This Document Contains Chapters 15 to 16 Chapter 15--Coral Reef Communities 1. Coral reefs are an example of biological organisms that can: A. alter the temperature. B. moderate global warming. C. form the physical structure of the community. D. regulate water run-off. E. form the physical structure of the community and regulate water run-off. Answer: C. form the physical structure of the community. 2. Cnidarians of the class _______________ are responsible for building coral reefs. A. Anthozoa B. Hydrozoa C. Cubozoa D. Scyphozoa E. Palyzoa Answer: A. Anthozoa 3. The optimum temperature for coral formation occurs where the average annual temperatures are between _______________ °C and _______________ °C. A. 18, 20 B. 20, 23 C. 23, 25 D. 25, 27 E. 30, 40 Answer: B. 20, 23 4. Coral reefs form in areas where seawater temperatures average no less than: A. 10° C. B. 18° C. C. 30° C. D. 40° C. E. 45° C. Answer: B. 18° C. 5. The west coast of Africa and South America in the tropics do not support corals. Which of the following would likely prevent coral growth in these areas? A. Cool northern flowing currents. B. Cool upwelling water. C. Depth of 25 meters. D. Both cool northern flowing currents and cool upwelling water. E. Both cool northern flowing currents and depths of 25 meters Answer: D. Both cool northern flowing currents and cool upwelling water. 6. The lack of corals near the mouths of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers is primarily due to: A. cool northern flowing currents. B. cool upwelling water. C. massive fresh water out-flow. D. clear water. E. both cool northern flowing currents and cool upwelling water. Answer: C. massive fresh water out-flow. 7. The Atlantic Ocean supports fewer atolls because these waters are: A. too warm. B. too stagnant. C. too clear. D. too cold. E. too nutrient-rich. Answer: D. too cold. 8. Zooxanthellae are symbiotic: A. diatoms. B. dinoflagellates. C. radiolarians. D. coccolithophores. E. forameniferans. Answer: B. dinoflagellates. 9. Coral reefs found very close to the shore of islands and continents are called: A. atolls. B. barrier reefs. C. table reefs. D. fringing reefs. E. barrier atolls. Answer: D. fringing reefs. 10. Circular coral reefs that arise out of deep water with a centrally located lagoon are called: A. atolls. B. barrier reefs. C. table reefs. D. fringing reefs. E. barrier atolls. Answer: A. atolls. 11. Coral reefs separated from land by a lagoon or deep water channel are called: A. atolls. B. barrier reefs. C. table reefs. D. fringing reefs. E. patch reefs. Answer: B. barrier reefs. 12. Reefs that are separated by a lagoon from the land mass they surround are called: A. atolls. B. fringing reefs. C. barrier reefs. D. patch reefs. E. table reefs. Answer: C. barrier reefs. 13. The spur-and-groove formation of coral reefs is used as a means of: A. obtaining more sunlight. B. dissipating the energy of the waves. C. ensuring good circulation. D. capturing more zooplankton. E. directing fish migrations. Answer: B. dissipating the energy of the waves. 14. The highest point on a reef is called the: A. reef crest. B. reef flat. C. reef front. D. back reef. E. leeward edge. Answer: A. reef crest. 15. The reef building corals are not found below 60 m (200 feet) due to: A. light requirements of the zooxanthellae. B. limited plankton as food. C. cold water. D. competition with non-reef building corals. E. predation by sea stars. Answer: A. light requirements of the zooxanthellae. 16. Hermatypic refers to: A. reef building corals. B. non-reef building corals. C. gorgonians. D. black corals. E. sea fans and soft corals. Answer: A. reef building corals. 17. Ahermatypic refers to: A. reef building corals. B. non-reef building corals. C. plate coral. D. brain coral. E. finger coral. Answer: B. non-reef building corals. 18. Each of the following is an ahermatypic coral except: A. gorgonians. B. black corals. C. plate corals. D. soft corals. E. None of these. Answer: C. plate corals. 19. Fire coral are a member of the class: A. Anthozoa. B. Hydrozoa. C. Scyphozoa. D. Cubozoa. E. None of these. Answer: B. Hydrozoa. 20. Broadcast spawning refers to: A. having multiple reproductive partners. B. releasing sperm into surrounding waters. C. releasing eggs into surrounding waters. D. internal fertilization. E. releasing sperm and eggs into surrounding waters. Answer: C. releasing eggs into surrounding waters. 21. An important asexual form of coral reproduction is called: A. broadcast spawning. B. brooding. C. synchronized spawning. D. fragmentation. E. None of these. Answer: D. fragmentation. 22. The planktonic larvae of coral polyps are called: A. trochophore. B. zoea. C. planula. D. megalopa. E. echinopluteus. Answer: C. planula. 23. The constructive phase of coral reef formation involves: A. consumption of soft corals by crown of thorns sea stars. B. settling of planula larvae. C. Halimeda growth. D. both consumption of soft corals by crown of thorns sea stars and Halimeda growth. E. All of these. Answer: B. settling of planula larvae. 24. The cycle of coral reef formation involves: A. bioerosion. B. budding to form corallites. C. solidification of rubble by encrusting coralline algae. D. bioerosion followed by solidification of rubble by encrusting coralline algae. E. budding to form corallites followed by solidification of rubble by encrusting coralline algae. Answer: D. bioerosion followed by solidification of rubble by encrusting coralline algae. 25. The importance of crustose calcareous algae on a coral reef is that they: A. provide food for corals. B. prevent settlement of larvae. C. cement bits of rubble in the process of reef formation. D. are a major source of food for reef dwellers. E. create habitat for juvenile fish. Answer: C. cement bits of rubble in the process of reef formation. 26. In the higher parts of reefs, where wave energy is greatest, _______________ corals tend to dominate. A. platelike B. brain C. soft D. branching E. encrusting Answer: D. branching 27. Zooxanthellae provide some of the nutritional requirements of coral in the form of: A. glucose. B. fats. C. amino acids. D. glucose and amino acids. E. fats and amino acids. Answer: D. glucose and amino acids. 28. Nitrogen supplies to atoll coral reefs are thought to come from all except: A. nitrogen fixing bacteria. B. planktonic cyanobacteria wind-driven to the reefs. C. re-cycling by fish fecal material. D. runoff from land. E. All of these. Answer: D. runoff from land. 29. A production/respiration ratio of one indicates: A. the reef is productive and exporting nutrients. B. little biomass is available for export. C. the reef may begin to decline. D. community respiration is too high. E. algae are overgrowing the coral. Answer: B. little biomass is available for export. 30. The high productivity of coral reefs is a direct result of: A. the large numbers of phytoplankton and algae living on reefs. B. the tight symbiotic relationship between coral polyps and zooxanthellae. C. the high concentration of nutrients in tropical waters. D. the upwelling of tropical waters. E. the small numbers of phytoplankton and algae living on reefs. Answer: B. the tight symbiotic relationship between coral polyps and zooxanthellae. 31. High production of coral reefs relative to the surrounding sea is attributed to: A. the coral’s ability to trap nutrients. B. the unique structure of the corals. C. the abundant phytoplankton surrounding the coral animals. D. the symbiotic relationship of coral animals and dinoflagellates. E. the symbiotic relationship of coral animals and phytoplankton. Answer: D. the symbiotic relationship of coral animals and dinoflagellates. 32. The Indo-Pacific coral reefs have about _______________ species of true corals to _______________ in the Atlantic. A. 100 to 35 B. 500 to 62 C. 350 to 25 D. 62 to 500 E. 1000 to 62 Answer: B. 500 to 62 33. Sessile and sedentary reef dwellers include: A. sponges and cnidarians. B. crustaceans. C. many molluscs. D. fish. E. cephalopods. Answer: A. sponges and cnidarians. 34. All of the following are filter feeding dwellers of coral reefs except: A. Christmas tree worms. B. sponges. C. giant clam. D. cone snails. E. tunicates. Answer: D. cone snails. 35. An active hunter on the coral reef is a(n): A. sponge. B. cnidarian. C. giant clam. D. octopus. E. crinoid. Answer: D. octopus. 36. The use of venom for paralyzing prey is common in: A. cowries. B. Triton's trumpet snail. C. cone snails. D. mantis shrimp. E. sea stars. Answer: C. cone snails. 37. Cowries mainly feed during: A. day time. B. night time. C. early morning. D. early evening. E. spring tides. Answer: B. night time. 38. An organism that can eviscerate its internal organs when stressed is the: A. sea star. B. sea cucumber. C. crinoid. D. sea urchin. E. brittle star. Answer: B. sea cucumber. 39. The mucus cocoon of parrotfish is used as a means of: A. masking the fish's scent. B. discouraging parasites from attaching. C. capturing plankton prey. D. maintaining osmotic balance. E. maintaining thermal constancy. Answer: A. masking the fish's scent. 40. Fish that mimic the morphology and behavior of cleaner wrasses are: A. groupers. B. pipefishes. C. stonefish. D. blennies. E. butterfly fish. Answer: D. blennies. 41. Clownfishes are involved in a symbiotic relationship with: A. corals. B. anemones. C. pearlfishes. D. sea cucumbers. E. sea fans. Answer: B. anemones. 42. Corals that compete by growing fast may also utilize: A. stinging filaments from their digestive cavity. B. sweeper tentacles. C. interference. D. their greater ability to tolerate shade. E. chemicals to paralyze competitors. Answer: B. sweeper tentacles. 43. Massive forms of coral dominate: A. in the upper areas of the reef. B. in all areas of the reef. C. in deeper areas of the reef. D. in areas of the reef which receive the most light. E. on the top of the reef crest. Answer: C. in deeper areas of the reef. 44. Fast-growing algae are prevented from out competing corals due to: A. low nutrients inhibiting their growth. B. grazing on algae by herbivores. C. depth negating the algae advantage. D. grazing on algae by herbivores and depth negating the algae advantage. E. low nutrients inhibiting their growth and depth negating the algae advantage. Answer: D. grazing on algae by herbivores and depth negating the algae advantage. 45. The ecological model that high reef fish diversity is due to niche diversity is called: A. competition model. B. predation disturbance model. C. lottery model. D. resource limitation model. E. bet hedging model. Answer: A. competition model. 46. The ecological model that random recruitment from the larval pool leads to high reef fish diversity is called: A. competition model. B. predation disturbance model. C. lottery model. D. resource limitation model. E. optimal foraging model. Answer: C. lottery model. 47. A problem with corals associated with warming of the oceans is called: A. white pox disease. B. coral bleaching. C. black band disease. D. yellow-blotch disease. E. green band disease. Answer: B. coral bleaching. 48. Hermatypic corals are the principal reef building corals. Answer: True 49. The water inside the ring of an atoll is isolated from the open ocean and is usually less saline. Answer: False 50. The largest barrier reef in the world is the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Answer: True 51. The reef flat of fringing reefs descends into a lagoon. Answer: False 52. Coral diversity is greatest in the Caribbean. Answer: False 53. Coral are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. Answer: True 54. Coral polyps supply their symbionts with their nitrogenous wastes. Answer: True 55. Most predation of coral polyps on plankton takes place at night. Answer: True 56. Coral mucus is used by reef dwellers as a food source. Answer: True 57. Most predators living around coral reefs are active during the day when they can see their prey. Answer: False 58. Coral reproduce sexually by spawning. Answer: True 59. Match the physical characteristic of a coral reef type with the most closely associated type. 1. Fringing shore-lagoon-reef 2. Barrier reef-lagoon-reef 3. Atoll shore-reef Answer: 60. Match the organism with the reef-building formation process it is most closely associated with. 1. Cements coral sand and rubble Halimeda 2. Forms a loose structure sponges and bryzoans 3. Calcium carbonate source coralline algae Answer: 61. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Buttress zone vertical wall 2. Reef crest finger-like projections 3. Dropoff highest point Answer: 62. Match the wave energy habitat with the most closely associated coral type. 1. Brain coral reef front 2. Lettuce and plate coral reef crest 3. Elkhorn coral calm areas 4. Staghorn coral deep areas Answer: 63. Match the symbiosis feature with its most closely associated species. 1. Clown fish cleaners 2. Hermit crab shelter 3. Wrasses protective covering 4. Pearlfish internal commensal Answer: 64. Match the use of a color pattern of coral fish with the most closely associated fish. 1. Parrotfishes warning coloration 2. Harlequin tusk wrasse defending territories 3. Lionfish indicates sex 4. Spanish grunt cryptic coloration 5. Stonefish color changes between day and night 4 Answer: 65. Match the protective behavior of coral fish with its most closely associated species. 1. Wrasses sudsy mucus 2. Pearly razorfish retreat into crevices for the night 3. Soapfish buries into sand Answer: 66. Match the disease characteristic of coral with its most closely associated disease. 1. Yellow-blotch migrating bacteria 2. Black band elkhorn corals 3. White pox primarily Montastraea Answer:2 67. What are the three categories of coral reefs and how do they develop? Answer: Coral reefs that extend from the edges of a coastline out to sea without a lagoon between the reef and the shore are called fringing reefs. Barrier reefs also surround coastlines but are farther off shore and they are separated from the shore by a lagoon. Atolls are circular reefs that exist in deep oceanic waters. Atolls enclose a lagoon and do not surround a land formation. These reefs probably originated on a volcano that either subsided or was submerged by rising sea levels. 68. Outline the three mechanisms by which corals obtain their nutrition. Answer: The corals have three known mechanisms to obtain nutrition: filter-feeding, glucose from symbiotic zooxanthella, and harvesting bacteria biomass. Not all the corals utilize all three methods but rely on the modes in various combinations. Filter-feeding supplies only about 5-10% of their nutritional needs; the balance is derived from their symbiotic relationships with the dinoflagellates and bacteria. The bacteria are able to utilize dissolved organic matter (DOM) obtained from the water and coral. The corals also can absorb DOM and suspended organic matter directly across the body surface. Finally, mesenteric filaments can be extruded from the mouth and used to absorb and digest food particles outside the body. 69. How do some corals reproduce asexually? Answer: Corals can reproduce asexually by fragmentation. A piece of the coral will break off and can grow on its own into a new coral head. 70. Describe the process of reef formation, including the destructive and constructive phases. Answer: The process of reef formation involves a destructive phase and a constructive phase. During the destructive phase boring organisms will drill into the base of a coral head where sunlight is weak. Because of the low sunlight, the coral cannot repair the damage and storms can now easily break the coral head off its base. Loose coral is pulverized by wave action and new corals grow on top of the rubble during the constructive phase. Red and green algae play a role in cementing the pieces of coral together with wet calcium carbonate. 71. Describe at least 3 physical factors that limit coral reef distribution. Answer: The reef building corals require a minimum average annual temperature above 18° C. Because of their symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae they must remain in well lighted surface waters, generally 25 meters or less. They cannot tolerate low salinities, and thus avoid areas near river mouths. Sediment clogs corals and reduces light, preventing their presence in turbid waters. Lowest tides define their upward growth as air and UV exposure can kill the corals. 72. Cores of coral reefs show a reef base that is well below the photic zone. How are two ways that is this possible, given the light limitations of reef-forming corals? Answer: The fact that cores of coral reefs are found well below the photic zone is strong evidence for the subsidence of oceanic crusts with time or for rising sea levels after the last glacial period. The base of these reefs were, at one point, within the photic region of the ocean. As sea levels rose, or as the crust beneath the reef sank, the platform of many reefs fell below the coral platform and the upper reaches of the reef continued to grow in order to keep up with increasing water depths. 73. Describe two symbiotic relationships between reef dwellers other than the zooxanthellae-coral polyp relationship. Answer: Cleaner wrasses are fishes that occupy certain areas on reefs where other fishes come to get cleaned. The wrasses remove dead flesh and parasites from the customers, and in return the wrasses get a free meal. Another relationship is that of the anemone fish and anemones of coral reefs. The anemone fish lives within the tentacles of the anemone host and helps rid the host of debris and might supply the anemone with waste products that fuel the photosynthesis of the zooxanthellae within the anemone. In return, the anemone fish is protected by the stinging cells of the anemone from predators. The anemone fish may also lay its eggs beneath the anemone for added protection. 74. Different areas of coral reefs contain different species of corals. Describe 2 environmental characteristics that can account for the distribution patterns of coral species on a reef. Answer: Coral species differ from one another in their light requirements and their ability to withstand rough waves. As a result, corals partition their habitat. Corals, such as the branching elkhorn corals, occupy the roughest parts of the reef at the reef front. In calmer areas, delicate coral species thrive and outcompete the elkhorn corals. Likewise, corals that can withstand low light levels tend to dominate in deeper waters where they outcompete other species. 75. What accounts for the higher coral species diversity in the Pacific and Indian Oceans compared to the Atlantic? Answer: Tropical areas of the Atlantic tend to have cooler waters and more turbid conditions due to runoff from land. As a result, only those corals that are adapted to withstand such conditions will survive in these waters. In addition, the Indo-Pacific region is much older geologically and covers a larger area. This means that species have had more time to evolve in these waters and there are many more niches in which the species can evolve, resulting in a much greater species diversity in the Indo-Pacific regions. 76. What role do zooxanthellae play in the reef-building process? Answer: Zooxanthellae living within coral polyps play an important role in supplying the polyp with needed energy resources in the form of glycerol. Presumably the polyp uses this energy in its metabolic processes, which result in the secretion of calcium carbonate corallite cups. Additionally, the secretion of solid calcium carbonate is aided by the lower concentrations of CO2 in the surrounding water as a result of the photosynthetic activity of the zooxanthellae. Reduced CO2 levels means a higher pH, which favors calcium carbonate deposition. 77. How do calcareous green and red algae contribute to the reef building process? Answer: Calcareous algae are important in cementing coral reefs and making them stronger structures able to withstand tropical storms. These algae typically grow as encrusting structures that connect isolated pieces of coral rubble. They also fill gaps between adjacent coral structures. In addition, coralline red algae are the dominant structural components of the reef crest, which receives the brunt of wave energy. As a result, these algae act to dissipate the energy of the wave before it washes over corals living below the reef crest. 78. Explain 2 functions of the bright coloration of some coral reef dwellers. Answer: First and foremost, bright coloration plays an important role in camouflaging coral reef organisms from their predators or their prey during daylight hours. Since the reef is a very colorful place, it makes sense that animals living in these areas would also be very colorful to blend in. In addition, bright coloration can also be a warning signal to potential predators of the dangerous or toxic nature of the color bearing animal. Rather than wait for predators to take a bite out of these animals to discover their toxicity, they "tell" their would be predators that they are dangerous beforehand. Chapter 16--Continental Shelves and Neritic Zone 1. The average width of the continental shelves is: A. 1 mile. B. 10 miles. C. 40 miles. D. 480 miles. E. 4800 miles. Answer: C. 40 miles. 2. Productivity in coastal waters is high due to: A. nutrients from land. B. sediments rich in nutrients. C. upwelling. D. nutrients from land and upwelling. E. All of these. Answer: E. All of these. 3. Food for the continental shelf benthic community primarily comes in the form of: A. migratory fish. B. living kelps. C. detritus. D. plankton. E. nutrients from terrestrial runoff. Answer: C. detritus. 4. The benthic areas of continental shelf regions are dependent upon _______________ for food. A. phytoplankton B. zooplankton C. sinking detritus D. attached algae E. epifauna Answer: C. sinking detritus 5. All the following utilize detritus for food except: A. filter-feeders. B. grazers. C. suspension-feeders. D. detritus-feeders. E. None of these. Answer: B. grazers. 6. Even though coastal areas comprise only 10% of the oceans’ area, they make up _______________% of the total oceans’ fisheries. A. 10 B. 20 C. 60 D. 90 E. 50 Answer: D. 90 7. The continental shelf is considered an environment that: A. is harsh. B. is always changing. C. is generally stable. D. has cyclical fluctuations. E. has low species diversity. Answer: C. is generally stable. 8. Filter feeders on coastal shelves tend to dominate in areas that have: A. moving currents and coarse sediments. B. no currents and fine sediments. C. silty areas. D. muddy areas. E. moving currents and coarse sediments and silty areas. Answer: A. moving currents and coarse sediments. 9. Coarse sediment bottoms primarily support: A. infauna. B. interstitial animals. C. epifauna. D. pelagic organisms. E. seaweeds. Answer: C. epifauna. 10. In soft-bottom communities suspension feeders dominate: A. where sediments are generally muddy. B. as infauna. C. where sediments are generally sandy. D. as meiofauna. E. None of these. Answer: C. where sediments are generally sandy. 11. Burrowing deposit feeders favor _______________ bottoms. A. muddy B. rocky C. sandy D. cobble E. pebble Answer: A. muddy 12. Fine sediment bottoms with silt support a variety of: A. filter feeders. B. suspension feeders. C. epifauna. D. infauna. E. nekton. Answer: D. infauna. 13. In soft-bottom communities deposit feeders dominate: A. where sediments are generally muddy. B. as epifauna on worm tubes. C. as meiofauna. D. where sediments are generally sandy. E. where oxygen levels are low. Answer: A. where sediments are generally muddy. 14. The interaction of suspension and deposit feeders in muddy areas: A. is an example of mutualism. B. is an example of interference when sediment particles from deposit feeders’ activity clogs suspension feeders’ ability to feed and exchanges gases. C. demonstrates that deposit feeders can outcompete suspension feeders. D. demonstrates that suspension feeders outcompete deposit feeders. E. is an example of a keystone predator. Answer: B. is an example of interference when sediment particles from deposit feeders’ activity clogs suspension feeders’ ability to feed and exchanges gases. 15. Communities on hard substrate are often found distributed: A. randomly. B. equally spaced out. C. equally spaced along a vertical gradient. D. in patches. E. equally spaced along a vertical gradient or in patches. Answer: D. in patches. 16. Patchiness of the soft-bottom benthos is a result of: A. uneven distribution of food. B. uneven distribution of sediments on the bottom. C. low concentrations of nutrients on the bottom. D. uneven distribution of predators. E. uneven distribution of sediments and low concentrations of nutrients on the bottom. Answer: B. uneven distribution of sediments on the bottom. 17. Changes in sediment distribution can be attributed to all except: A. currents. B. burrowing animals. C. feeding activity of predators. D. temperature – salinity shifts. E. None of these. Answer: D. temperature – salinity shifts. 18. The pattern of larval settlement depends on all except: A. light levels. B. currents. C. predation. D. type of bottom substrate. E. light levels and predation. Answer: A. light levels. 19. Larger baleen whales feed on: A. demersal fish. B. krill. C. suspension feeders. D. sea stars. E. other marine mammals. Answer: B. krill. 20. In the neritic zone, a 10-milliliter sample of surface water can contain _______________ of multicellular planktonic organisms. A. hundreds B. thousands C. millions D. billions E. trillions Answer: B. thousands 21. Microphytoplankton is: A. 2.0 to 20 microns. B. 20 - 200 microns. C. 0.2 - 20 mm. D. 20 - 200 cm. E. 20 - 200 mm. Answer: B. 20 - 200 microns. 22. Nanophytoplankton is: A. 2.0 to 20 microns. B. 20 - 200 microns. C. 0.2 - 20 mm. D. 20 - 200 cm. E. 20 - 200 mm. Answer: A. 2.0 to 20 microns. 23. Coccolithophores are abundant in: A. cold marine waters. B. tropical waters. C. subtropical areas. D. open ocean. E. river mouths and estuaries. Answer: A. cold marine waters. 24. Which of these is an often abundant plankton organism in the North Sea? A. Radiolarians. B. Shrimp. C. Coccolithophores. D. Dinoflagellates. E. Ocean sunfish (Mola mola). Answer: C. Coccolithophores. 25. Diatoms tend to be grazed in temperate coastal waters by: A. amphipods. B. dinoflagellates. C. copepods. D. lobsters. E. Radiolarians. Answer: C. copepods. 26. In warm and temperate waters, common phytoplankton are the: A. diatoms. B. radiolarians. C. coccolithophores. D. dinoflagellates. E. salps. Answer: D. dinoflagellates. 27. During high productive periods copepod abundance can be as high as: A. 100 individuals per cubic meter. B. 1,000 individuals per cubic meter. C. 10,000 individuals per cubic meter. D. 100,000 individuals per cubic meter. E. 1,000,000 individuals per cubic meter. Answer: D. 100,000 individuals per cubic meter. 28. The number of trophic levels between primary producers and large consumers in coastal waters is usually: A. one. B. two. C. three. D. four. E. more than four. Answer: C. three. 29. The high productivity and short food chains of _______________ areas support the greatest biomass of any planktonic system. A. stable water column B. turbid C. upwelling D. downwelling E. coral reef Answer: C. upwelling 30. About 50% of the world's commercial fish supply comes from areas of: A. deep submarine canyons. B. atolls. C. benthic outer-edge of the continental shelf. D. upwelling. E. mid-ocean ridges. Answer: D. upwelling. 31. Many benthic organisms are dependent upon the neritic area to: A. complete their life history cycle with juveniles as part of the plankton. B. provide plankton for food. C. protect them from desiccation and UV radiation. D. complete their life history cycle with juveniles as part of the plankton and provide plankton for food. E. complete their life history cycle with juveniles as part of the plankton and protect them from desiccation and UV radiation Answer: D. complete their life history cycle with juveniles as part of the plankton and provide plankton for food. 32. Kelps cannot live in water warmer than __________°C. A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 E. 50 Answer: B. 20 33. Laminaria is the genus of kelp that dominates in: A. the Pacific coast. B. the South Atlantic. C. the Tropical Pacific. D. the North Atlantic. E. the Indian Ocean. Answer: D. the North Atlantic. 34. Macrocystis is the genus of kelp that dominates in: A. the Indian Ocean. B. the North Atlantic. C. the Tropical Pacific. D. the Mediterranean. E. the Pacific Ocean. Answer: E. the Pacific Ocean. 35. Macrocystis can grow up to _______________ centimeters per day. A. 10 B. 15 C. 35 D. 50 E. 100 Answer: D. 50 36. Macrocystis kelp communities have numerous _______________ organisms while Laminaria kelp communities have _______________ organisms. A. swimming, crawling B. crawling, swimming C. benthic, pelagic D. pelagic, benthic E. benthic, crawling Answer: A. swimming, crawling 37. An important grazer of kelp plants is the: A. octopus. B. kelp bass. C. sea urchin. D. sea otter. E. sea anemone. Answer: C. sea urchin. 38. Kelps require _______________ substrates in order to grow. A. rocky B. muddy C. silty D. sandy E. porous Answer: A. rocky 39. Kelp beds are considered important because they support large: A. fish. B. sea urchins. C. diverse communities. D. sea otters. E. sharks. Answer: C. diverse communities. 40. Cellulose that many plants have is digested by few organisms including a kelp bed species of: A. abalone. B. mussel. C. cowrie. D. lobster. E. sea anemone. Answer: B. mussel. 41. A gribble: A. is the substrate required for kelp to grow on. B. is a snail that crawls along kelp stipes. C. is a group of lobsters. D. is a crustacean that burrows into kelp holdfasts. E. is an echinoderm that consumes kelp. Answer: D. is a crustacean that burrows into kelp holdfasts. 42. Gribbles play an important role in kelp communities: A. by weakening holdfasts enabling kelps to be replaced. B. by strengthening holdfasts enabling kelps to remain attached. C. by randomly disturbing the environment. D. by providing substrate for kelp undercover species. E. by acting as keystone predators. Answer: A. by weakening holdfasts enabling kelps to be replaced. 43. On the west coast of North America, sea urchins were historically kept in check by: A. lobsters. B. surf perches. C. sea otters. D. crabs. E. SCUBA divers. Answer: C. sea otters. 44. Kelps of the genus Macrocystis are perennials. Answer: True 45. Coastal waters are highly productive areas. Answer: True 46. Filter feeders are common in kelp forests. Answer: True 47. One square meter of open ocean areas supports more phytoplankton growth than a comparable coastal water area. Answer: False 48. The type of sediment limits the kinds of organisms that can live in a particular area. Answer: True 49. Diatoms dominate coastal waters of tropical and subtropical areas. Answer: False 50. Dinoflagellates tend to dominate in warmer waters. Answer: True 51. Kelps are a major source of detritus to kelp forest dwellers. Answer: True 52. The delicate nature of kelp beds is a result of the slow growth rates of kelps. Answer: False 53. Sea urchin populations are not affected by the decimation of kelp forests because these animals are generalists and can switch their diets. Answer: True 54. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Interstitial burrow in the sediments 2. Infauna live in spaces between sediment particles 3. Epifauna live on the surface sediments Answer: 55. Match a common ocean location with its most closely associated species. 1. The giant kelp Macrocystis Pacific and southern Atlantic 2. The brown alga Laminaria North Atlantic temperate 3. The abalone Haliotis Pacific coast Answer: 56. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Fronds attached to rocks 2. Holdfast slender stalk 3. Stipe leaf-like blades Answer: 57. Match the words with the most closely associated organism. 1. Whelks damage kelp by burrowing into holdfast 2. Gribbles builds fecal mounds 3. Sea cucumber feed on other molluscs Answer: 58. Match the trophic role with a closely associated kelp community species. 1. Primary consumer kelp 2. Primary producer gribble 3. Secondary consumer rockfish Answer: 59. Match the energy source with its most closely associated consumer. 1. Suspension feeder eats detritus and plankton 2. Sea urchin Strongylocentrotus eats detritus and bacteria 3. Deposit feeder scavenger and predator 4. Sunflower star herbivore Answer: 60. Match the substrate type with the most closely associated organisms. 1. Burrowing hard bottom 2. Suspension sandy bottom 3. Epibenthic muddy bottom Answer: 61. Briefly describe the ecological importance of coastal seas. Answer: The coastal seas provide food for animals; for benthic and sessile animals the seas provide dispersal and rearing habitat for juvenile life histories. The presence of juveniles in the plankton provides a source of organisms to re-colonize disturbed habitat. 62. What is the main source of nutrition for animals that live on the continental shelf? Answer: Since primary producers do not exist in the deeper areas of the continental shelves, the animals that live in these areas depend on the rain of sinking food particles from above for their nutrition. 63. How do kelp beds in the northeastern U.S. differ from those of the northwestern U.S.? What is the dominant non-human predator in each habitat? Answer: In the northeastern U.S. kelp beds are dominated by thick, closely-spaced Laminaria kelps. These kelp beds give rise to very close packing that selects animals that do not swim but, rather, crawl around the kelp bed. The dominant predators in these beds are lobsters. On the west coast, kelp beds are dominated by Macrocystis kelp, which does not grow as densely with the result that the animals here can swim freely amongst the kelp. The dominant predator in northwestern U.S. kelp forests is the sea otter. 64. Describe 3 adaptations of benthic fishes for living on the continental shelf. Answer: Fishes that live on or near the bottom (demersal) have a number of useful adaptations for this environment. They are usually flat (flatfishes, rays, and skates); they have jaws that are adapted for feeding on benthic shelled invertebrates; they have specialized sense organs; some employ specialized feeding structures such as lures; and some have a camouflaged dorsal surface. 65. In any ecosystem, short food chains are more efficient than longer ones. Why is this so? Answer: The shorter the food chain the less energy is wasted with every transfer from one trophic level to the next. These short chains are more efficient. 66. Compared to oceanic waters, coastal waters are much more productive areas. Describe at least 3 factors that contribute to the high productivity of these waters. Answer: Coastal waters have the advantage of lying next to terrestrial areas. Runoff from land carries with it high concentrations of nutrients that support the growth of dense populations of phytoplankton. Coastal upwelling is another source of nutrients in these waters. In addition, the shallow nature of these waters means that phytoplankton will never be light limited as a result of vertical mixing. Finally, the abundance of relatively large phytoplankton means that animals feeding on these will also be large with the ultimate result being a reduction in the number of trophic levels in these waters. This means that less energy is wasted from the transfer of matter between trophic levels. 67. Briefly describe the ecology and trophic abundance of the Southern Ocean. Answer: The melting of polar ice combined with long days supports an abundant diatom population. The diatoms are in turn grazed on by krill. Krill, a shrimp like organism, is a major food source of birds, whales, fish, and squid. The squid are also a major food item for birds, whales, and fish. Humans have recently begun to harvest krill, which raises a concern that other species may be impacted. 68. Describe how population size of lobsters affects the extent of kelp forests on the North Atlantic coast of North America. Answer: Lobsters off the coast of Nova Scotia are the dominant predators of sea urchins in kelp forests. When the population size of lobsters declines as a result of overfishing, the population size of sea urchins explodes with devastating effects on kelp forests. The unchecked urchins graze down the young kelp plants before they grow to any meaningful size and the urchins will also eat away at the holdfasts of kelp plants. This will weaken these algae in the face of winter storms and leads to a reduction in the size of kelp forests. Test Bank for Introduction to Marine Biology George Karleskint, Richard Turner, James Small 9780495561972, 9780534420727
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