Chapter 14 – Making Foreign and Defense Policy Reading Comprehension Quiz Multiple Choice Questions 1. ___________ is a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. A. Idealism B. Isolationism C. Realism D. Internationalism E. Multilateralism Answer: A 2. Realism is A. the belief that nations engage in international problem solving. B. a theory of international relations that focuses on the tendency of nations to operate from self- interest. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing threats from other nations. E. the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. Answer: B 3. Multilateralism is A. the desire to avoid international engagement altogether. B. the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing threats from other nations. E. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. Answer: E 4. ___________ is a theory based on creating enough military strength to persuade other nations not to attack first. A. Preemption B. Hard power C. Soft power D. Theory of deterrence E. Realism Answer: D 5. What type of trade relations exist between the United States and China? A. Free trade B. Export only C. Import only D. Normal trade E. Fair trade Answer: D 6. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) deals with the issue of A. trade to aggressive nations. B. AIDS in Africa. C. greenhouse gas emissions. D. Bosnian genocide. E. economic growth in poorer countries. Answer: C 7. ___________ honored its part of the “Road Map to Peace” agreement starting in 2005 by dismantling all settlements, thereby turning over complete control of these territories to the ____________ Authority. A. Iran; Iraqi B. Iran; Pakistani C. Israel; Palestinian D. Iraq; Kuwaiti E. Iraq; Pakistani Answer: C 8. Even though chemical weapons were outlawed after World War I, how many countries have said that they have developed chemical weapons? A. 4 B. 5 C. 10 D. 7 E. 9 Answer: E 9. __________________ is responsible for the diplomatic realm of foreign and defense policy. A. The State Department B. The Central Intelligence Agency C. The National Security Council D. The Defense Department’s Defense Intelligence Agency E. The Department of Defense Answer: A 10. The Defense Department’s Defense Intelligence Agency A. is responsible for the diplomatic realm of foreign and defense policy. B. gathers and analyzes information that flows into various parts of the U.S. government from all over the world. C. combines the intelligence operations of the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. D. serves directly under the president and is intended to help integrate foreign, military, and economic policies that could compromise the safety of the borders of the United States. E. has existed for more than half a century; its leaders are still working to ensure both strategic vision and practical coordination among the military services. Answer: C 11. The Central Intelligence Agency A. is responsible for the diplomatic realm of foreign and defense policy. B. gathers and analyzes information that flows into various parts of the U.S. government from all over the world. C. combines the intelligence operations of the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. D. serves directly under the president and is intended to help integrate foreign, military, and economic policies that could compromise the safety of the borders of the United States. E. has existed for more than half a century; its leaders are still working to ensure both strategic vision and practical coordination among the military services. Answer: B 12. Founded in 1947, the _____________ is the president’s most important source of advice on foreign policy within the White House. A. Department of Homeland Security B. Central Intelligence Agency C. secretary of state D. National Security Council E. AARP Answer: D 13. Which of the following is NOT a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council? A. United States B. Japan C. France D. Russia E. China Answer: B 14. Which war caused the most U.S. fatalities? A. World War II B. Civil War C. Vietnam War D. World War I E. Iraq War Answer: A 15. Economic sanctions are an example of A. soft power. B. hard power. C. defensive power. D. offensive power. E. isolationism. Answer: B True/False Questions 1. Realism is the belief that nations can work together to solve common problems. Answer: False 2. Multilateralism encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. Answer: True 3. The Bush Doctrine is a policy adopted in 2001 that asserts America’s right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests. Answer: True 4. “The Road Map to Peace” required Palestine to dismantle settlements and turn complete control over to Israel in these territories. Answer: False 5. The trade policy that exists between the U.S. and Canada is a type of normal trade policy. Answer: False 6. In April 2006, Iran announced that it would end its nuclear power program. Answer: False 7. The secretary of state administers the State Department. Answer: True 8. The Foreign Service is a group of highly trained army officers. Answer: False 9. Japan is NOT a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. Answer: True 10. The Vietnam War resulted in the most number of American soldiers being killed of any war in U.S. history. Answer: False Chapter Examination Multiple Choice Questions 1. ___________ is a theory of international relations that focuses on the tendency of nations to operate from self-interest. A. Idealism B. Isolationism C. Realism D. Internationalism E. Multilateralism Answer: C 2. Idealism is A. the belief that nations engage in international problem solving. B. a theory of international relations that focuses on the tendency of nations to operate from self- interest. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing threats from other nations. E. the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. Answer: C 3. Unilateralism is A. the desire to avoid international engagement altogether. B. the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing threats from other nations. E. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. Answer: D 4. Internationalism is A. the desire to avoid international engagement altogether. B. the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing threats from other nations. E. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. Answer: B 5. Isolationism is A. the desire to avoid international engagement altogether. B. the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing threats from other nations. E. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. Answer: A 6. ___________ is a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. A. Unilateralism B. Isolationism C. Realism D. Internationalism E. Multilateralism Answer: E 7. ___________ is the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. A. Unilateralism B. Isolationism C. Realism D. Internationalism E. Multilateralism Answer: D 8. ___________ is the desire to avoid international engagement altogether. A. Unilateralism B. Isolationism C. Realism D. Internationalism E. Multilateralism Answer: B 9. The Bush Doctrine would mostly be supported by a person with what type of policy view? A. Unilateralism B. Isolationism C. Realism D. Internationalism E. Multilateralism Answer: A 10. People who disagree with the Bush Doctrine might subscribe to this type of policy view. A. Unilateralism B. Isolationism C. Realism D. Internationalism E. Multilateralism Answer: E 11. Which philosophy encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing threats from other nations? A. Unilateralism B. Isolationism C. Internationalism D. Multilateralism E. Diplomacy Answer: A 12. Which policy asserts America’s right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that may be used against U.S interests? A. Powell Act B. Rumsfeld Doctrine C. Truman Doctrine D. Bush Doctrine E. Eisenhower Doctrine Answer: D 13. What is the assumption that the U.S. can attack first when it believes another nation constitutes a very serious threat? A. Preemption B. Defensive power C. Hard power D. Deterrence E. Multilateralism Answer: A 14. Using diplomacy to influence other nations is an example of A. preemption. B. theory of deterrence. C. soft power. D. hard power. E. isolationaism. Answer: C 15. Planners for the war in Iraq assumed that U.S. troops would A. be resented by a large segment of the Iraqi population. B. have to be increased in number after the initial victory. C. find weapons of mass destruction. D. be forced to serve numerous tours of duty. E. None of the above Answer: C 16. Soft power is A. a reliance on economic and military strength to solve international problems. B. the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a policy of taking action before the United State is attacked rather than waiting for provocation. E. a reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems. Answer: E 17. Which of the following is NOT considered a type of WMD? A. Chemical weapons B. Biological weapons C. Conventional weapons D. Nuclear weapons E. All of the above are considered WMDs. Answer: C 18. ___________ is a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. A. Preemption B. Hard power C. Soft power D. Multilateralism E. Realism Answer: D 19. Preemption is A. the desire to avoid international engagement altogether. B. the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a policy of taking action before the United States is attacked rather than waiting for provocation. E. a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. Answer: D 20. Hard power is A. a reliance on economic and military strength to solve international problems. B. the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a policy of taking action before the United State is attacked rather than waiting for provocation. E. a reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems. Answer: A 21. ___________ is a reliance on economic and military strength to solve international problems A. Preemption B. Hard power C. Soft power D. Deterrence E. Realism Answer: B 22. The theory of deterrence is A. a reliance on economic and military strength to solve international problems. B. a theory that is based on creating enough military strength to persuade other nations not to attack first. C. a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. D. a policy of taking action before the United States is attacked rather than waiting for provocation. E. a reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems. Answer: B 23. The war in ___________ was a major action against a nation that clearly harbored terrorism. A. Palestine B. Afghanistan C. Iraq D. Iran E. Darfur Answer: B 24. What is the name of the terrorist organization headed by Osama bin Laden? A. Red Brigade B. Republican Guard C. Red Crescent D. Al-Qaeda E. Al-Saddam Answer: D 25. According to your book, which two nations continue to have conflicts along each other’s borders despite the push for peace? A. Iran and Iraq B. Iran and Pakistan C. Israel and Palestine D. Iraq and Kuwait E. Iraq and Pakistan Answer: C 26. The United States supports and has a free trade policy, but the U.S. does NOT have A. a commitment to globalization. B. an extensive free export policy on all goods. C. a policy for free movement of goods across national borders. D. a policy on unrestricted export of goods that could make nuclear weapons. E. None of the above Answer: D 27. The year that the U.S., Israel, and Arab nations embraced “The Road Map to Peace” was A. 1998. B. 2002. C. 1996. D. 1992. E. 2004. Answer: B 28. The attention the United States placed on Iraq during the Bush administration distracted from the war in A. Israel. B. Afghanistan. C. Iran. D. Korea. E. Vietnam. Answer: B 29. Which of the following objectives was NOT articulated in support of the decision to invade Iraq in the spring of 2003? A. The promotion of democracy B. The defeat of terrorism C. The end of U.S. dependence on foreign oil D. The control of weapons of mass destruction E. All of the above were articulated in support of the invasion. Answer: C 30. Which item is currently on the foreign and defense policy agenda of the United States? A. Controlling weapons of mass destruction B. Fighting terrorism C. Reducing global warming D. Promoting free trade abroad E. All of the above Answer: E 31. The effort to control weapons of mass destruction started with nuclear disarmament talks between the United States and ___________. A. Iraq B. Iran C. North Korea D. Japan E. the Soviet Union Answer: E 32. Volunteers of which organization are expected to serve in another nation for two years on community development projects? A. Volunteers for Peace B. Americorps C. Peace Corps D. United Nations E. None of the above Answer: C 33. Which of the following cities was NOT the target of terrorist bomb attacks between 2001 and 2005? A. London B. Madrid C. Moscow D. Berlin E. All of the above were targets. Answer: D 34. The United States has normal trade relations with which of the following countries? A. Japan B. Cuba C. China D. Iraq E. Israel Answer: C 35. What international treaty was signed in 1997 by 55 nations promising to lower their greenhouse emissions? A. Project Green B. Kyoto Protocol C. Emission Treaty D. Global Warming Initiative E. None of the above Answer: B 36. The following are true of the Peace Corps EXCEPT that A. participants serve in another nation for two years. B. participants teach math and science. C. participants partake in community development projects. D. it require a college degree or specific international experience. E. 10 percent of the volunteers are 50 and over. Answer: D 37. Who gives consent to treaty ratification in the United States? A. The president, by executive order B. The House and the Senate jointly, by majority vote C. The House, by two-thirds vote D. The Senate, by two-thirds vote E. Congress, by two-thirds vote Answer: D 38. The secretary of state does all of the following EXCEPT A. administer the State Department. B. work closely with the CIA on issues related to information about countries that could negatively affect the U.S. C. receive visits from foreign diplomats. D. attend international conferences. E. serve as the administration’s chief coordinator of all governmental actions that affect our relations with other nations. Answer: B 39. The National Security Council A. is responsible for the diplomatic realm of foreign and defense policy. B. gathers and analyzes information that flows into various parts of the U.S. government from all over the world. C. combines the intelligence operations of the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. D. serves directly under the president and is intended to help integrate foreign, military, and economic policies that could compromise the safety of the borders of the United States. E. has existed for more than half a century, and its leaders are still working to ensure both strategic vision and practical coordination among the military services. Answer: D 40. The State Department A. is responsible for the diplomatic realm of foreign and defense policy. B. gathers and analyzes information that flows into various parts of the U.S. government from all over the world. C. combines the intelligence operations of the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. D. serves directly under the president and is intended to help integrate foreign, military, and economic policies that could compromise the safety of the borders of the United States. E. has existed for more than half a century, and its leaders are still working to ensure both strategic vision and practical coordination among the military services. Answer: A 41. Which of the following is NOT a member of the intelligence community? A. Energy Department of Intelligence B. Homeland Security’s Department’s Directorate of Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection C. Federal Bureau of Investigation D. National Reconnaissance Office E. All of the above Answer: E 42. __________________ combines the intelligence operations of the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. A. The State Department B. The Central Intelligence Agency C. The National Security Council D. The Defense Department’s Defense Intelligence Agency E. The Department of Defense Answer: D 43. State Department policy priorities include all BUT which of the following? A. Promoting protective tariffs B. Protecting American citizens abroad C. Negotiating treaties D. Promoting U.S. commercial interests E. Granting visas to foreign visitors Answer: A 44. The __________________ gathers and analyzes information that flows into various parts of the U.S. government from all over the world. A. State Department B. Central Intelligence Agency C. National Security Council D. Defense Department’s Defense Intelligence Agency E. Department of Defense Answer: B 45. What committee serves as the principal military adviser to the president? A. The State Department B. The Central Intelligence Agency C. The Joint Chiefs of Staff D. The Defense Department’s Defense Intelligence Agency E. The Department of Defense Answer: C 46. Which United Sates president warned that we must be wary of the military-industrial complex that supports increased defense spending as a way to protect jobs? A. Bill Clinton B. Dwight D. Eisenhower C. Lyndon B. Johnson D. John F. Kennedy E. Richard Nixon Answer: B 47. The Reorganization Act of 1986 gave power to A. Congress. B. the secretary of defense. C. the National Security Council. D. the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. E. the secretary of state. Answer: D 48. The Joint Chiefs of Staff is composed of A. representatives of the four armed services. B. a joint United States Senate and House committee. C. quasi-military organizations. D. the president’s special aides. E. None of the above Answer: A 49. The __________________ serves directly under the president and is intended to help integrate foreign, military, and economic policies that affect national security. A. State Department B. Central Intelligence Agency C. National Security Council D. Defense Department’s Defense Intelligence Agency E. Department of Defense Answer: C 50. The 9/11 Commission is A. unilateral. B. bipartisan. C. nonpartisan. D. conservative. E. liberal. Answer: B 51. Shortly before ____________________ ended, Congress replaced the draft with an all- volunteer force. A. the Vietnam War B. World War II C. the Korean War D. the Persian Gulf War E. World War I Answer: A 52. Most responsibility for the formation of foreign policy is held by the A. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. B. House Committee on Foreign Affairs. C. Commerce Department. D. judicial branch. E. executive branch. Answer: E 53. Conventional diplomacy, a ______________, can become ____________ when the United States breaks diplomatic relations with another nation. A. hard power; soft power B. nonviolent action; violent C. defensive power; offensive power D. soft power; hard power E. None of the above Answer: D 54. All of the following are permanent members of the U.N. Security Council EXCEPT which of the following? A. United States B. Germany C. France D. Russia E. China Answer: B 55. Foreign aid is an example of A. soft power. B. hard power. C. defensive power. D. offensive power. E. Both B and C are correct. Answer: A 56. Which is true about economic sanctions? A. They are always effective. B. Their record is mixed. C. They never work. D. They affect only leaders. E. None of the above Answer: B 57. What is a goal of public diplomacy? A. To cast the enemy in a less favorable light among its supporters B. To mold the image of a conflict C. To clarify the ultimate goals of U.S. foreign policy D. All of the above E. None of the above Answer: D 58. Military power is an example of A. soft power. B. hard power. C. defensive power. D. offensive power. E. Both C and D are correct. Answer: B 59. Which of the following is NOT true about foreign aid? A. It goes to countries the United States deems to be of strategic importance to national security. B. Most foreign aid is actually spent in the United States, paying for purchase of goods then sent abroad. C. Foreign aid is considered a soft power. D. The United States spends more money on foreign aid than it does on Medicare. E. The U.S. is one of the lowest foreign aid contributors among developed nations as a percentage of gross national income Answer: D 60. Which war had the fewest casualties? A. Afghanistan War B. Persian Gulf War C. Spanish-American War D. War of 1812 E. Iraq War Answer: B 61. Which of the following is a specialized agency of the United Nations? A. World Health Organization B. World Trade Organization C. World Bank D. All of the above E. None of the above Answer: A 62. The imposition of economic sanctions is A. generally effective in all cases. B. seldom employed. C. not usually popular among farmers and corporations. D. generally described as an ideal alternative to war. E. generally not effective in any cases. Answer: C True/False Questions 1. Realism is a theory of international relations that focuses on the tendency of nations to operate from self-interest. Answer: True 2. Unilateralism is a theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace. Answer: False 3. Idealism is a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. Answer: False 4. Internationalism is the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. Answer: True 5. The Bush Doctrine is a unilateral policy. Answer: True 6. People who disagree with the Bush Doctrine may be proponents of multilateralism. Answer: True 7. Preemption is a unilateral philosophy that emphasizes individual nations acting together to solve international problems. Answer: False 8. Soft power is a reliance on diplomacy and negotiations to solve international conflict. Answer: True 9. The United States War in Iraq is an example of hard power. Answer: True 10. The theory of deterrence involves the creation of excessive amounts of chemical weapons to deter other nations from invading. Answer: False 11. The war in Iraq is an example of preemption. Answer: True 12. We often associate soft power with the theory of deterrence. Answer: False 13. Under the Bush Doctrine, any country that threatens the United States is a potential target for multilateral action. Answer: True 14. Isolationism is the desire to avoid international engagement altogether. Answer: True 15. Isolationism has never played an important role in American foreign policy. Answer: False 16. Multilateralism is a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing external threats. Answer: False 17. According to President Bush’s policy of preemption, the United States has the right to strike first in self-defense before an emerging threat fully develops. Answer: True 18. Internationalism is the belief that nations must engage in international problem solving. Answer: True 19. Unilateralism is a philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems. Answer: False 20. The United States has used trade as a tool to promote human rights. Answer: True 21. The use of chemical weapons was outlawed after World War I. Answer: True 22. The war in Iraq was the first major action against a nation that clearly harbored terrorists. Answer: False 23. Al-Qaeda is the name of the terrorist organization that is lead by Osama bin Laden. Answer: True 24. Israel and Pakistan continue to have conflict along their borders despite “The Road Map to Peace.” Answer: True 25. The United States has a free trade policy with China. Answer: False 26. The Kyoto Protocol has NOT been successful in Europe. Answer: False 27. The United States involvement in Iraq has weakened the effort of the war in Afghanistan. Answer: True 28. The Peace Corps often teaches math and science in other nations. Answer: True 29. The State Department is the formal channel of communication between the United States and foreign governments. Answer: True 30. The Department of Defense is responsible for all of the foreign policy formulations in America. Answer: False 31. The Senate gives treaty ratification consent with a two-thirds vote. Answer: True 32. The secretary of state has little to do with international conferences. Answer: False 33. Dwight D. Eisenhower warned that we must be wary of the military-industrial complex that supports increased defense spending as a way to protect jobs. Answer: True 34. Shortly before the Korean War ended, Congress replaced the draft with an all-volunteer force. Answer: False 35. The decision to halt export, import, or financial relations with a country is known as the imposition of economic sanctions. Answer: True 36. Economic sanctions are almost always effective. Answer: False 37. Military power is an example of soft power. Answer: False 38. Germany is a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. Answer: False 39. Most U.S. foreign aid is actually spent in the United States. Answer: True 40. The Persian Gulf War resulted in the least number of American soldiers being killed of any war in U.S. history. Answer: True Short Answer Questions 1. What is idealism? Answer: Idealism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the importance of ideals, values, and the mind in shaping reality, often prioritizing moral and ethical principles over practical considerations. It suggests that reality is mentally constructed or otherwise immaterial. 2. Evaluate the Bush Doctrine and state whether or not you think it is a legitimate policy. Answer: The Bush Doctrine advocates preemptive strikes to counter threats before they materialize, emphasizing unilateral action and democracy promotion. Its legitimacy is debated; supporters argue it addresses emerging threats effectively, while critics view it as risky and potentially destabilizing. 3. What is hard power? Provide examples. Answer: Hard power refers to using military and economic force to influence other countries. Examples include military interventions, economic sanctions, and trade embargoes. 4. What is unilateralism? Provide examples of unilateral action. Answer: Unilateralism involves a country acting alone in its foreign policy without consulting other nations. Examples include the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the withdrawal from the Paris Climate Accord. 5. What is realism? Answer: Realism is a theory in international relations focusing on the pursuit of national interests and power, often prioritizing state security and power over moral or ideological considerations. 6. What is the theory of deterrence? What are some historical examples of this? Answer: The theory of deterrence aims to prevent aggression by threatening significant retaliation. Historical examples include the Cold War nuclear deterrence between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and the deterrent effects of nuclear weapons. 7. What type of trade policy exists between the United States and China, and why is it that this type of trade exists? Answer: The trade policy between the U.S. and China includes both engagement and protectionism. This mix exists due to economic interdependence and competition, leading to tariffs and trade negotiations. 8. What were the three goals the Bush Administration had as it considered an invasion of Iraq? Answer: The three goals of the Bush Administration in considering an invasion of Iraq were to eliminate weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), remove Saddam Hussein from power, and promote democracy in the Middle East. 9. What is the Kyoto Protocol and has it been successful? Have all parties involved complied? Answer: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Its success has been mixed; not all countries have complied, and major emitters like the U.S. withdrew or did not ratify it. 10. Explain how the Reorganization Act of 1986 changed the dynamics of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Answer: The Reorganization Act of 1986 streamlined the Joint Chiefs of Staff structure, making the Chairman the principal military advisor and improving coordination among the armed services. 11. How much was spent on Defense in 2008? What did Dwight D. Eisenhower say about defense spending? Answer: Defense spending in 2008 was approximately $696 billion. Dwight D. Eisenhower warned about the risks of excessive defense spending leading to a "military-industrial complex" that could influence policy unduly. 12. Why was the all-volunteer force created? Answer: The all-volunteer force was created to replace conscription, aiming to build a more professional and committed military force, reducing resistance to compulsory service. 13. What are two of the misconceptions associated with foreign aid? Answer: Misconceptions about foreign aid include that it primarily benefits governments rather than the needy and that it promotes dependency rather than development. 14. Why was the Office of Global Communication created? Answer: The Office of Global Communication was created to improve the U.S. government’s image abroad and manage international public relations. 15. What are economic sanctions? Provide examples. Answer: Economic sanctions are penalties imposed on countries to influence their behavior. Examples include trade embargoes and asset freezes against North Korea and Iran. 16. Public diplomacy is a blend of age-old propaganda techniques and modern information warfare. What are its three basic goals? Answer: Public diplomacy’s three basic goals are to influence foreign public opinion, promote national interests, and build favorable international relationships through communication and cultural exchange. Essay Questions 1. Compare and contrast realism and idealism. Do not forget to show examples. Answer: Realism and idealism are contrasting approaches in international relations. Realism focuses on power and national interest, emphasizing that states act primarily out of self-interest and prioritize security over moral values. An example is the U.S. intervention in Iraq, driven by strategic interests rather than humanitarian concerns. In contrast, idealism promotes cooperation and the pursuit of global justice, emphasizing international norms and values. For instance, the establishment of the United Nations reflects idealist goals of maintaining peace and fostering global cooperation. Realism tends to be pragmatic and cynical, while idealism is more optimistic and values-driven. 2. Compare and contrast isolationism and internationalism. Do not forget to show examples. Answer: Isolationism and internationalism are contrasting foreign policy approaches adopted by nations. Isolationism entails a policy of avoiding entangling alliances and focusing on domestic issues, often through limited engagement in international affairs. Historically, the United States practiced isolationism during the 19th and early 20th centuries, exemplified by the Monroe Doctrine, which aimed to keep European powers out of the Western Hemisphere. Internationalism, on the other hand, advocates active engagement in global affairs and cooperation with other nations to address common challenges. An example is the United Nations, where countries work together on issues like peacekeeping and human rights. Internationalism promotes diplomacy, multilateralism, and global governance to tackle transnational issues such as climate change and terrorism. While isolationism prioritizes national sovereignty and avoids foreign entanglements, internationalism emphasizes shared responsibility and collective action for global stability and prosperity. Each approach reflects different views on the role of a nation in the international community. 3. Compare and contrast unilateralism and multilateralism. Do not forget to show examples. Answer: Unilateralism and multilateralism represent distinct approaches to foreign policy. Unilateralism involves a country acting independently without seeking broad international support or cooperation. An example is the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, which was conducted primarily by the United States without extensive international backing, reflecting a unilateral approach. Multilateralism, in contrast, emphasizes collaboration with multiple nations to address global issues. A prime example is the Paris Agreement on climate change, where numerous countries collectively commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, illustrating a multilateral approach that seeks broader consensus and cooperative action. While unilateralism focuses on a single nation's priorities and actions, multilateralism seeks to build consensus and share responsibilities across multiple countries for more comprehensive and cooperative solutions. 4. Compare and contrast hard power and soft power. Do not forget to show examples. Answer: Hard power and soft power are two different strategies used in international relations. Hard power refers to using force or coercion to achieve goals, such as military intervention or economic sanctions. An example is the U.S. military action in Afghanistan post-9/11, which used force to target terrorist groups and achieve security objectives. Soft power, on the other hand, involves influencing others through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion. This can include cultural exchange, diplomacy, or foreign aid. For instance, the U.S. promotes its values and culture globally through programs like the Peace Corps, aiming to build goodwill and foster positive international relationships. While hard power relies on tangible, forceful means, soft power focuses on creating favorable impressions and voluntary cooperation. 5. Compare and contrast preemption and provocation. Do not forget to show examples. Answer: Preemption and provocation are strategies used in foreign policy to address threats. Preemption involves taking action against a perceived threat before it materializes. The idea is to strike first to prevent an imminent danger. For example, the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq was justified by the Bush administration as a preemptive strike to dismantle alleged weapons of mass destruction before they could be used against the U.S. or its allies. Provocation, on the other hand, involves actions taken to provoke a response from an adversary, often to justify subsequent military or diplomatic actions. For instance, the Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964, where alleged attacks on U.S. naval vessels were used to justify increased military involvement in Vietnam, can be seen as a form of provocation. While preemption aims to neutralize a threat before it arises, provocation seeks to elicit a reaction that can be leveraged to justify further actions. 6. How has the United States tried to promote peace in the Middle East? What particular nation has the United States focused on and why? Answer: The United States has promoted peace in the Middle East through various diplomatic efforts, including peace treaties, negotiations, and aid programs. One key focus has been on Israel and Palestine, aiming to resolve their long-standing conflict. The U.S. brokered the Camp David Accords in 1978 between Israel and Egypt, and the Oslo Accords in the 1990s between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The U.S. has supported Israel due to strategic, political, and historical reasons, including its role as a key ally in the region and its shared democratic values. 7. Explain the relationship that exists between weapons of mass destruction and the war on terrorism. Do not forget to explain each individually. Answer: Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) refer to nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons capable of causing large-scale destruction and loss of life. The war on terrorism aims to combat extremist groups that might seek to use or acquire WMDs to inflict mass casualties or disrupt global stability. The U.S. and its allies are concerned that terrorists might obtain such weapons, as seen with fears about Saddam Hussein’s alleged WMDs in Iraq. Consequently, efforts to prevent WMD proliferation and terrorist access to these weapons are central to national and international security strategies. 8. How has the United States reacted to and used the idea of free trade? Are there any countries that the United States does not have a free trade policy with? If so, then who are they and what type of trade policy (if any) exists? Answer: The United States has generally supported free trade, using agreements like NAFTA and the USMCA to reduce tariffs and promote trade. However, the U.S. does not have free trade agreements with countries like North Korea and Iran due to ongoing political and security concerns. With these nations, the U.S. imposes economic sanctions and trade restrictions rather than engaging in open trade policies. This approach reflects broader geopolitical strategies and concerns over issues such as nuclear proliferation and human rights violations. 9. What is global warming and what efforts have been taken to reduce its effects? Have they been implemented? Why or why not? Answer: Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases like CO2. Efforts to reduce its effects include international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement, aimed at reducing emissions and promoting sustainable practices. While these agreements have led to some progress, their implementation has been uneven due to varying national commitments and economic interests. Challenges include balancing economic growth with environmental protection and achieving widespread adherence to agreed-upon targets. 10. What were the three goals that the Bush Administration had in mind when it was planning an invasion of Iraq? Did it succeed? Why or why not? Answer: The Bush Administration's three goals for the invasion of Iraq were: 1) to eliminate weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) that were believed to be held by Saddam Hussein, 2) to end Iraq's support for terrorism, particularly links to al-Qaeda, and 3) to promote democratic regime change in Iraq. The invasion did not succeed in finding WMDs, and evidence of a direct link between Iraq and al-Qaeda was minimal. While the invasion did lead to regime change and some democratic developments, the long-term success is debated due to ongoing instability and sectarian conflict in Iraq. 11. What is the State Department and what are its duties? What do some of the critics say about the State Department? What kind of budget does it run on and what makes this budget so interesting? Also, what is the Foreign Service and how does it relate to the State Department? What are its duties? Answer: The State Department is the U.S. federal agency responsible for managing international relations and diplomacy, including conducting foreign affairs, representing the U.S. abroad, and managing embassies and consulates. Critics often argue that the State Department is underfunded and lacks sufficient influence compared to military and intelligence agencies. It operates on a relatively modest budget compared to defense, making its role and impact particularly notable. The Foreign Service is a key component of the State Department, comprising diplomats who implement U.S. foreign policy, assist citizens abroad, and gather intelligence. 12. What are some intelligence agencies? What do we mean by the intelligence community? How did the relationships change between these various agencies after September 11, 2001? Answer: Some key intelligence agencies include the CIA, NSA, and FBI. The intelligence community refers to the collective of U.S. agencies and organizations that gather, analyze, and act on information related to national security. After September 11, 2001, relationships among these agencies were restructured to enhance coordination and information sharing, leading to the creation of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to oversee and integrate the efforts of these agencies for improved national security. 13. Evaluate how the Joint Chiefs of Staff has changed since 1986. Answer: Since 1986, the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) has undergone significant changes. The Reorganization Act of 1986 streamlined its structure, elevating the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the principal military advisor to the President and Secretary of Defense, and enhancing coordination among the service branches. The Act also emphasized joint military operations and integrated command, improving the JCS's effectiveness in strategic planning and military advice. These reforms aimed to better align military strategy with national security objectives and enhance inter-service cooperation. 14. Compare and contrast foreign aid and economic sanctions. Are they hard or soft powers? What are some misconceptions associated with foreign aid? Answer: Foreign aid and economic sanctions are both tools used in international relations, but they serve different purposes. Foreign aid involves providing financial or material support to other countries to promote development or address humanitarian needs, often seen as a form of soft power because it aims to build positive relationships and influence through assistance. In contrast, economic sanctions are restrictive measures imposed to coerce a country into changing its behavior, making them a form of hard power due to their coercive nature. A common misconception about foreign aid is that it often directly improves recipient countries' conditions. In reality, aid can sometimes perpetuate dependency, fuel corruption, or fail to address the root causes of poverty. Another misconception is that all foreign aid is purely altruistic, while in many cases, it serves strategic interests of donor countries. 15. Evaluate conventional diplomacy. What type of power (hard or soft) is it? Can it become another type of power? How? How successful has the United Nations been? What role does the United Nations play and how many nations are members? Who are the members of the U.N. Security Council? Answer: Conventional diplomacy is primarily a form of soft power because it relies on negotiation, dialogue, and compromise to resolve conflicts and build relationships. It can shift to hard power if diplomatic efforts fail and countries resort to coercion or military action. The United Nations (UN), with 193 member states, plays a crucial role in maintaining international peace, promoting human rights, and fostering cooperation. Its success is mixed; it has effectively mediated many conflicts but struggled with major crises and enforcement challenges. The UN Security Council consists of five permanent members (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and China) and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. Test Bank for Government by the People David B. Magleby, Paul C. Light, Christine L. Nemacheck 9780205073245, 9780134732831
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