CH-15 Socioemotional Development in Adolescence – The World of Children : Exam Guide

Chapter 15 Socioemotional Development in Adolescence 15.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Who believed that one of the key developmental tasks during adolescence is the development of an integrated identity? A) Piaget B) Erikson C) Kohlberg D) Gilligan Answer: B) Erikson 2. In Erikson's theory, the stage of psychosocial development during adolescence is called A) generativity versus stagnation. B) identity versus role confusion. C) initiative versus guilt. D) intimacy versus isolation. Answer: B) identity versus role confusion. Erikson’s stage of “identity vs. role confusion” is faced by adolescents, who confront the task of developing a unique sense of self. 3. Marcia’s theory of identity development during adolescence is an elaboration of whose theory? A) Erikson B) Freud C) Bowlby D) Skinner Answer: A) Erikson Marcia proposed an elaboration of Erikson’s theory, including a detailed description of four distinct “statuses” that occur during adolescence. 4. In Marcia's theory, what is the identity status in which individuals have worked through a crisis, but have not yet made a commitment? A) identity achievement B) identity foreclosure C) identity diffusion D) identity moratorium Answer: D) identity moratorium Identity moratorium is the status of an adolescent who is still in the process of working through the crisis. The experience of the crisis is relatively high, but commitment is low. 5. In Marcia's theory, what is the identity status in which individuals have made a commitment to a particular identity without exploring or questioning? A) identity foreclosure B) identity moratorium C) identity diffusion D) identity achievement Answer: A) identity foreclosure Identity foreclosure is the status in which an adolescent has experienced very little crisis but has made a commitment based on what others have said he is and should be. The adolescent has taken on an identity without much self-examination or questioning. 6. Quinn has wanted to be a doctor seemingly from the day that he was born. His father is a doctor, his grandfather was a doctor, and it has always been assumed that Quinn will become part of the "family business." According to Marcia's theory, which identity status does Quinn most likely have? A) identity achievement B) identity diffusion C) identity moratorium D) identity foreclosure Answer: D) identity foreclosure Quinn’s identity status is identity foreclosure because his identity depends on what others expect, and he has not had the opportunity to consider what he would like to be outside of this influence. 7. Hilary is going to be graduating with a Ph.D. in psychology next week at the age of 42. It took a very long time to figure out what career path to take; she worked as a nurse, secretary, postal worker, and day care provider. When she decided to become a psychologist, it felt like coming home; she knows that she has made the right decision. According to Marcia, which identity status does Hilary most likely have? A) identity achievement B) identity diffusion C) identity moratorium D) identity foreclosure Answer: A) identity achievement Hilary’s status is identity achievement because she has worked through the process and made a commitment. 8.Sixteen-year-old Larry hates it when people ask him what he wants to be when he grows up. He tells them "I'm only 16, I don't have to worry about all of that stuff yet!" According to Marcia, which identity status does Larry most likely have? A) identity achievement B) identity foreclosure C) identity moratorium D) identity diffusion Answer: D) identity diffusion Larry’s status is identity diffusion because he has a clear lack of commitment to exploring and establishing an identity. 9. Eighteen-year-old Vince has been doing a lot of thinking lately. He was raised in a very strict Baptist home and is now wondering about other religions and spiritual beliefs. Last week, he attended synagogue with one of his friends and is meeting someone tomorrow to discuss Islam. According to Marcia, which identity status does Vince most likely have? A) identity achievement B) identity diffusion C) identity moratorium D) identity foreclosure Answer: C) identity moratorium Vince’s status is identity moratorium, as he is currently working through the crisis but has not yet established a commitment to a specific identity. 10. Francesca is the daughter of Mexican immigrants, and attends an English-speaking high school. Her cultural heritage has helped her to develop a strong ____________, which shapes her understanding of her ethnic background and her feeling of belonging to a minority group. A) ethnic or racial identity B) stage-environment fit C) cultural deficit perspective D) sense of individualism Answer: A) ethnic or racial identity An ethnic or racial identity is an understanding of one’s ethnic background and a feeling of belonging within a minority group. 11.The ethnic identity search in Phinney's theory is similar to which identity status in Marcia's theory? A) identity moratorium B) identity diffusion C) identity foreclosure D) identity achievement Answer: A) identity moratorium Phinney’s second stage, ethnic identity search, is a period of identity moratorium during which teenagers reexamine their ethnic identities and search for what makes sense to them personally. 12. All of the following are stages in Phinney's ethnic identity theory EXCEPT A) unexamined ethnic identity. B) ethnic identity search. C) ethnic identity foreclosure. D) achieved ethnic identity. Answer: C) ethnic identity foreclosure. Phinney’s stages include unexamined ethnic identity, ethnic identity search, and achieved ethnic identity. 13. Which of the following statements regarding the development of an ethnic identity is FALSE? A) The farther adolescents progress through Phinney's stages, the higher their self-esteem. B) Supportive and accepting parenting helps adolescents deal with ethnic identity issues. C) The resolution of conflict stage in Phinney's theory is similar to Marcia's moratorium identity status. D) Some families celebrate ethnic differences whereas other reject their minority status. Answer: C) The resolution of conflict stage in Phinney's theory is similar to Marcia's moratorium identity status. The resolution of conflict stage is comparable to Marcia’s achieved identity status. In this stage adolescents come to a resolution regarding their ethnicities that is comfortable and makes sense to them. 14. According to Phinney, adolescents can achieve an ethnic identity in all of the following ways EXCEPT A) by adopting an alternating bicultural identity. B) by adopting a blended bicultural identity. C) by distancing themselves from their culture. D) by continuing to find out information about their ethnic culture. Answer: D) by continuing to find out information about their ethnic culture. During Phinney’s third stage, the achievement of an ethnic identity involves settling on a particular identity, and does not depend on the process of acquiring more information. 15. When adolescents have resolved their ethnic identity and feel comfortable with who they are, they are in which stage of Phinney's theory? A) unexamined ethnic identity B) moratorium ethnic identity C) achieved ethnic identity D) ethnic identity search Answer: C) achieved ethnic identity The final stage of Phinney’s theory is achieved ethnic identity, in which the individual settles on a particular ethnic identity. 16. Wei-Chin knows that he is a Chinese American, but he has never given much thought as to what that means to him personally. He doesn't speak Mandarin Chinese and the only things he knows about Chinese culture and history are the few things his parents have told him. According to Phinney, Wei-Chin would be in which stage of ethnic identity development? A) unexamined ethnic identity B) ethnic identity confusion C) ethnic identity search D) resolution of conflict Answer: A) unexamined ethnic identity Wei-Chin is in the stage of unexamined ethnic identity, because he has no clear sense of identity, and has not begun the process of reflecting on his own beliefs and values. 17.When Krystyna is with her family, she only speaks Polish and participates in the customs of the Polish community. However, when she is attending school and is hanging out with her friends, she only speaks English and becomes a "normal" American teenager. According to Phinney, how would you describe Krystyna's ethnic identity? A) blended bicultural identity B) alternating bicultural identity C) assimilated identity D) marginalized identity Answer: B) alternating bicultural identity Krystyna has developed an alternating bicultural identity, in which two different identities are created and she switches between them depending on the social context. 18. During which of Phinney’s three stages of ethnic identity development do increasing cognitive abilities and social experiences lead the individual to reexamine and question their ethnic identity? A) unexamined ethnic identity B) ethnic identity confusion C) ethnic identity search D) resolution of conflict Answer: C) ethnic identity search Phinney’s second stage, ethnic identity search, is a period of identity moratorium during which teenagers reexamine their ethnic identities and search for what makes sense to them personally. 19. Relationships with parents affect how adolescents deal with issues of identity. In particular, both younger children and adolescents benefit from parenting A) that is supportive and accepting. B) that lets youngsters express themselves. C) that provides reasonable expectations and limits for their behavior. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 20. ___________________ is the tendency to be attracted to people of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of both sexes. A) Sexual orientation B) Ethnic identity C) Identity diffusion D) Autonomy Answer: A) Sexual orientation Sexual orientation is the tendency to be attracted to people of the same sex (homosexual orientation), of the opposite sex (heterosexual orientation), or of both sexes (bisexual orientation). 21. What percentage of individuals in the United States identifies themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual? A) less than 1% B) 1 to 3% C) 5 to 10% D) 10 to 12% Answer: B) 1 to 3% 22. Identity ______________ is a period of exploration and growing awareness of a homosexual orientation, and engaging in same-sex activity. A) foreclosure B) achievement C) formation D) integration Answer: C) formation During identity formation, individuals begin to develop an awareness of their homosexuality, and also begin to engage in sexual activity with individuals of the same sex. 23. Nineteen-year-old Jacob is in the process of accepting and becoming committed to a sexual identity. This process is called identity A) moratorium. B) integration. C) diffusion. D) formation. Answer: B) integration. Identity formation is followed by identity integration, during which the individual accepts their sexual identity and becomes committed to it. 24. Twenty-five-year-old Kelly would characterize herself as “mostly homosexual”—but still occasionally attracted to men—though she does not identify as a bisexual. Her self-description is consistent with the notion of a A) heterosexual orientation. B) homosexual orientation. C) bisexual orientation. D) fluid sexual identity. Answer: D) fluid sexual identity. Stage models may also overemphasize the stability of sexual identity. Particularly for women, there are more fluid sexual identities, which include categories such as “mostly heterosexual,” “mostly homosexual,” and “unlabeled” in addition to homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual. 25. The concept of fluid sexual identities suggests that stage models of homosexual identity may overemphasize the ________________ of sexual identity. A) confusion B) universality C) stability D) development Answer: C) stability 26.In one study over a 10-year period, ___________ of the lesbians and bisexual women changed how they categorize their sexual identity. A) one-quarter B) one-third C) one-half D) two-thirds Answer: D) two-thirds 27. Surveys have found that up to ___ of high school students say they are unsure of their sexual identity. A) 5% B) 10% C) 15% D) 25% Answer: A) 5% 28. Sexual orientation is the tendency to be attracted to people of A) the same sex. B) the opposite sex. C) both sexes. D) the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes. Answer: D) the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes. 29. Research supports all of the following hypotheses concerning the causes of sexual orientation EXCEPT A) that there is a genetic influence. B) the influence of prenatal hormones. C) that homosexuals have different brain structures than heterosexuals. D) that having a strict parent leads to homosexuality. Answer: D) that having a strict parent leads to homosexuality. 30. Tina and Nina are identical twins. Tina is showing signs of homosexuality, which indicates that Nina has an increased chance of developing traits of a A) homosexual B) heterosexual C) bisexual D) homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual. Answer: A) homosexual. Twin studies have found higher concordance in homosexuality in identical than in nonidentical twins. 31. In Thompson and Morgan’s study more than half of the lesbian and bisexual women’s sexual identity categorization _____ over a course of ten years. A) stayed the same B) was unstable C) changed D) The findings are inconsistent. Answer: C) changed 32. Sandy was exposed to higher than normal levels of some hormones, particularly androgens, when she was in the prenatal stage of development. She is likely to show traits typical of A) males. B) females. C) heterosexuals. D) bisexuals. Answer: A) males. Girls exposed to higher than normal prenatal levels of androgens (male hormones) tend to show traits and preferences more typical of males, and males exposed to lower than normal levels of androgens show more female-typical patterns and choices. 33. Brad is aware of his homosexual orientation and occasionally engages in same-sex activity. What developmental pathway has Brad crossed? A) identity confusion B) identity formation C) identity crisis D) identity integration Answer: B) identity formation Identity formation is exploration and growing awareness of a homosexual orientation, and engaging in same-sex activity. 34. John is sexually attracted to men and women indicating that his sexual orientation is A) homosexual. B) heterosexual. C) bisexual. D) undecided. Answer: C) bisexual. Bisexuals have an attraction to both sexes. 35. A national survey of lesbian and gay adolescents revealed which type of behavior? A) being called names or threatened at school B) being pushed or shoved C) being physically assaulted at school D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 36. Which of the following statements concerning experiences of gay and lesbian adolescents is FALSE? A) They are at a lower risk for doing poorly in school and dropping out of school. B) They are often the victims of violent physical attacks from family members. C) The suicide rate is two to three times higher among homosexual teens than among heterosexual teens. D) They are at a higher risk for engaging in substance use or prostitution. Answer: A) They are at a lower risk for doing poorly in school and dropping out of school. 37. Among gay and lesbian youths who show positive development, what is the best predictor of positive growth? A) academic success B) athletic skill C) self-acceptance D) musical ability Answer: C) self-acceptance 38. What is the third level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory? A) preconventional B) postconventional C) conventional D) preoperational Answer: B) postconventional Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning, in order, are preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. 39. When individuals have their own moral code and no longer follow social rules and laws that they don't personally believe in without questioning them, they are in Kohlberg's ________ level of moral development. A) preperational B) conventional C) formal operational D) postconventional Answer: D) postconventional The highest level of Kohlberg’s theory is the postconventional level, at which people move beyond social conventions as the basis for moral reasoning. They no longer obey societal rules without at least questioning them. They understand that others can have opinions that are different from their own, and that different opinions can be equally “right.” 40. Jasmine has been involved with a number of pro-life protests in Washington, D.C. She is discussing her beliefs one day with her friend Andrew who asserts that abortion is moral because it is allowed by federal law. Jasmine replies, "Then the law needs to be changed." According to Kohlberg's theory, what stage of moral development is Jasmine in? A) Stage 3 B) Stage 4 C) Stage 5 D) Stage 6 Answer: C) Stage 5. During Kohlberg’s stage 5 of moral development, individuals obey rules and laws because this helps protect the rights of individuals. However, it is also understood that laws can be interpreted and changed for greater fairness. 41. In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals who have their own abstract ethical principles and accept social consequences when they break laws because of those principles have reached A) Stage 2. B) Stage 3. C) Stage 5. D) Stage 6. Answer: D) Stage 6. In Stage 6, individuals reason about moral issues on the basis of self-chosen, abstract ethical principles that they apply to all humans and social systems. People at this stage may choose to disobey laws they believe are immoral rather than violate their ethical principles. They accept the legal or social consequences of breaking the rules. 42. Kohlberg's later work examining moral reasoning suggested all of the following EXCEPT A) that there may be a seventh stage based on existential or religious experiences. B) some aspects of moral development are universal whereas others are situationally specific. C) participants do not skip moral stages. D) most adults reach Stage 6 moral reasoning. Answer: D) most adults reach Stage 6 moral reasoning. Kohlberg acknowledged that Stage 6 is rare in real life; it may be more of a theoretical endpoint than a stage many people actually achieve. 43. A 20-year longitudinal follow-up examining Kohlberg's theory of moral development found that A) most people skipped some stages of moral reasoning. B) there was a strong positive correlation between age and moral reasoning. C) most people fell back into lower stages of reasoning once they reached old age. D) most of the time Stage 3 actually occurred before stages 1 and 2. Answer: B) there was a strong positive correlation between age and moral reasoning. 44. Subsequent studies of Kohlberg’s stages have supported the idea that __________ and _________ are correlated with moral development. A) cognitive development; perspective-taking skill B) language development; vocabulary level C) motor skill; visual acuity D) mathematical knowledge; spatial cognition Answer: A) cognitive development; perspective-taking skill 45. Snarey (1995) conducted a cross-cultural study of Kohlberg’s stages among cultural groups that are less technologically advanced and more rural, and found that A) the same overall pattern of development emerged as in more advanced and urban cultures. B) people in these cultures develop in a different sequence of stages. C) people in these cultures move more slowly through the stages and achieve a lower end stage. D) people in these cultures develop more quickly through the stages. Answer: C) people in these cultures move more slowly through the stages and achieve a lower end stage. 46. Critics often argue that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is based on a A) justice orientation. B) community orientation. C) divinity orientation. D) social order orientation. Answer: A) justice orientation. Critics argue that Kohlberg’s stages are based on a justice orientation of morality. That is, in Kolhberg’s theory morality involves justice, individual responsibility, and preservation of individual rights. In some cultures, however, justice is not the factor people emphasize when making moral judgments. 47. Karim lives in a culture that emphasizes ___________ as a guiding moral principle, in which restraint from sinful acts, duty to a god, and the sanctity of people, objects, or places are fundamental. A) community B) divinity C) justice D) care Answer: B) divinity Cultures that emphasize a morality based on divinity focus on sin, duty to a god, and the sanctity of holiness of specific people, objects, or places. 48. According to the ____________ orientation of morality, social order, status, and duty to others are guiding moral principles. A) divinity B) care C) community D) justice Answer: C) community Cultures that emphasize a morality based on community focus on maintaining social order, status differences between individuals, and duty or responsibility to others. 49. Gilligan (1982) argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is gender biased. She asserts that males use a justice orientation, whereas females use a A) verbal reasoning. B) care ethic. C) community view. D) family perspective. Answer: B) care ethic. Carol Gilligan proposed that women’s moral reasoning derives from a care ethic, which emphasizes concern for the welfare of others, preservation of interpersonal relationships, and an obligation to take care of others. 50. Katie is given a moral dilemma: Her mother is very sick and needs a certain drug to stay alive, but the family cannot afford the cost of the medicine. Would Katie steal the drug to save her mother? According to Gilligan, Katie would be most likely to answer: A) No, because I could go to jail if I got caught. B) No, because it is against my religion to steal. C) Yes, because we should have free health care in our country. D) Yes, because it is my responsibility to take care of my mother. Answer: D) Yes, because it is my responsibility to take care of my mother. Gilligan would predict that Katie’s moral reasoning would be primarily influenced by a sense of care and responsibility for others. 51. Research examining Gilligan's (1982) ideas concerning gender and morality have found that A) regardless of situation, females always use a care orientation. B) males and females do not encounter different moral issues. C) both males and females use care and justice orientations. D) females use a care orientation and males use a justice orientation. Answer: C) both males and females use care and justice orientations. 52. One difficulty with Kohlberg’s assessment method is that participants who offer reasons involving a care-oriented perspective score _________ those with a justice-oriented perspective. A) at the same level as B) slightly higher than C) significantly higher than D) lower than Answer: D) lower than 53. All of the following are valid criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development EXCEPT A) moral reasoning does not always lead to moral behaviors. B) moral reasoning is often domain specific. C) individuals’ emotions such as guilt and shame often influence moral decisions. D) individuals often act the same way in real-life that they say they would in a hypothetical situation. Answer: D) individuals often act the same way in real-life that they say they would in a hypothetical situation. When reasoning about real-life moral dilemmas instead of hypothetical ones, people use a lower level of moral reasoning, report having strong emotions as they think about the dilemma, and often suggest several different strategies for addressing the dilemma. 54. The ability to be independent from other people—in thoughts and actions—is called A) justice ethic. B) individualism. C) autonomy. D) person perspective. Answer: C) autonomy. 55. Who is often considered to be the father of adolescent development and coined the idea that adolescence is a time of "storm and stress"? A) G. Stanley Hall B) Jean Piaget C) Lawrence Kohlberg D) James Marcia Answer: A) G. Stanley Hall 56. Recent research indicates that ________ percent of teenagers report positive relationships with their parents. A) 10 B) 40 C) 75 D) 90 Answer: C) 75 57. Which statement regarding conflict between parents and adolescents is FALSE? A) Teens do not argue much with their parents over moral or safety issues. B) Teens report higher levels of conflict with their fathers than with their mothers. C) They typically argue about everyday issues rather than major issues. D) Teens are more likely to argue if they feel that their personal choice is being taken away. Answer: B) Teens report higher levels of conflict with their fathers than with their mothers. 58. Developmentally, research indicates that the rate of conflict ________ and the emotional intensity of the conflict ________ from early to late adolescence. A) increases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) stays the same; increases D) decreases; stays the same Answer: B) decreases; increases 59. Teens are less likely to argue with parents about matters _____________, and more likely to argue with parents about matters ____________________. A) that parents have a right to regulate; of personal choice B) of political preference; of religious belief C) of current disagreement; of past disagreement D) concerning friends; concerning school Answer: A) that parents have a right to regulate; of personal choice 60. Who is the most likely to have a conflict with his or her parents? A) Nineteen-year-old Sarah who wants to take the car to a party. B) Sixteen-year-old Benjamin who wants to hang out with another teen—most likely to drink alcohol. C) Fourteen-year-old Hannah whose mother wants to pick which clothes she should wear to school. D) Eighteen-year-old Lyle whose dad wants him to go to church on Sunday. Answer: C) Fourteen-year-old Hannah whose mother wants to pick which clothes she should wear to school. Teens are more likely to resist their parents’ rules when they see the issue as one of a personal choice than when they believe the issue involves something parents have a right to regulate, as when a moral or safety issue is involved. 61. Which of the following issues are teenagers most likely to argue with their parents about? A) drug use B) sexual activity C) religion D) household chores Answer: D) household chores 62. Latino families tend to rely on ______ to control and discipline their children. A) befriending techniques B) ignoring children’ misbehavior C) using physical punishment D) using time-out techniques Answer: C) using physical punishment 63. Steinberg (2001) notes that many teens seem to recover quickly from quarrels while _________ see the conflicts as much more meaningful and involving more important issues. A) grandparents B) siblings C) teachers D) parents Answer: D) parents 64. Several studies provide support for the idea that adolescents who experience ___________ conflict with parents perform better in school and have fewer overall adjustment difficulties. A) moderate levels of B) no C) high levels of D) minimal levels of Answer: A) moderate levels of 65. Which parenting style has been found to have the best outcomes for parent-adolescent relationships? A) permissive B) authoritative C) authoritarian D) neglectful Answer: B) authoritative 66. Which teen will have the most positive outcomes? A) Steve, whose parents let him do anything he wants; he never argues with them. B) Tina, whose parents are extremely strict; she argues with them on a daily basis. C) Jessica, whose parents let her do anything she wants; she argues with them about once a week. D) Bobby, whose parents are neither too strict nor too permissive; he argues with them every once in a while. Answer: D) Bobby, whose parents are neither too strict nor too permissive; he argues with them every once in a while. Adolescents who experience moderate levels of conflict with their parents perform better in school and have fewer overall adjustment difficulties than either those who report higher levels of conflict or no conflict at all. 67. Which style of parenting during adolescence has been found to relate to a number of positive social, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes? A) psychological autonomy granting B) permissive parenting C) authoritative parenting D) using love withdrawal techniques Answer: A) psychological autonomy granting 68. Sixteen-year-old Alison watches the news every night with her mom. She loves that her mom always asks what her opinion is and seems to understand that Alison has different opinions from her own. Alison's mother is exhibiting which parenting technique? A) authoritarian parenting B) inductive parenting C) psychological autonomy granting D) permissiveness Answer: C) psychological autonomy granting Psychological autonomy granting is the process by which parents or authority figures encourage adolescents to develop their own individual opinions and beliefs. 69. Which of the following statements regarding the outcomes for adopted children and adolescents is FALSE? A) They are at an increased risk for delinquency and school adjustment problems. B) Adopted girls have more difficulties adjusting to their new families than do boys. C) There are more negative outcomes if children are adopted after the age of five years. D) The majority have strong attachments to their adoptive parents. Answer: B) Adopted girls have more difficulties adjusting to their new families than do boys. 70. Which of the following is true of children in transracial adoptions, in comparison to children adopted by same-race parents? A) They are the same in terms of racial self-identity. B) They differ in terms of general adjustment. C) They have lower self-esteem. D) They have higher academic performance. Answer: A) They are the same in terms of racial self-identity. 71. According to research, which adopted individuals will have the most positive outcomes? A) 3-year old Annie B) 16-year old Natasha C) 2-year old Dexter D) 13-year old Matthew Answer: A) 3-year old Annie In general, adopted children have greater difficulty when they are older (e.g., over 5 years of age) at the time of adoption, perhaps more because of negative early experiences than because of adoption. Adopted boys seem to have more difficulty than adopted girls. 72. Researchers estimate that anywhere from 1 to _________ million children and adolescents in the United States have lesbian or gay parents. A) 2 B) 8 C) 14 D) 23 Answer: C) 14 73. Which of the following statements concerning children of gay and lesbian parents is FALSE? A) The majority were born when their parents were in a heterosexual marriage. B) They are just as likely to have a gender identity disorder as children raised by heterosexual parents. C) They are not at an increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems. D) They are more likely to have a homosexual orientation than children raised by heterosexual parents. Answer: D) They are more likely to have a homosexual orientation than children raised by heterosexual parents. 74. In which of the following measures are children of gay or lesbian parents like children of heterosexual parents? A) activity preferences and interests B) popularity and social skills C) occupational goals D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 75. The majority of children who have gay or lesbian parents were A) conceived through donor insemination. B) born while their biological parents were in heterosexual marriages. C) adopted into gay or lesbian families. D) placed in gay and lesbian families through foster care. Answer: B) born while their biological parents were in heterosexual marriages. 76. Eighteen-year-old Reba was raised by two lesbian mothers. Her friend Ashley was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, how will Reba and Ashley's development compare? A) There is a higher likelihood that Reba will identify as a having a homosexual orientation. B) Reba will be more likely than Ashley to perform poorly in school. C) Reba will be more likely than Ashley to have emotional and behavioral problems. D) There will be no significant behavioral, social, emotional, cognitive, or sexual differences between the girls. Answer: D) There will be no significant behavioral, social, emotional, cognitive, or sexual differences between the girls. Children raised by homosexual parents are no different from children raised by heterosexual parents in activity preferences, interests, popularity, social skills, occupational goals, sociability, hyperactivity, emotional difficulty, behavior problems, moral maturity, or measures of intelligence. 77. Which of the following research perspectives assumes that negative outcomes among ethnic minority groups reflect the fact that these groups don't "measure up" to the standards of the Euro-American majority? A) strength and resilience perspective B) cultural deficit perspective C) acculturation model D) socio-cultural perspective Answer: B) cultural deficit perspective According to the cultural deficit perspective, negative outcomes such as crime, poverty, and poor academic performance in ethnic minority groups are assumed to reflect a failure to assimilate and act more like the majority population. 78. Recently, researchers have begun to show that negative outcomes among ethnic minority groups are not due to cultural deficits, but instead are due to A) poverty and difficulties in the neighborhoods that minority families live in. B) lack of English-speaking ability. C) a tendency to avoid acquiring American cultural values and practices. D) poor academic performance. Answer: A) poverty and difficulties in the neighborhoods that minority families live in. 79. What ethnic group grew the fastest in the Unites States between 1991 and 2010? A) African American B) Asian American C) Latinos D) Native Americans Answer: C) Latinos. 80. Which of the following research perspectives explores the many ways in which ethnic minority families survive and thrive in the face of prejudice and discrimination? A) strength and resilience perspective B) cultural deficit perspective C) acculturation model D) socio-cultural perspective Answer: A) strength and resilience perspective Research on the strength and resilience perspective investigates the ways in which minority families have survived in spite of historical patterns of racism, bigotry, and inequality. 81. What seems to be the most important factor in creating strength and resilience in ethnic minority families in the United States? A) level of education B) higher socio-economic status C) extended family support D) neighborhood ties Answer: C) extended family support 82. Research by Chao (2001) suggests that while Chinese parents use strict control, their approach is not the same as the harsh and punitive style used by ___________ parents in the United States. A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive-indulgent D) permissive-neglecting Answer: B) authoritarian 83. Which of the following ethnic populations emphasizes chiao shun and guan? A) Latino B) Asian C) African American D) Native American Answer: B) Asian 84. Which of the following ethnic populations includes descendants of slaves primarily from West African tribes? A) Asian American B) African American C) Latino D) Native American Answer: B) African American 85. In which of the following ethnic populations do grandparents play an important official and symbolic role? A) African American B) Latino C) Native American D) Asian American Answer: C) Native American 86. Which ethnic population emphasizes cultural traditions that include cooperation, group harmony, respect, and traditional gender roles? A) Latino B) Asian American C) Native American D) African American Answer: A) Latino 87. A study of African American families by Bowman and Howard (1985) found that parents who emphasized ethnic pride, the importance of self-development, and an awareness of racial barriers A) encountered more discrimination in their neighborhoods. B) had children who were eventually more successful and upwardly mobile. C) tended to adopt children from other cultures. D) relied less on extended-family systems. Answer: B) had children who were eventually more successful and upwardly mobile. 88. Which of the following is true of the development of intimacy during adolescence? A) It includes both friendships and romantic relationships. B) It requires trusting others to hold confidences and be supportive. C) It involves sharing important personal information. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above An important developmental task for adolescents is to develop intimacy, both within the context of friendships and in romantic relationships. Intimacy is an emotional attachment to another person and involves sharing important personal information and trusting one another to hold confidences and be supportive. 89. Who is most likely to have an intimate relationship with a best friend? A) Twelve-year-old Eric B) Thirteen-year-old Emma C) Ten-year-old Enrique D) Ten-year-old Erica Answer: B) Thirteen-year-old Emma. During adolescence, intimacy emerges earlier for girls than for boys. 90. According to Alan Sroufe, adolescents develop intimate relationships by __________ the significant relationships they experienced as young children. A) internalizing B) rejecting C) repeating D) consciously remembering Answer: A) internalizing According to Alan Sroufe and his colleagues, children internalize the significant relationships they have early in life and use those early experiences as a basis for understanding what it means to have an intimate relationship. 91. According to Harry Stack Sullivan, ________ help adolescents to learn the skills necessary to have trusting and intimate romantic relationships. A) crowds B) cliques C) companionships D) chumships Answer: D) chumships 92. Which of the following statements concerning adolescent friendships is FALSE? A) Both boys and girls exhibit highly intimate friendships during early adolescence. B) Adolescents who have close friends tend to receive higher grades and have higher self-esteem. C) Adolescents are often friends with individuals who are similar to themselves. D) Adolescents spend twice as much time with friends than with parents or siblings. Answer: A) Both boys and girls exhibit highly intimate friendships during early adolescence. 93. Which of the following is true of adolescents who become close friends? A) They tend to have different educational aspirations. B) They tend to share similar attitudes. C) They do not tend to have the same religious and political orientations. D) They have different patterns of drinking, drug use, and delinquency. Answer: B) They tend to share similar attitudes. 94. By which age do most children report being a member of a clique? A) 4 B) 8 C) 11 D) 17 Answer: C) 11 95. Phil and Olive are in the backpacking club at school. On the weekends, the group sponsors orienteering activities and guides short hikes in the community. Among their peers, the group is called "The Nature Children." This is an example of a A) crowd. B) clique. C) clan. D) circle. Answer: A) crowd. Crowds are larger groups made up of individuals who have similar reputations or share primary attitudes or activities. 96. Piper goes to sit down at her lunch table in the high school cafeteria and realizes that there are no seats left. One of her friends tells her to sit at the table next to them. Piper loudly replies "I can't sit there—that is the nerd table!" This is example illustrates the power of A) cliques. B) crowds. C) chumships. D) clans. Answer: B) crowds. Crowds are larger groups made up of individuals who have similar reputations or share primary attitudes or activities. 97. Amarante is a percussionist in the high school band. He often hangs out with the other six guys on the drum line. These young men would be described as A) a clique. B) a crowd. C) nerds. D) druggies. Answer: A) a clique. Cliques are small groups, usually including three to nine friends, who hang out together on a voluntary basis. 98. Reba hangs out with four of her peers, doing almost everything together. What is such a social structure known as? A) a clique B) a crowd C) a chumship D) a cluster Answer: A) a clique 99. Which of the following statements concerning crowds is FALSE? A) Research indicates that teens identified as jocks or populars have higher self-esteem. B) Teen assigned as nobodies and loners are highly accurate in reporting their crowd designation. C) Crowd membership seems to relate to self-esteem only when the individual believes it is important. D) Crowd affiliations begin to lessen near the end of high school. Answer: B) Teen assigned as nobodies and loners are highly accurate in reporting their crowd designation. 100. According to research, who is most likely to have the highest self-esteem? A) Sergi, who puts a great deal of importance on the fact that he is a "jock" B) Simon, who doesn't really care that his peers call him "popular" C) Sandra, who puts a great deal of important on being called a "nobody" D) Suki, who doesn't really care that her peers refer to her as a "normal" Answer: A) Sergi, who puts a great deal of importance on the fact that he is a "jock." Brown and Lohr (1987) found that jocks were the most admired of five crowds in a midwestern community of junior and senior high schools. 101. In which case is the self-esteem of an outsider (a student who is not associated with any of the crowds) relatively high? A) When they are eager to belong to a crowd, but cannot gain acceptance B) When they give little importance to crowd membership C) When they are adopted as a new member of a crowd D) When they are actively rejected out of a crowd Answer: B) When they give little importance to crowd membership 102. Dunphy's (1963) classic study examining the transition from same-sex peer groups to other-sex dating relationships found that A) most early adolescents chose to spend time with individuals outside of their crowd. B) individuals only date within their crowd in late adolescence. C) cross-sex interactions during early adolescence occurred among individuals in cliques. D) lower-status crowd members often begin dating before individuals with higher-status. Answer: C) cross-sex interactions during early adolescence occurred among individuals in cliques. 103. Dunphy (1963) found that when cross-sex interactions began to occur during adolescence, they were almost exclusively between A) cliques in the same larger crowd. B) cliques from different crowds. C) cliques of different grade levels. D) crowds from different schools. Answer: A) cliques in the same larger crowd. 104. A report from the U.S. surgeon general indicated that having ______________ was one of the strongest risk factors for adolescent violence. A) high-achieving parents B) effective teachers C) antisocial or delinquent peers D) close relationships with siblings Answer: C) antisocial or delinquent peers 105. Who is at the highest risk for performing a delinquent act? A) Fifteen-year-old Shontel, who is shopping with one of her girl friends B) Seventeen-year-old Troy, who is at the arcade with his best friend C) Fourteen-year-old Larry, who is hanging out with 4 of his male friends D) Thirteen-year-old Kendra, who is going to a party with 3 of her female friends Answer: C) Fourteen-year-old Larry, who is hanging out with 4 of his male friends Young teen males are at high risk for performing a delinquent act, particularly when they are accompanied by other males. 106. While most adolescents who begin delinquent behavior during adolescence do not continue it, some show a _______________ in which antisocial and delinquent behavior continues into adulthood. A) postconventional level B) life-course persistent pattern C) stage-environment fit D) collectivism Answer: B) life-course persistent pattern The life-course persistent pattern is exhibited by some adolescents, who engage in antisocial and delinquent behavior from childhood and continuing into adulthood. 107. Over the past few decades, the number of girls who are entering the justice system has A) stayed about the same as in the past. B) increased significantly. C) decreased slightly. D) decreased significantly. Answer: B) increased significantly. 108. Nancy Magowan, a juvenile probation officer, describes the Probation Supervision Plan, which is designed to A) hold the youth accountable for his/her actions. B) offer some restoration to the victim. C) develop the youth’s competencies. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above According to Ms. Magowan, the Probation Supervision Plan holds the youth accountable for his or her actions, offers some restoration to the victim, protects the community, and develops the youth’s competencies. 109. Gina is 14 years old, and was recently arrested for shoplifting. As part of her juvenile probation, she was scheduled to attend a community-based support program. Which of the following services might be offered by the program? A) educational or vocational schooling B) substance abuse treatment C) individual or family therapy D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above Ms. Magowan notes that community-based support programs provide educational or vocational schooling, substance abuse treatment, individual or family therapy, and employment services. 110. Research examining zero tolerance policies in schools hasfound all of the following EXCEPT A) these policies often punish trivial incidences the same way as more serious incidences. B) these policies have been highly effective in reducing the incidence of student aggression. C) these policies are often used inconsistently. D) these policies often disproportionately affect minority students. Answer: B) these policies have been highly effective in reducing the incidence of school violence. 111.Alternatives to zero tolerance policies for school violence focus on A) early identification and treatment of truancy, bullying, anger, and aggression. B) school-based group therapy run by trained psychologists and counselors. C) staff training emphasizing conflict resolution skills. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 112. Despite a number of high-profile cases of school violence (e.g., Columbine High School), the rate of many violent school crimes ___________ across the 1990s. A) actually decreased B) rapidly increased C) has remained stable D) has risen and fallen several times Answer: A) actually decreased 113. What can be predicted from the behavior of most delinquent adolescents? A) Adolescent delinquents reduce delinquent activities when they start college. B) Delinquent behavior becomes more pronounced as they get older. C) Delinquent behavior does not continue. D) Delinquent behavior stays for life. Answer: C) Delinquent behavior does not continue. 114. The process of deviancy training ______ A) is when one delinquent teen trains another teen to become a delinquent. B) is when delinquent adolescents teach delinquent acts to younger children. C) is when aggressive and unpopular teens encourage more aggression and violence with rejected teens. D) are measures taken by authorities to stop delinquent behavior. Answer: C) is when aggressive and unpopular teens encourage more aggression and violence with rejected teens. 115. Which of the following statements about gangs is TRUE? A) Increased gang activity is associated with increased crime. B) Gang members come from affluent homes. C) Gang members do well in school. D) It is very easy for members to join or leave gangs. Answer: A) Increased gang activity is associated with increased crime. 116. Which of the following have educators suggested is a strategy for increasing the stage-environment fit for middle and junior high school students? A) Encourage students to pursue performance-oriented goals in the classroom. B) Ask teachers to use individual assessments of students' abilities rather than group work. C) Allow students more control in the classroom and over school decision making. D) Use block scheduling so that students spend longer periods of time with fewer teachers. Answer: C) Allow students more control in the classroom and over school decision-making. Strategies for increasing the stage-environment fit include encouraging learning-oriented goals (rather than performance-oriented goals); using cooperative learning techniques; focusing honors and awards on initiative, effort, and improvement; and allowing students more control in classroom and school decision making. 117. Ezekiel, a 6th grader, is having a hard time adjusting to his new school. He says he's working as hard as he can, but his grades are lower than when he was in the 5th grade. He misses Mr. Sims, his 5th-grade teacher, and his new teachers don't seem to get to know their students like the teachers at his old school did. It's quite possible that Ezekiel is experiencing a A) school-home incompatibility. B) self-fulfilling prophecy. C) poor stage-environment fit. D) cultural conflict. Answer: C) poor stage-environment fit. Ezekiel is experiencing a poor stage-environment fit, due to the mismatch between his environment and the cognitive, social, and emotional needs of his particular stage of development. 118. When comparing international assessments of students' achievement, the relative performance of U.S. twelfth graders is A) better than the performance of U.S. eighth graders. B) about the same as the performance of U.S. eighth graders. C) above the performance of their peers in top-ranked countries. D) below the performance of their peers in top-ranked countries. Answer: D) below the performance of their peers in top-ranked countries.. 119. All of the following are differences between educational practices in Asian culture and practices in the United States that may influence adolescents’ academic achievement EXCEPT A) beliefs about efforts and abilities. B) active engagement in learning. C) parental expectations and involvement. D) funding allotted to educational institutions. Answer: D) funding allotted to educational institutions. 120. Which of the following statements regarding ethnic group differences in student achievement in the United States is true? A) National assessments have found large ethnic group differences only in student math achievement. B) National assessments have found ethnic group differences in all subject areas that were tested. C) Ethnic group differences in student achievement that have been identified by national assessments are decreasing. D) Poverty and inadequate schools are not associated with differences in children's academic achievement. Answer: B) National assessments have found ethnic group differences in all subject areas that were tested. 121. Among general cognitive skills, the largest and most consistent gender differences are in __________ skills. A) verbal B) language C) certain spatial D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 122. Which of the following statements concerning gender differences in math performance is true? A) Girls have higher grades in math during elementary school. B) Gender differences in math problem solving become smaller during high school. C) Girls continue to find math interesting and important in high school. D) Boys score lower than girls on the math portion of the SAT. Answer: A) Girls have higher grades in math during elementary school. 123. During high school, boys excel on ________ and girls excel on ________. A) writing tasks; verbal tasks B) mathematical problem solving tasks; mental rotation tasks C) mathematical problem solving tasks; verbal tasks D) language tasks; mathematical computation tasks Answer: C) mathematical problem solving tasks; verbal tasks 124. Which of the following scenarios would be the LEAST likely to happen? A) Eight-year-old Cynthia does very well in her math classes. B) Eighteen-year-old Tia scored 20 points higher on the math section of her SATs than her friend Peter. C) Seven-year-old Francessca is much better at writing than her friend Ralph. D) Fifteen-year-old Isabelle has little interest in her math classes. Answer: B) Eighteen-year-old Tia scored 20 points higher on the math section of her SATs than her friend Peter. Gender differences favoring boys appear at adolescence and increase during high school, but only in areas involving mathematics problem solving. Since the late 1970s boys have consistently scored about 10% higher than girls on the math portion of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). 125. In a comparison of math achievement scores during 4th, 8th, and 12th grades, gender differences A) vary widely from grade to grade. B) do not develop until after 8th grade. C) begin in 4th grade, and then decrease over time. D) remain consistent across grades. Answer: D) remain consistent across grades. 126. Which of the following is a suggestion for parents to help promote school readiness? A) Watch for signs that you child is having difficulty transitioning to a new school. B) Request teachers who emphasize effort, persistence, and mastery. C) Read to children daily and encourage them to use descriptive words. D) Help children develop positive, supportive friendships. Answer: C) Read to children daily and encourage them to use descriptive words. 127. Which of the following is a suggestion for schools to help create a positive school environment? A) Make strong efforts to keep class sizes below 20 students. B) Hold positive expectations for students. C) Plan events that encourage parents and teachers to get to know one another. D) Talk with students about attitudes toward learning. Answer: A) Make strong efforts to keep class sizes below 20 students. 128. Which of the following is a suggestion for schools to help create an understanding of different cultures? A) Thoroughly screen all preschoolers to identify those at highest need of early intervention. B) Encourage teachers to incorporate information about their students’ cultural backgrounds. C) Encourage meaningful and regular parent involvement. D) Provide counseling services for students having difficulties. Answer: B) Encourage teachers to incorporate information about their students’ cultural backgrounds. 129. Which of the following is a suggestion for parents to help educators think about the consequences of school structure and policies? A) Immunize children, and encourage good eating and exercise habits. B) Meet with your child’s teachers periodically. C) Encourage your child to develop positive relationships with teachers. D) Ask questions about school policies that emphasize grades or competition. Answer: D) Ask questions about school policies that emphasize grades or competition. 130. Which of the following is a suggestion for parents to help do more than just teach content? A) Let your child know he can learn through effort and persistence. B) Consider the climate of your child’s class. C) Encourage children to talk about school. D) Help organize a multicultural event in your child’s class or school. Answer: C) Encourage children to talk about school. 131. The general belief that people are dependent on one another and that each person has a duty to other members of his or her group is a primary component of A) collectivism. B) social dependence view. C) individualism. D) connectedness. Answer: A) collectivism. 132. Which of the following characteristics would be LEAST likely to describe a person from an individualistic culture? A) strong sense of belonging to a group B) focused on individual rights C) sense of duty to immediate family D) concerned with own goals and plans Answer: A) strong sense of belonging to a group. Individualism involves the general belief that people are independent of each other. Individualistic cultures focus on an individual’s “rights above duties, a concern for oneself and immediate family, an emphasis on personal autonomy and self-fulfillment,” and an identity based on personal accomplishments. 133. Which of the following characteristics would be LEAST likely to describe a person from a collectivist culture? A) concerned with group goals B) focus on duty to group members C) sense of duty to one's immediate family only D) strong sense of belonging to a group Answer: C) sense of duty to one's immediate family only Collectivism is the view that individuals are interdependent members of a social group and that the greatest concern is with the group’s goals, values, and wellbeing. In collectivism the emphasis is on fulfilling duties to others, even if it means sacrificing your own desires and happiness; identity has to do with group beliefs, accomplishments, and characteristics rather than individual ones. 134. Vin is a member of a collectivist culture. Which statement would he be most likely to make? A) We are all in this together. B) I consider myself to be an independent person. C) I work alone. D) I'm doing it to make myself happy. Answer: A) We are all in this together. Collectivism is the view that individuals are interdependent members of a social group and that the greatest concern is with the group’s goals, values, and wellbeing. In collectivism the emphasis is on fulfilling duties to others, even if it means sacrificing your own desires and happiness; identity has to do with group beliefs, accomplishments, and characteristics rather than individual ones. 135. Which of the following countries would NOT be considered as an individualistic culture? A) United States B) England C) Japan D) Canada Answer: C) Japan 136. Which of the following statements is true regarding cultures with an individualistic orientation? A) Members of the culture adhere to the orientation to an equal degree. B) No members of the culture have a collectivist orientation. C) Each member maintains the same orientation over time. D) There can be differences in how strictly individuals adhere to the culture’s specific customs. Answer: D) There can be differences in how strictly individuals adhere to the culture’s specific customs. 137. What was the overall poverty rate for U.S. families in 2010? A) 15.1% B) 19.1% C) 26.2% D) 38.5% Answer: A) 12.5% 138. According to the U.S. Census Bureau in the year 2010, the poverty line for a family of four was A) $15,652. B) $23,050. C) $24,834. D) $29,107. Answer: B) $23,050. 139. Which of the following statements regarding poverty in the United States is FALSE? A) There are more children and adolescents living in poverty than any other age group. B) Four to five out of every ten children from ethnic minority groups live in poverty. C) Over half of the families living in poverty include at least one person who works full-time year-round. D) The poverty rate decreased significantly from 1993 to 2010. Answer: D) The poverty rate decreased significantly from 1993 to 2010. As of 2010, the overall poverty rate for U.S. families was 15.1%, the highest it has been since 1993. 140. Which of the following statements regarding poverty in the United States is TRUE? A) Due to early intervention programs, poor children are just as ready for school as other children. B) Families with children constitute less than 3% of the homeless population in the United States. C) Because poor parents use more power-assertive discipline, their children are more likely to complete high school. D) Poverty causes stressful environmental conditions that contribute to higher rates of suicide and mental illness. Answer: D) Poverty causes stressful environmental conditions that contribute to higher rates of suicide and mental illness. Children living in poverty have higher rates of social and emotional difficulties from an early age, including substance abuse, behavior problems, mental illness, suicide, personality disorders, and lower self-esteem and self-confidence. Poverty in itself may not directly cause these difficulties, but it creates stressful environmental conditions that make them more likely to develop. 141. Fifteen-year-old Kadian lives with her mother, sister, and two brothers in a small apartment in the city. Her mother works full-time but still struggles; her yearly income is below the federal poverty line. According to research, Kadian will most likely A) have lower academic achievement. B) be at an increased risk for substance abuse. C) have a mother who uses power-assertion as a discipline tactic. D) received inadequate heath care if she or her siblings becomes sick. Answer: A) have lower academic achievement. One of the primary risks of living in poverty in an inner city environment is low academic success. 142. Which of the following is a risk factor for children living in conditions of inner-city poverty? A) Violent crime is more frequent. B) Housing is often substandard, crowded, and inconsistent. C) Gangs and drug use are common. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 143. Seventeen-year-old Cheyenne lives in the inner city with her mother, father, and three brothers. Her father is always monitoring where she goes and the types of friends she is hanging out with. Her mother encourages her to become involved in after-school activities and to have a part-time job at a restaurant. Cheyenne's family is MOST LIKELY an example of a(n) A) authoritarian family. B) cohesive family. C) community-bridging family. D) collectivistic family. Answer: C) community-bridging family. Some of the behaviors of community-bridging families include establishing and maintaining networks among family members, monitoring children’s activities and friendships, and encouraging involvement in positive activities. 144. Which statement concerning children and adolescents living in poverty is true? A) Families can overcome the negative effects of inner city neighborhoods. B) The drop-out rate from high school is much higher than in inner city schools. C) Almost 25% of children living in inner cities in the United States are poor. D) Families often keep to themselves, fearing for their children's safety. Answer: A) Families can overcome the negative effects of inner city neighborhoods. 145. The major difference between families living in poverty in the inner city and those living in rural communities is that A) there are more children living in poverty in rural communities. B) rural communities have stronger social networks. C) children living in rural communities have better educational systems. D) children living in inner city communities have better employment opportunities. Answer: B) rural communities have stronger social networks. 146. The process of learning the language, values, customs, and social skills of a new culture is called A) biculturalism. B) acculturation. C) ethnic identity. D) collectivism. Answer: B) acculturation. Immigrant families acquire the language, values, customs and social skills of a new culture through the process of acculturation. 147. Because U.S.-born adolescents in immigrant families tend to __________, it creates a bigger difference in values between parents and adolescents in these families than in other immigrant and nonimmigrant families. A) change their values and beliefs more rapidly than their parents B) adopt the same values and beliefs as their parents C) change their values and beliefs more slowly than their parents D) wait until their parents have completely adjusted Answer: A) change their values and beliefs more rapidly than their parents 148. Anna was born in Germany and moved to the United States when she was twelve years old. She sees herself as having two cultures—German and American—and values the traditions of both countries. Anna is most likely A) multicultural. B) separated. C) bicultural. D) marginalized. Answer: C) bicultural. Biculturalism is the adoption of two cultural orientations at the same time. Biculturalism allows families to maintain the cultural values they brought from their homeland but also understand and function successfully in the new culture. 149. When you adopt two cultural orientations at the same time, you are A) assimilated. B) bicultural. C) separated. D) marginalized. Answer: B) bicultural. 150. Twelve-year-old Fahmi's parents expect him to interpret the new language and help them learn how to interact effectively in their new homeland. In other words, Fahmi is expected to act as a A) cultural compatibility specialist. B) collectivist orientation educator. C) cultural translator. D) child cultural broker. Answer: D) child cultural broker. Some adolescents (and sometimes even younger children) of immigrants may find themselves serving as child cultural brokers—as interpreters not only of the language but also of the culture of the new country for their parents and other family members. 15.2 True/False Questions 1. Children as young as 5 years of age are able to understand the differences and similarities between themselves and others in terms of ethnicity. Answer: True 2. If someone has a homosexual experience, it means that they are either a gay male or a lesbian female. Answer: False 3. Autopsy studies have found that some areas of the brains of homosexual men are more similar to those of heterosexual women than of homosexual men . Answer: True 4. The suicide rate is the same for gay, lesbian, and bisexual teenagers as it is for heterosexual teenagers. Answer: False 5. Kohlberg believed that the majority of adults reach Stage 6 in his theory of moral development. Answer: False 6. Research examining Gilligan's (1982) ideas concerning gender and morality suggest that both males and females use care and justice orientations. Answer: True 7. Early adolescent researchers used to believe that if adolescents were not having intense conflicts with their parents than they were not developing an autonomous identity. Answer: True 8. Adolescents who experience moderate levels of conflict with their parents actually have better grades compared to adolescents who have no conflict with parents. Answer: True 9. Research suggests that adolescents who are adopted by a family with a different ethnic background than their own have lower self-esteem and take longer to adjust to their new family. Answer: False 10. Children raised by gay and lesbian parents are more likely to be homosexual than children raised by straight parents. Answer: False 11. Children of gay or lesbian parents are more likely than children of heterosexual parents to play with opposite-sex peers. Answer: False 12. Native American families place an emphasis on extended family systems. Answer: True 13. Ethnic minority individuals use stricter discipline techniques—regardless of social class. Answer: False 14. Adolescents spend four times the amount of time with friends as with their parents or siblings. Answer: False 15. Most cliques are open circles—open to including new members. Answer: False 16. Within chumships, teens learn the skills needed to have successful intimacy. Answer: True 17. Conformity to peer pressure peaks around age 14. Answer: True 18. For most adolescents, peer pressure tends to have positive influences—leading to better grades and peer relationships. Answer: True 19. The rates of violent school crimes decreased during the 1990s. Answer: True 20. Individuals between the ages of 20 to 45 are the most likely to be living in poverty. Answer: False 15.3 Short Answer Questions 1. A person's self-definition including all of the information about his/her unique talents, traits, and abilities is called ________. Answer: identity 2. What are the two components in Marcia's theory of identity development? Answer: crisis and commitment 3. A family that tries to deal with the differences between their ethnic customs and the majority culture is using ________. Answer: acculturation strategies 4.________ is being attracted primarily to people of the same-sex, whereas ________ is having a sexual encounter with someone of the same-sex. Answer: Homosexual identity; homosexual behavior 5. Cross-cultural researchers often argue that Kohlberg's conceptualization of morality involves individual responsibility and the preservation of individual rights referred to as the ________ orientation. Answer: justice 6. The ability to have independent thoughts and actions and to accept responsibility for those thoughts and actions is called ________. Answer: autonomy 7. When parents encourage their adolescents to have their own opinions and beliefs they are using ________. Answer: psychological autonomy granting 8. Small groups of friends who hang out together are known as ________. Answer: cliques 9. When antisocial and delinquent behaviors continue from childhood to adulthood, it is referred to as a ________. Answer: life-course persistent pattern 10. The mismatch between the school environment and the developmental needs of a particular adolescent is referred to as poor ________. Answer: stage-environment fit 11. The system of shared customs, traditions, and meanings that are transmitted from one generation to the next is referred to as a ________. Answer: culture 15.4 Essay Questions 1. What are the four identity statuses in Marcia's theory? Define each of the four statuses using the components of crisis and commitment. Answer: •Identity achievement—adolescents have experienced and worked through the crisis and have made a commitment to a particular identity. •Identity foreclosure—adolescents have experienced very little crisis but have made a commitment to a particular identity. •Identity diffusion—adolescents may or may not have experienced a crisis—there is clearly a lack of commitment to a particular identity. •Identity moratorium—adolescents are still in the process of working through a crisis. 2. Discuss the probable causes of sexual orientation. Answer: Twin studies have found higher concordance in homosexuality in identical twins than in nonidentical (fraternal) twins. Studies in neuroscience have identified differences between homosexual and heterosexual men in the corpus callosum, a brain structure believed to be strongly influenced by genetics. Prenatal hormone levels may play a role as well. There is a relationship between abnormal prenatal hormone levels and later behavior, personality characteristics, and sexual orientation. Girls exposed to higher than normal prenatal levels of androgens (male hormones) tend to show traits and preferences more typical of males, and males exposed to lower than normal levels of androgens show more female-typical patterns and choices. Autopsy studies have found that some areas of the brains of homosexual men are more similar to those of heterosexual women than of heterosexual men. 3. What is Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Have her ideas been supported by research? Answer: Gilligan believed that female moral reasoning derives from a care ethic which emphasizes care of others, preservation of relationships, and the obligation to help others. On the other hand, males develop a justice ethic which emphasizes autonomy, justice, and impartial fairness. She believes that Kohlberg's theory is based on a justice ethic and is, therefore, gender biased in favor of the male perspective. Some of her ideas have been supported by research. A care orientation does exist and females are somewhat more likely to use it because they are more likely to encounter situations that will elicit a care response. However, males also use a care orientation. In fact, research has suggested that, depending on the situation, males and females use both the care and justice orientations. 4. One of your friends is the parent of a 15-year-old adolescent girl. Based on developmental research, what suggestions would you give your friend for effectively dealing with conflict? Answer: Parents should be reassured that parent-adolescent conflict is quite normal. Students should advise their friend to exhibit an authoritative parenting style in which parents set limits but are warm, involved, and supportive. Also, parents should exhibit psychological autonomy granting in which adolescents are encouraged to develop their own individual opinions and beliefs. These styles of parenting are associated with positive social, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes as well as positive identity development. 5. What have been the main findings concerning children and adolescents of lesbian and gay parents in terms of their emotional, social, sexual, and academic development? Answer: Research studies have found that there is no difference between children and adolescents who were raised by homosexual parents and children who were raised by heterosexual parents in the areas of activity preferences, interests, popularity, social skills, occupational goals, sociability, hyperactivity, emotional difficulty, behavioral problems, moral maturity, or measures of intelligence. They are also no more likely to have a gender identity disorder or to have a homosexual orientation. 6. What are the five strategies discussed in the text for what parents can do to prevent problems with schooling? Answer: See Table 15.4 on page 513. Students’ answers should include: Promotion of school readiness through healthy eating, exercising and sleeping habits; help in creating a positive school environment by volunteering for school events and meeting with your child's teachers; thinking about the consequences of school structure and policies by supporting policies that lead to friendly school environments and questioning policies that lead to competition among students; understanding that there are different cultures in the school; and doing more than just teaching content—help students to develop friendships, and trusted relationships with teachers. The five strategies parents can use to prevent problems with schooling include: 1. Establishing a positive relationship with the school: Communicating regularly with teachers and staying involved in school activities. 2. Promoting a supportive home environment for learning: Encouraging a structured routine, providing a quiet place for homework, and showing interest in their child's schoolwork. 3. Setting high expectations and clear goals: Encouraging effort and persistence, and discussing future educational plans. 4. Monitoring and supporting homework and study habits: Checking assignments, providing help when needed, and fostering good study habits. 5. Advocating for their child's educational needs: Seeking additional support or resources when necessary, such as tutoring or special education services. 7. Discuss the cultural orientations of individualism and collectivism and give examples of countries with each of these orientations. Answer: Individualism is a system of beliefs that asserts that people are basically independent of one another. Cultures with an individualistic orientation emphasize the importance of individuals' rights, personal autonomy, and self-fulfillment. People within individualistic cultures are primary concerned with their own needs, accomplishments, and goals, and those of their immediate family. Collectivism, in contrast, is a system of beliefs that emphasizes the interdependent relationships among members of the group. Cultures with a collectivistic orientation emphasize a person's duty to other people, and the needs, accomplishments, and goals of the entire group rather than just the person and his or her immediate family. 8. Discuss at least six effects poverty can have on emotional, social, or physical development during childhood and adolescence. Answer: Poor children are more likely than children who are not living in poverty to have physical health problems, illnesses, injuries, poisoning, parental neglect, exposure to toxic substances, and abuse. Living in poverty correlates with lower IQ scores and academic achievement. Adolescents living in poor communities attend poorer quality schools and have fewer opportunities for positive extracurricular activities. Parents of children living in poverty are more likely to use power assertion to discipline their children and are less likely to use reasoning, praise or to involve their teenagers in decisions. Families living in poverty are at an increased risk to become homeless. Children and adolescents living in poverty have higher rates of social and emotional problems such as substance abuse, behavioral problems, mental illness, suicide, personality disorders, and lower self-esteem and confidence. Effects of poverty on childhood and adolescent development include: 1. Emotional development: Increased risk of stress, anxiety, and depression due to unstable living conditions and family stressors. 2. Social development: Limited access to social opportunities and resources, leading to feelings of isolation and lower social skills development. 3. Physical development: Higher rates of malnutrition and health problems due to inadequate nutrition and healthcare access. 4. Educational development: Lower academic achievement and higher dropout rates due to lack of resources, support, and educational opportunities. 5. Behavioral development: Increased likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors such as substance abuse or delinquency as coping mechanisms. 6. Cognitive development: Delays in cognitive skills development and lower cognitive abilities due to limited exposure to stimulating environments and educational resources. 15.5 MyDevelopmentLab Questions 1. After viewing the video “Adolescence: Identity and Role Development,” highlight some of major issues that arise during adolescence in relation to developing a sense of identity. Answer: There are several major concepts and topics in Chapter 15 that be discussed in relation to the video clip. Possible examples include: (1) Erikson’s theory of development, and in particular, how adolescents develop during the stage of “identity vs. role confusion,” (2) Marcia’s theory of the four identity statuses, and the possible developmental paths that teens can choose, (3) the development of autonomy and the ability to resolve conflicts with parents (e.g., psychological autonomy granting), and (4) the development of intimate relationships during the high school years, as well as the formation and influence of cliques and crowds. 2. Which of Marcia’s four identity statuses involves a high degree of exploration and a low degree of commitment? A) identity moratorium B) identity diffusion C) identity achievement D) identity foreclosure Answer: A) identity moratorium 3. Which of Marcia’s four identity statuses involves a low degree of exploration and a high degree of commitment? A) identity moratorium B) identity diffusion C) identity achievement D) identity foreclosure Answer: D) identity foreclosure 4. Briefly describe the six stages of moral development proposed by Kohlberg, and relate them to Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. Answer: Kohlberg proposed a six-stage theory of moral development, beginning in early childhood with the “obedience and punishment” orientation. During this period, children reason according to the notion that appropriate behavior is determined by an absolute authority figure. The next stage is “egocentric” orientation, during which children’s moral reasoning is guided by whichever goals or outcomes provide the most benefit. The third stage is the “good-child” orientation. In this stage, children reason according to the idea that they should live up to the expectations of others. In the fourth stage, “authority and social order,” the child reasons that rules are created to benefit the social group as whole, and must be followed. During the fifth stage, “contractual-legalistic” orientation, which begins in the teen years, children and young adults reason that while laws and rules are created to benefit the group, they can also be changed as needed over time. Finally, the sixth stage is “conscience or principle” orientations. In this stage, adolescents and adults believe that morals are determined by a set of universal ethical principles, which may be more important than particular laws. Kohlberg proposed that Piaget’s preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages were “prerequisites” for his own stages. In particular, the preoperational stage was a prerequisite for Kohlberg’s Stages 1 and 2, the concrete operational stage was a prerequisite for Kohlberg’s Stages 3 and 4, and finally, the formal operational stage was a prerequisite for Kohlberg’s Stages 5 and 6. Test Bank for The World of Children Joan Littlefield Cook, Greg Cook 9780205953738