This Document Contains Chapters 13 to 18 Chapter 13: Multiple Governments Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which event precipitated the creation of a Scottish national parliament in the late 1990s? a. constitutional amendments by the Courts b. violent protests against rule by England c. a referendum initiated by the Labour Party d. a cut in funding for public services Answer: c. a referendum initiated by the Labour Party 2. Which one of the following countries has a basically unitary system of government? a. Canada b. the United States c. the United Kingdom d. Germany Answer: c. the United Kingdom 3. Which one of the following countries has a federal system of government? a. the United States b. the United Kingdom c. France d. Japan Answer: a. the United States 4. Which one of the following has a basically confederal system? a. Canada b. the United States c. Commonwealth of Independent States d. India Answer: c. Commonwealth of Independent States 5. While unitary systems of government tend to concentrate power in a single government, federal systems tend to be more ____________ a. authoritarian b. legislative c. backward d. divided Answer: d. divided 6. A system of governing in which the central government grants some legislative and administrative responsibilities to regional bodies is known as ________ . a. federalism b. devolution c. confederalism d. provincialism Answer: b. devolution 7. In a federal system, the respective powers of national and regional governments are determined by the ____________ a. legislature b. constitution c. monarch d. diplomats Answer: b. constitution 8. According to the text, which among the following may be considered a reason to adopt a federal system? a. because there may be legal or jurisdictional overlap among government responsibilities. b. to ensure that decision making is as centralized as possible c. to provide regionally-based language or cultural groups with a degree of self-government d. because central governments do not represent the population democratically Answer: c. to provide regionally-based language or cultural groups with a degree of self-government 9. Classical federalism is a system in which ________. a. the central government only has those powers delegated to it by provincial governments b. two levels of government are jointly involved in developing and administering many government services c. there is a high level of conflict between the two levels of government d. each level of government concerns itself with their own areas of constitutional authority Answer: d. each level of government concerns itself with their own areas of constitutional authority 10. Which of the following is an area in which the federal and provincial governments in Canada have concurrent jurisdiction? a. forests b. immigration c. postal service d. education Answer: b. immigration 11. The Parliament of Canada has exclusive law-making responsibility for ________. a. unemployment insurance b. education c. municipal institutions d. immigration Answer: a. unemployment insurance 12. Equalization payments in Canada are payments by the Canadian government to ________. a. The major urban centres across Canada b. the governments of the poorer provinces c. poor individuals for job training and assistance d. fund programs that provide equal opportunities for women Answer: b. the governments of the poorer provinces 13. Asymmetrical federalism is a version of federalism in which ________. a. some provincial or state governments have greater self-government than others b. central governments have greater powers than provincial or state governments c. unitary governments dominate provincial or state government d. some provincial or state governments are represented in the national legislature while others are not Answer: a. some provincial or state governments have greater self-government than others 14. A "third order of government" refers to ________. a. aboriginal self-government b. municipal governments c. international governmental organizations d. North America Free Trade Agreement Answer: a. aboriginal self-government 15. Which among the following is considered to be a benefit of a unitary system? a. Local governments can claim greater degrees of power and autonomy b. The central government can easily shift blame for unpopular policies to regional or local governments c. The governing authorities may be more likely to work for the common good of the whole country d. The national legislature can more easily represent local interests Answer: c. The governing authorities may be more likely to work for the common good of the whole country 16. The major decision making and policy-making body of the European Union is the ________. a. Court of Justice of the European Union b. European Commission c. European Parliament d. Council of the European Union Answer: d. Council of the European Union 17. Local governments in Canada are ________. a. autonomous with authority granted by the constitution b. responsible for only minor matters c. subordinate to the Canadian government d. subordinate to provincial governments Answer: d. subordinate to provincial governments 18. 'Subsidiarity' refers to the idea that ________. a. federal systems should devolve powers to local governments using constitutional amendments whenever possible b. centralized decision making is most appropriate in matters of taxation and finance c. decisions and actions should be carried out by the level of governing that is closest to citizens d. citizens have the right to be represented in national legislatures in proportion to the population of the regional government districts Answer: c. decisions and actions should be carried out by the level of governing that is closest to citizens 19. The European Parliament is ________. a. directly elected by voters in the countries of the European Union b. appointed by the governments of the member states of the European Union c. elected by the national legislatures of the member states of the European Union d. appointed by the European Commission Answer: a. directly elected by voters in the countries of the European Union 20. A high degree of interaction between the two levels of government is often described as ________ federalism. a. representative b. legislative c. asymmetrical d. cooperative Answer: d. cooperative Chapter 13 True/False Questions 1. Scotland has its own Parliament that is able to legislate on matters such as health and education. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 2. Members elected from England cannot vote on matters in the Parliament of the United Kingdom that affect only Scotland. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 3. Devolution involves sharing sovereignty with regional governments. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 4. Unitary systems of government have only one government. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 5. Provincial governments in Canada have control of a larger share of government revenue than in most other federal systems. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 6. Local governments are generally subordinate to higher levels of government. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 7. Turnout in local elections is almost always lower than in national or provincial elections. a. True b. False Answer: a. True Chapter 13 Short Answer Questions 1. What parts of the United Kingdom have regional governments and legislatures? Answer: Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. 2. Where was the first modern federal system established? Answer: The United States. 3. Why did Canada adopt a federal system? Answer: Because there was considerable opposition to uniting the British North American colonies in both Quebec and the Maritimes where many feared being dominated by the central government. 4. How do contemporary federal systems tend to differ from classical federalism? Answer: Contemporary federal systems typically feature a substantial amount of sharing of powers and financial resources between the two levels of government. 5. Which province is most likely to support a system of asymmetrical federalism? Answer: Quebec Chapter 13 Short Essay Questions 1. Why have some countries with unitary systems adopted devolution and what are its positive features? Answer: Devolution is often a response to nationalist movements seeking self-government or independence. Devolution allows for greater responsiveness to the needs, cultures, and circumstances of different parts of the country and for greater participation of citizens in governing. 2. What are the benefits of a federal system of governing? Answer: A federal system is more likely to be sensitive to the needs and desires of people in different areas of the country including those in remote and less populated regions; have greater flexibility in governing; more likely to facilitate citizen participation; provide for greater diversity; reduce conflicts between cultural groups; limit the concentration of power; and allow for experimentation with different policies and approaches. 3. Why has the Canadian federal system tended to become more decentralized? Answer: Over time, the Canadian federal system has become more decentralized in response to the assertiveness of provincial governments and their resistance to federal government intrusion. As well, judicial decisions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries contributed to decentralization by interpreting the constitution in ways that limited some of the general powers of the Canadian government. The threat of Quebec independence has helped to move the Canadian federal system further toward decentralization, as has the pressure from resource-rich provinces such as Alberta and Ontario. Chapter 14: Parliamentary Systems Chapter 14 Multiple Choice Questions 1. What issue prompted Parliamentary Speaker Peter Milliken to rule the Harper government to be in contempt of Parliament in 2010? a. an accusation of tampering with election finances b. the decision to prorogue Parliament and prevent a non-confidence motion c. the refusal to provide documents concerning treatment of Afghan prisoners d. an insult made in the House by a backbench Conservative MP Answer: c. the refusal to provide documents concerning treatment of Afghan prisoners 2. The head of state in a parliamentary system ________. a. is involved in making governing decisions b. is the leader of the cabinet c. presides over deliberations in the House of Commons d. has the responsibility of ensuring that there is a government in place at all times Answer: d. has the responsibility of ensuring that there is a government in place at all times 3. This term is used to describe a condition in which the executive is accountable, or must hold the confidence of, the legislative branch. a. minority government b. responsible government c. elected government d. coalition government Answer: b. responsible government 4. Which of the following is mentioned in Canada's original constitution, the Constitution Act of 1867? a. the Supreme Court b. Parliament c. the prime minister d. the Charter of Rights and Freedoms Answer: b. Parliament 5. Responsible government is, by definition ______________. a. competent and mature enough to ensure that conflicts in Canadian society are amicably resolved b. government that is chosen from the legislature and that requires its support to govern c. only needed during times of national emergency or crises d. the formal separation of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government Answer: b. government that is chosen from the legislature and that requires its support to govern 6. Canada's governor general is selected by the ________. a. Monarch b. Prime Minister c. House of Commons d. Senate Answer: b. Prime Minister 7. In Canada, the head of government is ________. a. The Prime Minister b. Crown c. Governor General d. Queen Elizabeth II Answer: a. The Prime Minister 8. The Canadian parliamentary system can be described as a system of "executive dominance" because it places considerable power in the hands of the ________. a. prime minster and the cabinet b. head of state c. prime minister alone d. courts Answer: a. prime minster and the cabinet 9. In selecting members of his or her cabinet, a Canadian prime minister is most likely to be sensitive to which of the following basis of representation? a. culture b. geography c. gender d. religion Answer: b. geography 10. In Canada, the lieutenant-governors are recommended by the ________. a. prime minister and appointed by the Monarch b. premiers and appointed by the Monarch c. The premiers and appointed by the prime minister d. The Monarch and appointed by the prime minister Answer: a. prime minister and appointed by the Monarch 11. In a ________ government the ability of the political executive to control the House of Commons will be limited, and negotiations with other parties will usually be necessary. a. monarchical b. executive c. minority d. majority Answer: c. minority 12. The governor-general is expected to choose as the prime minister the person who ________. a. has been elected by the House of Commons as prime minister b. has the support of the Monarch c. has the support of most of the premiers d. leads the party that has the support of the House of Commons Answer: d. leads the party that has the support of the House of Commons 13. After the May 2010 UK election, the Liberal Democratic party negotiated with the Conservative party and the Labour party to form a(n) ________. a. executive alliance b. coalition government c. minority government d. new political party Answer: b. coalition government 14. The ________ is very important in providing policy advice to the prime minister. a. Prime Minister's Office. b. Privy Council Office c. Treasury Board d. Governor General Answer: b. Privy Council Office 15. In 2008, when Governor General Michaëlle Jean granted Prime Minister Harper's request to prorogue Parliament, she was using the ____________ power. a. prerogative b. judicial c. legislative d. appointment Answer: a. prerogative 16. The Canadian Cabinet usually ________. a. includes an equal number of men and women b. has a small number of Cabinet ministers c. includes at least one Cabinet minister from each province d. includes only those who head up the departments of government Answer: c. includes at least one Cabinet minister from each province 17. If an ordinary MP in the Canadian House of Commons feels compelled to vote along with his/her party, this would be an example of ________. a. pressure politics b. a day in the life of an MP c. party discipline d. political legitimacy Answer: c. party discipline 18. Which among the following is a central agency of Canadian government? a. Treasury Board b. Ministry of Defence c. Cabinet Office d. Department of Revenue Answer: a. Treasury Board 19. Canada's Senate is ________. a. elected by voters in each province b. composed of persons who have been selected by a prime minister c. composed of six Senators for each province d. able only to delay legislation passed by the House of Commons Answer: b. composed of persons who have been selected by a prime minister 20. A Triple E Senate refers to one that is elected, effective and ________. a. equal to the House of Commons b. equally representative of each province c. equally representative of French and English d. equally representative of men and women Answer: b. equally representative of each province Chapter 14 True/False Questions 1. The Westminster system heavily concentrates power in the hands of the prime minister and Cabinet. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 2. The members of the political executive in a Parliamentary system are themselves members of Parliament. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 3. A majority government is one that received the majority of votes in an election. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 4. Government departments are headed by Ministers. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 5. The Canadian Senate is designed to provide equal regional representation. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 6. The Parliament of Canada consists of two chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Representatives. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 7. In a minority government situation, the cabinet is chosen to represent the different parties in the House of Commons. a. True b. False Answer: b. False Chapter 14 Short Answer Questions 1. What is the relationship between the legislative and executive branches of government in a parliamentary system? Answer: In parliamentary systems there is a close relationship between the legislative and executive branches. The executive has to maintain the support of the elected legislative body to remain in office. The executive typically controls both executive and legislative activities. 2. What is a minority government? Answer: A minority government is where a single party governs, but that party does not have a majority of members in the House of Commons. 3. Why is meant by a coalition government? Answer: A coalition government is one in which two or more political parties jointly govern, sharing the Cabinet positions. 4. Describe at least 2 important differences between Presidential and Parliamentary systems. Answer: Parliamentary systems have a close relationship of the political executive and Parliament, while these are separate in Presidential systems. As well, parliamentary systems differ from presidential systems in having different individuals as head of state and head of government. 5. What are the four major central agencies in the Canadian government? Answer: The Privy Council Office, the Prime Minister's Office, the Department of Finance, and the Treasury Board. Chapter 14 Short Essay Questions 1. What are some positive features of the system of party discipline? Answer: There are some positive features to party discipline. It helps to ensure that the positions taken by different parties are clear. This makes it easier for voters to choose among competing parties and to hold the governing party accountable for its actions. As well, it means that individual members of Parliament are less subject to pressure from lobbyists and special interests. Further, it means that the government can focus on doing what it considers to be for the common good of the whole country without having to contend with individual members of Parliament seeking special benefits for their constituencies in return for their voting support. 2. Why do some argue that Canada needs Senate reform? Answer: Senate reform is often advocated because the Senate is an undemocratic body and because it doesn't adequately fulfil the objective of representing regional or provincial interests in Parliament. 3. What are the pros and cons of Cabinet secrecy? Answer: Cabinet secrecy helps to maintain Cabinet solidarity and ensure that the Cabinet is seen as a united team, regardless of the disagreements that undoubtedly exist among individual Cabinet ministers. Cabinet discussions can be full and frank because participants know that word of disagreement will not get out to the media or to opposition parties. As well, Cabinet secrecy helps to shield public servants who advise the Cabinet from public criticism (public servants, being politically neutral, do not normally respond to criticisms). However, the principle of Cabinet secrecy can be used to avoid releasing research conducted by the government that would aid in public discussion of an issue and assist the opposition. Chapter 15: Presidential and Semi-Presidential Systems Chapter 15 Multiple Choice Questions 1. What was one of the features of American government that made it difficult to pass the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2009? a. Members of Congress are only elected for 4 years b. The two Houses of Congress have a major role in passing legislation c. The Constitution prevents any changes in the power of the President d. Public health care is unconstitutional Answer: b. The two Houses of Congress have a major role in passing legislation 2. The Congress, the legislative branch of the US government, consists of the Senate and the _________. a. House of Commons b. Federalist branch c. House of Representatives d. Chamber of Deputies Answer: c. House of Representatives 3. This term is used to describe a condition in which the executive and legislative branches each have distinct powers and personnel. a. separation of powers b. federalism c. division of branches d. constitutional distinction Answer: a. separation of powers 4. A basic feature of presidential systems is ________. a. fusion of powers b. checks and balances c. friendly dictatorship d. executive dominance Answer: b. checks and balances 5. The President of the United States is the head of the ________. a. government only b. state and government c. Senate d. legislative branch Answer: b. state and government 6. The president of the United States ________. a. is elected for a six year term b. is expected to resign if Congress passes a motion of non-confidence c. can be elected to a maximum of two terms d. can be removed from office by the head of state Answer: c. can be elected to a maximum of two terms 7. "The executive is not answerable to the legislative branch." "The legislative branch has some ability to approve or reject appointments made by the executive." "Power is not concentrated but divided." All of the above statements describe a ___________. a. separation of powers b. parliamentary system c. unitary system d. bicameral system Answer: a. separation of powers 8. Proceedings by the legislative branch to impeach Bill Clinton were undertaken for his actions in ________. a. ordering the bombing of Yugoslavia b. failing to take action against terrorists c. having sex with an intern d. lying to a grand jury and obstructing justice Answer: d. lying to a grand jury and obstructing justice 9. What is one reason given in the text for why the Senate is considered to be the more important of the two chambers of Congress? a. it is larger and tends to be dominated by one party b. it contains elected representatives of states rather than smaller districts c. it is not elected by an Electoral College as is the House of Representatives d. revenue bills must be introduced in the Senate first Answer: b. it contains elected representatives of states rather than smaller districts 10. In the US presidential system of government, the President checks Congress by approving or vetoing legislation passed by Congress. Accordingly, the Congress checks the President by appropriating revenues, and by ___________. a. electing the President every four years b. bringing revenue bills before the House of Representatives c. reviewing appointments and treaties d. invoking a vote of non-confidence Answer: c. reviewing appointments and treaties 11. Because of the different powers granted the executive and legislative branches, the US government sometimes suffers from ________. a. dominance b. ambiguity c. gridlock d. inequality Answer: c. gridlock 12. The Chairs of powerful Committees of the Congress are chosen by the ________. a. majority party of each House b. President c. party they represent d. Speaker of the House Answer: a. majority party of each House 13. What is one argument often made in support of a Presidential system? a. lack of partisanship b. strong party discipline c. unified government d. decisive leadership Answer: d. decisive leadership 14. The War Powers Act of 1973 ________. a. prevented the allocation of money to the military b. required the senate to review a declaration of war c. allowed congress to declare war d. restricted the powers of the president to go to war Answer: d. restricted the powers of the president to go to war 15. Which among the following is a feature characteristic of a Presidential system, but not of a Parliamentary system? a. cabinet secrecy b. fixed terms of office c. strong party discipline d. minority government Answer: b. fixed terms of office 16. In order to avoid investigation by Congress, presidents may invoke ________. a. executive privilege b. presidential veto power c. War Powers Act d. executive order Answer: a. executive privilege 17. Which one of the following countries has a mixed parliamentary/presidential system? a. Canada b. the United States c. the United Kingdom d. France Answer: d. France 18. The situation where a French president has to share power with opposition parties that control the National Assembly is known as ________. a. minority government b. coalition government c. gridlock d. cohabitation Answer: d. cohabitation 19. The Russian system of governing can be described as a. parliamentary b. presidential c. mixed parliamentary/presidential d. confederal Answer: c. mixed parliamentary/presidential 20. Which of the following countries does not have a semi-presidential system? a. Taiwan b. The United States c. Russia d. France Answer: b. The United States Chapter 15 True/False Questions 1. Bills must be passed in identical form in the two legislative chambers before being presented to the president a. True b. False Answer: a. True 2. The President is also a member of Congress. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 3. In a Presidential system, party discipline is more important than in a Parliamentary system. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 4. Cabinet secrecy is a feature of Parliamentary, but not Presidential, systems of government. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 5. A president cannot hold office if they lack the support of Congress. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 6. Members of Parliament have greater independence to represent the population of their districts than the members of Congress. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 7. Presidential systems tend to be less flexible than parliamentarian systems. a. True b. False Answer: a. True Chapter 15 Short Answer Questions 1. What is the system of checks and balances? Answer: It is a basic principle of the American presidential system in which each of the three branches of government is able to check the actions of others so that no individual or institution become too powerful. 2. When might gridlock occur in the American presidential system? Answer: Gridlock is when it is difficult to get things done because of tension between the executive and legislative branches. It can occur particularly when the president is of a different party than the party that has a majority in one or both houses of Congress and when there is a strong ideological difference between the president and the majority in Congress. 3. What does the War Powers Act require? Answer: The War Powers Act requires that the president notify Congress when troops are to be sent into foreign combat and that troops be brought home within sixty days unless Congress declares war or extends the length of troop involvement. 4. What happens when a President vetoes legislation passed by Congress? Answer: Congress can override the presidential veto , but this requires a two-thirds majority in each body of Congress, and thus is quite rare. 5. How does the executive leadership of a mixed parliamentary/presidential system differ from that of both parliamentary and presidential systems? Answer: The mixed system features a dual executive in which both the president and the prime minister possess political authority. Chapter 15 Short Essay Questions 1. How do parliamentary systems generally differ from presidential systems? Answer: In parliamentary systems there is a close relationship between the legislative and executive branches of government. The authority of the political executive is based on their ability to maintain the support of the elected legislative branch. Presidential systems are characterized by a separation of power between the legislative and executive branches. The president and Congress each derive their authority from being elected by the people. The president does not depend upon Congress to remain in office. The president cannot dissolve Congress in the hope that a new election will result in a Congress that is more willing to support the executive. Another basic difference is that in a presidential system, the president is both the official head of state and the head of the executive branch of government. In parliamentary systems, different people hold the largely ceremonial office of head of state and the powerful position of head of government. 2. Discuss at least three advantages of a Presidential system. Answer: There are some positive features to a Presidential system, for example: 1. it provides decisive leadership 2. the president is directly democratically elected 3. members of the legislature can more directly represent their constituents 4. it is sometimes seen to be more accountable and open since it is more transparent than a parliamentary system 3. Discuss at least four disadvantages of a Presidential system. Answer: There are some disadvantages identified by critics of the Presidential system. For example: 1. government as a whole may be slow to respond to the wishes of the electorate 2. the separation of powers may blur the lines of accountability 3. openness means it may be susceptible to special interests 4. it may be less flexible than a parliamentary system 5. presidents may be less politically experienced Chapter 16: Public Policy and Public Administration Chapter 16 Multiple Choice Questions 1. With a ________ with respect to EPA regulations, the US government granted BP a license to drill for oil in the Gulf of Mexico. a. categorical exemption b. waiver of liability c. legislated oversight d. grant in aid Answer: a. categorical exemption 2. Who said "Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem"? a. Jimmy Carter b. Ronald Reagan c. Brian Mulroney d. George W. Bush Answer: b. Ronald Reagan 3. Keynesianism involves government ________. a. keeping a balanced budget b. reducing regulation of the economy c. increasing spending during downturns d. reducing inflation Answer: c. increasing spending during downturns 4. Monetarism involves ________. a. increasing taxes b. regulating investments c. controlling the money supply d. limiting free markets Answer: c. controlling the money supply 5. What action did the US government take following the financial crisis of 2008? a. renegotiated global trade agreements b. raised taxes and financial fees c. raised interest rates to control inflation d. bailed out banks and financial institutions Answer: d. bailed out banks and financial institutions 6. According to the pluralist perspective, public ________. a. policies reflect the unequal power relations in a society b. servants are devoted to serving the public interest c. decision makers try to develop policies that satisfy a wide variety of groups d. servants act so as to enhance their own position, privileges, and power Answer: c. decision makers try to develop policies that satisfy a wide variety of groups 7. According to public choice theory, public servants ________. a. act on what they perceive to be the common good b. are devoted to serving the public interest c. are more dynamic and efficient that private sector employees d. act so as to enhance their own position, privileges, and power Answer: d. act so as to enhance their own position, privileges, and power 8. According to neo-Marxist theory, ________. a. public policies reflect the unequal power relations in a society b. politicians try to develop policies that satisfy a wide variety of groups c. public servants act so as to enhance their own position, privileges, and power d. public servants are important because of their expertise and permanence Answer: a. public policies reflect the unequal power relations in a society 9. According to state-centered theory ________. a. public policies reflect the unequal power relations in a society b. politicians try to develop policies that satisfy a wide variety of groups c. public servants act so as to enhance their own position, privileges, and power d. public servants are important because of their expertise and permanence Answer: d. public servants are important because of their expertise and permanence 10. Protestors at the 1999 World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle were concerned about the effect of trade rules on the protection of ________. a. sea turtles b. baby seals c. bears d. the cod fishery Answer: a. sea turtles 11. The S.D. Myers Corporation successfully sued the Canadian government under the terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement for ________. a. preventing the export of pharmaceutical drugs b. banning the import of tuna that was caught in a manner that killed dolphins c. requiring that SUVs imported into Canada meet tough fuel efficiency standards d. banning the export of PCBs Answer: a. preventing the export of pharmaceutical drugs 12. The problem of the safety of drinking water became a major political issue as a result of the ________. a. refusal of the Canadian government to pass the Clean Water Act b. deaths caused by contaminated drinking water at Walkerton, Ontario c. demand by the Quebec government that it be given control of water policy d. concern about terrorists poisoning Canada's water supplies Answer: b. deaths caused by contaminated drinking water at Walkerton, Ontario 13. Which of the following is not a step in the policy process? a. agenda setting b. policy networking c. policy formulation d. decision making Answer: b. policy networking 14. A stage in the policy process that involves developing and evaluating different courses of action to deal with a problem is termed policy ________. a. legitimation b. formulation c. evaluation d. execution Answer: b. formulation 15. The process by which potential problems come to the attention of policy makers is called ________. a. agenda setting b. formulation c. legitimation d. implementation Answer: a. agenda setting 16. Gaining approval of a policy proposal is called policy ________. a. agenda setting b. formulation c. legitimation d. implementation Answer: c. legitimation 17. Taking measures to put a policy into effect is called policy ________. a. agenda setting b. formulation c. legitimation d. implementation Answer: d. implementation 18. The streams and windows model of policy making depicts policy making as a(n) ________ process. a. rational b. experiential c. fluid d. illegitimate Answer: c. fluid 19. This is a policy-making model that suggests that the policy process usually involves making minor changes to existing practices. a. rational b. incremental c. fluid d. illegitimate Answer: b. incremental 20. In Canada, the fight for free, public medical care insurance was led by ________. a. Pierre Trudeau b. Jean Chretien c. John Diefenbaker d. Tommy Douglas Answer: d. Tommy Douglas Chapter 16 True/False Questions 1. BP, a major petroleum company, has made requests to the Canadian government to reduce the environmental regulations for Arctic drilling. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 2. Keynes did not advocate "balanced budgets" for government a. True b. False Answer: a. True 3. Welfare state programs have substantially reduced inequalities in income and wealth. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 4. Public choice theory is based on the assumption that individuals always pursue their own self-interest. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 5. Policy implementation is simply a matter of administration rather than politics. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 6. An incremental policy making process is more likely to allow a political consensus to develop than a rational-comprehensive policy making process. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 7. The policy process constitutes a smooth, continuous cycle. a. True b. False Answer: b. False Chapter 16 Short Answer Questions 1. What two general types of public policies have been particularly difficult for businesses to accept? Answer: Environmental and labour policies. 2. What is one criticism of neo-Marxist theories of public policy? Answer: Neo-Marxism can be criticized for paying insufficient attention to the factors other than those that relate to the conflicts generated by the capitalist system. As well, it generally does not pay sufficient attention to the importance of state actors in affecting public policy. 3. Discuss at least three examples of different influences on public policy agenda-setting. Answer: There are a variety of potential influences on agenda setting, including: political parties, interest groups, social movements, and the mass media. Crises can also affect the agenda of public policy. 4. Discuss three types of policy issues that may be important to government, but less important to the general public? Answer: Political leaders may give high priority to problems that can be easily labelled and have solutions that can work to their political advantage. Second, complex problems with no easy solution may be ignored or downplayed. Third, issues that are highly controversial, such as abortion, may be ignored because politicians could risk losing support no matter which position they take. 5. Describe the rational-comprehensive model of public policy. Answer: In the rational-comprehensive model, policy-makers establish clear goals to deal with a problem, examine all alternatives for dealing with the problem and choose the best alternative. This alternative is implemented, then monitored and evaluated to assess whether the goals have been achieved, and changed if necessary. Chapter 16 Short Essay Questions 1. What are some criticisms of the welfare state? Answer: Critics view the welfare state as substantially increasing the tax burden that people face and contributing to government deficits and debt. Increases in government spending and borrowing crowd out private investment and activity. The welfare state interferes with the "discipline" of the marketplace, particularly by reducing the incentive for people to work if welfare or unemployment benefits are too generous. Instead, the welfare state encourages people to become dependent on government and less likely to take responsibility for their own lives. 2. Discuss at least one example of the problems sometimes created by the privatization and contracting out of public services. Answer: There is one main example discussed in the text: prisons in Ontario and Mississippi run by a major American prison management corporation were studied to determine their effectiveness. These studies found that an equivalent government-run prison had better security and health care and reduced repeat offender rates. 3. What are the main criticisms of government bureaucracy? Answer: Bureaucracies can be slow moving, rigid and inflexible. Public servants' commitment to the public interest is sometimes questionable, and users of government services sometimes may receive insufficient attention and respect. Public servants may try to enhance their own positions, privileges and power; and red-tape and excessive rules and regulations can sometimes result. Chapter 17: Politics and Development in the World’s Poorer Countries Chapter 17 Multiple Choice Questions 1. The Grameen Bank is different from most banks particularly because it ________. a. is in a poor country b. makes loans c. loans mostly to women d. monitors its loans. Answer: c. loans mostly to women 2. Purchasing power parity is a per capita income measure that shows ________. a. the purchasing power of income b. gross domestic product c. current exchange rates d. real prices Answer: a. the purchasing power of income 3. Which of the following is not a synonym for the Third World? a. developing countries b. less developed countries c. the countries of the south d. evolving countries Answer: d. evolving countries 4. Which among the following is considered to be a newly industrialized country? a. Taiwan b. Peru c. Israel d. Japan Answer: a. Taiwan 5. The Third World refers to countries that ________. a. we’re not aligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union b. became independent in the third Wave of decolonization c. were among the third group of states to join the United Nations d. are among the top third of foreign aid recipients Answer: a. we’re not aligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union 6. The Human Development Index measures how ________. a. quickly children in poor countries develop cognitive skills b. many people are affected by underdevelopment c. quickly people's incomes grow d. literacy, life expectancy and per capita income may be changing Answer: d. literacy, life expectancy and per capita income may be changing 7. A country that ranks high on the HDI but low in GDP can be said to be providing high levels of ________. a. public services but relatively low levels of private or market services b. global interdependence but relatively low levels of autonomy and independence c. income but relatively low levels of literacy, education and life expectancy d. literacy, education and life expectancy with relatively little income Answer: d. literacy, education and life expectancy with relatively little income 8. In 2000 the UN adopted these, which set targets for basic needs measures to be achieved by 2015. a. Agenda 21 b. Global Poverty Goals c. Millennium Development Goals d. Human Needs Agenda Answer: c. Millennium Development Goals 9. Which of the following are included among the eight MDGs? a. reduce income inequalities within countries b. develop a global partnership for development c. establish a treaty on the right to development d. protect refugees' freedom of movement Answer: b. develop a global partnership for development 10. According to the text, which of these countries represents a case of reversed development? a. Argentina b. Botswana c. Democratic Republic of the Congo d. India Answer: a. Argentina 11. Modernization theory stresses the need to ________. a. preserve a country's culture b. put social issues ahead of economic questions c. bring in modern firms from abroad d. build on the strengths of local firms Answer: c. bring in modern firms from abroad 12. Dependency theory ________ modernization theory. a. predates b. extends c. criticizes d. revives Answer: c. criticizes 13. For dependency theorists, the countries of the south are underdeveloped as a result of __________________. a. unequal power relations with the centre countries b. poor government investment in education c. a lack of access to knowledge structures d. a lack of domestic natural resources Answer: a. unequal power relations with the centre countries 14. Which among the following is not a recommended course of action as part of a structural adjustment programme administered by an international financial institution? a. balancing the budget b. keeping out foreign goods c. cutting social programs d. privatization Answer: b. keeping out foreign goods 15. Which among the following is an example of a social democratic model of state-led development? a. China b. The Soviet Union c. North Korea d. The Indian state of Kerala Answer: d. The Indian state of Kerala 16. ______________ strategy is an economic development model that involves creating an industrial sector by placing tariffs on imported industrial products. a. Debt reduction b. Import substitution industrialization c. Capital formation d. Outward-oriented growth Answer: b. Import substitution industrialization 17. ________ is an Asian model of development adopted by a number of countries, like Japan and Taiwan. a. Modernization b. Dependency c. Structural adjustment d. Export-led industrialization Answer: d. Export-led industrialization 18. Unlike development aid from the developed democracies, Chinese aid to countries in Africa ________. a. comes with high interest rates b. focuses on debt reduction c. is focused on infrastructure development d. lacks political conditions Answer: d. lacks political conditions 19. Military takeovers of government, known as coups d'etat, are ________. a. more common in recent years b. usually led by the air force c. sometimes bloodless d. always led by top ranking officers Answer: c. sometimes bloodless 20. By definition, failed states ________. a. cannot maintain internal order b. cannot pay their debts c. do not threaten their neighbours d. are no longer a problem Answer: a. cannot maintain internal order Chapter 17 True/False Questions 1. Economic growth does not necessarily result in a reduction of poverty. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 2. The percentage of people living in extreme poverty in Africa has recently reduced. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 3. The Washington Consensus is a free-market solution to underdevelopment. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 4. India's economic miracle has been fuelled by a growth in services rather than manufacturing. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 5. Consolidated democracies are always in danger of failing. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 6. Democratic transitions always lead to consolidated democracies. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 7. Trade agreements like the WTO have had a difficult time addressing agricultural protection in the richer countries. a. True b. False Answer: a. True Chapter 17 Short Answer Questions 1. What are two principal approaches to development described in the text? Answer: State-driven and market-driven. 2. What are two main classes of state-directed development programs? Answer: Capitalist and socialist. 3. What are two main standards often touted as necessary for ODA to be provided? Answer: transparency and accountability 4. When it comes to democratic transitions, what are three key ways in which politics in Third World countries is different from politics in the consolidated democracies like Canada? Answer: Three key sources of difference are the following: 1. Liberal democracies have been rare in the Third World. 2. Third World countries have weak governmental institutions. 3. Violence plays a much bigger part in Third World politics 5. What are three main reasons for why violence has been so common throughout the third world? Answer: Weak political institutions, winner-take-all politics with no place for opponents, and a failure of legitimacy. Chapter 17 Short Essay Questions 1. Why does the Grameen Bank make women its priority? Answer: 1. They are the society's poorest and the least likely to get help from a regular credit institution. 2. When extra cash enters a home women tend to use it for the family's good. 3. It is not uncommon for a man to desert his family leaving a women as the sole breadwinner 2. What is the distinction between development and growth? Answer: Economic growth refers to an increase in the market value of goods and services produced in a country, while development is a condition that involves the satisfaction of the basic needs of all of the people as well as the means for them to live fulfilling and productive lives based on the creation of a more diversified, sophisticated, and sustainable economy. 3. Describe at least two key political differences between the PRC and India. Answer: The PRC government is the first to combine a communist state and capitalist economics. Power in China is concentrated in the central government, which allows Beijing to direct development. India, on the other hand, has been an electoral democracy since becoming independent in 1947. Moreover, it is a federation, so authority is divided between the centre and the states. Therefore, the government based in New Delhi cannot assume a role that parallels Beijing's. Chapter 18: Politics and Governance at the Global Level Chapter 18 Multiple Choice Questions 1. The "turbot war" occurred ________. a. in the Pacific Ocean off Vancouver Island b. between Nicaragua and El Salvador c. in the Baltic Sea between Russia and Finland d. on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland Answer: d. on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland 2. Canada seized the Spanish vessel, the Estai, in international waters because it was ________. a. fishing with nets smaller than those permitted b. dumping oil and other pollutants into the ocean c. carrying illegal immigrants to Canada d. carrying illegal drugs to Canada Answer: a. fishing with nets smaller than those permitted 3. In world politics, the lack of a central authority that can enforce the rules is called ________. a. anarchy b. burden sharing c. alliances d. power distribution Answer: a. anarchy 4. With which of the following statements is a realist most likely to agree? a. States are complexes of non-governmental actors and so are highly interdependent b. Cooperation is more likely to occur when states identify with the common interests of other states c. States should anticipate the potential for war and seek to maintain their power accordingly d. The weaker powers should appeal to higher principles of right and wrong to defend themselves Answer: c. States should anticipate the potential for war and seek to maintain their power accordingly 5. Which of the following could best be considered as the basis of "soft power"? a. military resources b. economic resources c. tangible and measurable resources d. ideological and cultural resources Answer: d. ideological and cultural resources 6. "States are the dominant actors in the international system." "States must always fear the threat of force and be concerned with their own survival." "States must be concerned with the distribution of power in the international system." All of the 3 statements above are things a(n) ____________ would say. a. conservative b. institutionalist c. realist d. leftist Answer: c. realist 7. Which of the following explains the meaning of the 'security dilemma' as it is understood by global governance scholars? a. the state can best ensure its security by working through international organizations b. the actions of one state to protect itself may lead others to feel in danger c. security can only be achieved by spending more on arms than on economic needs d. state cannot achieve security without violating the human rights of their own citizens Answer: b. the actions of one state to protect itself may lead others to feel in danger 8. Which of the following is an example of a bipolar world system? a. the Cold War era between the United States and the Soviet Union b. the Depression era of the 1930s c. the period prior to the Treaty of Westphalia d. the period following the collapse of the Soviet Union Answer: a. the Cold War era between the United States and the Soviet Union 9. The contemporary international system could best be described as ________. a. unipolar b. bipolar c. multipolar d. a balance of power Answer: a. unipolar 10. What does the "big-five" refer to? a. victors in the Second World War b. highly industrialized Western countries c. the nuclear powers d. five international intergovernmental organizations Answer: a. victors in the Second World War 11. Which one of the following countries is a permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations? a. Germany b. Japan c. Canada d. France Answer: d. France 12. The United Nations mandated the use of military force in which of the following conflicts? a. the Vietnam War b. the invasion of Iraq in 2003 c. the turbot war d. the 1991 Gulf War Answer: d. the 1991 Gulf War 13. In the liberal-internationalist view ________. a. states are less important actors than international organizations b. the state is primarily a unitary actor c. states pursue their national interest d. states are part of a network of actors Answer: d. states are part of a network of actors 14. Which of the following is not an organ of the World Trade Organization? a. Security Council b. Ministerial Conference c. General Council d. Secretariat Answer: a. Security Council 15. Collective security, according to the text, refers to the formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of ____________. a. fostering democracy in international organizations b. removing dictators when they violate human rights c. preventing the spread of nuclear weapons d. jointly opposing aggression by one state against another Answer: d. jointly opposing aggression by one state against another 16. Which one of the following is sometimes viewed as a postmodern state in which the meaning and practice of sovereignty has been redefined? a. the United States b. the European Union c. Canada d. the United Nations Answer: b. the European Union 17. This idea, touted by liberal-internationalists, argues that the spread of free markets and democracy throughout the world will enhance peace. This result happens because democracies are ________. a. constitutionally prevent from going to war b. more likely to form strategic alliances c. less likely to wage war against other democracies d. reluctant to trade with authoritarian states Answer: c. less likely to wage war against other democracies 18. This approach, which is critical of realism, focuses on how states and individuals define their values, identities and norms. a. optimism b. Marxism c. militarism d. constructivism Answer: d. constructivism 19. According to the text, the US decision to invade Iraq in 2003 was based on ________ assumptions. a. only realist b. only liberal-internationalist c. both liberal-internationalist and realist d. neither liberal-internationalist nor realist Answer: c. both liberal-internationalist and realist 20. Which among the following approaches is the most pessimistic concerning the prospects for achieving global peace and security? a. liberal-internationalists b. constructivists c. realists d. rationalists Answer: c. realists Chapter 18 True/False Questions 1. The Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization sets firm quotas on fish catches to prevent overfishing that all member countries follow. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 2. Since all states are sovereign, they are equal from a legal point of view. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 3. The world can be said to have international governance even though it does not have a supranational government. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 4. Realists believe that the solution to war is to make it too costly to consider. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 5. A hegemonic system is a type of unipolar system. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 6. Realists believe that the anarchic global system will eventually be overthrown. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 7. Liberal-internationalists believe that interdependence will reduce the likelihood of war. a. True b. False Answer: a. True Chapter 18 Short Answer Questions 1. What is the definition of a balance of power? Answer: Balance of power is a situation in which no state is dominant in the global system. 2. What countries were given a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council and veto power over its resolutions? Answer: The United States, the Soviet Union (now Russia), Great Britain, China (now the Peoples' Republic of China), and France. 3. What are two reasons, according to liberal-internationalists, why states obey international law? Answer: States obey international law because they: a. wish to do what is considered right and moral b. have learned over time that it is in their interest to maintain order and predictability 4. What is an international regime? Answer: A set of principles, norms, treaties, and IGOs that regulates international activity in a specific issue area. 5. According to liberal-internationalists, why do smaller powers value membership in IGOs more than great powers? Answer: Smaller powers like Canada seem to value membership in IGOs more than big powers do. Their sovereignty is enhanced because they gain more voice and hence influence, especially when acting in concert, than they would have in bilateral relationships with bigger powers. Chapter 18 Short Essay Questions 1. How do realists and liberal-internationalists differ in their views on how peace can be achieved? Answer: Realists view peace as attainable through strength, deterrence, and the balance of power. Liberal-internationalists see peace as attainable through law, interdependence, and cooperation (collective security). 2. Describe briefly how peace is maintained in a multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar system. Answer: In a multipolar system, it is the relatively equal distribution of power among the great powers that deters any of them from taking action. Formation of flexible alliances keeps a balance of power. In a bipolar system, it is the MAD or the balance of terror keeps the peace. In unipolar system, peace is maintained by the willingness of the sole superpower to maintain stability and order and its ability to forge consensus around such order and the actions it undertakes to maintain it. 3. How do realists and liberal internationalists differ in their view of international governmental organizations (IGOs)? Answer: Realists regard IGOs as tools that big powers create in order to help them fulfill their responsibilities for the maintenance of international order. The role of IGOs is primarily to help foster international consensus. They provide legitimacy for an international order that inevitably reflects the interests and preferences of the big powers more than the interests and preferences of other states in the system. Liberal internationalists view IGOs as established to reduce uncertainty in interstate relations. They are useful because they provide a context in which it is easier for states to cooperate with one another and can help states find a mutually satisfying adjustment in situations of conflicting interests or preferences. Test Bank for Politics, Power and the Common Good: An Introduction to Political Science Eric Mintz, Osvaldo Croci, David Close 9780131384774, 9780134286884
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