This Document Contains Chapters 17 to 18 Chapter 17: The West: Exploiting an Empire, 1849-1902 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) On the Great Plains, rainfall averaged __________. a. more than 100 inches a year b. less than five inches a year c. less than 20 inches a year d. more than 200 inches a year e. less than ten inches a year Answer: c 2) In 1865, the number of Native Americans living in the West was __________. a. 10,000 b. 250,000 c. 500,000 d. 750,000 e. 1,000,000 Answer: b 3) Which of the following tribes were peaceful farmers and herdsmen? a. the Sioux b. the Kiowas c. the Seminoles d. the Pueblos e. the Comanches Answer: d 4) By 1880, there were approximately __________ Native Americans in California. a. 20,000 b. 30,000 c. 40,000 d. 50,000 e. 60,000 Answer: a 5) By the mid-nineteenth century, two-thirds of Native American tribes lived on the Great Plains, including the __________. a. Hopi b. Cherokee c. Sioux d. Chinook e. Zuni Answer: c 6) The Plains tribes were __________. a. sedentary and pacific b. fishermen and farmers c. nomadic and warlike d. practitioners of human sacrifice e. builders of great cities Answer: c 7) The socioeconomic life of the Plains tribes revolved around __________. a. the sun b. grain cultivation c. the buffalo d. the elk e. war Answer: c 8) After the buffalo, the most important animal to the Plains Indians was the __________. a. dog b. elk c. deer d. horse e. jackrabbit Answer: d 9) In the 1850s, government policy toward the Plains tribes was to __________. a. exterminate them b. define boundaries for each tribe and sign treaties with them c. give each Native American "40 acres and a mule" for farming d. provoke intertribal warfare e. ignore them and hope they would eventually die out Answer: b 10) The Sand Creek massacre of 1864 was led by __________. a. William J. Fetterman b. George Custer c. William Sherman d. John Chivington e. Joseph Smith Answer: d 11) One of the greatest Native American victories over the U.S. Army was the __________. a. Battle of Wounded Knee b. Battle of Sand Creek c. Battle of Little Big Horn d. Fetterman Massacre e. "Trail of Tears" Answer: c 12) By the late 1880s, a popular new cult among the Native American Plains tribes was __________. a. the Ghost Dance b. the Sun Dance c. human sacrifice d. Catholicism e. the Great White Father Answer: a 13) Beginning in 1871, the U.S. government __________. a. stopped dealing with Native American tribes as sovereign nations b. started dealing with Native American tribes as sovereign nations c. tried to restore lands to Native Americans d. rejected the Dawes Act e. began a systematic slaughter of all Native Americans still living in tribes Answer: a 14) The final blow to Native American tribal life on the Plains was __________. a. the deaths of the major Native American leaders b. the extermination of the buffalo herds c. incessant tribal warfare d. the reservation system e. the introduction of crop farming Answer: b 15) The first migrations westward __________. a. headed for the Middle Plains region b. focused on the Southwest c. rushed to Oregon and California d. followed the traditional path of earlier settlers e. steered toward the Great Lakes region Answer: c 16) A dominant issue in the western Great Plains was control of __________. a. gold and silver mines b. grazing rights c. water d. the land e. the routes of the great cattle drives Answer: c 17) A common sight for pioneers heading west on the Oregon and other trails was __________. a. the bleached bones of those who had gone before b. menacing bands of hostile Indians c. piles of trash discarded by previous travelers d. towns where gambling and drinking predominated e. cattle drives heading north Answer: c 18) The largest landowners in the West were __________. a. railroad companies b. immigrants c. eastern settlers d. Native Americans e. Mexicans Answer: a 19) The 1902 federal law to use the proceeds from land sales to finance irrigation projects in the West was the __________. a. National Reclamation Act b. Timber Culture Act c. Timber and Stone Act d. Homestead Act e. Western Watering Act Answer: a 20) __________ was the first major industry to attract large numbers of people to the West. a. Cattle ranching b. Farming c. Fur trapping d. Herding e. Mining Answer: e 21) The origins of the western cattle industry lay in __________. a. Mexico b. Spain c. New England d. the plantation South e. the Midwest Answer: a 22) The individual largely responsible for developing the "trail drive" was __________. a. William Hickok b. Joseph G. McCoy c. Charles Goodnight d. Henry Comstock e. Hank Chisolm Answer: b 23) Approximately 50 percent of cowboys driving the great herds from Texas to city markets in the 1870s were __________. a. Asian Americans b. African Americans and Mexicans c. Europeans d. Native Americans e. women Answer: b 24) The so-called "final fling" of settlement on the frontier occurred in __________. a. California b. Oklahoma c. Missouri d. Oregon e. Arizona Answer: b 25) Frederick Jackson Turner was __________. a. founder of the National Grange b. the historian who first developed the frontier thesis c. the most notorious of the western badmen d. the discoverer of the Comstock Lode e. a famous wagon train boss Answer: b 26) What was challenging about settling the land west of the Mississippi River in the late 1800s? a. The region got little rainfall, and there was little lumber available for housing. b. The region was frequently flooded by its rivers, which made farming it difficult. c. The Great Plains had many deserts, and this made travel and farming difficult. d. The region had various Native American groups who would not leave their land. e. The Great Plains were known for their severe and unpredictable weather patterns. Answer: a 27) The Plains Indians __________. a. were organized into one large and powerful tribal group b. were an insignificant proportion of the total Native American population in the United States in 1870 c. were a complex of tribes, cultures, and bands that assigned most work on the basis of gender d. were at a distinct disadvantage when fighting whites because of their weapons e. had advanced farming techniques and complex building structures Answer: c 28) A factor in the U.S. government abandonment of the policy of one large reservation after 1851 was __________. a. to enable wagon trains needed to cross the Great Plains without hindrances b. a push by Southerners to allow slavery in the western territories c. that Indians had traditional rivalries and needed to be kept apart d. a desire to assimilate the Native Americans into mainstream society e. the difficulty in finding large enough tracts of unsettled land Answer: a 29) Government policy toward Native Americans in the 1860s __________. a. ignored or opposed tribal organization b. was consistent but not successful because of tribal organization c. was formulated by humanitarians who wanted to preserve tribal organization d. was a failure because the Indians insisted on being farmers e. was based on a system of hierarchy toward various groups Answer: a 30) Some American reformers were against segregating Native Americans on reservations because they believed that __________. a. Native Americans should be sent to the North where they could live freely b. reservations took too much land away from white settlers c. Native Americans should be allowed to live their traditional lifestyles in the West d. Native Americans should be assimilated into white American culture e. reservations should include both Native Americans and white settlers Answer: d 31) How did the Dawes Severalty Act try to "civilize" the Indians? a. by turning them into landowning ranchers and farmers b. by making public education compulsory on reservations c. by threatening to exterminate Indians if they refused to adopt white culture d. by sending Christian missionaries to convert Indians e. by arranging for their children to be fostered out to white families Answer: a 32) Which of the following was part of the national government's policy toward Native Americans from the early 1870s to the mid-1880s? a. signing separate peace treaties with specific Indian tribes b. encouraging Native American tribal customs and ceremonies c. seizing individual Native American’s parcels of land d. assimilating Native Americans into urban life e. sending Native American children to integrated public schools in nearby towns Answer: a 33) Why did most settlers move west between 1870 and 1900? a. to seek freedom from religious persecution b. to escape the drab routine of factory life c. to escape the diseased conditions of crowded eastern cities d. to improve their economic situation e. to escape from invading Native American groups Answer: d 34) Which of the following phrases describes the journey westward for most settlers? a. All members of the journey had tasks to fulfill on the trail. b. Only men migrated westward. c. Most settlers tried to make the journey as quickly as possible. d. The journey was easier for men than for women. e. It was a disciplined and efficient enterprise. Answer: a 35) Why is it inaccurate to say that everyone who settled in the American West in the 1870s and 1880s traveled westward? a. Many people in the Northwest traveled southeast to the Great Plains. b. Mexicans traveled north and Asians traveled east to settle in the West. c. Mexicans traveled east from California to settle in the Great Plains. d. Western Europeans traveled east in order to settle in the West. e. Asians in the west traveled east to reach the Great Plains. Answer: b 36) Why did the Homestead Act of 1862 fail? a. It charged too much for government land. b. The land allotments were insufficient for farming arid land. c. It did not adequately convert Native Americans to farming. d. Gold was discovered on land set aside for farming. e. Too few settlers were willing to migrate to the West. Answer: b 37) How did the National Reclamation Act help settlement in the west? a. It restricted immigration from Asia and parts of Europe so that there would be more land for easterners moving west. b. It reclaimed hundreds of acres of land from Native Americans and made it available to white settlers. c. It restricted cattle to specific areas of land, so that farmers would have more land for cultivation. d. It gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay a registration fee and cultivate the land for five years. e. It financed irrigation projects, such as dams and canals, which brought water to the area. Answer: e 38) Why was the late-nineteenth-century southwestern frontier largely Spanish American? a. The heavy Spanish influence there was due to the original Spanish settlers. b. There were very few Anglo Americans who wanted to settle the southwest. c. It was originally part of Mexico, and many Mexicans still had communities there. d. Mexico did not allow people from the eastern United States to settle there. e. English settlers were reluctant to learn Spanish, so they settled elsewhere. Answer: a 39) Why did "instant cities" arise in the West in the late nineteenth century? a. City builders rushed to the West to take advantage of the cheap land. b. People rushed to the West for economic opportunities, and cities sprang up quickly. c. Easterners were anxious to replicate the cities they had left and built quickly. d. Building materials were so cheap that it made sense to build an entire city instantly instead of letting it develop over time. e. White settlers took over western settlements that had already been built by Native Americans. Answer: b 40) What was significant about the Big Bonanza? a. It made Henry Comstock the richest man in the world. b. It was the largest wheat farm on the Great Plains. c. It was discovered near Pike's Peak in California. d. It was the richest discovery in the history of mining. e. It indirectly led to an uprising of Sioux Indians. Answer: d 41) Why did the number of Chinese immigrants fall drastically in the late nineteenth century? a. Chinese laborers were treated so poorly in the West that fewer immigrants wanted to come to the United States. b. China severely restricted immigration to the United States beginning in the 1880s. c. The Homestead Act did not apply to Chinese immigrants and thus there was no land available for them. d. Many Chinese laborers found better work in Europe than in the United States. e. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspended immigration of Chinese laborers. Answer: e 42) Which of the following stimulated the western cattle industry? a. court decisions that allowed livestock to be transported across state lines b. the discovery of precious metals, which made money available for investment in ranching c. railroads and a population increase in the eastern United States d. a decline in the amount of beef imported to the United States e. dietary changes in the eastern United States Answer: c 43) By the late nineteenth century, ranching was changing as __________. a. ranchers were fencing off their lands b. experienced cowboys abandoned ranches in favor of factory jobs c. ranches were getting larger d. ranchers switched to farming corn e. cattle shipped from Mexico became cheaper than American cattle Answer: a 44) What was the primary cause of the increase of farmers in the West after the Civil War? a. the decline of ranching b. failed miners looking for new opportunities c. the belief in economic opportunity by many Americans d. an increase in the birthrate of the western farmers e. advances in farming by irrigation Answer: c 45) How did barbed wire transform the lives of farmers on the Great Plains? a. It allowed farmers to establish the boundaries of their farms, which previously had not been possible. b. It made it possible for farmers to leave their farms for extended periods of time. c. It helped farmers get cattle to northern markets along the cattle trails. d. It kept Native Americans away from their farms so that their land was protected. e. It allowed farmers to pen their animals and keep other animals off their land. Answer: e 46) What was one of the results of the rapid increase in cultivated acreage during the latter half of the nineteenth century? a. higher tariffs on farm products b. lower prices for farm products c. a decrease in demand for farm machinery d. an increase in land values e. a decrease in land values Answer: b 47) The Grange was originally founded in 1867 to __________. a. provide social, cultural, and educational activities for farmers b. allow farmers to have a say in government c. organize farmers into a union for collective bargaining d. keep peace between farmers and cattlemen in the West e. provide collective insurance for farmers and their land Answer: a 48) What was the debate in the 1860s between whites in the East and whites in the West over what to do about Native Americans? a. Easterners wanted a peaceful policy of assimilation, while those in the West, who feared attacks, wanted a firmer control over Native Americans. b. Easterners wanted Native Americans to be segregated on reservations, while those in the West wanted Native Americans to be assimilated into white society. c. Easterners wanted Native Americans to move further west, while westerners believed they should be allowed to stay where they were. d. Easterners felt that until Native Americans were fully controlled, they could not have any rights, whereas westerners wanted them to have equal rights. e. Easterners felt that Native Americans should be allowed to live their traditional nomadic lifestyles, while westerners wanted them to be assimilated into American culture. Answer: a 49) What does the following quotation mean with regard to western migration: "The quest for something new would take place in the context of the very familiar"? a. Families would only migrate to the West after they had sent an individual ahead who would report back to them. b. People only migrated in family groups if they already had family established out West. c. Families tended to travel back and forth between their old homes and their new homes until they felt entirely comfortable out West. d. Most families who traveled to the West had experience with migration before, and thus the trip was nothing new to them. e. People made every effort to keep their migration experience as familiar as possible, including traveling in family groups. Answer: e 50) How do the views of "new Western historians" contrast with Frederick Jackson Turner's thesis about the westward migration? a. Turner viewed the migration as a fluid back and forth between the East and West, but new historians point out that very few families who migrated west returned east. b. Turner viewed the migration as a mix of cultures struggling to get along with Native Americans, but new historians point out that many Native Americans were helpful to the new settlers. c. Turner saw the migration as a wave of white migrants who traveled west, but new historians look at it as a set of various groups moving in many directions and interacting with each other. d. Turner saw the migration as a long process, but new historians have pointed out that the entire wave of migration was very concentrated and took place over a relatively short period of time. e. Turner viewed the migration as a very negative experience for the travelers, but new historians point out that the experience was both positive and negative. Answer: c Essay Questions 51) What factors contributed to the defeat of the Plains Indians? Answer: • Military Superiority: U.S. Army had better weapons and resources. • Disease: European diseases led to population declines. • Loss of Buffalo: Overhunting and government policies reduced vital food supply. • Broken Treaties: U.S. government frequently broke agreements, leading to conflict. • Railroads and Settlement: Expansion brought more settlers, competing for land. • Internal Divisions: Tribes were often divided, weakening resistance. • Assimilation Policies: U.S. government sought to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society. • Technological Changes: New technologies, like the telegraph, aided military coordination. 52) What government policies facilitated the settlement and development of the West? Answer: • Homestead Act (1862): Provided land to settlers who agreed to live on and farm it. • Pacific Railway Acts (1862, 1864): Provided land grants and loans for the transcontinental railroad. • Morrill Land-Grant Acts (1862, 1890): Granted land for colleges to promote education and development. • Dawes Act (1887): Divided tribal lands for Native American assimilation and settlement. • Timber Culture Act (1873): Granted land to homesteaders who planted trees. • Reclamation Act (1902): Funded irrigation projects in arid Western states. • Taylor Grazing Act (1934): Regulated grazing on public lands for sustainable land use. 53) How did the environment of the Great Plains differ from that of the eastern United States? What problems did this pose for farmers? Answer: • Climate: Great Plains had a semi-arid climate with low and erratic rainfall, while the eastern U.S. had a more temperate climate with higher and more even rainfall. • Topography: Great Plains were vast, flat grasslands, while the eastern U.S. had more varied topography with mountains, hills, and valleys. • Soil: Great Plains soil was thinner, less fertile, and more alkaline compared to the eastern U.S. • Vegetation: Great Plains were historically covered by grasslands, while the eastern U.S. had forests. • Challenges for Farmers: Water scarcity, soil erosion, harsh weather conditions, and the need for artificial inputs for soil fertility were challenges for farmers in the Great Plains. 54) Contrast life on the western frontier for the miner, the cattleman, and the farmer. What social and economic factors contributed to the lifestyle developed by each group? Answer: • Miners: Lived in temporary camps, seeking riches in mines; faced isolation and harsh conditions; driven by the lure of striking it rich. • Cattlemen: Led a nomadic life, herding cattle across open ranges; faced dangers from weather, Native Americans, and rustlers; driven by demand for beef in urban markets. • Farmers: Settled on homesteads, farming land to grow crops and raise livestock; communities were close-knit, focusing on family and cooperation; driven by government policies like the Homestead Act and economic opportunities in agriculture. • Factors: Government policies, economic conditions, geography, and social dynamics influenced the lifestyles of each group on the frontier. Chapter 18: The Industrial Society, 1850-1901 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The most important advances in industrialization __________. a. occurred during the last third of the nineteenth century b. were developed during the Civil War c. had developed in western Europe by 1900 d. had little effect on the American economy e. began in the first years of the twentieth century Answer: a 2) American industrial growth was concentrated in the __________. a. Southwest b. Northeast c. Pacific d. Southeast e. Midwest Answer: b 3) The most significant technical innovation of the nineteenth century was __________. a. Kodak cameras b. oil c. automobiles d. railroads e. steamships Answer: d 4) The development of a national railway system __________. a. provided needed jobs for an overabundant labor supply b. had little effect on economic changes in the late nineteenth century c. led to an integrated national economic system d. had little help from the political system e. was not completed until the early twentieth century Answer: c 5) Rapid rail construction after the Civil War was possible because __________. a. there was little competition between the builders b. the rail companies managed their money and land wisely c. federal and state governments provided important incentives d. the western half of the nation was uninhabitable e. the South was eager to participate Answer: d 6) A major change in the railroad industry after the Civil War was the development of __________. a. major railroad trunk lines b. competition between owners for local markets c. regional marketplaces d. international rail systems e. a greater number of small rail companies Answer: a 7) The two transcontinental railroad lines met at __________. a. Sacramento, California b. Reno, Nevada c. Promontory, Utah d. Santa Fe, New Mexico e. Salt Lake City, Utah Answer: c 8) By 1894, American railroads __________. a. had difficulty finding the capital to expand b. suffered from competition and overexpansion c. had consolidated into four major lines d. had eliminated competition e. were at the peak of their bargaining power Answer: b 9) The most important figure in American finance was __________. a. J. P. Morgan b. Andrew Carnegie c. Andrew Mellon d. Albert Fink e. E. F. Hutton Answer: a 10) After 1870, the measure of a nation's industrial progress was determined by __________. a. the production of steel b. the production of iron c. the number of railroad lines d. agricultural output e. per capita exports Answer: a 11) __________ became the first billion-dollar company. a. Thomson Steel Works b. Standard Oil c. Westinghouse d. U.S. Steel e. American Telephone and Telegraph Answer: d 12) The first modern trust was __________. a. U.S. Steel b. the Northern Securities Company c. Standard Oil d. Carnegie Steel e. the Pennsylvania Railroad Answer: c 13) The most important development in the communications system in late-nineteenth-century America was the __________. a. telephone b. post office c. telegraph d. radio e. transatlantic cable Answer: a 14) What were two of the most important developments of the late nineteenth century? a. typewriter and calculating machine b. telephone and electricity c. factories and sewing machines d. telegraph and processed meat e. automobiles and the assembly line Answer: b 15) The greatest inventor in America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was __________. a. Cyrus Field b. Thomas Edison c. Henry Bessemer d. J. P. Morgan e. George Westinghouse Answer: b 16) __________ started the mail-order trend in 1872 with just a one-sheet price list. a. R. H. Macy b. Aaron Montgomery Ward c. Marshall Field d. Richard W. Sears e. Alvah C. Roebuck Answer: b 17) The development of brand names, chain stores, and mail-order houses __________. a. drove the prices of goods upward b. confused consumers c. had little effect on the buying public d. created a gulf between consumer and producer e. provided convenience and standardization Answer: e 18) Most working women __________. a. were young and single b. were married with children c. were African American d. had many professional opportunities e. were widows or single mothers Answer: a 19) In comparison to male workers, female workers __________. a. received equal pay for equal work b. were relegated to traditionally "feminine" jobs c. reaped the rewards of the industrial system d. were respected as important income earners e. generally had female managers Answer: b 20) Which of the following groups received the greatest rewards from industrialization? a. white, native-born females b. foreign-born males c. African American males d. white, native-born males e. skilled workers in all categories Answer: d 21) Why did the Knights of Labor fail? a. It could not provide effective national leadership. b. It was unable to organize the workers. c. It had no successful strikes. d. It was unable to develop a set of objectives. e. Terence Powderly was imprisoned. Answer: a 22) Unlike the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor __________. a. believed workers would rise in stature b. organized skilled and unskilled workers c. emphasized economic goals for workers d. organized a majority of the workers e. hoped all workers could eventually become self-employed Answer: c 23) As for women workers, the American Federation of Labor __________. a. enthusiastically supported their needs b. either ignored or opposed them as members c. brought important changes in the workplace d. allowed them into leadership positions e. encouraged all producing women to join Answer: b 24) The principle of the "iron law of wages" stated that __________. a. the welfare of the workers dictated wages b. supply and demand regulated wages c. all workers should be treated the same d. the quality of work should be determined by managers e. wages should remain unchanged as long as possible Answer: b 25) The great strike of 1877, in which more than 100 people died, involved __________. a. steel workers b. cowboys c. railroad workers d. oil workers e. textile workers Answer: c 26) The American government affected industrial growth by __________. a. following a policy of laissez-faire b. closely regulating the pace of growth c. providing incentives for growth d. balancing agrarian and industrial demands e. increasing taxes on industry Answer: c 27) Which of the following was a factor in American industrial development? a. the availability of overseas natural resources b. government regulation of industry c. low tariffs on foreign goods d. industrialization of the South after the Civil War e. an abundance of labor Answer: e 28) How were American railroads different from European railroads? a. American railroads connected only major cities, whereas older European railroads connected small towns as well. b. European railroads employed workers from the upper class, whereas American railroad workers were from the lowest class in society. c. European railroads brought goods to places that could not be reached any other way, whereas American railroads could reach only metropolitan areas. d. Trains on American railroads were not able to travel as far or as fast as European trains because the land on which they traveled was undeveloped. e. European railroads were built between already existing towns, but American railroads often created the towns that they served. Answer: e 29) Why didn't early American railroads actually link different regions to each other? a. They did not have enough steel to make the tracks very long. b. They were only built to bring goods from one city to another. c. They had different schedules and incompatible gauges. d. They were only affordable to the richest passengers. e. They were built with inferior equipment and were constantly breaking down. Answer: c 30) The adoption of a standard gauge system for all railroads __________. a. allowed all rails to be built of steel instead of inferior quality metal b. allowed trains to travel on all tracks, thus integrating the entire system c. kept all trains running on the same time schedule d. allowed tracks to be built on both government and private lands e. kept the trains from derailing so often and so disastrously Answer: b 31) Which of the following lists industrial developments in proper chronological order? a. the completion of the first transcontinental railroad, formation of the first trust, formation of U.S. Steel Corporation b. the formation of U.S. Steel Corporation, formation of the first trust, completion of the first transcontinental railroad c. the formation of the first trust, completion of the first transcontinental railroad, formation of U.S. Steel Corporation d. the formation of the first trust, formation of U.S. Steel Corporation, completion of the first transcontinental railroad e. the formation of U.S. Steel Corporation, completion of the first transcontinental railroad, the formation of the first trust Answer: a 32) Why did it take until the 1860s to build a transcontinental railroad? a. The needed land was designated as Indian territory. b. There was a shortage of workers. c. The federal government refused to provide land grants for railroad companies. d. Bankers were not willing to back such a risky investment. e. Sectional quarrels developed over the route to be taken. Answer: e 33) The reason for Andrew Carnegie's success was that he __________. a. inherited a large family fortune b. understood how to organize steel industry management c. shared profits with his workers d. had no competition from other producers e. had worked in the steel industry since childhood Answer: b 34) What was the result of Andrew Carnegie's sale of Carnegie Steel? a. J. P. Morgan combined it with other steel companies into the U.S. Steel Corporation. b. It led to the formation of the first American trust. c. It inspired John D. Rockefeller to sell his Standard Oil Company. d. It led to the building of the Brooklyn Bridge, the largest steel structure in the world. e. Charles Schwab bought it and combined it with National Steel to form the largest steel company in the United States. Answer: a 35) Why did John D. Rockefeller reject competition among oil companies? a. He believed that consolidation, not competition, created stronger companies. b. He did not want to be forced to lower his prices to consumers. c. He felt that other oil companies were inferior to his company. d. He believed that competition would only weaken his own company. e. He felt that his company needed to develop before it could compete with others. Answer: a 36) What was the consequence of the formation of the Standard Oil Trust? a. The federal government passed legislation to stop further trusts from forming. b. Other industries followed its lead, and trusts became common in America. c. John D. Rockefeller lost control of his company. d. Other oil companies began to compete with Standard Oil over prices. e. It became famous as the only trust ever formed in the United States. Answer: b 37) What was one result of the proliferation of patents in the late nineteenth century? a. The country got most of its technology from Europe. b. The marketplace was oversaturated with goods. c. Americans no longer imported most of their technology. d. Few Americans participated in the economic changes. e. Americans began to fear technology. Answer: c 38) What was the significance of American Telephone and Telegraph? a. It was the first telephone company in the United States. b. It was formed in order to boost competition between local phone companies. c. For many years, AT&T was the only phone company in the United States. d. It regulated the telephone industry to ensure no one company dominated the market. e. It was the consolidation of many local phone systems into one large corporation. Answer: e 39) What was the significance of Thomas Edison's laboratory at Menlo Park? a. It was where Edison first invented the telegraph. b. It was the first modern research laboratory ever built. c. It was where the telephone was finally perfected. d. It was the site of the first power station in New York. e. It was where Edison first sent a message over telephone wires. Answer: b 40) Which was a consequence of the advent of advertising and large-scale retailing? a. Europeans bought more American goods. b. The demand for goods decreased. c. Rural areas saw an expansion of their economy. d. Most consumers felt threatened by new industrial goods. e. Americans became aware of needs they did not realize they had. Answer: e 41) What does it mean to say that some professions became "feminized" in the late 1800s? a. Women were much better at certain jobs, such as nursing, and began to dominate those fields. b. Men were no longer capable of doing certain jobs, since they were needed in industrial jobs, so women took their places. c. Only married women were allowed to work at certain jobs, since unmarried women would be leaving their jobs eventually to get married. d. As more women took jobs in certain fields, men left them, and this lowered the status of these professions. e. Many women began to get work as lawyers, doctors, and ministers; and Americans began to accept women in these kinds of work. Answer: d 42) According to social historian Stephan Therns Trom, what was the extent of American social mobility in the early industrial era? a. almost none b. some, but not much c. substantial, but limited d. a great deal e. almost 100 percent Answer: c 43) The early American Federation of Labor can be best described as an alliance of __________. a. industrial unions that tried to change the economic system b. industrial unions that tried to improve wages and working conditions c. craft unions that tried to change the economic system d. craft unions that tried to improve wages and working conditions e. craft unions that gave its workers a political voice Answer: d 44) Which of the following best describes the Knights of Labor? a. a union of producers aimed at uplifting, utopian reform b. a union of producers aimed only at improving wages and working conditions c. a federation of industrial unions aimed at making each man his own employer d. a federation of craft unions aimed only at improving wages and working conditions e. a union of producers determined to make each man his own employer Answer: a 45) Samuel Gompers opposed women in the American Federation of Labor because he __________. a. felt that women workers needed to be organized separately b. believed that women should not work out of the home c. feared that women would attempt to take leadership roles in the union d. knew that women could not afford the high initiation fees e. believed that women workers would lower the pay scales for men Answer: e 46) What was a result of the Haymarket Square riot? a. It brought public sympathy to the plight of the workers. b. It strengthened the national labor movement. c. It weakened the national labor movement. d. It forced government regulation of unions. e. It ended labor strife in Chicago. Answer: c 47) What was the result of the Homestead Strike? a. It forced management to meet the workers' demands. b. It was resolved through negotiation and bargaining. c. It had little interference from the government. d. It emphasized the cost of industrialization. e. It was peaceful compared to Haymarket. Answer: d 48) What does it mean to say that Americans spoke a "common language of consumption" by the late nineteenth century? a. People found that the only way they could become truly American was to buy goods made in America. b. Americans found a commonality in a consumer culture, in which they all could buy the same kinds of goods. c. Americans no longer wanted to produce goods for other countries or themselves and wanted only to buy imports. d. Because of the new types of work in the United States, most Americans were becoming very wealthy and could afford consumer goods. e. Only native-born Americans bought the new consumer goods, which broadened the gap between immigrants and non-immigrants in the United States. Answer: b 49) Which of the following best states the meaning behind Herbert Gutman’s claim that industrialization transformed the "culture of work"? a. Industrialization dramatically increased leisure time. b. Workers eagerly adopted new technology because it made their work easier. c. The new technology often required difficult and demeaning adaptations of work patterns. d. Low pay led to frequent worker resistance, especially "sit-down" strikes. e. Many workers were able to rise from the bottom to the top of the social classes. Answer: a 50) What was one negative effect of industrialization in the United States in the nineteenth century? a. People did not want to live in cities any longer. b. Most immigrants were not allowed to work at the new industrial jobs. c. Labor disputes led to the formation of labor unions. d. There was a greater need for consumer goods than ever before. e. There was now a growing disparity in income between the rich and poor. Answer: e Essay Questions 51) What was the role of government in fostering economic growth in the late nineteenth century? What growth-related problems did businesses encounter? How did businesses cope with these problems? Answer: Government Role: • Enacted policies like high tariffs and subsidies to foster industrialization and expansion. • Provided resources and infrastructure for business development. Business Challenges: • Labor issues, including strikes and demands for better conditions. • Market fluctuations and economic instability. Business Coping Strategies: • Vertical integration to control production processes. • Horizontal expansion through acquisitions and mergers. • Diversification to mitigate market risks. Overall Impact: • Significant economic growth and industrial development. • Concerns about monopolies and economic inequality. • Periods of labor unrest and market volatility. 52) What was the role of technology in economic growth in the late nineteenth century? Answer: In the late nineteenth century, technology played a crucial role in driving economic growth, particularly in the United States. This period, known as the Second Industrial Revolution, was marked by significant technological advancements that revolutionized various industries and contributed to rapid industrialization and economic expansion. Some key aspects of technology's role in economic growth during this time include: 1. Mechanization: The late nineteenth century saw the widespread adoption of mechanical technologies, such as steam engines, which powered factories and machinery, increasing productivity and efficiency in manufacturing processes. 2. Transportation: The development of the railroad network and steamships revolutionized transportation, enabling the efficient movement of goods and people over long distances. This facilitated trade and commerce, connecting markets and driving economic growth. 3. Communication: The invention of the telegraph and telephone revolutionized communication, allowing for faster and more reliable transmission of information. This facilitated business transactions, coordination of activities, and access to markets, contributing to economic growth. 4. Electrification: The widespread adoption of electricity as a source of power transformed industries such as manufacturing, transportation, and communications. Electric power made production processes more efficient and allowed for the development of new technologies and industries. 5. New Industries: Technological advancements led to the emergence of new industries, such as steel production, chemicals, and electrical equipment manufacturing. These industries became major drivers of economic growth and employment. 6. Increased Productivity: Technology led to increased productivity in various industries, allowing for the production of more goods and services with less labor and resources. This increased efficiency contributed to economic growth by reducing production costs and increasing output. Overall, technology played a transformative role in driving economic growth in the late nineteenth century, revolutionizing industries, transforming transportation and communication networks, and increasing productivity and efficiency. These advancements laid the foundation for the modern industrial economy and had a profound impact on society and the global economy. 53) What was the cultural impact of advances in marketing during the later part of the nineteenth century? Answer: 1. Consumer Culture: Marketing promoted a culture where buying goods became central to identity and status. 2. Mass Media: Marketing through newspapers, magazines, and later radio influenced societal norms and values. 3. Brand Loyalty: Marketing encouraged emotional connections to brands, shaping consumer behavior. 4. Standardization: Marketing led to more uniform products, homogenizing culture in some ways. 5. Celebrity Endorsements: Using celebrities to endorse products influenced buying decisions and popular culture. 6. Department Stores: Marketing contributed to the rise of department stores as cultural landmarks and social hubs. 7. Broader Impact: Marketing not only sold products but also influenced how people valued goods, interacted with businesses, and participated in the economy. 54) How did industrialization in the late nineteenth century affect the working class? How did workers attempt to improve their lot? To what extent did they succeed? Answer: Industrialization in the late nineteenth century had profound effects on the working class, both positive and negative. Here's how it impacted them and how workers tried to improve their conditions: 1. Working Conditions: Many workers faced long hours, low wages, and unsafe working conditions in factories and mines. The industrial work environment was often harsh and dangerous, leading to injuries, illnesses, and even death. 2. Urbanization: Industrialization led to rapid urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work. This influx of people put pressure on housing, sanitation, and public services, leading to overcrowding and poor living conditions in urban areas. 3. Formation of Labor Unions: In response to poor working conditions and low wages, workers began to organize into labor unions to advocate for better pay, shorter hours, and improved working conditions. These unions used strikes and collective bargaining to pressure employers to meet their demands. 4. Strikes and Protests: Workers often resorted to strikes and protests to demand better treatment from employers. These actions were sometimes met with violence and repression from authorities and employers, but they were also effective in bringing attention to the plight of workers and securing improvements in working conditions. 5. Legislation: The labor movement also pushed for legislative changes to protect workers' rights. This led to the passage of labor laws that established minimum wages, limited working hours, and improved workplace safety standards. 6. Mixed Success: Workers achieved some success in improving their working conditions and wages through collective action and legislative changes. However, progress was often slow and uneven, and many workers continued to face difficult and dangerous working conditions well into the twentieth century. Overall, industrialization in the late nineteenth century had a profound impact on the working class, leading to both improvements in living standards and working conditions, as well as continued challenges and struggles for many workers. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113
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