CH-19-20 Toward an Urban Society, 1877-1900 – American Stories: A History of the United States : Exam Guide

This Document Contains Chapters 19 to 20 Chapter 19: Toward an Urban Society, 1877-1900 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The rise of cities and industry __________. a. had little effect on American life b. provided opportunities for all Americans c. sustained the foundations of pre-Civil War society d. caused changes in all segments of American society e. was steady throughout the nineteenth century Answer: d 2) Building the new skyscrapers depended on the invention of __________. a. concrete reinforced pilings b. electrical elevators c. automatic window cleaners d. indoor plumbing e. the Bessemer process Answer: e 3) In 1894, the Immigration Restriction League demanded a literacy test for immigrants from which part of the world? a. China b. Ireland c. southern and eastern Europe d. Mexico e. northern Europe Answer: c 4) As the new immigrants entered American society, they __________. a. were well prepared to make the adjustment b. clung to the customs of their native countries c. quickly assimilated into the society d. never were able to adjust to new living conditions e. gave up their native languages Answer: b 5) What was the most famous political machine of the late nineteenth century? a. the Fifth Street Gang b. Tammany Hall c. the Irish Mafia d. the Lamar Circle e. the Coughlin Gang Answer: b 6) Tenements were __________. a. saloons where working-class men gathered to socialize b. urban apartment buildings that tended to be overcrowded c. neighborhood ghettos of unassimilated East European immigrants d. heavily developed industrial districts notorious for air and water pollution e. pool halls frequented by members of violent street gangs Answer: b 7) In the Victorian code of morality, __________. a. children were active participants in family life b. wives were to be acknowledged as equal partners to their husbands c. moral values were less important than economic values d. strict standards of behavior should be followed e. young women could finally go out without a chaperone Answer: d 8) If an American became ill in the 1870s, __________. a. hospital insurance would cover the cost of the illness b. home care would be the common form of treatment c. there was little help from the medical profession d. recent medical discoveries would guarantee recovery e. he or she would probably die Answer: b 9) Most Americans in the 1880s __________. a. no longer held religious beliefs b. believed the school was the center of life c. were church-attending Protestants d. had few private moral standards e. were Roman Catholic parishioners Answer: c 10) After the Civil War, __________. a. there was little need for reform movements b. women were excluded from reform movements c. reform movements remained active in American life d. the national government was the major agent for change e. reformers focused exclusively on temperance Answer: c 11) Which of the following was true of middle-class American families in the late nineteenth century? a. They found their status had remained unchanged. b. They became more isolated from the world of labor. c. They had greater economic function. d. They tended to deteriorate under the impact of industrialization. e. They had more children. Answer: b 12) The “new woman” __________. a. won respect from American society b. developed from the economic changes of the times c. quickly won political and civil rights d. was usually married, working out of choice e. still could not get a divorce Answer: b 13) In the late nineteenth century, __________. a. few women entered the workforce b. most women took advantage of economic changes c. few women challenged the system d. the role of women in society was changing e. womanly "innocence" was never questioned Answer: d 14) The common law doctrine of femme couverte __________. a. was revised to adapt to the changes of the period b. provided women with freedom in their marriages c. brought women new political rights d. was strongly supported by women e. was central to the idea of the “new woman” Answer: a 15) Which of the following was a founder of the National American Woman Suffrage Association? a. Rheta Childe Dorr b. John H. Kellogg c. Susan B. Anthony d. Charlotte Gilman e. Rebecca Ablowitz Answer: c 16) Public schools in the 1870s and 1880s __________. a. placed greater value on educating females b. vigorously stressed discipline and routine c. ignored moral, religious education d. emphasized egalitarianism between students and teachers e. were considered better than factories by most students Answer: b 17) What was a major difference between northern and southern schools? a. More students attended school in the South. b. All southern states had compulsory school attendance laws. c. Few southern states had compulsory school attendance laws. d. Northern states provided segregated school systems. e. Southern schools provided better curricula. Answer: c 18) A major change in the college curriculum of the late nineteenth century was to __________. a. train students for the ministry b. emphasize classical curriculum c. have students follow a rigorous, prescribed curriculum d. stress the practical application of education e. eliminate electives from the curriculum Answer: d 19) Booker T. Washington __________. a. believed African Americans should fight for equal rights b. had little hope for the future of African Americans in American society c. believed that self-help was the best plan for African Americans d. emphasized the importance of higher education for African Americans e. founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Answer: c 20) W. E. B. Du Bois __________. a. supported the views of Booker T. Washington b. advocated revolutionary tactics for African Americans c. was popular with African American and white society d. believed educational advancement was the key to success e. was the author of the Atlanta Compromise Answer: d 21) The social Darwinists __________. a. believed the laws of nature applied to society b. were active reformers in the late nineteenth century c. had an overwhelming influence on American society d. raised important questions about the conditions of society e. stressed society's responsibility to aid the poor Answer: a 22) According to Henry George, __________. a. modern society was perfect b. there was a wide gulf between rich and poor c. little could be done to alleviate the problems of the poor d. a graduated income tax would solve the nation's problems e. the poor in America were making real progress Answer: b 23) As a young lawyer, what did Clarence Darrow believe? a. Aiding the poor would interfere with the evolutionary process. b. Capitalism must be overthrown. c. Without poverty, there would be no crime. d. Capital punishment is essential to the maintenance of civil order. e. A "single tax" on corporate profits would solve all social problems. Answer: c 24) __________ wrote the book Looking Backward, which described a future of socialism in America. a. Walter Rauschenbusch b. Edward Bellamy c. Richard Frick d. Jane Addams e. Henry George Answer: b 25) Jane Addams was the founder of __________. a. the South End House in Boston b. the Henry Street Settlement in New York c. Golden Home in San Francisco d. Hull House in Chicago e. the Neighborhood Guild in New York Answer: d 26) Late-nineteenth-century immigrants predominantly __________. a. came seeking religious freedom b. were highly skilled craftsmen c. were older males d. settled in the Midwestern region e. already knew someone in the United States Answer: e 27) Why were those in mainstream society troubled by the influx of new immigrants in the 1880s? a. They feared that immigrants would try to assimilate into American society. b. They worried that they would not be able to do their jobs as well anymore. c. They feared that the government would give immigrants equal rights. d. They felt that too many immigrants would take up land in the West. e. They worried that the new immigrants could not be assimilated. Answer: e 28) How did immigrants and native-born people compare in terms of family in the late nineteenth century? a. Immigrants married earlier than native-born people and, as a result, had more children. b. Immigrant families had fewer children than native-born families, mostly because they lived in cramped tenements that could not support large families. c. Immigrants tended to marry later and have more children than native-born people. d. Immigrant families were usually headed by single women, whereas native-born families tended to be nuclear families. e. Immigrants married much earlier than native-born people, and also tended to die at much earlier ages. Answer: c 29) What was one consequence of the urban growth of the late nineteenth century? a. urban renewal of neighborhoods b. growth of middle-class neighborhoods c. development of urban planning d. powerful city political machines e. construction of better housing Answer: d 30) Urban political machines stayed in power because __________. a. the federal government supported them with grants b. they understood how to use the political system for their own good c. they performed social services for African Americans d. there was little regard for the political system e. they took over services from the cities Answer: b 31) American life in the late nineteenth century included __________. a. a movement toward healthier diets and lifestyles b. hopelessly primitive medical science c. a majority of the population living in urban areas d. a life expectancy of about 60 years e. food prices that were constantly getting lower Answer: e 32) Significant medical developments in Victorian America __________. a. prevented tuberculosis, typhoid, and diphtheria b. included the discovery that germs cause infection and disease c. led to an increase in the number of hospitals and their use for medical care d. could not stop the increasing infant mortality rate between 1877 and 1900 e. allowed psychologists to investigate the importance of genetics on human development Answer: b 33) Why did reformers turn their attention to prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages in the nineteenth century? a. They believed that high tariffs on alcohol were leading more people into poverty. b. They thought that large producers of alcoholic beverages were driving smaller companies out of business. c. They did not want Americans to import alcoholic beverages from other countries. d. They believed that drunkenness brought many social evils into society. e. They were worried that people were buying harmful liquor because alcoholic beverages were not regulated. Answer: d 34) What did the popularity of sports in the United States indicate? a. the influence of European culture b. the increased amount of leisure time c. the breakdown of sexual barriers d. increased freedom for children e. the boredom of industrial workers Answer: b 35) What was the significance of the decline in fertility rates in America between 1800 and 1939? a. It reflected a higher death rate among immigrant families. b. It reflected a higher infant mortality rate due to primitive medical practices. c. It reflected a conscious decision of many Americans to postpone or limit their families. d. It showed that more Americans were remaining single rather than marrying and having children. e. It showed that fewer Americans were dying of disease now that vaccines had come into popular use. Answer: c 36) Which of the following authors argued that the American ideal of women's "innocence" really meant their ignorance? a. Charlotte Perkins Gilman in Women and Economics b. Edward Bliss Foote in Plain Home Talk of Love, Marriage, and Parentage c. Bessie and Marie Von Vorst in The Woman Who Toils d. Helen Campbell in Women Wage Earners e. Jane Addams in Twenty Years at Hull House Answer: a 37) What was a result of the Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision? a. Public education became more expensive for southern states. b. Integration of schools was to occur with deliberate speed. c. Illiteracy among school-aged children would be eradicated. d. De facto segregation could no longer occur. e. Black teachers were paid the same as their white counterparts. Answer: a 38) Educational changes in the years 1877 to 1900 included __________. a. an increase in illiteracy b. "classical" courses in Latin and literature for older children c. development of the kindergarten d. compulsory school attendance in all states e. integrated schools for African Americans in the North and South Answer: c 39) Changes in higher education included __________. a. a loosening of admission standards for professional training b. the first separate graduate schools c. an increased emphasis on a classical curriculum d. a focus on training young men for the ministry e. more educational opportunities for women Answer: e 40) Which of the following places events in the correct chronological order? a. Morrill Land Grant Act, Plessy v. Ferguson, establishment of Tuskegee Institute b. Plessy v. Ferguson, Morrill Land Grant Act, establishment of Tuskegee Institute c. establishment of Tuskegee Institute, Morrill Land Grant Act, Plessy v. Ferguson d. Morrill Land Grant Act, establishment of Tuskegee Institute, Plessy v. Ferguson e. Plessy v. Ferguson, establishment of Tuskegee Institute, Morrill Land Grant Act Answer: c 41) Why did many whites support Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise? a. It called for blacks to gain rights slowly through self-improvement, and not through activism. b. It rejected the idea that blacks needed equal rights in American society. c. It called for blacks to get a college education and to fight actively for their rights. d. It called for the integration of schools and an end to "separate but equal." e. It promoted the idea of professional careers for blacks. Answer: a 42) Why did W. E. B. Du Bois attack the Atlanta Compromise? a. He believed that blacks should not take such an aggressive strategy in attaining equal rights. b. He felt that it discouraged blacks from working hard in school and in their professions. c. He thought that the integration of schools would be disadvantageous for blacks. d. He believed that blacks should focus on economic gains, and not on political activism. e. He believed that blacks should actively fight for civil rights. Answer: e 43) Why did many northerners lose interest in fighting for equal rights for blacks by the 1870s? a. They believed that blacks already had achieved equal rights in much of the country. b. They felt that their support was only hurting and not helping blacks gain rights. c. They were intimidated by blacks in the South and did not want to encourage rebellion. d. They felt that southern whites should be active in the cause instead. e. They had grown tired of the issue, and many believed in white superiority. Answer: e 44) How did the federal government react to the spread of Jim Crow laws in the late nineteenth century? a. The federal government sent in additional troops to enforce the Reconstruction amendments. b. Congress passed legislation to prevent political discrimination, but allowed social discrimination to continue. c. The federal government did not interfere because it was a states’ rights issue. d. The laissez-faire attitude of the Republican presidents of the era prevented any action. e. The Supreme Court rulings supported a reduction in civil rights for blacks. Answer: e 45) What did Henry George propose as a solution to poverty in modern society? a. to let nature take its evolutionary course b. to replace all taxes with a "single tax" on land c. a socialist utopia in which the government owns the means of production d. to establish worker and farmer "cooperatives" to own the means of production e. to make churches the center of social reform instead of the government Answer: b 46) Why were many women part of the settlement house reform movement? a. They believed that poverty was the worst problem in society and must be prevented. b. Men were not interested in urban poverty, and women were the only ones left to tackle the problem. c. The women who helped start settlement houses could bring their children there, which made it easier for them. d. It was one of the few places in American society to which they could bring their talents. e. Women believed that education was the only way to eradicate poverty in the United States. Answer: d 47) Why did some immigrants resist the settlement house movement? a. They did not trust organizations that were headed by women. b. They felt that settlement houses kept them segregated from the rest of society. c. They did not want their children educated by Americans. d. They did not want other people to tell them how to live and act. e. They believed that living in a settlement house would never get them out of poverty. Answer: d 48) How did working-class families and middle-class families experience urbanization and industrialization differently? a. Working-class families tended to have strong family ties as a result of their urban lives and work, whereas women and children in middle-class families tended not to participate in the work that men did. b. Working-class families often did not spend much time together due to everyone working at different times, but middle-class families tended to work and socialize together. c. In working-class families, only the men earned money, but in middle-class families, some women did work out of the home. d. In working-class families, more children lived with their parents into their twenties, whereas in middle-class families, children tended to leave home as soon as they got work. e. Working-class families tended to have fewer members of the household engaged in work, which is what kept them in a permanent state of poverty. Answer: c 49) How did the role of children in society change in the late nineteenth century? a. Children were valued more as people who could contribute to the family, and not just as people to be left alone for many years. b. Children were viewed less as "little adults" who should contribute to the family as soon as possible, and viewed more as young people who needed years to grow up. c. People began to think of children as less in need of general education and more in need of specific education tailored to the jobs they would eventually get. d. Children were no longer thought of as "free help" and were instead paid for many of the chores they did at home. e. People began to understand the necessity for children to learn important skills as apprentices and not just at home with their families. Answer: b 50) What does the following quotation mean: "The United States was born in the country and moved to the city"? a. The United States started out as a small country, but became extremely populated over time. b. Most Americans were uncomfortable with living in large cities until the nineteenth century. c. The size of the country grew exponentially larger once people started living in cities. d. Most Americans preferred living in rural areas, but were forced to move to cities because that is where most jobs were located. e. The United States was at first a rural country and then became much more urban over time. Answer: e Essay Questions 51) How did technology affect patterns of urban life in late-nineteenth-century America? Under what conditions did the urban poor live? Why did technology fail to help these people? Answer: Technology had a profound impact on patterns of urban life in late-nineteenth-century America. The introduction of new technologies, such as the electric streetcar, improved transportation and allowed people to live farther away from their workplaces. This led to the development of suburbs and the expansion of cities. Additionally, innovations in steel production and construction techniques facilitated the construction of skyscrapers, which changed the skyline of urban areas. Despite these advancements, the urban poor often lived in squalid conditions. Many lived in overcrowded tenements, lacking access to basic amenities such as clean water and sanitation. The rapid urbanization and industrialization of the time led to poor living conditions, as cities struggled to keep up with the influx of people. Technology failed to help these people for several reasons. First, the focus of technological advancements was often on improving efficiency and productivity, rather than addressing social issues such as poverty and housing. Additionally, there was a lack of government intervention and regulation to ensure that the benefits of technology were equitably distributed. Furthermore, the social attitudes of the time, which placed a strong emphasis on individualism and self-reliance, made it difficult for collective action to address the needs of the urban poor. Overall, while technology brought significant changes to urban life in late-nineteenth-century America, it failed to improve the lives of the urban poor due to a combination of social, political, and economic factors. 52) Compare the role of the political machines and the social reformers in dealing with the new urban environment of the late nineteenth century. Which group seems to have been more successful? Answer: In late-nineteenth-century America, political machines and social reformers played contrasting roles in addressing the challenges of the new urban environment. Political machines, such as Tammany Hall in New York City, were powerful political organizations that provided social services and jobs in exchange for political support. They often controlled local governments and used patronage to maintain power. While political machines helped some immigrants and the urban poor by providing jobs and assistance, they were also known for corruption and cronyism. On the other hand, social reformers sought to address the root causes of urban problems through social and political change. They advocated for reforms such as better housing, sanitation, and working conditions, as well as women's rights and temperance. Social reformers like Jane Addams and the settlement house movement worked to improve the lives of the urban poor through education, healthcare, and community organizing. In terms of success, social reformers had a more lasting impact on the new urban environment. While political machines provided immediate relief to some, they often perpetuated a cycle of poverty and corruption. Social reformers, through their advocacy and activism, contributed to significant reforms in areas such as public health, labor rights, and social welfare, laying the groundwork for future social change. 53) How did economic change and urbanization affect family life? Answer: 1. Geographic Mobility: Increased movement due to economic opportunities. 2. Family Size and Structure: Smaller, more nuclear families. 3. Role of Women: More women entered the workforce. 4. Child Labor: Children sometimes worked to support the family. 5. Social Isolation: Urban living could lead to isolation, particularly for immigrants. 6. Economic Strain: Families faced poverty and lacked access to basic needs. 54) How did education change in the late nineteenth century? Explain the controversy over education for blacks. Why did new educational opportunities open up for women? What was the main goal of primary education? Why? Answer: In the late nineteenth century, education underwent significant changes in the United States, particularly in terms of access and content. 1. Education for Blacks: There was controversy over education for blacks due to racial discrimination and segregation. While some advocated for equal educational opportunities, many states enforced laws that restricted or denied education to African Americans, perpetuating inequality. 2. Educational Opportunities for Women: New educational opportunities opened up for women due to the women's rights movement and changing societal attitudes. Women's colleges were founded, and co-education became more common, allowing women to pursue higher education and professional careers. 3. Main Goal of Primary Education: The main goal of primary education was to provide basic literacy, numeracy, and civic education to children. This was seen as essential for building a literate and informed citizenry necessary for a functioning democracy. The controversy over education for blacks stemmed from deep-seated racism and the desire of some to maintain white supremacy. Laws such as Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation, including in education, limiting the opportunities available to African Americans. This controversy highlighted the ongoing struggle for civil rights and equal access to education for all Americans. New educational opportunities opened up for women due to the efforts of the women's rights movement, which advocated for equal rights and opportunities for women. As societal attitudes shifted and more women began to pursue higher education and professional careers, educational institutions began to open their doors to women, leading to greater educational opportunities and advancements for women. Chapter 20: Political Realignments, 1876-1901 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Why were Americans fascinated by politics during the Gilded Age? a. Women and men were voting for the first time. b. African Americans were able to use their newly won suffrage. c. The quality of political candidates was excellent. d. Most Americans saw it as a form of entertainment. e. Cash incentives made people eager to vote. Answer: d 2) In the South, a grandfather clause waived the literacy requirement for voters whose ancestors had __________. a. already passed a literacy test b. fought in the Civil War c. been white d. voted before 1867 e. correctly interpreted the Constitution Answer: d 3) Until the 1890s, __________. a. the presidency was weaker than Congress b. the presidency was able to assert its power c. Congress had little interest in national affairs d. few presidents seemed committed to national affairs e. power was equally divided between the president and Congress Answer: a 4) Which president entered the White House after the heavily disputed election of 1876? a. Grover Cleveland b. William McKinley c. Rutherford B. Hayes d. Benjamin Harrison e. William Jennings Bryan Answer: c 5) The Pendleton Act __________. a. eliminated presidential appointments b. provided a merit system for national government jobs c. allowed Congress greater power in appointing government jobs d. gave the judiciary greater power in the national government e. established the Secret Service to protect presidents Answer: b 6) Grover Cleveland __________. a. increased federal activities b. was committed to higher tariffs c. curtailed federal activities d. brought dishonor to the Democratic party e. was re-elected in a landslide in 1888 Answer: c 7) Which of the following groups made up the bulk of the electorate until 1900? a. white males b. white males and white females c. white and African American males d. landowning white males e. educated white males Answer: a 8) The Sherman Antitrust Act __________. a. was vague and at the mercy of the courts b. had little effect on antitrust policy c. was only concerned with regulating railroads d. did not have criminal penalties for violators e. was used aggressively by the Justice Department Answer: a 9) Those who supported the free coinage of silver __________. a. were convinced it would help the agrarian sectors b. were primarily found in the North and East c. wanted to keep monetary power away from the national government d. found little support for their views in Congress e. thought it would deflate the currency Answer: a 10) Farmers complained about crop prices during the late nineteenth century, but __________. a. overall profits were high b. rising railroad rates were the real problem c. their poor economic condition was mainly caused by a lack of demand d. overproduction was a contributing factor e. their purchasing power actually increased Answer: e 11) What was the major objective of the Alliance Movement? a. to form a social organization for farmers b. to organize and politicize the American farmer c. to ensure equal distribution of wealth d. to elect Democrats and Republicans who represented the farmers e. to protect farmers against greedy cattle ranchers Answer: b 12) Which of these was a demand of the Populist party? a. the free coinage of silver b. farm subsidies c. larger protective tariffs d. elimination of the federal income tax e. maintenance of the gold standard Answer: a 13) The Populist candidate for president in 1892 was __________. a. William Jennings Bryan b. James Weaver c. Mary Lease d. William McKinley e. Grover Cleveland Answer: b 14) The Panic of 1893 __________. a. was caused by the economic changes of the period b. was confined to a small group of investors c. had little effect on the national government d. brought quick, decisive action by the government e. caused banks to increase their number of loans Answer: a 15) Which individual rocketed to national attention because of the Pullman strike? a. Jacob Coxey b. Theodore Dreiser c. Eugene V. Debs d. Henry Adams e. Thomas Watson Answer: c 16) President Cleveland broke the Pullman strike on grounds that it had __________. a. exposed the United States to foreign invasion b. interfered with the collection of taxes c. raised the possibility of open class warfare d. obstructed the delivery of the mail e. forced wealthy travelers to ride in ordinary passenger cars Answer: d 17) Who was president of the United States during the depression of 1893? a. Herbert Hoover b. Grover Cleveland c. Rutherford B. Hayes d. William McKinley e. Theodore Roosevelt Answer: b 18) Early in the 1890s, the Democrats succeeded in __________. a. modestly reducing tariff levels b. taking the United States off the gold standard c. driving the economy to higher levels d. correcting the abuses of stock speculators e. increasing tariffs to protect American industry Answer: a 19) In 1894, __________. a. Grover Cleveland had strong support for his policies b. few voters supported a strong, active government c. the Populist party was a major political party d. the deadlock between the Republicans and Democrats ended e. Americans became more suspicious of government power Answer: d 20) The greatest change in American literature during the late 1800s was the rise of __________. a. poetry b. evolutionism c. realism d. romanticism e. impressionism Answer: c 21) The writings of Mark Twain __________. a. reflected the mood of romanticism in literature b. portrayed life in the tenements of the East c. relied on literary language in a prose style d. relied on realism and humor e. never gained international prominence Answer: d 22) What was the major issue of the election of 1896? a. race relations b. tariffs c. political patronage d. railroad regulation e. currency Answer: e 23) Who were the two major presidential candidates in the 1896 election? a. William Howard Taft and William Jennings Bryan b. Thomas Reed and Grover Cleveland c. William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley d. Marcus Hanna and Thomas Watson e. Grover Cleveland and William Jennings Bryan Answer: c 24) When the Democrats endorsed silver in 1896, the Populists __________. a. disbanded and merged with the Democrats b. seconded the nomination of Bryan c. disbanded and merged with the Republicans d. seconded the nomination of McKinley e. nominated Tom Watson of Georgia for president Answer: b 25) As president, William McKinley __________. a. was an activist president b. could not get along with Congress c. was perceived as a reactionary president d. decreased federal power while in office e. maintained an isolated administration Answer: a 26) Politically, which of the following was the case in the 1870s and 1880s? a. The Republicans dominated the South. b. The Democrats dominated the North. c. National elections were usually decided in the biggest states, such as Virginia. d. The influence of the Civil War generation was fading. e. Nationally the two parties were evenly balanced in strength. Answer: e 27) The Republican party platform in the post-Civil War period __________. a. included lower protective tariffs b. did not include civil rights legislation c. promised subsidies to railroads d. included decentralized government power e. ignored moral issues Answer: c 28) How did the Democrats and Republicans feel about federal tariffs in the 1880s? a. Republicans wanted to lower the tariff so that Americans could spend more, but Democrats wanted to keep the tariff to pay for infrastructure. b. Both Democrats and Republicans wanted the tariff to be lowered, but for different reasons. c. Democrats wanted to lower the tariff, but Republicans felt that this undermined American business. d. Republicans wanted to raise the tariff to boost business, but Democrats felt that the tariff should remain as it was. e. Democrats wanted to raise the tariff in order to fund public education, but Republicans wanted to lower the tariff in order to boost business. Answer: c 29) What was the result of the 1895 Supreme Court case involving the E. C. Knight Company? a. The regulatory powers of the federal government were strengthened. b. There was stronger regulation over manufacturing. c. It had little effect on national policy. d. It gave the Supreme Court an opportunity to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act. e. A sharp distinction was drawn between commerce and manufacturing. Answer: e 30) Why was the Republican-controlled Congress of 1890 notable? a. It was unable to assert federal authority. b. Its legislation shaped the future policy of the nation. c. It was overwhelmingly re-elected. d. It gained support of the Democrats. e. It spent frugally in an effort to build up the U.S. Treasury. Answer: b 31) Which of the following lists events in the correct chronological order? a. Republican policy to regulate industry, Panic of 1893, Republican policy to promote industry b. Republican policy to promote industry, Republican policy to regulate industry, Panic of 1893 c. Republican policy to promote industry, Panic of 1893, Republican policy to regulate industry d. Panic of 1893, Republican policy to promote industry, Republican policy to regulate industry e. Republican policy to regulate industry, Republican policy to promote industry, Panic of 1893 Answer: c 32) In 1890, the American electorate rejected __________. a. Democratic legislative activism by crushing the party in the congressional elections b. Republican legislative activism by crushing the party in the congressional elections c. the legislative passiveness of both major parties by electing many third-party and especially Populist candidates to Congress d. Republican passiveness by crushing the party in the congressional elections e. Democratic passiveness by crushing the party in the congressional elections Answer: b 33) Which of the following was a reason for farm discontent in the late nineteenth century? a. the inability of farmers to organize to voice discontent b. the rising railroad rates c. the lack of new farm technology d. the perception of a loss of status in society e. the loss of farmers to urban factories Answer: d 34) The leaders of the Southern Farmers' Alliance __________. a. formed the first major People's party b. tried to capture the Democratic party c. eschewed politics for more radical methods d. often crossed over to the Republican party e. were more concerned about economic rights than political rights Answer: b 35) Why did the Colored Farmers' National Alliance end? a. A posse lynched 15 strikers. b. Prices on cotton increased significantly. c. Southern planters used strike breakers in the cotton fields. d. The Farmers' Alliance expelled all African Americans from the organization. e. African Americans were integrated into the Farmers' Alliance. Answer: a 36) What was one result of the election of 1892? a. It brought disappointing results for the Populists. b. It provided the Populists with a national forum. c. It saw many voters switching to the Populist party. d. It had little effect on national issues. e. It brought Leonidas Polk to the presidency. Answer: a 37) What was a consequence of the depression of 1893? a. It changed American ideas about government and the economy. b. It united the country in support of the free silver movement. c. It pushed rural and urban societies farther apart. d. It had a lasting effect on American society. e. It mainly hurt western and southern farmers. Answer: a 38) In the Pullman Strike of 1894, what did Grover Cleveland's intervention accomplish? a. It gave business the court injunction as a new weapon against labor. b. It ensured the success of the strike. c. It failed to end the strike. d. It gave workers the protection of a court injunction. e. It led to the creation of the Pullman Porters Union. Answer: a 39) What was a result of the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act? a. Republicans were mostly confined to the South. b. Democrats became the majority party in the country. c. The country's gold reserve rose. d. It led to higher inflation. e. It strengthened the Democrats who supported silver in their bid for the 1896 presidency. Answer: e 40) Why did Populists not gain as many seats in Congress as they had expected to gain in the 1894 election? a. In the South, Democrats used fraud and violence to keep people from voting for Populist candidates. b. In the Midwest, discontented voters tended to vote for Democrats and not Populists. c. The unemployed, who were big supporters of the Populists, did not vote as widely as expected. d. In the South, despite Populist support, more people ultimately voted Republican. e. The Populist supporters in New England chose to vote Republican instead. Answer: a 41) What was the significance of a 1901 study of working-class families? a. It revealed that child labor had virtually ceased. b. It showed that the number of working women decreased. c. It showed that over 50 percent of the principal breadwinners were out of work. d. It revealed that children were attending school in record numbers. e. It showed that fewer immigrants were working-class. Answer: c 42) During the 1890s, writers who rejected romanticism often wrote __________. a. regional stories depicting everyday life b. grand epic stories in which the hero always defeated the villain c. disparaging tales about ethnic groups, perpetuating anti-immigrant feelings d. political pamphlets championing their candidate e. allegorical stories that used many examples from the Bible Answer: a 43) Why did support for free silver coinage grow rapidly from 1894 to 1896? a. It seemed a simple, compelling answer to the economic crisis. b. Workers joined farmers in support of coinage. c. Cleveland Democrats joined workers in support of coinage. d. The country was rapidly running out of gold reserves. e. Silver would ensure that there would be less actual money in circulation. Answer: a 44) Why did the Populists nominate Tom Watson for vice president in the 1896 election? a. They felt that he was a stronger candidate than William Jennings Bryan. b. They wanted a Republican vice president to balance the ticket with a Democratic president. c. Watson, unlike William Jennings Bryan, supported free coinage of silver, which the Populists also supported. d. They thought that Watson would ensure that voters would elect a Populist president. e. They were endorsing the Democratic candidate for president and so wanted their own candidate for vice president. Answer: e 45) Why was William Jennings Bryan defeated in 1896? a. He did not campaign directly among the voters. b. He was unable to win Populist support. c. The established eastern press had deserted him. d. Few voters were interested in the campaign. e. He was an awkward and shy speaker. Answer: c 46) Which best describes the decision that shattered the Populist party in 1896? a. endorsement for the presidency of the Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan b. admission of African Americans to the party's ranks c. nomination of their own candidate, James Weaver, for the presidency d. expulsion of all African American members in an attempt to attract more southern support e. support of free coinage of silver Answer: a 47) By 1900, toward what new policy was President McKinley attempting to direct the Republican party? a. monetary inflation through silver coinage b. promoting economic growth with subsidies and tariffs c. regulating and controlling industry d. increasing tariff rates again e. decreasing the country's gold supply then in circulation Answer: d 48) What was the general difference between the Democrats and Republicans in the late 1800s? a. Democrats felt that social reform was fundamental to the economic success of the nation, while Republicans felt that government regulation was more important. b. Democrats favored high inflation to boost business, while Republicans favored the free coinage of silver and gold. c. Democrats favored government control of all business, while Republicans wanted very little government regulation of business. d. Democrats tended to favor little federal government intervention, while Republicans believed that the federal government should promote economic and social reform. e. Democrats believed that the federal government should take an active role in economic and social reform, while Republicans favored little government intervention. Answer: d 49) Why was silver not just a political or economic issue but also a social movement in the 1890s? a. Those who favored silver coinage identified themselves with urbanization and industrialization. b. Supporting the free coinage of silver meant rejecting all government intervention in economic issues. c. Those who were unemployed tended to fight against the free and independent coinage of silver. d. Those who supported the free coinage of silver also supported other economic programs and could be identified as supporters of change. e. Identifying oneself with silver coinage also indicated one’s values and political affiliation. Answer: e 50) What does the following quotation mean: "In 1899, McKinley spoke of lowering tariff barriers in a world that technology had made smaller"? a. After technology had connected the United States to the rest of the world, it made sense to lower taxes on goods to and from other countries. b. Because the population of the United States had been decreasing slowly over the nineteenth century, it made sense to lower taxes on goods from other countries. c. Since the United States was so dependent on technology from other countries, it made sense to lower taxes on this technology. d. Because taxes had decreased over the last decades of the nineteenth century, technology exchange between countries had increased. e. Until taxes on goods exported to other countries were increased, the rest of the world could not benefit from American technology. Answer: a Essay Questions 51) What factors account for political party loyalty in the late nineteenth century? How was the sectional political balance related to high voter turnout in presidential elections? Answer: Political party loyalty in the late nineteenth century was influenced by several factors: 1. Historical Context: The Civil War and Reconstruction period deeply divided the nation along regional lines. Loyalty to a particular party often aligned with regional identity, with Democrats dominating in the South and Republicans in the North. 2. Economic Issues: Party loyalty was often tied to economic interests. Republicans tended to support protective tariffs and policies that favored industry, while Democrats often supported free trade and policies benefiting agrarian interests. 3. Social and Cultural Factors: Ethnic and religious identities played a role in party loyalty, with certain groups aligning more closely with one party due to perceived alignment with their values and interests. 4. Party Organization: Both parties had strong organizational structures, which helped maintain loyalty through patronage systems and local party machinery. 5. Media Influence: Party-affiliated newspapers and other media outlets often played a significant role in shaping and reinforcing party loyalty. The sectional political balance was related to high voter turnout in presidential elections in several ways: 1. Competitiveness: When the political balance between the parties was close, elections were often more competitive, leading to increased voter interest and turnout. 2. Stakes of the Election: Elections that were seen as particularly consequential, such as those following periods of significant change or unrest, often saw higher turnout as voters were more motivated to participate. 3. Campaigning Efforts: Parties and candidates often made greater efforts to mobilize voters in closely contested regions, which could lead to higher turnout in those areas. 4. Polarization: The sectional political balance reflected deep divisions within the country, which could lead to higher levels of political engagement and turnout as voters felt strongly about the issues and candidates. Overall, the relationship between sectional political balance and voter turnout in presidential elections in the late nineteenth century was complex, with a variety of factors influencing both. 52) What issues led to the Populist movement? Why did the Populist party fail to achieve major party status? Answer: The Populist movement emerged in the late 19th century in response to several economic and social issues: 1. Farmers' Grievances: Farmers faced falling crop prices, high transportation costs, and high interest rates, leading to financial hardship. 2. Corporate Power: There was growing concern about the power of corporate monopolies and trusts, which were seen as exploiting farmers and workers. 3. Currency Policy: Populists advocated for the free coinage of silver, believing it would increase the money supply and help inflate crop prices. 4. Political Reform: The movement called for various political reforms, including direct election of senators, a secret ballot, and the use of initiatives and referendums. 5. Social Issues: Populists also addressed social issues, such as the rights of workers and the poor, advocating for government intervention to protect them. Despite its initial successes, the Populist party failed to achieve major party status due to several reasons: 1. Division within the Movement: The movement was divided along racial and regional lines, particularly regarding the issue of race relations in the South. This weakened the party's unity and appeal. 2. Lack of Urban Support: The Populists were primarily a rural movement and struggled to gain significant support in urban areas, where industrial workers were a key constituency. 3. Economic Conditions: The economic conditions that fueled the movement, such as falling crop prices, improved somewhat, reducing the urgency of the Populists' message. 4. Political Opposition: The major parties, particularly the Democrats, co-opted some of the Populists' platform, diminishing the need for a separate Populist party. 5. Election Losses: The Populists suffered significant losses in the 1896 presidential election, after which many supporters drifted back to the major parties. Overall, the Populist movement highlighted the economic and social concerns of many Americans at the time but ultimately failed to achieve major party status due to internal divisions, lack of urban support, improving economic conditions, political opposition, and election losses. 53) What were the political consequences of the depression of the 1890s? Answer: The depression of the 1890s had several political consequences in the United States: 1. Rise of Populism: The economic hardships of the depression contributed to the rise of the Populist movement, which advocated for agrarian interests and economic reforms. The Populists had some electoral success, particularly in the South and West, and their influence led to the adoption of some of their ideas by the major parties. 2. Election of 1896: The depression played a significant role in the election of 1896, which pitted Republican William McKinley against Democrat William Jennings Bryan. McKinley's victory, supported by business interests and the gold standard, marked a shift in economic policy away from Populist ideas like the free coinage of silver. 3. Labor Unrest: The depression contributed to increased labor unrest, with workers demanding better wages and working conditions. This period saw several high-profile strikes, including the Pullman Strike of 1894, which led to a significant disruption of rail traffic. 4. Political Realignment: The depression led to a realignment of the major parties, with the Democrats becoming more progressive under Bryan's leadership and the Republicans adopting some of the Populists' ideas to appeal to rural voters. 5. Increased Government Intervention: The depression prompted calls for increased government intervention in the economy to alleviate the hardships faced by the public. This eventually led to the progressive era reforms of the early 20th century, which sought to regulate business and protect consumers and workers. Overall, the depression of the 1890s had far-reaching political consequences in the United States, shaping the political landscape and leading to significant changes in economic policy and government intervention. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113