of which were industrial business values as well. e. Progressives fought for women's and African American's rights, two things from which industrial businessmen would gain. Answer: c 28) How did the growing trend of professional associations help the general population in the early years of the twentieth century? a. Higher standards enforced by associations protected the general population from fraud and malpractice. b. It became easier to become a professional; all one had to do was buy into an association, so more of the general population could become professionals. c. Associations ensured that people from any class could become professionals if they had the proper education and training. d. Associations made the cost of professional services cheaper and easier to access for the general population. e. Associations made professionals more plentiful and, therefore, easier for the general population to find. Answer: a 29) Social reform during the early 1900s differed from reforms of previous eras because in previous eras, social reform had been __________, whereas in the early 1900s it was __________. a. supported exclusively by the government, controlled by private charities b. supported exclusively by private charities, controlled by the government c. mixed with morality, free from moral overtones d. more complex and interrelated, more individualized and simplistic e. more simplistic and directed at one particular problem, directed at complex and interrelated problems Answer: e 30) Why did women's movements also lead the temperance crusade? a. In general, women did not drink alcohol in the early 1900s. b. In general, men participated in politics while women participated in social reform. c. Women saw temperance as the first step to suffrage and, therefore, supported it. d. Women were more involved with social justice activities and saw the direct effects of alcohol abuse on families. e. Men saw temperance as the first step to women's suffrage and, therefore, opposed it. Answer: d 31) Which part of the United States continued to oppose suffrage for women and African Americans even after most other states had passed universal suffrage laws? a. the South b. the North c. the West d. the Southwest e. the Midwest Answer: a 32) How did progressive attitudes affect the size of government during the Progressive Era? a. Progressives believed that local government could best conduct social reforms and supported agencies of experts, so small state and local governments grew. b. Progressives believed that the federal government could best conduct social reforms and supported agencies of experts, so the national government grew. c. All governments shrank because progressives believed that charities could best conduct social reforms and opposed agencies of experts. d. Small state and local governments grew because progressives believed that most voters were too uneducated to understand national issues. e. Progressives believed in the wisdom of the general masses, so all governments shrank while agencies run by nonpoliticians grew. Answer: b 33) Why did voting decline during the Progressive Era? a. Because pessimism marked the Progressive Era, people did not bother voting. b. Because African Americans and women made up most of the population, their disfranchisement affected voter turnout. c. People focused on social reforms rather than on politics in the Progressive Era. d. People focused on moral reforms rather than on politics in the Progressive Era. e. People relied on interest groups to pressure government into policies they supported, so they did not feel the need to vote. Answer: e 34) City governments became more like businesses during the early 1900s because they __________. a. became more corrupt, working for the wealthy and crushing the masses with unfair housing, tax, and employment laws b. became more supportive of the masses, creating health, housing, and employment programs to help the poor c. became balanced by competitive political parties and special interest groups, just as big businesses were balanced by unions versus management d. created systems of managers (elected officials) supported by experts, stressing continuity, efficiency, and results e. became so embroiled in bureaucracy and regulations that they could not function properly Answer: d 35) Why did Theodore Roosevelt call Robert La Follette's Wisconsin Idea "the laboratory of democracy"? a. The Wisconsin Idea improved voter education and participation. b. The Idea was voted on and approved by all citizens of Wisconsin. c. Voters gained power to directly elect officials, and the results democratized or equalized education, employment, and public resources. d. The Idea removed nearly all corrupt officials from local, state, and federal governments in Wisconsin. e. The Idea became the model for all other states and eventually the rest of the democratic world. Answer: c 36) In the Brownsville incident, Roosevelt __________. a. demonstrated disrespect for African Americans and their service in war by dismissing the soldiers without investigating the incident b. exhibited his bias for military personnel when he ruled in favor of the soldiers without investigating their conduct c. showed that holding to his beliefs was more important to him than re-election d. revealed that he was a true pragmatist, able to live in a world with no easy answers, when he dismissed loyal soldiers from the army e. demonstrated his progressive spirit by seeking the most efficient and systematic removal of the involved soldiers Answer: a 37) How did Theodore Roosevelt distinguish a "good" trust from a "bad" trust? a. A good trust stayed within reasonable bounds, whereas a bad trust hurt the general welfare of society. b. A good trust donated money to Roosevelt's campaign, whereas bad trusts did not. c. A good trust was well-organized and efficient, whereas a bad trust was cumbersome and inefficient. d. A good trust employed the masses (immigrants, women, the poor, African Americans); a bad trust only employed white males. e. A good trust developed products that contributed to society; a bad trust worked in mergers and acquisitions and did not produce any actual products. Answer: a 38) What did the term "square deal" mean? a. The coal miners got more money and a shorter workday, but the owners got "squared," or shorted, and got nothing. b. Like the equal sides of a square, both the miners and the owners got a fair, equitable deal from Roosevelt's negotiations. c. Because Roosevelt used highly intelligent "square" men to broker the deal between the coal miners and owners, the deal was called a "square deal." d. By refusing to recognize the coal miners' union, the owners got the "square," or better, part of the deal. e. Like the four equal sides of a square, the four interested parties (the government, the arbitrator, the coal miners, and the owners) each participated equally in the negotiations. Answer: b 39) Roosevelt regretted making the statement, "Under no circumstances will I be a candidate for or accept another nomination," because he __________. a. ran for the office of president in the very next election b. ran for the office of senator at the end of his life c. appointed his successor, William Howard Taft, and controlled his actions from behind the scenes d. decided to run for the presidency eight years later e. was legally barred from running again after having served two full terms as president Answer: d 40) In his negotiations to pass the Hepburn Act of 1906, what did Roosevelt reveal about his political strategy? a. He capitalized on his popularity with the masses to coerce Congress to pass bills. b. He used his military past to command awe and obedience to his will as president. c. He employed yellow journalists and muckrakers to attack his opponents. d. As a young and new president, he relied too heavily on experienced advisors. e. He would use media exposure and deal-making with Congress to pass bills. Answer: e 41) Upton Sinclair described the __________ as the "wage slaves of the Beef Trust." a. consumers of unsanitary beef b. inhumanely treated cows c. poorly paid meat packers d. African American indentured servants e. politicians whom owners bribed Answer: c 42) Theodore Roosevelt can be considered one of the country's first conservationist presidents because he __________. a. created 150 million acres in new government preserves b. loved animals and the remaining wilderness in the United States c. believed in sequestering public land, so it would not be damaged d. opposed the use of coal because it damaged the environment e. was an avid hunter, but confined his big game pursuits to Africa Answer: a 43) In what way was Theodore Roosevelt not conservation-minded? a. He approved using federal land preserves in Alaska for coal mining. b. He supported coal strip mining, which he knew damaged the environment. c. He preserved federal lands but less so than any other president. d. He hunted and killed big game, which, even in his time, were becoming scarce. e. He supported the meatpacking industry's mistreatment of cows. Answer: d 44) Why did Republican party disputes erupt when Taft took office? a. Taft began to side with conservative Republicans, emphasizing the differences between them and the Democrats. b. Roosevelt's forceful personality had concealed or managed the conflicts, but when he left office, the conflicts reemerged. c. Just before leaving office, Roosevelt had sown seeds of discontent with his conservation, employment, and education reforms. d. Taft was an unlikable man who quickly created resentment from voters, even those who were in his own political party. e. Taft was so strong-willed and opinionated that he alienated even members of his own party. Answer: b 45) In what way was Taft more of a conservationist than Roosevelt? a. He opposed Ballinger's sale of millions of acres of public land. b. He opposed Ballinger's sale of Alaskan land to coal companies. c. He instituted the nation's first recycling program. d. He was a vegetarian and opposed to hunting animals. e. He conserved more public land than his predecessor. Answer: e 46) Why is the Federal Reserve Act considered the most important law Wilson passed? a. It instituted the first income tax, which still exists today. b. It settled disputes among Democrats and Republicans. c. It imposed necessary controls on banks, and still exists today. d. It won him great public admiration, securing his second term. e. It made the United States the richest country in the world. Answer: c 47) What is ironic about Wilson's New Nationalism program? a. It directly contradicted his New Freedom programs. b. It was more about religion and morality than social change. c. It helped more people than Taft's and Roosevelt's programs combined. d. It was essentially based on ideas first proposed by his political rival, Theodore Roosevelt. e. It was widely supported by the general masses, but in the end served to hurt their interests. Answer: d 48) In what way did Theodore Roosevelt embody pragmatism? a. In breaking the trusts, he demonstrated that he believed in natural laws instead of actions. b. In deciding to run for office a second time (for his third term as president), he demonstrated a belief in the absolute truth of his right to the presidency. c. In his brokering an agreement between coal miners and owners, he showed that he could pick manageable problems and work to solve them. d. In his conservation of wilderness in America, he demonstrated his belief in divine laws, meaning that God had given America the land to take care of. e. In his unequal treatment of African Americans, he demonstrated the pragmatic ability to be "tough-minded" in a world with no easy answers. Answer: c 49) How can the first three presidents of the early 1900s best be characterized? a. Roosevelt was the most progressive of the three: conserving more land, instituting more social reforms, and busting more trusts. b. Wilson was the most progressive of the three: conserving more land, instituting more social reforms, and busting more trusts. c. They all worked on similar progressive programs, such as regulating businesses, conserving land, and instituting social reforms, but ignored racial issues. d. Taft was the most progressive of the three: conserving more land, instituting more social reforms, and busting more trusts. e. They all worked on similar progressive programs, including bank regulation, tariffs, income taxes, and racial reconciliation. Answer: c 50) Which of the following individuals was probably the least progressive on the race question in America in the early 1900s? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. Woodrow Wilson c. William Taft d. Booker T. Washington e. W. E. B. Du Bois Answer: b Essay Questions 51) Explain the six characteristics of progressivism. How do they reflect the Puritan tradition? Answer: Progressivism, as a political and social philosophy, emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to the challenges of industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption. It emphasized the need for reform and sought to address these challenges through various means, including government intervention, social activism, and education. Progressivism shares some similarities with the Puritan tradition, particularly in its emphasis on moral reform and social improvement, though the two movements arose in different historical contexts and have distinct characteristics. The six characteristics of progressivism are: 1. Reform: Progressives sought to reform society by addressing social, economic, and political problems. They advocated for policies such as workers' rights, women's suffrage, and regulation of monopolies. 2. Social Welfare: Progressives believed in the importance of social welfare programs to improve the lives of the poor and vulnerable. They supported measures such as minimum wage laws, social security, and public health programs. 3. Efficiency: Progressives emphasized the need for efficiency in government and industry. They sought to eliminate waste and corruption and improve the effectiveness of government agencies and businesses. 4. Scientific Inquiry: Progressives believed in using scientific methods to solve social problems. They applied principles of sociology, psychology, and other social sciences to understand and address issues such as poverty, crime, and education. 5. Activism: Progressives were active in promoting their ideas and causes. They organized campaigns, protests, and other forms of activism to raise awareness and mobilize support for reform. 6. Education: Progressives believed in the importance of education for social progress. They promoted educational reforms, such as curriculum changes and increased funding, to improve the quality of education for all. These characteristics reflect the Puritan tradition in several ways. Both movements emphasize the importance of moral values and social responsibility. Puritans believed in the need to create a "city upon a hill," a society based on moral and religious principles that would serve as a model for others. Similarly, progressivism seeks to create a more just and equitable society through reform and social welfare programs. Additionally, both movements emphasize the role of education in shaping individuals and society. Puritans believed in the importance of education for religious and moral instruction, while progressives saw education as a means to improve society and promote social progress. Overall, while progressivism and the Puritan tradition have distinct characteristics and arose in different historical contexts, they share a common emphasis on moral reform, social improvement, and the importance of education in shaping individuals and society. 52) To what extent did the progressive movement succeed? To what extent did it fail? Answer: Successes of the Progressive Movement: • Achieved political reforms such as direct election of senators and women's suffrage. • Implemented regulations on business practices and promoted fair competition. • Advocated for labor reforms, leading to improved working conditions. • Established social welfare programs like Social Security. • Promoted education reform, improving public education systems. Failures of the Progressive Movement: • Did not effectively address racial and gender inequality. • Failed to fundamentally change the economic system, leading to persisting economic inequality. • Had limited impact on U.S. foreign policy, which continued to be characterized by imperialism. • Faced resistance and backlash from conservative forces, hindering some of its goals. 53) How did progressive action at the city, state, and federal levels pave the way for the activist government of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries? Answer: Progressive action at the city, state, and federal levels in the late 19th and early 20th centuries laid the foundation for the activist government that emerged in the 20th and 21st centuries in several ways: 1. Expanded Role of Government: Progressives advocated for an expanded role of government in addressing social, economic, and political issues. This laid the groundwork for the idea that government should play an active role in solving problems and promoting the general welfare, a principle that has influenced government policies in the 20th and 21st centuries. 2. Regulation and Reform: Progressives pushed for regulatory measures to address abuses in business and industry, such as monopolies and unsafe working conditions. This set a precedent for government intervention in the economy to ensure fair competition and protect workers' rights, a principle that has continued in the form of regulatory agencies and labor laws. 3. Social Welfare Programs: Progressives advocated for social welfare programs to provide a safety net for the most vulnerable members of society. This laid the foundation for the establishment of programs like Social Security and Medicare, which are key components of the modern welfare state. 4. Political Reforms: Progressives pushed for political reforms to increase the democratic participation of citizens and reduce corruption. This led to the adoption of measures such as direct election of senators and the initiative, referendum, and recall processes, which have influenced the structure of government and political processes in the 20th and 21st centuries. 5. Emphasis on Expertise and Efficiency: Progressives emphasized the importance of expertise and efficiency in government, advocating for the use of scientific methods and professional management in public administration. This has influenced the way government agencies operate and make decisions, with an emphasis on evidence-based policy making and professional expertise. Overall, the progressive actions taken at the city, state, and federal levels in the late 19th and early 20th centuries laid the groundwork for the activist government that emerged in the 20th and 21st centuries, shaping the role of government in addressing social, economic, and political issues. 54) How did the progressivism of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson alter traditional concepts of presidential power? Answer: The progressivism of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson significantly altered traditional concepts of presidential power by expanding the role of the federal government in regulating the economy, promoting social welfare, and addressing issues of social justice. Both presidents advocated for a more active government that intervened in the economy to promote competition and protect consumers. They also supported measures to improve the working conditions of laborers and to regulate big business. Roosevelt, through his "Square Deal" program, sought to curb the power of trusts and monopolies, protect natural resources, and regulate food and drug industries. He used his executive powers aggressively, often bypassing Congress through executive orders and antitrust lawsuits. Wilson, on the other hand, pursued a more systematic approach to reform through his "New Freedom" program. He signed into law the Federal Reserve Act, which established the Federal Reserve System to regulate the banking system, and the Clayton Antitrust Act, which strengthened existing antitrust laws. Wilson also advocated for labor reforms, including the eight-hour workday and child labor laws. Overall, the progressivism of Roosevelt and Wilson marked a shift towards a more active and interventionist federal government, challenging the traditional view of limited presidential power and paving the way for the expansion of the executive branch in the 20th century. Chapter 24: The Nation at War, 1901-1920 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The German sinking of the __________ in 1915 cost 128 American lives and enraged the American public. a. Sussex b. Arabic c. Reuben James d. Lusitania e. Titanic Answer: d 2) In terms of foreign policy, Theodore Roosevelt __________. a. did little to foster American aims b. reflected the influence of isolationism c. sought to prepare the country for its role as a world power d. sought to further isolate the United States from foreign affairs e. was supremely concerned with world peace Answer: c 3) The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty __________. a. secured Colombia's permission for the building of the Panama Canal b. gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone c. transferred rights to the Panama Canal from France to the United States d. ended hostilities with Mexico in autumn of 1914 e. gave the United States control of the Philippines Answer: b 4) Which prohibited foreign corporations from building or purchasing sites with military potential in the Western Hemisphere? a. Sussex Pledge b. Zimmermann Note c. Roosevelt Corollary d. Lodge Corollary e. Foster Testimony Answer: d 5) In mediating the conflict between Russia and Japan, Roosevelt __________. a. showed little real interest in the final outcome b. sided with Russia c. took a totally neutral stance d. recognized the increasing importance of Japan e. tried to play both sides against the other with disastrous results Answer: d 6) In the 1905 Taft-Katsura Agreement, __________. a. the United States and Japan agreed not to attack each other for at least 50 years b. the United States exchanged recognition of Japanese control of Korea for a Japanese pledge not to invade the Philippines c. Japan agreed to limit emigration to the United States d. the United States and Japan agreed to a policy of mutual free trade e. the United States and Japan agreed to uphold the Open Door and support Chinese independence Answer: b 7) Taft's policy of "dollar diplomacy" __________. a. promoted American financial and business interests abroad b. was aimed, primarily, at helping underdeveloped countries c. resulted in less American influence in Latin America d. had little influence on American national security interests e. helped establish the prestige of the United States in Asia Answer: a 8) In his approach to foreign affairs, Wilson could be described as what? a. a militarist b. a moralist c. an economist d. a global strategist e. a pacifist Answer: b 9) Woodrow Wilson's decision to invade Mexico in 1916 followed the murder of several Americans by __________. a. Vittorio Zapata b. Pancho Villa c. Francisco Madero d. Victoriano Huerta e. Carlo Ponti Answer: b 10) President Wilson's first reaction when war broke out in Europe in 1914 was to __________. a. declare support for the Allies b. condemn the actions of the German army c. praise the assassination of the Austrian archduke d. declare U.S. neutrality e. begin construction of a large navy Answer: d 11) At the beginning of World War I, Americans __________. a. showed little interest in the conflict b. sided strongly with the British c. were eager to enter the conflict d. sided strongly with the Germans e. generally accepted neutrality Answer: e 12) What did Great Britain do at the beginning of World War I? a. respected American neutrality b. made few attempts to influence American policy c. sought the military aid of the United States d. sought to restrict American trade with Germany e. briefly considered a negotiated surrender Answer: d 13) Compared with William Jennings Bryan, Robert Lansing __________. a. was more idealistic b. favored the German side in the war c. urged a strong stand against the Germans d. had little experience in foreign affairs e. exemplified the philosophy "live and let live" Answer: c 14) In 1915, Wilson supported preparedness because of __________. a. the need to stimulate the American economy b. the growing German U-boat crisis c. demands from progressives who desired to defend democracy d. the revelation of a German plot to involve Mexico as an ally e. his secret desire to create an empire in Latin America Answer: b 15) The Zimmermann Telegram __________. a. announced Germany's European war aims b. pledged Germany's intention to end the war peacefully c. proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico d. had little effect on America's move toward war e. was actually a piece of British war propaganda Answer: c 16) Who was the leader of the American Expeditionary Force? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. John J. Pershing c. Alfred T. Mahan d. Douglas MacArthur e. Omar Bradley Answer: b 17) The American Expeditionary Force __________. a. was primarily made up of draftees b. consisted largely of the existing U.S. Army c. was primarily a volunteer army d. was initially well prepared and trained for war e. was a spearhead of elite commandos Answer: a 18) The American contribution in World War I __________. a. was minor when compared to that of the other Allies b. although relatively small was vital to Allied success c. played a relatively minor role in ending the war d. was much greater than that of the other Allies e. came too late to be of any real assistance Answer: b 19) The Committee on Public Information __________. a. had little influence on public perceptions b. exerted a positive influence on the public c. called for understanding from the American people d. launched a vitriolic campaign against Germany e. was always careful to avoid emotional appeals Answer: d 20) To finance the war effort, on what did the U.S. government primarily rely? a. higher income tax rates b. printing paper money for war debts c. sales of "Liberty Bonds" d. new discoveries of gold in Alaska e. loans from foreign governments Answer: c 21) During World War I, the War Industries Board __________. a. controlled the entire war mobilization effort b. was led by Herbert Hoover c. oversaw the production of America's factories d. failed to lead American industry effectively e. was concerned with building new munitions plants Answer: c 22) Which of the following was a major effect of the labor shortage caused by the war? a. a dramatic rise in wages for all workers b. a great migration of southern African Americans to northern cities c. a worsening in government-labor relations d. a decrease in the number of working women e. the construction of more factories Answer: b 23) As a result of their participation in the war effort, African Americans __________. a. faced even worse discrimination in America b. became more accepting of the conditions they faced c. found greater acceptance of their place in American society d. were more and more inclined to fight discrimination e. generally were allowed to remain in Europe Answer: d 24) What was one of Wilson's major goals at the Paris Peace Conference? a. to punish Germany for starting the war b. to compensate the Allies for their great losses c. to found a League of Nations to enforce peace d. to bring the new Russian government to the peace table e. to collect awards and accolades from France Answer: c 25) Wilson hurt his chances to get the Treaty of Versailles ratified __________. a. through his failure to ask for the American people's support b. because he was unwilling to compromise with opponents c. by working too closely with isolationist opponents d. because he did not work hard enough to convince opponents e. through his vague and hostile demands of his supporters Answer: b 26) How can Wilson's reaction to the sinking of the Lusitania best be characterized? a. conciliatory diplomacy b. forceful diplomacy c. pessimistic diplomacy d. minimal military e. forceful military Answer: b 27) America’s role in international affairs was changing in the years immediately before the outbreak of World War I because the United States __________. a. was becoming more of a world power b. had become the most powerful country in the world c. was no longer an imperialist power d. was no longer a colonial power e. was becoming more and more isolated Answer: a 28) In what way was the construction of the Panama Canal, as Roosevelt said, "the most important action in foreign affairs"? a. It gave the United States control over world trade. b. It made the United States the world's most powerful country. c. It kept the United States out of involvement in World War I. d. It solidified American influence in Latin America. e. It gave the United States power over developments in Europe. Answer: d 29) The signing of the Taft-Katsura Agreement was strategically important for the United States because it gave the United States free rein in __________. a. Korea b. China c. Japan d. Asia e. the Philippines Answer: e 30) Why did Roosevelt announce the Roosevelt Corollary? a. to gain power in the Pacific region b. to keep European powers out of Latin America c. to change the Monroe Doctrine d. to forgive Latin American national debts e. to gain access to Panama for the canal construction Answer: b 31) What were the tests of Wilson's "moral diplomacy"? a. When a cabinet member was caught in a financial scandal, Wilson's pride in his morality was tested. b. The exorbitant costs of moral reforms, such as Prohibition, tested Wilson's resolve to continue "purity" reforms. c. The conflicts of Mexico and World War I demonstrated that U.S. morality would not keep militarism under control. d. The Hawaiian and Philippine annexations demonstrated to the world that U.S. morality did not actually exist. e. In his attitudes toward African Americans and their civil rights, Wilson demonstrated that "morality" did not mean equality. Answer: c 32) Wilson's treatment of Mexico was similar to Roosevelt's treatment of Colombia because both men demonstrated __________. a. paternalistic condescension in their dealings with Latin American governments b. abhorrence for people of color in their dealings with Latin American governments c. their inexperience with foreign affairs in their dealings with Mexico and Colombia, respectively d. their fear of European interference in their dealings with Mexico and Colombia, respectively e. their respect and dependence on their neighbors in their dealings with Mexico and Colombia, respectively Answer: a 33) Why did the nation's progressives oppose U.S. involvement in World War I? a. They were naturally pessimistic and knew the United States would lose. b. They understood how financially costly the war would be for the nation. c. They did not believe the reports sent over from Europe. d. They opposed the Allied position because it was one of aggression. e. They opposed all war as being an obstacle to social reform. Answer: e 34) What was the role of economic factors in supporting U.S. neutrality in the early years of World War I? a. The United States was greatly weakened financially by WWI and saw entering the war as an economic necessity. b. The United States grew rich from its neutrality during WWI and saw joining the war as a way of getting even richer. c. U-boat attacks had increased commerce for the United States by eliminating the competition, so continued neutrality benefited the nation's economy. d. U-boat attacks prevented the United States from trading freely with Europe and required U.S. involvement. e. U-boat attacks cost the German government millions of dollars, making them even more eager to draw the United States into the war. Answer: d 35) The Sussex Pledge __________ U.S. involvement in World War I. a. escalated b. postponed c. eliminated d. complicated e. intensified Answer: b 36) By electing __________ in 1916, Americans showed their determination to __________. a. Roosevelt, remain neutral in WWI b. Hughes, remain neutral in WWI c. Wilson, remain neutral in WWI d. Wilson, enter WWI regardless of the costs e. Roosevelt, stay out of WWI whatever the costs Answer: c 37) How did U.S. neutrality in World War I finally come to an end? a. Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico and sank five American ships in ten days. b. Russia formed an alliance with Germany that threatened U.S. interests in the Pacific. c. The Allied nations begged the United States to intervene on their behalf. d. Japan attacked the Philippines and Hawaii, killing hundreds of U.S. military personnel and citizens. e. Germany formed an alliance with Cuba, threatening to bring the war to the United States. Answer: a 38) How did the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 change the course of the war? a. Germany's own people began to revolt, leading to a weakening of the axis powers, giving the Allies an advantage. b. The Polish people in Germany revolted, distracting German forces from fighting France and Britain and giving the Allies an advantage. c. Socialists in the United States refused to help with the war effort, inhibiting U.S. involvement and prolonging the war. d. Russia dropped out of the war, so Germany could concentrate on fighting in the west. e. Russia renewed attacks on Germany from the east, so that Germany began to weaken, from fighting on both fronts. Answer: d 39) What attitudes about race did the American Expeditionary Force reflect? a. All men, regardless of color, can fight equally and deserve equal opportunities for advancement. b. Since black and white soldiers fought together in the Spanish-American War, they should do so in World War I. c. Blacks were considered inferior and should be segregated from whites and not given positions of authority. d. African Americans and other people of color were considered inferior and therefore not permitted to fight as soldiers but only to serve as support staff. e. The AEF believed blacks and whites should be completely segregated, so blacks were required to command all black troops. Answer: b 40) What factors contributed to making World War I "the most terrible war of all time"? a. World War I involved all areas of the world, including South America, Africa, and Asia. b. The use of trench warfare and new technology made conditions particularly horrible for soldiers. c. A larger number of people died in World War I than any other war in history. d. American propaganda campaigns demonized the enemy, fueling the war’s label as “most terrible”. e. Food shortages on the home front led to many U.S. civilian deaths in addition to military deaths. Answer: b 41) What does the number of noncombatant deaths suggest about WWI casualties? a. Deaths from disease, famine, and other war-related causes were higher than combat deaths. b. Civilians were often targets of military action, leading to large number of civilian deaths. c. The lower number of non-combat deaths indicate the small impact the war had on civilian life. d. Most causalities resulted from trench warfare, with only a small number of non-combatant deaths. e. Better sanitary conditions in military hospitals meant military personnel received better medical care than civilians. Answer: a 42) What effect did U.S. involvement in the war have on American civil liberties? a. The federal government instituted committees and Congress passed acts to ensure the safety and rights of German Americans and war dissenters. b. Women had more opportunities in war-related jobs, so their civil liberties increased, especially in voting rights. c. African Americans had more opportunities in war-related jobs, so their civil liberties increased, encouraging more integration. d. Propaganda campaigns led to programs and congressional acts that interred German Americans in work camps, denying their civil liberties. e. Propaganda campaigns led to programs and congressional acts that denied Americans' freedom of speech. Answer: e 43) Wilson directed U.S. involvement during the war by __________. a. using much of his considerable personal fortune for propaganda b. establishing agencies to focus factory, food, and mine production to the war effort c. instituting and then increasing personal and business income taxes d. increasing trade with Asia, Africa, and Europe e. establishing federal programs and congressional acts that rewarded participation in the war effort and penalized non-support Answer: b 44) How were average Americans asked to participate in the war effort? a. The men were drafted as soldiers, and the women were drafted either as nurses or factory workers. b. They were asked to save scraps of metal, rubber, and cloth to be turned into machines and weapons for war. c. They were asked to conserve gasoline, meat, and wheat and encouraged to plant gardens to supplement their needs. d. They were asked to donate a tenth of their income to the war effort, earning the name the "war tithe." e. The men were drafted as soldiers, and women were encouraged to plant gardens in order to raise food for the soldiers. Answer: c 45) “Labor peace” was the term used to describe __________. a. workers agreeing not to strike so that they might work productively for the war effort b. the socialist union workers who were laboring or working for peace and against the war effort c. workers striking for improved working conditions and pay in a more peaceful manner than in the past d. the more peaceful factory environment that women and blacks created as belligerent white men went off to war e. an alliance of government, business, and labor that benefited government and business interests, leaving labor longing for a return to peace and more normal working conditions Answer: a 46) Which was the only one of Wilson's Fourteen Points to actually be implemented? a. open diplomacy b. freedom of the seas c. removal of barriers to international trade d. military disarmament e. establishment of an independent Poland Answer: e 47) How can American foreign policy be characterized in the years between 1901 and 1920? a. aggressive and nationalistic b. strongly influenced by isolationist tradition c. relatively inactive d. not very reflective of the nation's new economic power e. geared toward cooperation and peace Answer: a 48) What trend did Roosevelt hope to break by passing the Roosevelt Corollary? a. the election of socialist governments by Latin American countries, such as Cuba and Venezuela b. the assertion of their own power over Latin American politics by local governments in Colombia and Venezuela c. the assertion of independence and new trade restrictions by Asian countries, such as China d. the default on European loans by Latin American countries, such as Venezuela and the Dominican Republic e. an increase in military power and corresponding influence of Asian countries, such as Japan Answer: d 49) How was Wilson's practice of foreign affairs similar to his evolution over social reforms? a. From the beginning of his presidency, he tried to follow his predecessors' policies and managed to do so throughout most of his presidency. b. At the beginning of his presidency, he tried to change his predecessors' policies and ended up following most of them in the end. c. From the beginning of his presidency, he tried to follow his predecessors' policies but failed to do so throughout most of his presidency. d. At the beginning of his presidency, he tried to change his predecessors' policies and managed to do so throughout most of his presidency. e. Throughout his presidency, he went back and forth between supporting and then changing his predecessors' policies. Answer: b 50) Some congressmen opposed the formation of the League of Nations because it __________. a. was an elitist group of nations that left out many poorer nations in the world b. was unconstitutional according to legal scholars c. was too expensive for the U.S. postwar economy d. violated many existing treaties with other countries e. was an international body that infringed upon American autonomy Answer: e Essay Questions 51) What actions marked America's emergence as the major power in the Western Hemisphere by 1920? How did Latin America respond to this? Answer: America's Emergence as a Major Power: • Spanish-American War (1898) led to acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico and Guam. • Construction of Panama Canal completed in 1914, giving strategic and economic advantage. • Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine (1904) asserted U.S. right to intervene in Latin America. • Dollar Diplomacy increased American investment in Latin America. • Military interventions in countries like Nicaragua, Haiti, and Dominican Republic. Latin America's Response: • Resentment and opposition to perceived U.S. imperialism. • Promotion of regional cooperation and unity. • Diplomatic efforts to assert sovereignty and independence. • Nationalist movements and reform efforts to reduce dependency on U.S. 52) Evaluate the American military and naval contribution to the Allied war effort in World War I. Answer: American Military and Naval Contribution in WWI: • Timing and Impact: Entry in 1917 bolstered Allies at critical stage. • Troop Deployment: Sent 2 million troops to Europe, providing crucial reinforcements. • Technological Advancements: Introduced new weapons and tactics. • Naval Contribution: Countered U-boat threat, protected supply lines. • Leadership and Strategy: Effective leadership and offensive strategy. • Psychological Boost: Boosted Allied morale and provided psychological lift. • Overall Contribution: Significant but not sole factor in Allied victory. 53) How were civil liberties curtailed in the perceived interest of national security during World War I? What similar actions were taken during the administrations of John Adams and Abraham Lincoln? Have there been like actions in more recent times? Where do you think the line should be drawn? Answer: Curtailed Civil Liberties: • World War I: Espionage and Sedition Acts targeted anti-war activities. • John Adams: Alien and Sedition Acts deported foreigners and criminalized criticism. • Abraham Lincoln: Suspended habeas corpus to arrest Confederate sympathizers. Similar Actions Recently: • Patriot Act (2001): Expanded surveillance and allowed detention without trial. • NSA Surveillance (2013): Revealed extensive monitoring of citizens' communications. Where to Draw the Line: • Balancing Security and Liberties: Essential to balance national security needs with civil liberties. • Justification and Oversight: Clear justification and oversight needed to prevent abuse. • Protection of Rights: Protection of freedom of speech and due process crucial. • Public Awareness and Debate: Public awareness and debate necessary for accountability and legitimacy. 54) How was the American economy mobilized during World War I? Compare the effectiveness of voluntary cooperation with that of government coercion. How does this reflect the balance between order and security? To what extent did the economic mobilization reflect progressive assumptions? Answer: Mobilization of the American Economy in WWI: • War Industries Board: Coordinated industrial production. • Food Administration: Promoted food conservation. • Fuel Administration: Regulated fuel use. • War Bonds: Used to finance the war effort. • Labor Policies: Prevented strikes and ensured workforce stability. Voluntary Cooperation vs. Government Coercion: • Voluntary Cooperation: Initially effective but limited. • Government Coercion: Became more necessary as the war progressed. Balance Between Order and Security: • Voluntary Cooperation: Balanced towards order. • Government Coercion: Balanced towards security. Reflecting Progressive Assumptions: • Economic Regulation: Progressive ideals reflected in the creation of agencies like the WIB. • Labor Rights: Efforts to protect labor rights during the war. • Social Welfare: Programs like the Food Administration aimed at ensuring food security. In summary, the American economy in WWI was mobilized through a mix of voluntary cooperation and government coercion, reflecting a balance between order and security and aligning with progressive assumptions about the need for government intervention in the economy. 55) Summarize Wilson's plan for ensuring world peace after World War I. In reality, to what extent would his plan have worked had it been fully implemented? Answer: Wilson's Plan for World Peace: • Open Diplomacy, Freedom of Navigation, Free Trade, Disarmament, Fair Colonial Claims, Self-Determination, League of Nations. Effectiveness: • Could have promoted transparency, economic cooperation, and peaceful resolution of disputes. • Challenges included opposition from Allies, US Congress, and prioritization of national interests. If Fully Implemented: • May have deterred WWII and established long-term peace. • Limitations included unrealistic expectations and lack of enforcement mechanisms. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113
Download
Close
Close
