This Document Contains Chapters 21 to 22 Chapter 21: Toward Empire, 1865-1902 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Theodore Roosevelt resigned from his position as __________ to organize the Rough Riders. a. vice president b. secretary of defense c. assistant secretary of defense d. secretary of the navy e. assistant secretary of the navy Answer: e 2) For many political and religious leaders, expansionism __________. a. meant the demise of the American system b. would threaten the purity of the Anglo-Saxon race c. would put the United States into direct conflict with European nations d. would mean the triumph of American civilization around the globe e. went against the ideals of American democracy Answer: d 3) Josiah Strong __________. a. fostered the concept of the righteousness of American expansion b. believed that only missionary work should be done overseas c. had little regard for the theories of Charles Darwin d. hindered American expansion through his religious teachings e. thought foreign trade was unimportant to the United States Answer: a 4) What did William Seward's foreign policy include? a. avoiding entangling foreign alliances b. concentrating on promoting trade and commerce c. alliances with major European powers d. U.S. domination of the Americas e. U.S. acquisition of Mexico, but not Canada Answer: d 5) James G. Blaine's greatest diplomatic success was __________. a. the purchase of Alaska b. securing home rule for Canada c. settling the Alabama claims with Britain d. paving the way for the establishment of the Pan-American Union e. averting a war with Britain over the boundary of Venezuela Answer: d 6) During the Cleveland administration, which nation did the United States almost go to war with over a Latin America boundary dispute? a. Germany b. Great Britain c. Venezuela d. Mexico e. Spain Answer: b 7) In response to the successful American revolt in Hawaii in 1893, Grover Cleveland __________. a. immediately annexed the islands b. restored the queen to power c. apologized to the Hawaiian people d. refused to recognize the new government e. tried, but failed, to restore the queen to power Answer: e 8) After 1890, the U.S. Navy's building program __________. a. was called off altogether to help balance the federal budget b. began to concentrate on fast, lightly armored commerce raiders c. began to emphasize static coastal defenses over building ships d. shifted to the construction of a battleship navy with offensive striking power e. started using steel steamships instead of sailing vessels Answer: d 9) Which of the following was true according to the theories of Alfred Thayer Mahan? a. Large armies will protect American interests around the globe. b. American greatness will be recognized through industrial output. c. Little will be gained from American expansion abroad. d. A strong navy is an integral part of America's wealth and power. e. Standing armies are dangerous. Answer: d 10) In their approaches to the Cuban rebellion against Spain, __________. a. President Cleveland was generally neutral while President McKinley favored the insurgents b. President Cleveland wanted to intervene on behalf of the insurgents, but President McKinley wanted neutrality c. both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley wanted war with Spain d. both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley were totally neutral e. both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley opposed any involvement with Spain or Cuba Answer: a 11) One consequence of General Weyler's policy in Cuba was __________. a. to generate public sympathy for the Cuban people among Americans b. that it effectively ended the Cuban rebellion c. to generate support for military action by President Cleveland d. an alliance between Cuban rebels and the American government e. the end of "reconcentration" as a policy Answer: a 12) By late 1897, Spain was __________. a. unwilling to meet any American demands b. trying to avoid a confrontation with the United States c. directing the polices of General Weyler d. determined to maintain control at all costs e. willing to free Cuba rather than go to war Answer: b 13) Which of the following was true at the outset of the Spanish-American War? a. There was little public support for the war in the United States. b. The American military was well prepared to fight a war. c. It was difficult to find the necessary volunteers for the American military. d. The American army was composed of soldiers well trained in quelling Native American uprisings. e. The American army was 200,000 strong. Answer: d 14) During the Spanish-American War, African Americans in the military __________. a. found segregation and discrimination similar to civilian life b. were treated as equals and given opportunities for advancements c. had little opportunity to distinguish themselves in battle d. were able to pressure the government for civil rights reforms e. were never allowed command positions Answer: a 15) To what did the term "smoked Yankee" refer in the Spanish-American War? a. northern artillery units b. African American infantry regiments c. guerrilla fighters in Cuba d. Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders e. members of integrated units Answer: b 16) The actions of Commodore Dewey in the Philippines __________. a. had little effect on the outcome of the war b. disproved Mahan's theories regarding naval supremacy c. provided the United States with an unexpected prize of war d. showed the surprising strength of the Spanish fleet e. were undeniably illegal, even if effective Answer: c 17) Which individual is matched with the area of his greatest foreign policy success? a. James G. Blaine : Latin America b. George Dewey : Russia c. William Seward : China d. John Hay : Hawaii e. John W. Foster : Alaska Answer: a 18) Which territory caused the most debate about the merits of the United States acquiring an empire? a. Guam b. Hawaii c. Puerto Rico d. the Philippines e. the Dominican Republic Answer: d 19) Which of the following individuals favored the annexation of the Philippines? a. Jane Addams b. Andrew Carnegie c. Mark Twain d. William McKinley e. Samuel Gompers Answer: d 20) The Philippine-American War was __________. a. a minor event for Americans b. more costly than the Spanish-American War c. fought in a traditional manner d. never completely resolved e. over even before the Spanish-American War Answer: b 21) Who was the leader of the Filipino resistance to U.S. occupation of the Philippines? a. Emilio Aguinaldo b. Andres Samoza c. William Howard Taft d. Ferdinand Marcos e. Jose Marti Answer: a 22) Under the terms of the Taft Commission, the United States __________. a. would control the Philippines in perpetuity b. gave the Filipinos complete independence c. provided funds but did not interfere with local government in the Philippines d. gave the army complete control of the Philippines e. guaranteed future independence for the Philippines Answer: e 23) By 1900, China __________. a. had succeeded in resisting European influence b. was the leading Asian power c. had become vulnerable to European imperialism d. had closed the door to the outside world e. welcomed U.S. intervention Answer: c 24) The Open Door notes __________. a. provided the United States with economic rights in China b. met with the approval of western Europe c. had little effect on American policy in the Far East d. provided the United States with a sphere of influence in China e. were publicly denounced in China Answer: a 25) Where did the Boxer Rebellion take place? a. the Philippines b. China c. Hawaii d. Cuba e. Puerto Rico Answer: b 26) How did the end of the Spanish-American War establish the United States as a world power? a. It gave the United States lands beyond its borders, making it an imperial power like Europe. b. It marked the first U.S. major military victory against a world power and on behalf of another country. c. It opened the Caribbean to the United States, giving it protectorates like European countries. d. It led to the annexation of the Philippines, giving the United States a stronghold in the Pacific and access to all of Asia. e. It showed the rest of the world that the United States was militarily powerful and diplomatically weak, like most other world powers. Answer: b 27) Why was American expansion of the 1890s different from earlier expansionist moves? a. It was intended for settlement. b. It was primarily for agricultural objectives. c. It would create economic and military colonies overseas. d. It would venture into uninhabited areas. e. It was the result of war. Answer: c 28) Why did some people in the 1890s, and even today, consider late-nineteenth-century American foreign policy an aberration? a. As a democratic republic founded on the idea of freedom, the United States had no right to deny independence to other countries by annexation. b. The United States had once been a colony itself, so creating other colonies around the world was part of its history and legacy. c. The United States had once been a small country of just thirteen states, so expanding to new lands and creating new states was an aberration. d. As a democratic republic founded on the idea of freedom, the United States had the obligation to seek the same rights for countries around the world. e. As a former colony, the United States understood the challenges of gaining independence and could better assist new nations than Europe could. Answer: a 29) How did U.S. geography encourage isolationism? a. The United States was so close to Canada and Mexico that expansion there seemed natural. b. The United States was a relatively small country compared to Canada or Mexico, making it less willing to engage in armed conflicts over land. c. The United States was protected on both sides by vast oceans that discouraged attack from Europe or Asia. d. The United States had just concluded the Civil War and was more concerned with domestic affairs than foreign ones. e. The United States was beginning to prosper and look for new markets for its products and workers for its factories. Answer: c 30) One factor that fostered a change in American foreign policy during the 1890s was __________. a. the census report of 1890 b. concern over lack of natural resources c. oversaturation of foreign markets d. the fear of racial mixing e. the perceived need to build up domestic markets Answer: a 31) How were religion and foreign policy related in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the United States? a. Most U.S. foreign ministers were religious leaders, using their diplomatic posts for missionary access. b. Most religious leaders believed that God had blessed the United States with riches that should be shared with the world's poor, making foreign policy mainly about charity. c. Most religious leaders believed that God had given the United States to Christians, and they should be content and not seek more riches throughout the world. d. Most religious leaders believed that Americans should bring Christianity to the rest of the world, so they advocated imperialist foreign policies. e. Most religious leaders followed the "conversion by sword" example of European Christian powers in the Middle Ages, so they advocated U.S. military coups. Answer: d 32) Why did William Seward encourage the United States to buy Alaska? a. He predicted Alaska's rich resources. b. He, like most expansionists, believed any new land was worth attaining. c. It gave the United States access to Russia and Asia. d. It gave the United States access to the Pacific Ocean. e. He hoped the United States would annex Canada. Answer: e 33) How did the United States and Great Britain avoid war over Venezuela? a. The U.S. defeat of Spain in Cuba sobered Great Britain into conceding Venezuela. b. Great Britain's superior naval fleet, fully deployed off the coast of Venezuela and Guiana, discouraged U.S. involvement. c. Larger problems in Africa and Europe caused Britain to agree to negotiate with Venezuela. d. The U.S. annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines sobered Great Britain into conceding Venezuela. e. The Venezuelan people successfully boycotted British and U.S. products, demonstrating their resolve for self-rule. Answer: c 34) Why did American interest in Hawaii increase in the 1890s? a. There was intense pressure by American missionaries. b. There was a fear of German influence in the region. c. The economic and military value of the islands increased. d. American political leaders believed the islands could be a model for expansionism. e. Native Hawaiians appealed to the United States for help. Answer: c 35) Why did the Republic of Hawaii embarrass President Cleveland? a. It showed the world that Cleveland was an imperialistic president who orchestrated military coups to gain land. b. It showed the world that Cleveland and the United States had an imperialist foreign policy that contradicted their independence-minded domestic policy. c. The Republic was his idea, and it failed when it was only a week old. d. It showed that the American rebels in Hawaii did not respect President Cleveland's authority. e. It showed that the small country of Hawaii was able to defeat the United States, an embarrassment to America, which prided itself on its new world power status. Answer: d 36) Annexing the Hawaiian Islands was difficult because of __________. a. the lack of clear motives for annexation b. economic problems on the domestic front c. the opposition to annexing European and Asian allies d. the lack of consensus for annexation by Hawaiian planters e. the fear of making the non-Christian Hawaiians citizens of the United States Answer: a 37) How were Admiral Mahan's naval theories connected to industrialism? a. He applied industrialization theories to shipbuilding practices to help produce a large, new fleet of navy vessels. b. He believed that industrialism created surplus products, making a need for merchant ships to reach foreign markets and a navy to protect these merchants. c. He saw that, throughout history, only nations with strong navies were able to compete in industrial societies. d. He believed that industrialization was dehumanizing people, so he encouraged the traditional manual labor of shipbuilding and sailing. e. He believed that industrialism was distracting Americans from important foreign affairs, so he developed a navy that would focus Americans outward. Answer: b 38) In what way did the outcome of the Spanish-American War fulfill Theodore Roosevelt's hopes for it? a. It gave the United States influence and eventually dominance in Latin America and Asia. b. It made the United States a world power, equal to European imperialist countries. c. It gave the United States more foreign markets for its surplus of industrialized goods. d. It gave the United States influence in the Caribbean, it helped further annexation in Hawaii, and it was the impetus to creating a powerful navy. e. It freed Cuba, it gave Americans something to think about other than material gain, and it gave the army and navy practice. Answer: e 39) What was one result of yellow journalism stories about Cuba in the 1890s? a. Americans believed Cubans were conspiring to control the Caribbean and were, therefore, reluctant to go to war to help them gain independence. b. Americans believed that Spain had a right to imperialist holdings in Cuba but that they should treat their colonies better. c. Americans became enraged about Spain's treatment of Cubans and the sinking of the U.S. Navy ship, the Maine. d. Cowardly journalists did not report Cuban atrocities for fear that the Spanish government would retaliate, hence the term "yellow journalism." e. Powerful Asian governments saw Cuba as the first step in a series of imperialist moves, so they sent journalists to the United States to spread rumors against intervention. Answer: c 40) The Spanish-American War in 1898 was partially caused by __________. a. a desire to annex Hawaii b. fear of Spanish invasion c. the sinking of the U.S.S. Constitution d. yellow journalism e. McKinley’s desire to demonstrate American supremacy to European powers Answer: d 41) Why did President McKinley ask for a declaration of war against Spain? a. He was weak, indecisive, and forced into war. b. The conflicting national interests of Spain and the United States left few alternatives. c. He hoped that a war would bring him political power and imperial gains. d. Spain was unwilling to accede to any of the demands of the United States. e. The Cuban people appealed to him directly. Answer: b 42) In what way was the Spanish-American War fought by small-town America? a. Most of the volunteer soldiers were from small towns across the United States. b. There were so many volunteers that each unit of soldiers was like a small town in size and function. c. The Navy and Army found that men worked better if they knew someone in their unit, so they created a buddy system, pairing men from small towns. d. Soldiers were organized into National Guard units by town, so they preserved their relations from their towns. e. All of America was involved in the war effort, making uniforms, saving metal, conserving food; the war was won by people back home in small towns. Answer: d 43) How was the Spanish-American War ironic for African Americans? a. Most of the people African American soldiers fought against in Cuba had the same African heritage. b. African Americans were not permitted to fight in the Cuban conflict but were allowed to fight in the Philippines. c. African Americans were not permitted to fight in Cuba and could only work as cooks, medics, and servants to white soldiers. d. The United States was fighting to give Cubans freedom, yet they were annexing Hawaii and the Philippines, essentially denying them freedom. e. The United States were fighting to give Cubans freedom, yet they denied freedom to African Americans. Answer: e 44) How are the conflicts in Cuba and the Philippines in the 1890s related? a. The United States intervened in both places to give colonists their freedom and to help them become immediate independent states. b. Both conflicts took place in the Pacific Ocean and allowed the winning countries (the United States and Great Britain, respectively) more influence in Asia. c. Both involved Spain, the United States, and a rebellious colonial population. d. Both were both fought to give the United States more influence in Latin America. e. The United States entered both conflicts to try to improve a weak economy. Answer: c 45) Arguments opposing annexation of the Philippines included that __________. a. the natives could not be Christianized b. colonization was anti-American c. the Filipinos wanted to become Spanish citizens d. the location was too far from the U.S. mainland to be protected e. the Philippines had nothing to offer as a trade partner Answer: b 46) Why did American missionaries want to "Christianize" the Philippines? a. Many American missionaries may have felt that Roman Catholicism was not a legitimate form of Christianity or that it was not being properly practiced by Filipinos. b. Most Filipinos were not Christian, and American missionaries felt it was their obligation to convert them. c. Most Filipinos were Christian, but American missionaries wanted to annex the Philippines for money, so they told President McKinley otherwise. d. Although many missionaries had tried to "Christianize" the Filipinos, they resisted culturally and religiously. e. American missionaries knew that "Christianizing" the Filipinos would make it easier to govern and control them. Answer: a 47) How did the Boxer Rebellion affect U.S. policy in China? a. The United States realized that China would not cooperate with the Open Door policy and began to join the European nations in dividing up China. b. The United States affirmed the Open Door policy and declared China's independence from any foreign (European) rule. c. The United States saw that China was determined to keep out foreign influence, so it withdrew to the Philippines to avoid armed conflict. d. The United States realized that anti-imperialists back home wanted it to withdraw from China, so it negotiated secretly. e. The rebellion in Canada turned U.S. attention away from China and to the anti-imperialist demonstrations closer to home. Answer: b 48) Does U.S. foreign policy today more closely reflect the isolationist or the expansionist model? a. Because the United States no longer participates in armed conflicts in other countries, it reflects the isolationist model. b. It reflects the isolationist model because the United States only participates in the world economically, and not militarily or politically. c. Because the United States participates in affairs throughout the world for its own benefit, it reflects the expansionist model. d. Because the United States only participates in the other countries' struggles for freedom, and not for any U.S. gain, it reflects the expansionist model. e. It reflects the isolationist model because the United States tries to establish its influence only in the Americas. Answer: c 49) American foreign policy today most closely resembles the U.S. foreign policy of the 1890s toward __________. a. Venezuela: the United States nearly went to war with a European power over another country's border dispute b. the Philippines: the United States used military power to help a country gain independence and then helped establish its government c. Hawaii: the United States annexed and then made a state out of a valuable foreign land d. Cuba: the United States used military power and defeated an imperial enemy in a few weeks e. Alaska: the United States bought land from another country and made it a state Answer: b 50) What can be assumed about isolationists given the immense popularity of the Republican party in the early twentieth century? a. If pro-isolationist Republicans were the most popular party, then it can be assumed that expansionists were a minority. b. If anti-imperialist Republicans were the most popular party, then it can be assumed that pro-imperialists were a minority. c. The Republican party was pro-isolationist. d. If pro-expansionist Republicans were the most popular party, then it can be assumed that isolationists were a minority. e. The Republican party was anti-imperialist. Answer: d Essay Questions 51) How did the Spanish-American War turn into a war of imperial expansion? Answer: The Spanish-American War turned into a war of imperial expansion due to several key factors: 1. Economic Interests: Protecting and expanding American business investments in Cuba and other regions. 2. Strategic Considerations: Securing naval bases and coaling stations for a global naval presence. 3. Political Pressure: Influence from imperialist factions and leaders advocating for overseas expansion. 4. Manifest Destiny: The belief in spreading American values and institutions globally. 5. Military Success: Swift victory over Spain encouraged further territorial gains. 6. Treaty of Paris (1898): The U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, formalizing its imperial ambitions. 52) What factors encouraged some Americans to favor imperial expansion in the late nineteenth century? How did these goals contradict the American tradition of isolationism? Answer: Several factors encouraged some Americans to favor imperial expansion in the late nineteenth century: 1. Economic Interests: Desire to access new markets for American goods and secure raw materials. 2. Strategic Considerations: Need for naval bases and coaling stations to support a growing navy and protect trade routes. 3. National Prestige: Belief that a powerful nation should acquire colonies to demonstrate its strength and influence. 4. Cultural Superiority: The notion of the "White Man's Burden" and a duty to spread Western values and Christianity. 5. Manifest Destiny: Extension of the idea that Americans were destined to expand and spread their way of life. These goals contradicted the American tradition of isolationism in several ways: 1. Non-Intervention: Traditional American foreign policy focused on avoiding entanglements in foreign conflicts and alliances, while imperialism required active involvement in global affairs. 2. Self-Determination: The American principle of self-governance conflicted with the control and subjugation of other nations and peoples. 3. Focus on Domestic Issues: Isolationism emphasized prioritizing domestic concerns over foreign adventures, whereas imperialism diverted attention and resources abroad. 53) What were the main objections to keeping the Philippines after the Spanish-American War? Have any of the predictions of the treaty's opponents come true? Answer: The main objections to keeping the Philippines after the Spanish-American War were: 1. Moral and Ethical Concerns: Critics argued that imperialism contradicted American values of self-determination and democracy. They believed it was hypocritical for the U.S. to subjugate another people while advocating for freedom and independence. 2. Racial and Cultural Arguments: Some opponents feared that annexing the Philippines would involve the U.S. in the governance of a racially and culturally diverse population, which they deemed undesirable. 3. Economic Concerns: There was worry about the financial cost of maintaining and defending distant colonies, which could strain American resources. 4. Military and Strategic Concerns: Critics were concerned that holding the Philippines would entangle the U.S. in Asian conflicts and require a permanent military presence far from home. 5. Political Worries: Some feared that imperialism would lead to the U.S. adopting militaristic and autocratic tendencies, undermining its republican ideals. Some predictions of the treaty's opponents have come true: 1. Conflict and Insurrection: The Philippine-American War (1899-1902) erupted as Filipinos resisted American rule, leading to significant loss of life and resources. 2. Military Entanglements: The U.S. has been drawn into various conflicts and political issues in Asia over the years, reflecting the strategic complications of maintaining overseas territories. 3. Racial and Cultural Tensions: The integration and administration of a diverse population posed challenges, and the U.S. faced criticism for its colonial practices. These outcomes demonstrate that some of the concerns raised by opponents of keeping the Philippines were indeed valid. 54) What postwar events in the Philippines and China revealed to America the realities of imperialism? Answer: Several postwar events in the Philippines and China revealed to America the realities of imperialism: 1. Philippine-American War (1899-1902): The brutal conflict between American forces and Filipino nationalists highlighted the cost and complexity of maintaining colonial control. It challenged American perceptions of their role as liberators and exposed the harsh realities of suppressing a local population's desire for independence. 2. Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901): The Boxer Rebellion in China, where a Chinese secret society (the Boxers) and imperial forces rebelled against foreign influence, including that of the U.S., underscored the challenges of imperial rule. The U.S. joined an international coalition to suppress the rebellion, gaining firsthand experience of the complexities and resistance faced by imperial powers in China. 3. Open Door Policy: Following the Boxer Rebellion, the U.S. advocated for the Open Door Policy in China, which aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China. This policy reflected a recognition of the need to balance imperial ambitions with the interests of other powers and the complexities of managing a global economy. 4. Rise of Anti-Imperialist Sentiment: The experiences in the Philippines and China contributed to the growth of anti-imperialist sentiment in the U.S. Critics argued that imperialism contradicted American values and principles and warned of the dangers of overextending American power. These events collectively revealed to America the challenges, complexities, and moral dilemmas of imperialism, prompting a reassessment of its imperial ambitions and policies. Chapter 22: The Progressive Era, 1895-1917 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The focus of Lincoln Steffens's research and writing was __________. a. corruption in city government b. filth in meatpacking plants c. monopolies d. conservation e. unhealthy working conditions Answer: a 2) Who wrote The Jungle? a. Booker T. Washington b. Upton Sinclair c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Samuel Gompers e. John Dos Passos Answer: b 3) A __________ set new standards for mass production in the early twentieth century. a. Colt .45 revolver b. McCormick reaper c. Ford Model T d. General Electric oscillating fan e. Philco radio Answer: c 4) Henry Ford showed that enormous revenues could be derived from __________. a. cheap, low-quality goods b. an emphasis on craft methods of production c. low-volume, high-quality production d. small unit profit on a large volume of sales e. high-priced, luxury goods Answer: d 5) Between 1898 and 1903, the American economy saw __________. a. an increase in the number of smaller businesses b. greater competition among all businesses c. a wave of mergers and consolidations d. the outlawing of trusts e. meager overall business growth Answer: c 6) Who was the leading financier in the United States in the early 1900s? a. Lincoln Steffens b. Upton Sinclair c. J. P. Morgan d. John Theodoric e. George Vanderbilt Answer: c 7) What company founded the first industrial research laboratory in 1900? a. Du Pont b. General Electric c. Standard Oil d. Eastman Kodak e. Westinghouse Answer: b 8) In the new industrial system, workers __________. a. found a safer working environment b. took greater pride in their workmanship c. found many choices of jobs available d. noticed little change in their work environment e. frequently faced repetitive and boring work tasks Answer: e 9) The __________ forced state and national attention on working conditions in factories and stores. a. Homestead mining strike b. Farmington fire c. Ludlow disaster d. Triangle Shirtwaist fire e. Hormel stampede Answer: d 10) Between 1900 and 1920, women __________. a. increasingly found medical careers open to them b. increasingly found professional careers closed to them c. received considerable support in their quest for careers d. found opportunities for careers equal to those of men e. taught in colleges and universities in increasing numbers Answer: b 11) At the beginning of the twentieth century, many African Americans __________. a. found their situation improved substantially b. received equal opportunities for quality education c. worked in the South under conditions of peonage d. had little reason to protest e. often banded together to start businesses Answer: c 12) What was the main focus of the Niagara Movement? a. conservation of natural resources b. African American rights c. the achievement of lower tariffs d. Mexican American civil rights e. women's rights Answer: b 13) Which organization led the fight for equal rights and education for blacks? a. WCTCU b. SNCC c. Wobblies d. ACTUP e. NAACP Answer: e 14) As a "bird of passage", an immigrant __________. a. stayed in the United States b. quickly became an American citizen c. quickly moved west to farm d. was detained, or "caged," indefinitely e. did not stay permanently in the United States Answer: e 15) In the first decades of the twentieth century, Mexican immigration to the United States __________. a. increased dramatically b. occurred at a steady rate c. had little impact on the United States d. was encouraged by the U.S. government e. rarely occurred Answer: a 16) Which of the following was true of immigrants to the United States in the early 1900s? a. They were generally received with open arms. b. They were easily assimilated into American society. c. They encountered considerable hostility from American nativists. d. They faced few problems adapting to their new environment. e. They prospered financially and socially. Answer: c 17) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the American Federation of Labor __________. a. became increasingly radical b. remained devoted to the interests of skilled craftsmen c. included more and more unskilled workers d. lost its place as the largest American union e. aligned itself with management of America's largest corporations Answer: b 18) The Industrial Workers of the World __________. a. was the most radical American labor union b. sought to parallel the American Federation of Labor c. had little impact on immigrant workers d. was readily accepted by the American business establishment e. greatly restricted its membership Answer: a 19) What did business leaders who were concerned about labor unrest do? a. placed armed guards in the factories b. encouraged union activism c. turned to applied psychology for answers d. felt they could do little to solve the problem e. adopted a policy of limited force and coercion Answer: c 20) In terms of worker relations, Henry Ford __________. a. was generally behind the times b. showed little concern for his workers c. used trickery and brute force to achieve his aims d. developed a poor image that limited his choice of workers e. tried many innovations Answer: e 21) By 1920, __________. a. the quality of life had improved for many Americans b. the number of available jobs had decreased c. the quality of life had improved only for the upper class d. few Americans received the benefits of the new industrial technology e. most aspects of life had remained unchanged for a couple of generations Answer: a 22) The violence of which sport led to the establishment of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)? a. hockey b. football c. lacrosse d. basketball e. baseball Answer: b 23) What popular form of entertainment drew from the immigrant experience? a. the band concert b. ragtime c. vaudeville d. jazz e. the minstrel show Answer: c 24) Popular music in the Progressive Era __________. a. was strongly influenced by the African American experience b. experienced little change c. became more classical in its orientation d. originated in the northern urban environment e. traced its roots to western Europe Answer: a 25) The Ashcan school of artists __________. a. turned against realistic portrayals of life b. shared the reformers' feel for the environment c. were abstract artists d. were influenced by European artists e. believed that "less is more" Answer: b 26) What factors contributed to magazine popularity and success in the early 1900s? a. appealing pictures, fiction, low costs, and revealing journalism b. labor union support, sensationalism, and new poetry c. wealthy oligarchy support, new artwork in color, and international focus d. use of cutting-edge words like "new" and "mass" and yellow journalism e. improvements in railroads and roads and the institution of a national postal system Answer: a 27) Why did Teddy Roosevelt call some journalists during the early twentieth century "muckrakers"? a. The journalists exposed corruption and questionable practices of public figures and corporations. b. The journalists were focusing on gossip and rumors about leading citizens and entertainers. c. The journalists were promoting economic changes in favor of farmers. d. The journalists used yellow journalism practices. e. The journalists reported on questionable practices in sports. Answer: a 28) Henry Ford is often described as the inventor of the assembly line. In what way is this an inaccurate description? a. The assembly line was invented and used in the mill clothing industry of the early nineteenth century. b. Ford did not invent the assembly line; he improved the meatpacking industry's use of it. c. Because human workers were part of each aspect of the production of a car, it was not really an assembly line. d. Because machines were part of each aspect of the production of a car, it was not really an assembly line. e. Although Ford increased automation of production, the assembly line was not really invented until after his death. Answer: b 29) How did Henry Ford “democratize” the automobile? a. Ford sold fewer cars at higher prices so he could pay workers a fair wage. b. During the first year, Model T’s were available in several colors to appeal to more consumers. c. Cars were built over several weeks to ensure quality construction. d. Ford lowered the price of the automobile so that a larger number of people could afford to purchase one. e. By the early 1920s, Ford had set up an automobile factory in every state. Answer: d 30) What is the difference between a monopoly and an oligopoly? a. An oligopoly is one firm controlling all of the market of a product, whereas a monopoly is several firms controlling much of the market of a product. b. A monopoly is one firm producing many different products and controlling much of the business market, whereas an oligopoly is one firm producing one product and controlling most of the business market. c. A monopoly is one firm controlling all of the market of a product, whereas an oligopoly is several firms controlling much of the market of a product. d. An oligopoly is one firm producing many different products and controlling much of the business market, whereas a monopoly is one firm producing one product and controlling most of the business market. e. A monopoly is when one business controls at least 50 percent of an industry, whereas an oligopoly is when several businesses control at least 50 percent. Answer: c 31) How did new methods of production affect workers in the first years of the twentieth century? a. They were large-scale and mechanized, which made workers almost part of the machinery, endangered, and bored. b. They relied heavily on keeping workers satisfied, which led to safety, wage, and workweek reforms. c. They depended on the workers' willingness to work, which led to incentives, benefits, and human resource departments. d. They depended almost totally on automation, eliminating low-skilled jobs and creating high unemployment in this sector. e. They emphasized a unique product that would be better than the one before, increasing pressure on workers and materialism in consumers. Answer: a 32) What was the focus in Frederick W. Taylor's management methods? a. keeping the employee happy and improving working conditions, wages, and hours b. creating a comfortable working environment, which would make workers' satisfaction, loyalty, and production increase c. trusting the employee's willingness to work and giving workers the power to influence production positively d. enforcement of work standards and cooperation, which often leads to higher pay but also to monotonous and dangerous jobs e. allowing the worker to develop the best solutions to problems, giving workers power that even the unions did not provide Answer: d 33) How did the masses of unskilled workers affect the Progressive movement? a. They joined together by the millions in unions and established a Progressive agenda that they realized through collective bargaining. b. They successfully lobbied local, state, and even federal governments to pass laws protecting their rights. c. By sheer number, the masses influenced industry and society through their struggles to find work and to survive urban poverty. d. Most of them worked hard during the day at their jobs and took classes at night so they could progress to skilled labor or even to professional status. e. Most of the masses believed in the American dream, if not for themselves, then for their children, and they worked for Progressive financial stability. Answer: c 34) Why did people flee farms in the early 1900s? a. Pests destroyed most crops across the South, and farmers fled debt. b. People were attracted to the more modern, cosmopolitan life of the city and suburbs. c. Drought destroyed most crops across the Midwest, and farmers fled debt. d. Whites came to associate farming with Mexicans and African Americans. e. New technology made tenant farming unnecessary and obsolete. Answer: b 35) How did irrigation affect the class system in the West? a. Native Americans owned water rights, so they became a wealthy, powerful class over white farmers. b. Companies that diverted water to the arid West grew wealthy, while landowners and farmers became poor, second-class citizens. c. Irrigation created fertile land, drawing migrant workers, who became second-class citizens, generally from southern and eastern Europe. d. Irrigation made once undesirable Indian reservations desirable, so Native Americans were displaced and made to live as a class of nomads without land. e. Because land was suddenly productive, landowners became wealthy, whereas non-landowners became workers. Answer: e 36) Why was it mostly women who advocated for child laborers in the early 1900s? a. Women are naturally more caring and attentive to children than men. b. Men made more money than women, so they did not have to worry about working conditions for themselves or others. c. Many women suffered the same hardships as child workers, so they empathized and wanted to change conditions for all workers. d. All of the women advocates were mothers and laborers themselves, so they stood to gain from reforms for themselves and their families. e. Most women stayed at home, so they had time to advocate for the needs of others; whereas men were busy working and could not focus on others. Answer: c 37) How did the ideas promoted by Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois contradict each other? a. Washington believed in the good of an industrial society, whereas Du Bois saw the dehumanizing nature of industrialism. b. Washington believed in African Americans gradually gaining rights, whereas Du Bois believed in all rights being demanded by all people immediately. c. Washington believed that unions decreased the efficiency of production, whereas Du Bois believed in the power of unions to support workers. d. Washington believed the woman's place was in the home, whereas Du Bois believed in women's rights to vote, work, and contraception. e. Washington believed in an expansion of U.S. influence in the world, whereas Du Bois believed in the country isolating itself from everyone. Answer: b 38) What was ironic about the founding and leadership of the NAACP? a. Although its sole purpose was to advance black people, the founders and leadership were white. b. The men on the board were avid football fans, so they did not make disinterested decisions with regard to collegiate football. c. The men on the board could not work together, as they often supported different college football teams; their loyalties created impasses on issues. d. Although the NAACP was founded to promote the advancement of colored people, the leadership mainly promoted themselves to become powerful politicians. e. Although the organization was called a "National Association," it was a northern organization because racist politicians banned it in the South. Answer: a 39) Why did labor productivity drop between 1915 and 1918 in the United States? a. The United States was involved in WWI and was not focused on industrial production. b. The main markets were in Europe, which was embroiled in war and not buying products in significant amounts. c. The male labor force were all fighting in WWI, so production virtually ceased in most industries. d. Race riots were so violent that they affected and, in some cities, halted factory production. e. Laborers were so unhappy with working conditions, wages, and hours that they could not be as productive as they were in the past. Answer: e 40) How did the goals of Samuel Gompers and "Big Bill" Heywood differ? a. Gompers believed in socialist reforms, whereas Heywood believed in capitalist Darwinism. b. Heywood believed in socialist reforms, whereas Gompers believed in capitalist Darwinism. c. Gompers believed in communism, whereas Heywood believed in a free market society. d. Gompers represented craftsmen and tried to work with business owners, whereas Heywood represented unskilled workers and opposed owners. e. Heywood represented craftsmen and tried to work with business owners, whereas Gompers represented unskilled workers and opposed owners. Answer: d 41) How were the goals of Samuel Gompers and "Big Bill" Heywood similar? a. Both men believed in opposing business owners to gain workers' rights. b. Both men believed in limiting entry into skilled crafts fields, so as to increase competition and quality. c. Both men believed in the workers' rights to better wages and safer working conditions. d. Both men believed in socialist reforms that would give the laborers full ownership of the means of production. e. Both men believed in immigrant and unskilled workers' rights to join unions and advocate for equal wages, hours, and housing. Answer: c 42) Why did the middle class have the strongest effect on production in the early 1900s? a. In general, laborers responsible for production came from the middle class. b. As the middle class grew in size and prosperity, it demanded more products, increasing production. c. As the working class grew in size, it decreased in prosperity, making the middle class the most powerful group in society. d. In the early 1900s, the lower and upper classes virtually disappeared; only a consuming middle class remained, increasing demand for production. e. As the middle class grew, its need for jobs also grew, so production had to increase to stave off unemployment. Answer: b 43) What kind of clothing did "off-the-rack" clothes replace? a. homemade clothes b. imports from Europe c. WWI uniforms d. "ready-to-wear" clothes e. mail-order catalog clothes Answer: a 44) Why was life expectancy lower for blacks and other racial minorities in the early 1900s? a. Race riots targeted blacks and other racial minorities, violently affecting their life expectancy. b. They made up the bulk of factory laborers whose jobs were dangerous and therefore life-threatening. c. They suffered more the dehumanizing effects of assembly-line production. d. They were excluded from the census, so the statistics are inaccurate. e. In general, they were poorer, endured worse living conditions, and had less access to health care. Answer: e 45) What is significant about D. W. Griffith's beliefs about race and his legacy as a filmmaker? a. He believed in racial equality, so as America's first real filmmaker, his legacy is one of racial equality. b. In the technology race, Griffith's legacy is as America's (and therefore the world's) first significant filmmaker. c. Griffith believed that life was a technological race, and he used technology to become America's first real filmmaker. d. He was racist, so as America's first real filmmaker, his legacy is one of racially biased films. e. Griffith's legacy is one of innovation; film students still study his films for their innovations in close-ups, fade-outs, and artistic camera angles. Answer: d 46) In the early 1900s, dance, music, art, and poetry were related because many dancers, artists, musicians, and poets were __________. a. experimenting with forms of realism b. experimenting with unconventional new art forms c. returning to classic forms from ancient Greece and Rome d. returning to the instruments and methods of the Renaissance era e. experimenting with technology to influence their art form Answer: b 47) How were art and labor movements related in the early 1900s? a. Both were influenced by the dehumanizing effects of industrialization. b. Authorities such as government and big business abolished both. c. Both were progressive and eager to represent the spirit of the masses. d. Both promoted socialist revolt; the labor movements led the artists. e. The labor movements used modern artists' work to further their causes. Answer: c 48) How did industrialism change from the nineteenth to the twentieth century? a. Technology replaced workers, making skilled craftsmanship and unskilled laborers at once obsolete. b. Mass production meant mass wealth and prosperity for most Americans, affecting the global economy. c. Factories became cleaner, safer, and more effective, improving and increasing production. d. The invention of plastic revolutionized the production industry, making household and industrial products affordable. e. Businesses grew even larger and more automated, affecting production, workers, owners, and society as a whole. Answer: e 49) In 1904, a Boston newspaper stated, "In the United States of today, everyone is middle class. The resort to force, the wild talk of the nineties are over. Everyone is busily, happily getting ahead." What was the focus of the "wild talk of the nineties”? a. futuristic technological advances b. advances in industrialization c. war and conquest d. morality and religion e. social, economic, and racial reforms Answer: e 50) Given the history of U.S. Southwest, what is significant about Mexican immigration to that area in the early 1900s? a. Historically the Southwest had been intolerant of Mexican influence, so the new wave of immigration was a sign that times were changing. b. The Southwest was originally a part of Mexico, so when 10 percent of the Mexican population immigrated there in the 1900s, their influence on the region was significant. c. Historically the Southwest had belonged to Native Americans, so the new wave of Mexican immigrants displaced Native Americans from their ancestral lands. d. The Southwest was originally a part of Mexico, so when 10 percent of the Mexican population immigrated there in the 1900s, their presence was not welcomed by Americans. e. Historically the Southwest had been an economically depressed part of the U.S., so when poor Mexicans immigrated there in large numbers, they depressed the region even further. Answer: b Essay Questions 51) How did industrialization change after 1900? How did this change affect consumers? How did it affect industrial laborers? Answer: 1. Technological Advancements: Continued growth in manufacturing, transportation, and communication technologies. 2. Mass Production and Standardization: Increased production efficiency, leading to lower costs and more affordable goods for consumers. 3. Consumer Culture: Rise of consumer culture with increased advertising and emphasis on buying goods. 4. Urbanization: Continued urbanization as people moved to cities for industrial jobs, impacting social structures and consumer behavior. 5. Labor Conditions: Industrial laborers faced poor working conditions, leading to the rise of labor movements and unions. 6. Impact on Society: Growth of the middle class, increased disposable income, and changes in social norms related to consumption. 52) Analyze the rise of labor radicalism. Why did labor radicalism fail? Answer: Rise of Labor Radicalism: • Poor working conditions and inequality fueled dissatisfaction. • Socialist and anarchist ideologies gained popularity. • Labor unions became more organized and vocal. Reasons for Failure: • Government repression weakened radical movements. • Internal divisions and ideological conflicts fragmented labor radicals. • Employers countered with anti-union measures and strike-breaking. • Improvements in labor laws and working conditions reduced appeal. • Shift in focus towards legal and political means for labor rights. 53) Describe the new urban culture that emerged after 1900. What does its existence tell us about how the lives of urban Americans were changing? Answer: The new urban culture that emerged after 1900 reflected significant changes in the lives of urban Americans: 1. Mass Immigration: Increased immigration from Europe and other parts of the world led to a more diverse urban population, shaping the cultural landscape of cities. 2. Industrialization and Urbanization: Rapid industrialization and urbanization created a shift in lifestyles, with more people living in cities and working in factories. 3. Consumer Culture: The rise of consumer culture was evident in cities, with department stores, theaters, and other leisure venues becoming popular destinations. 4. Social Reform Movements: Progressive Era social reform movements, such as those advocating for women's suffrage and labor rights, gained traction in urban areas. 5. Technological Advancements: Technological advancements, such as the proliferation of electricity and the automobile, changed the way people lived and moved within cities. 6. Cultural Expression: Urban areas became hubs of cultural expression, with the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s showcasing African American art, music, and literature. 7. Changing Family Dynamics: Changes in family dynamics, including the rise of the nuclear family and increased opportunities for women outside the home, reflected the changing urban landscape. Overall, the new urban culture that emerged after 1900 reflected a dynamic and evolving society shaped by industrialization, immigration, technological advancements, and social reform movements. It demonstrates how the lives of urban Americans were changing as they adapted to the challenges and opportunities of urban living in the early 20th century. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113
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