This Document Contains Chapters 15 to 16 Chapter 15: Secession and the Civil War, 1860-1865 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) What caused seven states to secede from the Union before any shots had been fired? a. the Compromise of 1850 b. John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry c. the election of President Lincoln d. the Emancipation Proclamation e. Lincoln's plans to free the slaves Answer: c 2) Which of the following southern states was the first to secede from the Union? a. Kentucky b. Virginia c. Alabama d. South Carolina e. North Carolina Answer: d 3) Which one of the following states was part of the early movement to leave the Union, before any shots were fired? a. Missouri b. Virginia c. North Carolina d. Tennessee e. Texas Answer: e 4) Cooperationists believed that the slave states __________. a. should act as a unit rather than secede one at a time b. should remain in the Union c. should form a new union with northern states d. and the free states should simply find a way to get along e. should cooperate with Britain and France Answer: a 5) As a war leader, Jefferson Davis __________. a. focused more on policymaking than controlling the military b. had an excellent relationship with his generals c. lacked initiative and leadership on the home front d. frequently used martial law to retain control e. had the full support of southern governors Answer: c 6) The Confederate Constitution __________. a. allowed the Atlantic slave trade to be reopened b. abolished the three-fifths clause in determining congressional representation c. prohibited free states from joining the new Confederacy d. allowed the government to impose protective tariffs e. required the government to protect slavery in the states and the territories Answer: e 7) The Crittenden compromise would have __________. a. extended the Missouri Compromise to the Pacific b. abolished the national Fugitive Slave Law c. denied federal compensation to the owners of escaped slaves d. guaranteed slavery in all new territories e. changed the Constitution to allow slavery to be abolished in all the states Answer: a 8) The first shots of the Civil War were fired at __________. a. Fort Pickens b. Fort Sumter c. Manassas Junction d. Fort Henry e. Fort Donelson Answer: b 9) What was most common in determining whether a state supported the North or the South in the Civil War? a. ideology about slavery b. opinions about Lincoln's presidency and whether he was a legitimate leader c. views on whether or not states had the right to secede from the Union d. economic interests e. religious convictions Answer: c 10) "Greenbacks" were __________. a. green-shirted Irish volunteers who served in the Confederate army b. inexperienced recruits who were not ready for combat c. deserters who hid out in the woods d. unsecured treasury notes issued as currency by the federal government e. teenagers who served in the armed forces Answer: d 11) In 1861, Lincoln declared martial law and suspended the __________ in the area between Philadelphia and Washington. a. Constitution b. writ of habeas corpus c. right to bear arms d. freedom of speech protections e. right to vote Answer: b 12) The first major battle of the war, at Bull Run, resulted in __________. a. a Union victory b. a Confederate victory c. a bloody stalemate d. the capture of Washington, D.C. e. Sherman's capture of Savannah, Georgia Answer: b 13) The Union general who replaced Winfield Scott as commander of Union forces was __________. a. Irvin McDowell b. Joseph Hooker c. Robert E. Lee d. William Tecumseh Sherman e. George McClellan Answer: e 14) The bloodiest one-day battle of the war was __________, which took place on September 17, 1862. a. Shiloh b. Bull Run c. Vicksburg d. Gettysburg e. Antietam Answer: c 15) The Emancipation Proclamation freed __________. a. all slaves throughout the United States b. only slaves in the loyal border states c. only slaves in the western territories d. only slaves in the Confederate-controlled areas e. only the future children of current slaves Answer: d 16) Approximately what percentage of the slave population gained freedom during the war under the terms of the Emancipation Proclamation? a. 1 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 60 percent e. 100 percent Answer: c 17) During the Civil War, about __________ African Americans served in the Union army. a. 10,000 b. 100,000 c. 200,000 d. 500,000 e. 1,000,000 Answer: c 18) The Enrollment Act of March 1863 __________. a. drafted white men but allowed them to hire a substitute or pay a fee to avoid service b. drafted black males into the armed forces but denied them pay for their service c. allowed black men to join the American armed forces for the first time d. required that all military service be voluntary rather than mandatory e. prohibited wealthy men from hiring substitutes or paying a fee to avoid service Answer: a 19) Copperheads __________. a. strongly supported the Emancipation Proclamation b. supported the growth of the federal government c. narrowly won victory in the 1864 election d. were militant antiwar activists e. were a group of wealthy industrialists who secretly financed the war Answer: d 20) The Confederate 1863 victory at Chancellorsville cost the Confederacy the life of __________. a. Jefferson Davis b. "Stonewall" Jackson c. Robert E. Lee d. William Tecumseh Sherman e. Ulysses S. Grant Answer: b 21) The victory at __________ gave the Union control of the Mississippi River. a. Gettysburg b. Vicksburg c. Richmond d. Shiloh e. Fredericksburg Answer: b 22) Lincoln's opponent from the Democratic Party in the presidential election of 1864 was __________. a. Jefferson Davis b. Stephen Douglas c. John Bell d. Ulysses S. Grant e. George McClellan Answer: e 23) Who surrendered to the Union army at Appomattox Court House in April of 1865? a. Confederate President Jefferson Davis b. General Robert E. Lee c. General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson d. General Ulysses S. Grant e. Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens Answer: b 24) Approximately __________ soldiers died in the Civil War. a. 50,000 b. 125,000 c. 620,000 d. 950,000 e. 1,500,000 Answer: c 25) What did the Sanitary Commission promote? a. cleanliness, nutrition, and medical care in northern army camps b. healthy drinking water in northern cities c. improved sewer systems in southern urban centers d. cleanliness in northern factories e. nutrition and medical care for freed or escaped slaves Answer: a 26) After Lincoln's election, what happened in the Upper South? a. The Upper South states immediately seceded. b. The Upper South states were afraid to secede, since they were so close to Union forces. c. The Upper South states did not think that Lincoln's election alone was a good enough reason to secede. d. The Upper South states began taking steps to emancipate their slaves. e. The Upper South states considered forming their own republic separate from the North and the Deep South. Answer: c 27) What was the South's goal in seceding from the Union? a. to create a slave empire based on reactionary ideals b. to slowly get rid of slavery and exist as an independent nation c. to recreate the government of the British Isles d. to recreate the Union as it had been before the Republican Party e. to form a powerful nation that would eventually take over the North Answer: d 28) Lincoln rejected the Crittenden Compromise because he believed that __________. a. taking a strong stand would win the support of northern unionists b. most southerners favored secession c. extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific would solve the slavery issue d. backing down to secessionist threats would undermine democracy and majority rule e. adding Cuba and Central America to the United States would relieve the sectional crisis Answer: d 29) What was Lincoln's early military policy toward the Confederacy? a. He wanted to take the South back by force as soon as possible. b. He wanted the South to be responsible for starting the war. c. He wanted the North to take the first military action. d. He wanted the North to refrain from military action regardless of southern actions. e. He wanted to start the war with a decisive Union victory in a key southern city. Answer: b 30) The attack on Fort Sumter __________. a. was a prolonged and exceptionally bloody battle b. weakened the secession movement c. caused increasing opposition to the war in the North d. united northern opinion against the rebellion e. was the first southern defeat of the war Answer: d 31) In the beginning, the Civil War was a __________. a. struggle to free the slaves b. struggle to preserve the Union c. personal struggle between Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis d. struggle to preserve "King Cotton” e. struggle over control of new and future territories Answer: b 32) The Confederate Constitution was __________. a. a loose collection of ideas rather than a formally drafted document b. very similar to the U.S. Constitution c. based on the British Constitution d. a subject of ongoing debate throughout the war e. a representation of the desires of reactionary extremists in the South Answer: b 33) To secure the necessary troops for the war, both the North and the South __________. a. resorted to a draft b. forbade wealthy men to buy exemptions c. allowed women to join combat units d. hired mercenaries from Europe e. used "press gangs," coercion, and blackmail to obtain soldiers Answer: a 34) Which statement best describes the disparity in resources between the North and the South during the Civil War? a. The North had more factories and industrial workers than the South. b. The value of industrial production was higher in the South. c. The South had more textiles and firearms factories. d. The South had more miles of railroad tracks than the North. e. The North was unable to access its immigrant population for manpower. Answer: e 35) During the war, the Confederate economy __________. a. managed to produce a surplus of industrial goods b. easily evaded the effects of the northern blockade c. suffered from severe inflation d. actually benefited from the Emancipation Proclamation e. boomed, as most do during war Answer: c 36) Lincoln was angry with General McClellan after the battle at Antietam because McClellan __________. a. retreated while he still had a chance to win the battle b. killed Robert E. Lee rather than taking him prisoner c. lost the battle, despite having a clear advantage in the field d. lost too many men in the battle, which weakened the Union army e. was slow to pursue Robert E. Lee after the battle and let Lee escape Answer: a 37) Why did northern sentiment to free the slaves increase as the war dragged on? a. People began to realize that slavery was immoral. b. People recognized that emancipation could be used as a weapon against the South's economic and social systems. c. Congress thought it would be easier to reintegrate the southern states into the Union if slavery were abolished. d. Hatred for the South and the Confederacy had increased. e. Strategists thought that a northern emancipation law might goad southern military leaders into making tactical mistakes. Answer: b 38) How did the Emancipation Proclamation change how each side viewed the war? a. It made the South realize that slavery was not a sustainable system. b. It allowed both sides to focus exclusively on fighting. c. It made the South realize that it should reenter the United States and fight for slavery in Congress. d. It committed the North to abolishing slavery as a major aim of the war. e. It made the South realize that secession had not been necessary. Answer: d 39) African American soldiers during the Civil War __________. a. received equal pay to their white counterparts throughout the war b. were mostly free blacks from the North c. served in integrated units under black officers d. participate disproportionately on the front line e. make a vital contribution to the North's victory Answer: e 40) During the war, the North __________. a. was plagued by the lack of manufactured goods b. suffered from a weak railroad system c. was plagued by a series of violent antidraft riots d. finally overcame the problem of anti-African American racism e. slowly began to starve Answer: c 41) What caused the New York Riot of July 1863? a. a combination of racial prejudice and class conflict b. a combination of fervent abolitionism and religious zeal c. a strong anti-immigrant sentiment d. economic desperation e. southern agitators who were trying to stir up trouble Answer: a 42) What was the main reason for Lincoln's victory in the 1864 presidential campaign? a. The Democratic Party failed to offer a strong candidate. b. Northern morale was high throughout the war and Lincoln had few critics. c. Heavy northern losses rallied the Republican Party behind him. d. A string of northern victories rallied the Republican Party behind Lincoln. e. Lincoln ran unopposed. Answer: d 43) Which statement best characterizes Sherman's march through Georgia? a. Sherman defied Lincoln by refusing to implement a scorched-earth policy. b. Sherman destroyed almost anything of military or economic value in his path. c. Although he destroyed cities, Sherman was careful to do little damage to infrastructure. d. Sherman avoided major population centers in order to travel as quickly as possible. e. Sherman was careful not to alienate the local population. Answer: b 44) How did life change for women as a result of the Civil War? a. Men traumatized from the war were less choosy about partners for marriage. b. Northern women pushed the boundaries of their traditional roles. c. Women were forced into more subservient roles than they had previously occupied. d. Traditional gender inequalities were destroyed and women were seen as equals. e. Women gained the right to vote during the postwar period. Answer: b 45) Which statement best describes the situation for women in the South after the Civil War? a. The South remained more conservative about women's role in society than the North. b. The South became more liberal about women's role in society than the North. c. The situation of women in southern society did not change as a result of the war. d. Women took the lead in criticizing the Confederate cause and repairing the relationship with the North. e. Southern women became less active in the economy and society as a result of the war. Answer: a 46) After the war, many working-class northern whites were __________. a. eyeing unoccupied agricultural land in the South and considering taking up farming b. fearful that the abolition of slavery would have negative effects on workers in general c. hopeful that the crusade against slavery could broaden into a movement to help workers in general d. unemployed, since the Confederate army had destroyed or disrupted so many northern industries e. feeling fierce anti-immigrant sentiments, since so few immigrants had supported the Union cause Answer: c 47) As a result of the Civil War, the United States became __________. a. a more highly organized country in which large corporations grew b. more reliant on individuals and small producers for economic progress c. more prone to emulate nostalgic representations of life in the Old South d. more socialistic, and began to address the needs of the poor and the disadvantaged e. militantly anti-corporation Answer: a 48) Some states, such as Arkansas, joined the Confederacy only after the attack at Fort Sumter because they __________. a. believed that secession was a constitutional right b. thought they could convince the South to reunite with the North c. believed it would enhance their economic situation d. thought they could convince the other states to abolish slavery e. believed they could convince the North to accept secession Answer: a 49) What was a key reason for the South's defeat in the Civil War? a. The Confederacy lacked a single competent general to lead its troops. b. Southern planters were reluctant to start growing food crops instead of cash crops. c. Confederate armies lacked the conviction to fight a prolonged war with the North. d. The South was too industrialized to adapt well to a wartime economy. e. The northern troops were better individual soldiers than Confederate troops. Answer: b 50) How did the role of government change as a result of the Civil War? a. More power was given to local governments instead of the state and federal levels. b. The federal government became less involved in economic policy. c. All constitutional restrictions on federal government were dissolved. d. The federal government became recognized as supreme over state governments. e. State governments were confirmed as being supreme over the federal government. Answer: d Essay Questions 51) What arguments did secessionists develop to justify leaving the Union? What problems did secession create for both the Buchanan and Lincoln administrations? Answer: Secessionists developed several arguments to justify leaving the Union, primarily centered around states' rights and the perceived threat to the institution of slavery. They argued that the federal government was overstepping its constitutional limits by imposing tariffs, regulating interstate commerce, and interfering with the institution of slavery in states where it was legal. They also believed that each state had the right to govern itself and that the Union was a voluntary compact that states could withdraw from if they felt their rights were being violated. The problems created by secession were significant for both the Buchanan and Lincoln administrations. For Buchanan, who served as president from 1857 to 1861, the secession of southern states challenged the authority and integrity of the federal government. Buchanan believed that states did not have the right to secede but also believed that the federal government did not have the authority to prevent them from doing so by force. This indecision and lack of decisive action weakened the federal government's position and allowed the secessionist movement to gain momentum. For Lincoln, who took office in March 1861, the secession crisis presented an immediate challenge to his presidency and the future of the Union. Lincoln believed that secession was illegal and that preserving the Union was paramount. However, the secession of several states and the formation of the Confederate States of America created a divided nation on the brink of civil war. Lincoln faced the challenge of preserving the Union while also addressing the underlying issues that led to secession, particularly the question of slavery. In response to secession, Lincoln and the Union government faced the challenge of maintaining control over federal forts and installations in the seceded states, as well as the question of how to respond to the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861. Lincoln's decision to call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion and his subsequent actions to preserve the Union ultimately led to the outbreak of the Civil War. 52) Compare the adjustments the North and South made to meet the demands of total war. What factors gave the North the advantage? Answer: During the Civil War, both the North and the South made significant adjustments to meet the demands of total war, which required mobilizing all available resources and targeting not just enemy armies but also civilian infrastructure and resources. The South faced several challenges in meeting the demands of total war. It had a smaller population and industrial base than the North, which limited its ability to raise and equip armies. The Southern economy was largely agrarian and relied heavily on slavery, which made it difficult to transition to a war economy. Additionally, the South faced blockades by the Union Navy, which restricted its ability to trade and acquire necessary supplies. To meet these challenges, the South implemented several measures, including conscription, the impressment of goods, and the use of slaves in noncombat roles to free up white men for military service. The Southern economy also underwent significant changes, with the government taking control of industries and resources to support the war effort. The North, on the other hand, had several advantages that allowed it to more effectively meet the demands of total war. It had a larger population and industrial base, which allowed it to raise larger armies and produce more weapons, ammunition, and other supplies. The North also had a more developed transportation network, which facilitated the movement of troops and supplies. Additionally, the North had greater access to foreign markets, which allowed it to trade for necessary supplies despite the Southern blockade. The North also implemented measures such as the establishment of the United States Sanitary Commission and the United States Christian Commission, which provided medical care and other support to Union troops. Overall, the North's larger population, industrial base, and access to resources gave it a significant advantage in meeting the demands of total war compared to the South. 53) Compare Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis as wartime leaders. How did each deal with contrary political realities? Answer: Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis were both wartime leaders during the American Civil War, but they faced very different political realities due to their positions as presidents of opposing sides. Lincoln, as president of the Union, faced the challenge of leading a divided nation and preserving the Union. He had to navigate the complexities of a war that divided families, communities, and political factions. Lincoln was known for his ability to work with members of opposing political parties and for his willingness to listen to differing viewpoints. He also faced the challenge of dealing with dissent within his own party, particularly from Radical Republicans who pushed for more aggressive measures against the Confederacy and for the abolition of slavery. To deal with these contrary political realities, Lincoln employed a strategy of balancing competing interests. He was willing to compromise when necessary but also took decisive action when he believed it was required. Lincoln's leadership during the war was characterized by his ability to maintain a strong sense of purpose and vision while also being flexible in his approach to achieving his goals. Davis, as president of the Confederacy, faced a different set of political realities. He had to rally support for a new nation that was fighting for its independence. Davis was known for his strong leadership and his commitment to the cause of southern independence. However, he faced challenges in dealing with dissent within the Confederacy, particularly from state governments that were reluctant to cede power to the central government. To deal with these contrary political realities, Davis adopted a more authoritarian approach to leadership. He centralized power in the Confederate government and was less willing to compromise than Lincoln. Davis's leadership style contributed to tensions within the Confederacy and made it difficult for him to effectively manage the political complexities of leading a new nation during wartime. In summary, Lincoln and Davis both faced contrary political realities during the Civil War, but they dealt with them in very different ways. Lincoln was known for his ability to compromise and work with differing political factions, while Davis took a more authoritarian approach to leadership. These differences in leadership style and approach to governance had a significant impact on the outcomes of the war for their respective nations. 54) Evaluate the overall impact of emancipation on the outcome of the war. Answer: The emancipation of slaves had a significant impact on the outcome of the Civil War, both militarily and politically. 1. Military Impact: Emancipation changed the nature of the war by transforming it into a moral crusade against slavery. It energized and motivated Union troops, especially African American soldiers who were eager to fight for their freedom. The inclusion of African American soldiers in the Union army bolstered its ranks and provided a significant manpower advantage over the Confederacy. This helped the Union to maintain its military strength and eventually overpower the Confederate forces. 2. Political Impact: Emancipation shifted the focus of the war from merely preserving the Union to also ending slavery. This change in objective helped to rally support for the Union cause both domestically and internationally. It also undermined the Confederacy's ability to gain diplomatic recognition and support from European powers, as slavery was increasingly seen as a morally repugnant institution. 3. Economic Impact: Emancipation had a profound economic impact on the South. The loss of slave labor severely disrupted the Southern economy, especially its agricultural production. Many slaves fled to Union lines, further depleting the South's labor force. This economic strain weakened the Confederacy's ability to sustain its war effort. 4. Social Impact: Emancipation had a transformative effect on American society by ending the institution of slavery. It paved the way for the eventual abolition of slavery through the 13th Amendment to the Constitution. Emancipation also changed the status of African Americans, granting them freedom and setting the stage for the civil rights movement. Overall, emancipation was a crucial turning point in the Civil War. It strengthened the Union war effort, undermined the Confederacy's ability to fight, and transformed the conflict into a struggle for freedom and equality. Its impact reverberated long after the war, shaping the course of American history and society. Chapter 16: The Agony of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The term Reconstruction refers to the __________. a. period immediately following the Civil War b. attempt to rebuild Atlanta c. Gettysburg struggle d. treatment of African Americans after the Emancipation Proclamation e. attempt to change Confederate ideas about slavery Answer: a 2) President Lincoln's Reconstruction plans were committed to __________. a. punish the South for provoking the Civil War b. racial equality for the freedmen c. sharing decisions with Congress on Reconstruction policies d. rapid readmission of the southern states to the Union e. protecting the rights of African Americans Answer: d 3) Lincoln's response to the Wade-Davis Bill was to __________. a. accept it completely b. reluctantly support it c. express no opinion on it d. stop it with a pocket veto e. ask Congress to reconsider Answer: d 4) The man who became president of the United States after Lincoln's assassination was __________. a. Robert Smalls b. Andrew Johnson c. Ulysses S. Grant d. William H. Seward e. Andrew Jackson Answer: b 5) As early as 1863, Lincoln proposed a plan for restoring southern state governments if __________ percent of the 1860 voting population took a loyalty oath to the Union. a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 25 e. 50 Answer: b 6) Which of the following required 50 percent of southern voters to take an oath of loyalty to the Union before the southern states could regain their status as states? a. Fourteenth Amendment b. Fifteenth Amendment c. Loyalty Act d. Tenure of Office Act e. Wade-Davis Bill Answer: e 7) President Andrew Johnson was __________. a. loved by African Americans b. admired by wealthy southern planters c. opposed by Radical Republicans d. temperate and compromising in his political activities e. determined to carry on with Lincoln's plans Answer: c 8) President Andrew Johnson was a(n) __________. a. northerner b. Republican c. opponent of slaveowners d. great humanitarian e. member of the planter aristocracy Answer: c 9) Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery? a. Thirteenth b. Fourteenth c. Fifteenth d. Sixteenth e. Seventeenth Answer: a 10) Andrew Johnson believed that Reconstruction should __________. a. guarantee that the southern ruling class would not return to power b. return the South to its prewar system, minus slavery c. treat the South as a conquered nation d. guarantee the political and civil rights of the freedmen e. go ahead as Lincoln had planned Answer: a 11) The first bill ever passed over a presidential veto was the __________. a. Wade-Davis Bill b. Freedmen's Bureau extension bill c. Civil Rights Act of 1866 d. Tenure of Office Act e. First Reconstruction Act Answer: c 12) The federal agency designed to assist former slaves in making the economic adjustment to freedom was known as the __________. a. Freedmen's Bureau b. Department of Education c. African American Rights Association d. Liberty Association e. Southern Reconstruction Agency Answer: a 13) The congressional alternative to Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction program was the __________. a. Fourteenth Amendment b. Ten Percent Plan c. Wade-Davis Bill d. Civil Rights Act e. Freedman's Bureau bill Answer: a 14) Which constitutional amendment was opposed by Andrew Johnson? a. Thirteenth b. Fourteenth c. Fifteenth d. Sixteenth e. Seventeenth Answer: b 15) Which constitutional amendment attempted to give civil rights to the former slaves? a. Thirteenth b. Fourteenth c. Fifteenth d. Sixteenth e. Seventeenth Answer: b 16) The South's refusal to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment __________. a. caused northern public opinion to question the Radicals' demands b. forced the Republicans to abolish the existing southern governments and give the vote to African Americans c. led to a general land reform of the South d. caused a thorough restructuring of southern society e. brought the Redeemers to power Answer: b 17) The Reconstruction Acts __________. a. gave freedmen the power to protect themselves b. enhanced the power of state governments to protect the freedmen c. were supported only by Radical Republicans d. allowed southern states readmittance on the basis of the number of freedmen who could vote e. were actually a retreat from true radicalism Answer: e 18) The First Reconstruction Act of 1867 __________. a. recognized the existing southern state governments as legitimate b. confiscated all property of ex-Confederates c. guaranteed the freedmen the right to vote in southern elections d. supported the Black Codes e. placed the South under military rule Answer: e 19) Andrew Johnson was indicted by the House for his violation of the __________. a. Civil Rights Act of 1866 b. Tenure of Office Act c. Wade-Davis Bill d. Fourteenth Amendment e. Loyalty Act Answer: b 20) During Reconstruction, African Americans __________. a. were able to become independent farmers b. lived in integrated urban societies c. lived in a divided society d. had no opportunity for schooling e. left the South in overwhelming numbers Answer: c 21) Which group was not part of the southern coalition supporting Radical Reconstruction? a. businessmen interested in government funding b. poor white farmers from upland regions c. newly enfranchised African Americans d. white planters e. "scalawags" Answer: d 22) Which amendment to the Constitution states that no person can be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude? a. Eleventh b. Twelfth c. Thirteenth d. Fourteenth e. Fifteenth Answer: e 23) The organization that symbolized most vividly the "white backlash" of the Reconstruction era was the __________. a. Union League b. Freedmen's Bureau c. Redeemers d. White Citizens Council e. Ku Klux Klan Answer: e 24) The Redeemers __________. a. continued the policies established during Reconstruction b. offered new programs for working people and tenant farmers c. were loyal to the principles of the antebellum South d. believed in the principles of laissez-faire and white supremacy e. were from the old planter aristocracy Answer: d 25) Restrictions on black civil rights imposed by southern states after Reconstruction from 1876 to 1910 were known as __________. a. Black Codes b. the Code Noir c. the Compromise of 1877 d. Redeemer laws e. Jim Crow laws Answer: e 26) What was Lincoln's view of Reconstruction? a. Amnesty would be granted to those southerners who had never willingly aided the Confederacy. b. Reconstruction would guarantee full political and civil equality for southern blacks. c. Congress would determine the terms for readmission of the seceded states. d. Pardon would be granted to all southerners taking an oath of allegiance and acknowledging the legality of emancipation. e. The President and Congress would work together on a bill to address how to readmit Confederate states to the Union. Answer: d 27) In implementing Johnson's plan, southern states __________. a. sometimes ignored Johnson’s plan altogether b. accepted it grudgingly or with qualifications c. required blacks have a job, but allowed them to choose their employer d. were required to grant suffrage to all men, black and white e. implemented Jim Crow laws to restrict the freedom of former slaves Answer: b 28) What was the main implication behind Black Codes? a. Southerners were willing to allow African Americans legal equality. b. Southerners wanted African Americans to return to positions of servility. c. Southerners were interested in improving the education of the freedmen. d. The freedmen would be allowed to vote and participate in the political process. e. The idea of "separate but equal" was already established. Answer: b 29) After rejecting Johnson's Reconstruction plan, what was the basis of Congress's program? a. the social and moral regeneration of the South b. the confiscation and redistribution of land c. immediate enfranchisement of both the freedmen and ex-Confederates d. guarantees for the rights of all citizens with the Fourteenth Amendment e. granting pardons to members of the planter class who asked for them Answer: d 30) The main belief of the Radical Republicans was that __________. a. the process of Reconstruction should be completed quickly b. the South should be treated with sympathy and compassion c. Reconstruction policy should be initiated by the president d. there was an inherent equality between races e. the rights of freedmen should be ensured by the federal government Answer: e 31) President Johnson antagonized Republicans in Congress by __________. a. calling for an extension of the Freedmen's Bureau b. supporting a civil rights bill to guarantee equality for African Americans c. urging confiscation and redistribution of southern land d. campaigning against Radical Republicans in the elections of 1866 e. insisting that anyone wanting readmission to the Union had to support the Fourteenth Amendment Answer: d 32) What was a result of the congressional elections of 1866? a. Johnson's Reconstruction policies were vindicated at the polls. b. The Radical Republicans lost ground. c. Democrats gained control of Congress. d. The results served as a referendum for the Fourteenth Amendment. e. Johnson's re-election campaign got a big boost. Answer: d 33) What was the meaning of "regeneration before Reconstruction"? a. restructuring southern state governments before readmission to the union b. funding the rehabilitation of those areas in the South damaged during the war c. transforming southern society, including land reform, before readmission d. repudiating the debts owed by the former Confederate states to the Union e. suspending military rule in the South until elections could take place Answer: a 34) The House of Representatives impeached President Johnson because he __________. a. dismissed officers in the southern military districts b. challenged the Tenure in Office Act by removing the Secretary of War c. vetoed the Reconstruction Bill d. attempted to abolish the Freedmen's Bureau e. opposed the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment Answer: b 35) Why was Johnson ultimately acquitted on the impeachment charges? a. He was cooperative with Congress. b. He received support from the Radical Republicans. c. Some Republicans feared that his removal would threaten the balance of power. d. He received support from most Democrats. e. He was innocent. Answer: c 36) How did former slaves' ideas about their freedom conflict with ideas of northern allies? a. Their northern allies wanted freed blacks to continue working on plantations for white planters, but blacks did not want to return to plantation life. b. Freed blacks wanted to move to the North and begin new lives, but their northern allies felt they needed to stay in the South. c. Their northern allies felt that freed blacks should continue with their communal work system, but freed blacks wanted to become individual wage earners. d. Freed blacks wanted to move to new land of their own, while their northern allies felt they should remain on the land they were used to. e. Freed blacks wanted to continue with a family-based communal work system, but northerners wanted them to become individual wage earners. Answer: e 37) Black Codes seemed like another form of slavery to African Americans because they __________. a. severely limited the legal and economic rights of blacks b. forced many blacks to work for whites for free c. made employment for blacks a crime d. restricted blacks to the plantations where they had formerly been enslaved e. encouraged whites to join the militia in order to suppress rights for blacks Answer: a 38) What did the African Americans elected to state or national office during Reconstruction demonstrate? a. There was a higher level of corruption among them than among their white counterparts. b. They had more integrity and competence than their white counterparts. c. They had a desire to implement radical social programs. d. They had a strong desire for harsh revenge on former slaveholders. e. They lacked education and that impeded their success. Answer: b 39) Most southern African Americans who held political power during Reconstruction __________. a. alienated whites by pushing for massive land restriction b. concentrated their efforts on educational and political reforms c. used the Freedmen's Bureau to oppress ex-Confederates d. pushed for educational integration e. were more corrupt than their white counterparts Answer: b 40) What was the general impression of Ulysses S. Grant by the public? a. He served as a dynamic and forceful president. b. He took strong actions to protect southern Republicans. c. He gained wide support among Democrats. d. He could not resolve the problems of the times. e. He was always considered above reproach. Answer: d 41) Why were some American women angered by the Fifteenth Amendment? a. It gave voting rights only to white women, but not to African American women. b. White women did not want African Americans to have the right to vote. c. It gave voting rights to black men, but not to any women. d. It did not make poll taxes or literacy tests illegal. e. It allowed African Americans to vote in the North and South, but white women could vote only in the North. Answer: c 42) What was the main reason for the Ku Klux Klan's success in the South after 1868? a. popular support from whites of all social classes for white supremacy b. its centralized political organization c. its support from the southern state Republican governments d. the persistent threat of a violent black uprising against the white planter class e. the Force Act, which protected terrorist groups like the Klan from being arrested Answer: a 43) What is significant about the result of the disputed election of 1876? a. It was the last Radical victory. b. It meant the end of Reconstruction. c. It marked the beginning of national Democratic ascendency. d. It demonstrated the political power of southern African Americans. e. It was resolved more quickly than anyone expected. Answer: b 44) What did Republican leaders agree to do in order to ensure the election of Rutherford Hayes? a. offer lucrative positions to members of the electoral commission b. end federal support for southern radical regimes c. support fraudulent elections with federal troops d. continue federal support for southern radical regimes e. let Democrats take over all southern governments Answer: b 45) In what way did white farmers also suffer from the new southern governments run by the Redeemers? a. They were often denied the right to vote and were intimidated at the polls. b. They were forced to pay high taxes on any imported goods from the North. c. They were not allowed to own property and could only work for rich planters. d. They could not borrow any federal money and were forced to give up their farms. e. They were forced into deeper debt due to the crop lien system that favored local merchants. Answer: e 46) How did the Redeemers restrict the voting rights of blacks in the late 1870s and early 1880s? a. Blacks were not allowed to vote at all and were kept away from the polls. b. Any blacks voting for Democrats had their votes discarded. c. If blacks tried to vote for Republicans, they were intimidated and threatened. d. Blacks could only vote if they paid a fee to the Republican candidates. e. Blacks risked losing their jobs if they tried to vote for any non-Republican candidates. Answer: c 47) What was the legacy of Reconstruction for most African Americans? a. the benefits of freedom b. poverty and discrimination c. land ownership d. skilled factory jobs e. successful entry into politics Answer: b 48) How might Reconstruction have been different if Lincoln had not been assassinated? a. African Americans might have gained political and economic rights sooner, since Lincoln was a strong supporter of equal rights for all Americans. b. Terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan would not have developed in the South. c. Women would also have gained the right to vote, since Lincoln would have encouraged this in the Fifteenth Amendment. d. Lincoln would have refused to allow any former Confederates to participate in Republican government. e. Since Lincoln had showed some flexibility with Congress before, it is possible that he could have worked with the Radical Republicans on a compromise plan. Answer: e 49) Why did Andrew Johnson particularly resist the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment? a. Johnson felt that these laws did not grant full equal rights to African Americans, and thus pushed for further legislation, which ultimately became the Fifteenth Amendment. b. Johnson strongly supported states' rights and felt that these laws did not allow states to manage their own affairs regarding the rights of their citizens. c. Johnson felt that by stating the rights of African Americans, southern state governments would be able to exploit legal loopholes. d. Johnson believed that his Republican supporters would never vote for him again if he supported equal rights for African Americans. e. Johnson knew that these laws would only encourage terrorist organizations to form in opposition to them. Answer: b 50) How did African Americans end up paying the heaviest price for the sectional reunion after Reconstruction? a. African Americans lost an enormous amount of wealth and property during Reconstruction and by the end were reduced to poverty. b. Congress made no efforts to address the rights of African Americans in their attempts to repair the damaged South during Reconstruction. c. Although African Americans saw signs of equal rights at the start of Reconstruction, once it ended many of these rights were not enforceable. d. Many laws were passed by Congress during Reconstruction that deliberately restricted the rights of newly freed slaves. e. African Americans who left the South for the North after the Civil War found that their rights there were slowly being restricted as Reconstruction progressed. Answer: c Essay Questions 51) Analyze the political struggle between the presidency and the Congress over how to reconstruct the Union. What was at stake in this contest? Answer: During the Reconstruction era following the Civil War, a significant political struggle ensued between the presidency, led by President Andrew Johnson, and Congress over how to reconstruct the Union. At stake in this contest were fundamental questions about the nature of the post-war South, the rights of former slaves, and the balance of power between the federal government and the states. President Johnson, a Southern Democrat who had been Lincoln's vice president and became president after Lincoln's assassination, favored a more lenient approach to Reconstruction. He believed in quick restoration of the Southern states to the Union with relatively few conditions. Johnson's plan, known as Presidential Reconstruction, allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union once they repealed their ordinances of secession, ratified the Thirteenth Amendment (which abolished slavery), and nullified Confederate war debts. In contrast, Congress, led by the Radical Republicans, favored a more stringent approach. They believed that the South should be reconstructed in a way that ensured the rights of freed slaves and prevented former Confederates from regaining power. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which granted citizenship and equal rights to all persons born in the United States, including former slaves, and overturned the Black Codes enacted by Southern states. The struggle between the presidency and Congress came to a head with the passage of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, which placed the Southern states under military rule and required them to draft new constitutions guaranteeing black male suffrage and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment (which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States). Johnson vetoed the Reconstruction Acts, but Congress overrode his veto, marking the first time in American history that Congress had overridden a presidential veto on a major piece of legislation. Ultimately, Congress's vision of Reconstruction prevailed. The Southern states were readmitted to the Union under the terms of the Reconstruction Acts, and the Fourteenth Amendment became part of the Constitution. However, the struggle between the presidency and Congress over Reconstruction left a lasting impact on American politics, shaping debates over federalism, civil rights, and the balance of power between the branches of government. 52) Why did the South have such a difficult time restoring its economy? How did sharecropping reduce many blacks and poor whites to permanent tenant-farmer status? Answer: 1. Southern Economy Challenges: Post-war South struggled due to physical destruction, labor loss, agricultural dependency, capital shortage, and debt. 2. Sharecropping System: Emerged as dominant, with landowners dividing land and sharecroppers receiving a share of the crop, but often trapped in debt and poverty. 3. Impact on Population: Sharecropping kept many blacks and poor whites in poverty and dependency due to limited options, debt cycles, exploitative practices, and lack of land ownership. 53) What groups comprised the southern Republican Party during Reconstruction? What motivated each to support the Republicans? Why did the southern Republican Party fail? Answer: 1. Groups in Southern Republican Party: Included African Americans, scalawags (non-slaveholding whites), carpetbaggers (Northerners), and Unionists. 2. Motivations: • African Americans: Supported for civil and voting rights. • Scalawags: Wanted to break planter class power and promote economic development. • Carpetbaggers: Believed in equality and justice. • Unionists: Supported the party for preserving the Union. 3. Failure Reasons: • Democratic Resistance: Democrats used violence and fraud to suppress Republican votes. • Economic Challenges: Republicans struggled to deliver economic development. • End of Reconstruction: Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction and federal oversight. • Racial Resentment: White Southerners grew hostile towards Republican Party due to its association with African American rights. 54) What was the role of the North in the failure of Reconstruction? Answer: The North played a significant role in the failure of Reconstruction in several ways: 1. Lack of Continued Support: While the North initially supported Reconstruction efforts to rebuild the South and protect the rights of freed slaves, this support waned over time. Many Northerners grew weary of the cost and effort required for Reconstruction and became more interested in other issues. 2. Compromise of 1877: The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South in exchange for the election of Rutherford B. Hayes as president. This compromise allowed Southern Democrats to regain political control and implement discriminatory policies against African Americans. 3. Rise of White Supremacy: The North's failure to fully enforce civil rights legislation and protect African Americans in the South allowed white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan to gain power and intimidate black voters and Republican politicians. 4. Economic Interests: Some Northern industrialists and businessmen were more concerned with economic opportunities in the South than with protecting the rights of African Americans. This led to compromises that favored Southern interests over those of African Americans. 5. Legal Decisions: Supreme Court decisions like the Slaughterhouse Cases and United States v. Cruikshank limited the federal government's ability to protect civil rights, making it harder to enforce Reconstruction policies. Overall, the North's waning support for Reconstruction, along with political compromises and legal decisions, contributed to the failure of Reconstruction and the eventual establishment of Jim Crow laws and segregation in the South. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113
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