This Document Contains Chapters 13 to 14 Chapter 13: The Environmental Crisis MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Often, the efforts to improve life destroy the environment on which life depends, in a process known as __________. A) the tragedy of the commons B) optimistic environmentalism C) pessimistic environmentalism D) the greenhouse effect Answer: A 2. When harmful substances accumulate in the air, water, and land, it is known as __________. A) nuclear fusion B) ecology C) pollution D) thermal inversion Answer: C 3. “Everything is __________ everything else” holds the key to understanding environmental problems. A) connected to B) independent of C) superseded by D) stabilized by Answer: A 4. Each morning, the news anchor reports on the accumulation of substances harmful to living things in the air. Such reports are concerned with __________. A) nuclear fusion B) ecology C) pollution D) thermal inversion Answer: C 5. The public’s alarm about environmental issues was sparked by __________. A) reports from government agencies B) professional papers from scientists C) outcries from interest groups D) coverage by the news media Answer: D 6. __________ was/were the first to become troubled by problems in the environment. A) Interest groups B) The news media C) The public D) Professionals Answer: D 7. The invention of __________ allowed us to harness energy on a scale unknown in history. A) wind turbines B) nuclear reactors C) the steam engine D) the computer Answer: C 8. In our __________, all life on the planet is interconnected in a finely balanced cycle rotating on the dynamic layer of the earth’s surface. A) food chain B) ecosystem C) ozone shield D) solar envelope Answer: B 9. __________ focus on how the various parts of our ecosystem are interrelated. A) Conflict theorists B) Functionalists C) Symbolic interactionists D) Feminist theorists Answer: B 10. When she grows up, Marian wants to be a scientist who studies the relationship between living things and their environment. Marian wants to be a(n) __________. A) synergist B) ecologist C) optimistic environmentalist D) pessimistic environmentalist Answer: B 11. Aberjee’s research examines how the use of solar power has resulted in positive and negative consequences for mankind. Aberjee’s research is in line with __________. A) conflict theorists B) functionalists C) symbolic interactionists D) feminist theorists Answer: B 12. Regarding waste, the Supreme Court ruled that __________. A) cities must use garbage incinerators approved by the EPA B) the states to which the garbage is sent cannot refuse the shipments C) states must install pollution controls on garbage incinerators D) by 2014, people must begin burning 20% of all garbage in their homes Answer: B 13. The amount of sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States __________. A) has declined B) has remained the same C) has increased D) is impossible to measure Answer: A 14. The world’s worst nuclear reactor disaster occurred in __________. A) Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania B) Chernobyl, Ukraine C) Kyshtym, Russia D) Beijing, China Answer: B 15. The __________ is the U.S. agency responsible for overseeing the safety of food. A) World Health Organization B) Environmental Protection Agency C) National Health Association D) Food and Drug Administration Answer: D 16. Foods derived from plants or animals in which genetic materials have been transferred from one species to another or in which genes have been manipulated in a way that does not occur in nature are called __________. A) synergistic B) genetically modified C) biodegradable D) geothermal Answer: B 17. Today, the new employees of the factory will learn about how the government regulates the burning of wood, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They will be learning about the regulation of __________. A) hydrocarbons B) synfuels C) carcinogens D) fossil fuels Answer: D 18. Governmental handouts to corporations are called __________. A) corporate welfare B) the green party C) synergism D) resource recovery Answer: A 19. Substances that are derived from living things are called __________. A) hydrocarbons B) synfuels C) carcinogens D) fossil fuels Answer: D 20. __________ occurs when carbon dioxide and water vapor form an invisible blanket around the globe that allows the sun’s light to enter, but traps the heat. A) The greenhouse effect B) Thermal inversion C) Global warming D) Geothermal energy Answer: A 21. This increased temperature of the earth is called __________. A) thermal inversion B) the greenhouse effect C) global warming D) geothermal energy Answer: C 22. When burning fossil fuels release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere, moisture in the air turns these emissions into sulfuric and nitric acid and leads to __________. A) global warming B) mercury rain C) the greenhouse effect D) acid rain Answer: D 23. __________ is a bacterium that lives in our digestive systems, where it has a beneficial role; but it becomes dangerous when our food or water is contaminated with feces. A) Escherichia coli (E. coli) B) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) C) Bovine growth hormones (BGHs) D) Genetically modified foods (GMFs) Answer: A 24. The state of Florida offers tax cuts to new businesses that relocate to the area. This is an example of __________. A) corporate welfare B) the green party C) synergism D) resource recovery Answer: A 25. The food additive Red Dye No. 2 is known to cause cancer. As such, it is a __________. A) hydrocarbon B) synfuel C) carcinogen D) fossil fuel Answer: C 26. The cutlery used at the Annual Environmentalist Picnic is made of plant starch that disintegrates after being exposed to normal bacteria. As such, the cutlery is __________. A) biodegradable B) synergistic C) a hydrocarbon D) a fossil fuel Answer: A 27. The sweetener aspartame interacts with various food colorings to interfere with the development of the nervous system. As such, aspartame and food colorings are __________. A) biodegradables B) hydrocarbons C) fossil fuels D) synergistic Answer: D 28. The plankton in the ocean ingested mercury that was in the water. A small fish ate the plankton. A larger fish ate the smaller fish that had eaten the plankton. Marcus ate the large fish that had eaten the smaller fish. This reflects __________. A) cogeneration B) the food chain C) synergy D) thermal inversion Answer: B 29. Evan works at the local fast-food joint. When he uses the restroom, he does not wash his hands and the food becomes contaminated with bacteria from Evan’s digestive system. The bacteria that contaminates the food is __________. A) Escherichia coli (E. coli) B) polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) C) bovine growth hormone (BGH) D) genetically modified food (GMF) Answer: A 30. __________ famously won a bet that raw materials were not getting scarcer. A) Paul Ehrlich B) Julian Simon C) Mark Stanford D) Karl Marx Answer: B 31. Rain forests are home to __________ of all plant and animal species. A) less than 20% B) nearly 25% C) around 30% D) over half Answer: C 32. __________ argue that we are facing energy and resource shortages so vast they will shatter the foundations of the industrialized world. A) Optimistic environmentalists B) Pessimistic environmentalists C) Synergists D) Extremophiles Answer: B 33. Vashti believes that our civilization depends on substances whose supply is limited. Vashti is a(n) __________. A) optimistic environmentalist B) pessimistic environmentalist C) synergist D) extremophile Answer: B 34. Rodney claims that improved technology will solve whatever threat pollution may pose to the environment. Rodney is a(n) __________. A) optimistic environmentalist B) pessimistic environmentalist C) synergist D) extremophile Answer: A 35. Martine supports the idea of a steady state society. As such, she is a(n) __________. A) optimistic environmentalist B) pessimistic environmentalist C) synergist D) extremophile Answer: B 36. Che supports the idea of a scaled-back society. As such, he is a(n) __________. A) optimistic environmentalist B) pessimistic environmentalist C) synergist D) extremophile Answer: B 37. Vertigo supports the idea of an expanding society. As such, he is a(n) __________. A) optimistic environmentalist B) pessimistic environmentalist C) synergist D) extremophile Answer: A 38. __________ are gases developed from garbage, sawdust, and other waste. A) Hydrocarbons B) Synfuels C) Fossil fuels D) Biodegradables Answer: B 39. Some people want to rely on __________, the heat from beneath the earth’s crust, to meet our energy needs. A) thermal inversion B) a solar envelope C) geothermal energy D) nuclear fusion Answer: C 40. In a __________, 85% of the total window area in the house faces south, the house is heavily insulated, and its roof overhangs by 30 inches, letting sunshine in during the winter but excluding it during the summer. A) solar envelope B) greenhouse C) Lo-Cal house D) resource recovery plant Answer: C 41. The __________ involves stabilizing industrial output at the current rate to slow the rate of pollution and conserve resources. A) steady-state society B) scaled-back society C) expanding society D) geothermal society Answer: A 42. Rochelle believes that environmentalists should support the development of a world of even greater abundance. Rochelle’s beliefs are in line with a(n) __________. A) steady-state society B) scaled-back society C) expanding society D) geothermal society Answer: C 43. Ayesha and Fataah just purchased a new home in which 85% of the total window area in the house faces south, there is heavy insulation, and sunshine enters in during the winter but stays out during the summer. Ayesha and Fataah bought a __________. A) solar envelope B) greenhouse C) Lo-Cal house D) resource recovery plant Answer: C 44. Juan and Maria just bought a house that was built within a second set of walls that provide a “skin” to trap and distribute the sun’s heat. Juan and Maria bought a __________. A) solar envelope B) greenhouse C) Lo-Cal house D) resource recovery plant Answer: A 45. Kia believes that significant sacrifices in lifestyle are necessary for the survival of Earth. Kia’s beliefs are in line with a(n) __________. A) steady-state society B) scaled-back society C) expanding society D) geothermal society Answer: B 46. Since the 1970s, the average size of a new home in the United States has __________. A) declined B) remained the same C) increased D) fluctuated with the economy Answer: C 47. The environmental party in Germany is known as the __________. A) Stop Pollution Party B) Pro-environmental Movement C) Care for the Environment Party D) Green Party Answer: D 48. In the United States, the political party of the environmentalists is called the __________. A) greenhouse effect B) Green Party C) synergists D) Environmental Protection Agency Answer: B 49. At the County Commissioners meeting tonight, Dr. Phillips will report on how the poor in the local community have been more impacted by water and air pollution than the middle and upper classes. Dr. Phillips will speak about __________. A) the greenhouse effect B) optimistic environmentalism C) environmental injustice D) pessimistic environmentalism Answer: C 50. Wesley believes that we have more resources than we need for the foreseeable future. His view is in line with the __________. A) environmental optimists B) environmental pessimists C) symbolic interactionists D) functionalists Answer: A FILL IN THE BLANK 51. The idea that early people lived in harmony with their environment is a __________. Answer: myth 52. __________ are interested in how people’s perceptions of the environment change. Answer: Symbolic interactionists 53. In the study of environmental problems, __________ are concerned with whose interests are being served. Answer: conflict theorists 54. Cancer-causing substances are called __________. Answer: carcinogens 55. __________ is a poison that accumulates in the human body and causes eye, nose, and throat irritations, as well as bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Answer: Air pollution 56. __________ say that groups of alarmist doomsayers have captured the attention of the media with their stress on negative findings, dire predictions, and exaggerations. Answer: Optimistic environmentalists 57. The __________ requires companies to annually submit a list of the hazardous chemicals they use or manufacture to a state agency and to local fire departments. Answer: Community Right to Know Act of 1986 58. The __________ involves immediately reducing our industrial output and our standard of living to reduce our dependence on depleting fossil fuels. Answer: scaled-back society 59. The __________ involves increasing our industrial output to create a world of even greater material abundance. Answer: expanding society 60. Pollution doing the most harm to minorities and the poor is __________. Answer: environmental injustice TRUE/FALSE 61. The Anasazi stripped the forest beyond its ability to replenish itself. Answer: True 62. A dysfunction of industrialization is that toxic industrial wastes were discarded in almost every corner of the earth. Answer: True 63. Available landfills are incapable of absorbing the amount of garbage we produce. Answer: True 64. Federal regulations require mining companies to return land to its original condition. Answer: True 65. Scientists agree that global warming is due to human causes. Answer: False 66. The tropical rain forests cover about 7 percent of the earth’s total land area. Answer: True 67. Optimistic environmentalists support the idea of an expanding society. Answer: True 68. According to economist Julian Simon, raw materials are getting scarcer. Answer: False 69. An alternative form of energy includes geothermal energy. Answer: True 70. A scaled-back society is more in line with the view of pessimistic environmentalists. Answer: True SHORT ANSWER 71. Discuss the three main causes of air pollution. Answer: 1. Industrial Emissions: Factories and plants release pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide. 2. Vehicle Exhaust: Cars, trucks, and other vehicles emit nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. 3. Combustion of Fossil Fuels: Burning coal, oil, and natural gas for energy and heating produces pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. 72. List the possible consequences of global warming. Answer: 1. Rising Sea Levels: Melting glaciers and polar ice caps contribute to higher sea levels, threatening coastal communities. 2. Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes, droughts, heatwaves, and heavy rainfall. 3. Ecological Impacts: Disruption of ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, and shifts in habitats. 4. Health Risks: Spread of diseases, heat-related illnesses, and worsening air quality. 5. Economic Disruptions: Damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and fisheries, leading to economic instability. 6. Water Supply Issues: Changes in precipitation patterns affecting availability of fresh water. 7. Ocean Acidification: Increased CO2 absorption by oceans leading to acidification, harming marine life. 73. Discuss the controversy of genetically modified foods and the people involved. Answer: The controversy surrounding genetically modified foods (GMOs) involves: 1. Scientists and Biotech Companies: They argue GMOs can increase crop yields, enhance nutritional content, and resist pests and diseases, potentially addressing food security issues. 2. Environmentalists and Consumer Advocates: Concerned about long-term environmental impacts, biodiversity loss, and health risks associated with GMO consumption. 3. Farmers: Some see GMOs as a way to improve productivity and reduce pesticide use, while others fear dependence on biotech companies and loss of traditional farming practices. 4. Government Regulators: Responsible for assessing safety and setting guidelines, often balancing technological advancement with public health and environmental concerns. 5. Consumers: Divided between those seeking affordable, nutritious food and those wary of potential health risks and ethical implications of genetic engineering. 74. Discuss what can be done to prevent the misuse of toxic chemicals. Answer: To prevent the misuse of toxic chemicals, actions can include: 1. Regulation and Enforcement: Implement strict regulations on production, storage, transportation, and disposal of toxic chemicals. Enforce these regulations rigorously to deter misuse. 2. Education and Training: Educate workers, industries, and the public on safe handling, proper disposal methods, and the dangers of toxic chemicals. 3. Substitution and Alternatives: Encourage the use of less hazardous chemicals or non-toxic alternatives where possible through incentives and research. 4. Risk Assessment: Conduct thorough risk assessments to identify potential hazards associated with toxic chemicals and develop mitigation strategies. 5. Monitoring and Reporting: Establish monitoring programs to track chemical use and emissions. Require industries to report on their chemical inventory and activities regularly. 6. International Cooperation: Foster international agreements and cooperation to address cross-border issues related to toxic chemicals, such as pollution and illegal trafficking. 7. Public Awareness and Participation: Involve communities in decision-making processes related to toxic chemicals to increase accountability and awareness. Implementing these measures can help mitigate the risks associated with toxic chemicals and promote safer practices in their use and management. 75. Describe synfuels and explain how they are used. Answer: Synfuels, short for synthetic fuels, are fuels produced from alternative sources rather than naturally occurring petroleum. They include: 1. Coal-to-Liquid (CTL): Derived from coal through processes like gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce liquid fuels such as diesel and gasoline. 2. Gas-to-Liquid (GTL): Produced from natural gas through similar processes to CTL, yielding high-quality diesel and other liquid fuels. 3. Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL): Made from biomass sources such as wood, agricultural waste, or algae, converted into liquid fuels using various thermochemical or biochemical processes. Synfuels are used as alternatives to conventional fossil fuels in transportation (like diesel engines and aircraft) and industrial applications. They offer potential advantages such as energy security, reduced greenhouse gas emissions (depending on production methods), and diversification of fuel sources. However, their production can be costly and energy-intensive, raising environmental and economic considerations. ESSAY 76. Outline the stages of environmental transformation. Choose one current environmental issue and apply the stages. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Environmental transformation takes five stages and they should all be identified and described. • One environmental issue should be selected and explained. • The stages of environmental transformation should be applied to the example and specific details should be used to articulate the application. Sample Answer: The stages of environmental transformation typically include: 1. Awareness and Identification: Recognition of an environmental issue through scientific research, monitoring, or public awareness campaigns. 2. Understanding and Assessment: Investigation into the causes, impacts, and dynamics of the environmental issue through studies and assessments. 3. Policy and Planning: Development of policies, regulations, and strategies to address the issue, often involving government initiatives, international agreements, or community-based approaches. 4. Implementation: Execution of plans and policies through practical measures, technological innovations, and behavioral changes. 5. Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuous assessment of the effectiveness of implemented measures, tracking progress, and making adjustments as necessary. One current environmental issue is plastic pollution, particularly in oceans and waterways: 1. Awareness and Identification: Initially recognized through growing reports of marine debris and its impact on marine life, ecosystems, and human health. 2. Understanding and Assessment: Research reveals the widespread distribution of plastic particles in oceans, the harm caused to marine organisms through ingestion and entanglement, and the potential threats to food chains. 3. Policy and Planning: Governments and international bodies have introduced regulations and initiatives to reduce plastic waste, ban single-use plastics, and promote recycling and circular economy principles. 4. Implementation: Efforts include the establishment of recycling programs, beach clean-ups, technological innovations for biodegradable plastics, and public awareness campaigns to reduce plastic consumption. 5. Monitoring and Evaluation: Ongoing assessments measure the reduction in plastic waste, improvements in marine health, and the effectiveness of policies and initiatives in mitigating plastic pollution. This example illustrates how environmental issues progress through stages of transformation, from initial awareness to comprehensive policy and action, aimed at mitigating and managing the issue's impacts. 77. What are the functions and dysfunctions of industrialization? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Delineate the functionalist stance. • Explain industrialization. • Analyze industrialization using the tenets of functionalism. Sample Answer: Functions of industrialization: 1. Economic Growth: Industrialization drives economic expansion by increasing productivity, creating jobs, and fostering innovation. 2. Urbanization: Concentration of industries leads to urban growth, attracting workers and improving infrastructure. 3. Technological Advancement: Industrialization spurs technological innovations that improve living standards and efficiency. Dysfunctions of industrialization: 1. Environmental Degradation: Industrial activities contribute to pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion. 2. Social Inequality: Industrialization can exacerbate income disparities and lead to labor exploitation. 3. Health Risks: Exposure to industrial pollutants and hazardous substances can harm human health. Balancing the functions with mitigating dysfunctions is crucial for sustainable industrial development. 78. Explain how acid rain develops. What are the effects? Can it be reversed or stopped? How? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Note the process of acid rain formation briefly. • Describe the effects of acid rain, including the distance traveled. • Use evidence from the text to advance an argument about whether it can be reversed or stopped. Sample Answer: Acid rain develops when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from burning fossil fuels react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). These acids then fall to the ground as acid rain, snow, fog, or dry particles. Effects: 1. Environmental Damage: Acid rain harms forests, aquatic ecosystems, and soil quality. 2. Infrastructure Damage: Corrosion of buildings, bridges, and statues. 3. Human Health: Respiratory issues from air pollution and contaminated water sources. Reversal/Prevention: 1. Reducing Emissions: Regulations and technologies to cut SO2 and NOx emissions. 2. Alternative Energy: Transitioning to cleaner energy sources like renewables. 3. Environmental Restoration: Liming lakes and soils to neutralize acidity. 79. Compare and contrast the frameworks for interpreting environmental issues. Choose one or two issues to use as examples. Which side do you agree with? Why? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Describe the two frameworks (pessimistic and optimistic environmentalists). • Select and describe one or two environmental issues to explain. • Apply each framework to each issue. • Support an argument about which side you take using specific examples and evidence. Sample Answer: There are several frameworks for interpreting environmental issues, broadly categorized into anthropocentric (human-centered) and ecocentric (nature-centered) perspectives. 1. Anthropocentric Perspective: • Focuses on the impacts of environmental issues on human well-being and economic interests. • Emphasizes sustainable development where natural resources are used efficiently to benefit present and future generations. • Example issue: Deforestation for timber and agriculture. Advocates may prioritize sustainable logging practices and reforestation to ensure continued resource availability for human needs. 2. Ecocentric Perspective: • Views nature as having intrinsic value independent of human utility. • Emphasizes preservation and conservation of ecosystems and species for their own sake. • Example issue: Biodiversity loss due to habitat destruction. Advocates may argue for strict preservation of habitats and species, even at the expense of economic gains, to maintain ecological balance and resilience. Comparison: • Goal: Both aim to address environmental issues but prioritize differently—anthropocentric focuses on human benefits, while ecocentric prioritizes ecological integrity. • Approach: Anthropocentric often seeks sustainable use and management, while ecocentric leans towards protection and non-interference in natural systems. Contrast: • Values: Anthropocentric values human interests and well-being, while ecocentric emphasizes intrinsic value of nature. • Policy: Anthropocentric tends to favor economic incentives and technological solutions, whereas ecocentric favors strict regulations and conservation measures. Personal Perspective: • My view aligns more with an ecocentric perspective because I believe in the inherent value of nature beyond its utility to humans. Protecting biodiversity and ecosystems ensures long-term sustainability and resilience, benefiting both nature and humanity in the broader sense. Understanding both perspectives is crucial for balanced decision-making, but my inclination towards ecocentrism stems from a belief in the interconnectedness and importance of maintaining healthy ecosystems for the well-being of all life on Earth. 80. Explain environmental injustice and why it occurs. Are there policies that can stop this from happening? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline the basic aspects of environmental injustice using examples. • Note the policies that have been put into place to stop this practice. • Evaluate the practices and policies for effectiveness. Sample Answer: Environmental injustice refers to the disproportionate distribution of environmental burdens and benefits among different communities, often based on race, income, or socio-economic status. It occurs due to systemic factors such as: 1. Historical Discrimination: Legacy of discriminatory practices in land use, zoning, and industrial siting. 2. Economic Disparities: Marginalized communities often lack political power and resources to resist or advocate for equitable environmental policies. 3. Lack of Regulatory Enforcement: Weak enforcement of environmental regulations in disadvantaged areas. Policies to address environmental injustice include: 1. Environmental Justice Policies: Explicitly considering equity in environmental decision-making, ensuring fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. 2. Community Engagement: Empowering communities through participatory decision-making processes and ensuring their voices are heard in policy development. 3. Environmental Regulations: Strengthening enforcement of environmental laws in all communities, particularly in marginalized areas. 4. Health and Safety Protections: Implementing measures to protect public health in vulnerable communities, such as reducing exposure to pollutants and improving access to healthcare. By implementing these policies, governments and organizations can work towards mitigating environmental injustice and promoting equitable environmental outcomes for all communities. Chapter 14: War, Terrorism, and the Balance of Power MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The basic reason that the Yanomamo of the Amazon fight is because of __________. A) food B) money C) social status D) marriage Answer: C 2. A(n) __________ is a competition between nations to develop and produce new weapons and outmatch one another’s war capabilities. A) Cold War B) arms race C) total war D) long-distance surgery Answer: B 3. The __________ was the time period in which the West and the Soviet Union built arsenals of nuclear weapons that had the capacity to destroy the world. A) Cold War B) arms race C) total war D) long-distance surgery Answer: A 4. Looking back through the anthropological evidence, Jesse concludes that there must be some kind of genetic predisposition to fight. He believes that as the winners of battles survived, they produced more people who were inclined to go to war to solve problems. His views can be summed up with the notion __________. A) of the survival of the fittest B) that societies channel aggression C) religion leads people to war D) those who have the gold make the rules Answer: A 5. Throughout history, which country has spent the most amount of time in war? A) Germany B) Spain C) El Salvador D) Afghanistan Answer: B 6. Throughout history, which country has spent the least amount of time in war? A) Germany B) Spain C) El Salvador D) Afghanistan Answer: A 7. The fact that nuclear weapons could now annihilate everyone on earth is an example of __________. A) the survival of the fittest B) how industrialization has increased our capacity to kill C) how little war has changed over the years D) the reluctance of countries to go to war Answer: B 8. __________ stress that the interests of nations collide as they compete with one another for resources and markets. A) Microanalysts B) Functionalists C) Symbolic interactionists D) Conflict theorists Answer: D 9. The pursuit of profits and markets by war and threat of war is called __________. A) disarmament B) terrorism C) collateral damage D) imperialism Answer: D 10. Captain Angelo Adams is in the U.S. Army. He is in a military hospital in Afghanistan. His surgeon, who will replace Angelo’s knee today, is in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The procedure that will be performed on Captain Adams illustrates __________. A) long-distance surgery B) NATO C) Agent Orange D) imperialism Answer: A 11. __________ are interested in how perceptions shape human behavior. A) Functionalists B) Symbolic interactionists C) Conflict theorists D) Feminist theorists Answer: B 12. The protection of the nation, also called __________, is usually thought about in terms of threats from outside. A) imperialism B) Pentagon capitalism C) unilateral disarmament D) homeland security Answer: D 13. J. R. Budd is the owner of a company that manufactures and distributes weapons around the world. As such, he is a member of the __________. A) bourgeoisie B) proletariat C) G8 D) New World Order Answer: A 14. Private G.I. Joe is a soldier in the U.S. Army. Before joining the military, he worked as a cashier at the local Walmart. As such, Private Joe is a member of the __________. A) bourgeoisie B) proletariat C) G8 D) New World Order Answer: B 15. Which theoretical perspective stresses that we choose courses of action based on how we perceive events? A) Functionalism B) Symbolic interactionism C) Conflict theory D) Feminist theory Answer: B 16. As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands as territories. This reflects the following function of war: __________. A) social change B) ideology C) social integration D) extension of territory Answer: D 17. Although some deep-seated animosity remained between Southern and Northern Americans after the Civil War and Reconstruction, the two groups fought side-by-side against the common enemy in World War I. This reflects the following function of war: __________. A) social change B) ideology C) social integration D) extension of territory Answer: C 18. The Israelites declared war on the Canaanites because the Canaanites did not share the religious beliefs of the Israelites. This reflects the following function of war: __________. A) social change B) ideology C) social integration D) extension of territory Answer: B 19. Ricardo believes that the main force in human history is the struggle for control over society’s resources. Ricardo’s beliefs are in line with __________. A) functionalists B) symbolic interactionists C) conflict theorists D) feminist theory Answer: C 20. When asked what he wants to do when he grows up, Rudolph reports that he wants to protect the nation from outside threats. Rudolph wants a job in __________. A) imperialism B) pentagon capitalism C) unilateral disarmament D) homeland security Answer: D 21. A shared religion __________. A) increases the likelihood that two nations will go to war B) makes it more likely that two nations at war will end the war quickly C) decreases the chances of war between countries D) does not reduce warfare between two nations Answer: D 22. A highly educated nation ___________. A) is enlightened and will choose peace over war B) is as likely to go to war as a country with low education C) is more likely to go to war than any other nation because it has interests to protect D) results in a neutral position so other countries perceive it as vulnerable to attack Answer: B 23. The country that spends the most (per capita) on its military is ___________. A) the United States B) Israel C) India D) Tanzania Answer: A 24. Among the top 10 countries that spend the most on their militaries, which country spends the least (per capita)? A) the United States B) Israel C) India D) Tanzania Answer: C 25. Deformed babies were born in Vietnam after the U.S. government sprayed Vietnamese crops with __________. A) G8 B) sarin gas C) Agent Orange D) megaton Answer: C 26. Each U.S. soldier who sued the American government after being exposed to Agent Orange was awarded __________. A) $1,200 B) $12,000 C) $120,000 D) $1,200,000 Answer: B 27. The state that receives the most income from military contracts is __________. A) Florida B) New York C) Washington D) Virginia Answer: D 28. The explosive energy of nuclear weapons is measured in __________. A) pounds B) kilograms C) tons D) megatons Answer: D 29. Countries engage in __________ when more and more nations possess nuclear weapons. A) an arms race B) nuclear proliferation C) military industrialization D) narcoterrorism Answer: B 30. The guidance systems, bombs, missiles, tanks, planes, guns, ships, submarines, and other weapons that nations accumulate fall under the category of __________. A) Agent Orange B) armaments C) G8 D) megatons Answer: B 31. The interests of the military and defense industries are so intertwined that they are known as the __________. A) military-industrial complex B) G8 C) major weapons agent D) unilateral power Answer: A 32. Afghan President Hamid Karzai said 130 people died as a result of U.S. air strikes. These deaths illustrate __________. A) disarmament B) mutual deterrence C) collateral damage D) dehumanization Answer: C 33. The movie “Iron Man” featured a superhero who manufactured guidance systems, bombs, missiles, tanks, planes, guns, ships, and submarines for the U.S. military. As such, the superhero manufactured __________. A) Agent Orange B) armaments C) G8 D) megatons Answer: B 34. While serving in the Vietnam War, Al began to look at the Vietnamese as objects to be destroyed instead of as people. This illustrates __________. A) disarmament B) mutual deterrence C) repressive terrorism D) dehumanization Answer: D 35. __________ terrorism is waged by a government against its own citizens. A) Revolutionary B) Repressive C) State-sponsored D) Criminal Answer: B 36. When anthrax, smallpox, or the plague are used as weapons, it is an example of __________. A) criminal terrorism B) repressive terrorism C) nuclear terrorism D) biological terrorism Answer: D 37. The attacks of September 11 would be an example of __________. A) narcoterrorism B) political theater C) biological terrorism D) nuclear terrorism Answer: B 38. Hamas is a terrorist organization that receives a great deal of funding from the Saudi Arabian government. This is an example of __________. A) revolutionary terrorism B) repressive terrorism C) state-sponsored terrorism D) criminal terrorism Answer: C 39. In the movie “The Godfather”, members of the Sicilian mafia intimidate and kill anyone who opposes them. This illustrates __________. A) revolutionary terrorism B) repressive terrorism C) state-sponsored terrorism D) criminal terrorism Answer: D 40. The Taliban is a group of terrorists that uses the heroin drug trade to fund much of its illegal activity. This illustrates __________. A) revolutionary terrorism B) repressive terrorism C) state-sponsored terrorism D) narcoterrorism Answer: D 41. On June 22, 1958, an organized group of men used violence in an attempt to overthrow the Haitian government. This is an example of __________. A) revolutionary terrorism B) repressive terrorism C) state-sponsored terrorism D) criminal terrorism Answer: A 42. Adolf Hitler, the head of state in Nazi Germany, ordered the systematic killing of an estimated 17 million citizens, including 6 million Jews. This is an example of __________. A) revolutionary terrorism B) repressive terrorism C) state-sponsored terrorism D) criminal terrorism Answer: B 43. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States make up the group known as the __________. A) Pentagon capitalists B) power elite C) G8 D) political theater Answer: C 44. The __________ has the power to charge countries with war crimes. A) G8 B) International Criminal Court C) New World Order D) military–industrial complex Answer: B 45. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization __________. A) has the ability to take military action against countries B) is another name used to refer to the G8 C) is a state-sponsored terrorist organization D) is only concerned with nuclear weapons Answer: A 46. What is the goal of Project Bio Shield? A) To provide medical countermeasures against bioweapons. B) To protect the United States against a nuclear attack. C) To help soldiers with Combat Stress Reaction. D) To develop weapons in the event of an attack. Answer: A 47. The expansion of capitalism has produced a(n) __________ that links the world’s nations to one another. A) global economy B) arms race C) New World Order D) total war Answer: A 48. When the United States took action upon learning that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction, it was an example of __________. A) striking while the iron is hot B) a proactive solution C) a revolutionary attack D) a pre-emptive strike Answer: D 49. In 2002, President G. W. Bush gave the CIA an explicit go-ahead to carry out covert missions to assassinate Osama bin Laden. This is an example of __________. A) G8 B) sarin C) Agent Orange D) a targeted killing Answer: D 50. Because of the Ottawa Treaty of 1999, 30 nations have destroyed their stockpiles of anti-personnel landmines. This is an example of __________. A) disarmament B) mutual deterrence C) collateral damage D) dehumanization Answer: A FILL IN THE BLANK 51. __________ is an organized form of aggression that involves armed conflict between politically distinct groups. Answer: War 52. The group in society that maintains power and exploits the less powerful is called the _________. Answer: bourgeoisie 53. Poor workers who are exploited by the more powerful are called the __________. Answer: proletariat 54. The top leaders of the military, business, and politics are called the __________. Answer: power elite 55. The process through which soldiers come to see their opponents not as people is called __________. Answer: dehumanization 56. __________ involves the use of threats of war, intimidation, coercion, and violence to achieve objectives. Answer: Terrorism 57. When terrorists attempt to make their cause public, this is called __________. Answer: political theatre 58. In _________ terrorism, enemies of the state use terrorism in an attempt to overthrow the government. Answer: revolutionary 59. __________ terrorism occurs when criminals use terrorism to attain their objectives. Answer: Criminal 60. The balance of power that develops when two countries know there is no benefit in attacking the other is called __________. Answer: mutual assured destruction TRUE/FALSE 61. The Soviet Union adopted capitalism in the 1980s. Answer: True 62. All societies engage in war. Answer: False 63. Symbolic interactionists emphasize how important perceptions are in human behavior. Answer: True 64. A function of war is social integration. Answer: True 65. Type of religion reduces the likelihood of warfare. Answer: False 66. Many countries have used biological agents as weapons. Answer: False 67. Oftentimes soldiers dehumanize their opponents. Answer: True 68. Since the Cold War ended, the United States and Russia have engaged in nuclear disarmament. Answer: True 69. The Russian mafia is a well-known example of criminal terrorism. Answer: True 70. Revolutionary terrorism is waged by a government against its own citizens. Answer: False SHORT ANSWER 71. According to conflict theorists, why do nations go to war? Answer: According to conflict theorists, nations go to war primarily due to competition over resources, territory, or power. They argue that wars serve the interests of powerful groups or elites within societies who seek to maintain or expand their control, influence, or economic advantages through military conflict. 72. How could an accidental nuclear war occur? Answer: An accidental nuclear war could occur due to: 1. Technical Malfunctions: Errors in early warning systems or command and control systems could mistakenly indicate an incoming attack, prompting a retaliatory response. 2. Misinterpretation: Misunderstandings or miscommunications during a crisis could lead to a false perception of hostile intent, triggering a pre-emptive strike. 3. Human Error: Mistakes by military personnel, such as incorrect procedures or unauthorized actions, could lead to the launch of nuclear weapons. 4. Provocative Actions: Unintended escalation of tensions or conflicts between nuclear-armed states could escalate quickly into a nuclear exchange. Preventing accidental nuclear war requires robust communication channels, clear protocols, and strict adherence to safety procedures to minimize the risk of misunderstandings or technical errors triggering catastrophic consequences. 73. List the research findings on reducing warfare. How can warfare be reduced? Answer: Research findings suggest several approaches to reduce warfare: 1. Diplomacy and Negotiation: Effective diplomacy and conflict resolution mechanisms can address grievances and resolve disputes peacefully. 2. International Cooperation: Multilateral agreements, treaties, and alliances promote stability and reduce incentives for conflict. 3. Economic Development: Socioeconomic development can alleviate poverty and inequality, which are often drivers of conflict. 4. Conflict Prevention: Early warning systems, mediation efforts, and peacebuilding initiatives can prevent conflicts from escalating. 5. Democracy and Governance: Strong democratic institutions and governance structures tend to reduce internal conflicts and promote stability. 6. Arms Control and Disarmament: Limiting the proliferation and stockpiling of weapons, including nuclear disarmament, reduces the likelihood of armed conflicts. To reduce warfare effectively, a combination of these approaches is often necessary, tailored to specific contexts and addressing underlying causes of conflict such as poverty, inequality, and political instability. 74. Compare and contrast the different types of political terrorism. Give examples of each. Answer: Political terrorism can be categorized into several types: 1. State-Sponsored Terrorism: • Definition: Terrorism supported or conducted by governments to achieve political objectives. • Examples: The Syrian government's use of chemical weapons against civilians in the Syrian Civil War; state-sponsored assassinations by regimes like North Korea. 2. Dissident Terrorism: • Definition: Terrorism perpetrated by non-state actors against their own government or society to challenge or overthrow political authority. • Examples: The Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland seeking independence from the United Kingdom; the Red Army Faction (RAF) in Germany targeting capitalist and imperialist interests. 3. Terrorism by Extremist Groups: • Definition: Terrorism carried out by extremist organizations aiming to achieve ideological, religious, or political goals. • Examples: Al-Qaeda's attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, in pursuit of jihadist goals; ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) targeting civilians and governments to establish a caliphate. Comparison: • Motivation: State-sponsored terrorism is driven by political strategies of governments; dissident terrorism arises from internal dissent against a government; extremist terrorism is motivated by ideological or religious beliefs. • Targets: State-sponsored terrorism often targets perceived enemies of the state or dissidents; dissident terrorism targets government officials or symbols; extremist terrorism targets civilians or symbolic targets to spread fear. Contrast: • Legitimacy: State-sponsored terrorism may have perceived legitimacy from the sponsoring state; dissident terrorism lacks state legitimacy but seeks popular support; extremist terrorism typically lacks legitimacy in broader society. • Response: State-sponsored terrorism may face limited international condemnation; dissident terrorism may garner sympathy or support domestically; extremist terrorism often faces broad international condemnation and military responses. Understanding these distinctions helps in crafting effective counter-terrorism strategies tailored to each type's motivations, methods, and targets. 75. Discuss the causes and goals of revolutionary terrorism. Answer: Revolutionary terrorism is characterized by violence committed by revolutionary groups aiming to overthrow existing political systems and establish new socio-political orders. Causes: 1. Political Oppression: Groups feel marginalized or oppressed by authoritarian regimes or colonial powers. 2. Social Injustice: Economic disparities, discrimination, and lack of opportunities drive grievances. 3. Ideological Beliefs: Radical ideologies advocating for drastic societal change through violent means. Goals: 1. Overthrow of Regime: To dismantle existing power structures perceived as unjust or oppressive. 2. Social Transformation: To create a new political and social order based on revolutionary ideologies (e.g., communism, nationalism). 3. Inspire Mass Mobilization: To galvanize support among marginalized populations for revolutionary change. Revolutionary terrorism seeks to destabilize existing systems through targeted violence against government officials, military installations, or symbolic targets to provoke fear and provoke mass uprising or international attention. ESSAY 76. Explain the essential conditions of war and the seven “sparks” that set off war. Apply them to a particular conflict. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Identification and explanation of the essential conditions of war (cultural tradition, antagonistic situations, and incompatible objectives). • Identification of the seven sparks. • Choose a recent conflict and apply the conditions and sparks to show how they work in real world situations. Sample Answer: The essential conditions of war include: 1. Perceived Grievances: Real or perceived injustices or grievances that create resentment or desire for change. 2. Power Imbalance: Disparities in power or resources between conflicting parties that may lead to conflict. 3. Security Dilemma: Actions taken by one party to enhance security are perceived as threatening by others, leading to escalation. 4. Escalation Dynamics: Actions and reactions that escalate tensions and increase the likelihood of conflict. 5. Mobilization: Preparations for conflict through military build-up or mobilization of resources. 6. Decision-Making Failures: Miscommunication, miscalculation, or failure to negotiate peacefully. 7. Contextual Factors: Historical, cultural, or geopolitical factors that contribute to the likelihood of conflict. Example - Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: 1. Perceived Grievances: Both Israelis and Palestinians perceive historical injustices, including displacement, occupation, and lack of statehood. 2. Power Imbalance: Israel has superior military capabilities and support from powerful allies compared to the Palestinians. 3. Security Dilemma: Israeli security measures, such as settlements and security barriers, are viewed as oppressive by Palestinians, leading to retaliation and further security measures. 4. Escalation Dynamics: Periodic escalations in violence, triggered by events such as rocket attacks, airstrikes, or clashes at holy sites, fuel cycles of retaliation and escalation. 5. Mobilization: Both sides have mobilized militarily and politically, with the Palestinians using guerrilla tactics and Israel conducting military operations. 6. Decision-Making Failures: Attempts at peace negotiations have often faltered due to disagreements over issues such as borders, settlements, and the status of Jerusalem. 7. Contextual Factors: Historical claims to land, religious significance of Jerusalem, and regional geopolitical dynamics influence the conflict's intensity and complexity. Understanding these conditions and sparks can help in analyzing and addressing the complexities of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and similar conflicts around the world. 77. Discuss the functionalist perspective on the functions of war. How can war be functional for a society? Give examples. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Identify and explain the functionalist perspective in general. • Apply functionalism to war by articulating the basic functions of war. • Analyze a recent conflict to show how the functionalist perspective works. Sample Answer: From a functionalist perspective, war can serve several functions for a society despite its destructive nature: 1. Social Cohesion: War can unite people within a society, fostering patriotism and a sense of national identity. For example, during World War II, citizens in many countries rallied together in support of their troops and national defense efforts, strengthening social bonds. 2. Economic Stimulus: War often leads to increased production and economic activity as industries gear up for military production. This can stimulate employment and economic growth. For instance, the United States experienced significant economic growth during and after World War II due to increased industrial output for the war effort. 3. Technological Advancement: Wars drive technological innovation and advancements in fields such as medicine, communication, and transportation. For example, World War I spurred advancements in aviation technology and medical treatments. 4. Social Change: Wars can accelerate social changes by challenging existing norms and hierarchies. For instance, World War I and World War II contributed to shifts in gender roles as women took on more responsibilities in the workforce and society. While these functions highlight war's role in societal dynamics, it's important to note that the functionalist perspective doesn't endorse war as desirable but rather examines how it can inadvertently serve certain societal functions amid its negative consequences. 78. What is the military-industrial complex? How does it work to perpetuate war? What is the role of arms trading? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain the concept of a military-industrial complex. • Identify how the vested interests of the various groups perpetuate war. • Note the role of arms trading and how it leads to profits and further war. Sample Answer: The military-industrial complex refers to the close relationship between the military establishment and defense contractors, supported by government policies and spending. It perpetuates war in several ways: 1. Profit Incentives: Defense contractors benefit financially from war through contracts for weapons, equipment, and services, creating a vested interest in military conflicts. 2. Political Influence: Defense industries lobby policymakers to support defense spending and military interventions, influencing foreign policy decisions that may lead to war. 3. Technological Advancement: Investment in military technology and innovation by defense contractors contributes to the development of advanced weaponry, increasing the likelihood of military engagements. Arms trading plays a critical role in perpetuating war by: 1. Supplying Weapons: Arms traders sell weapons and military equipment to governments, rebel groups, and other entities involved in conflicts, fueling armed conflicts. 2. Profit Motive: Arms trading generates substantial profits for manufacturers and traders, incentivizing continued production and sale of weapons even during conflicts. 3. Destabilizing Regions: Irresponsible arms transfers can exacerbate regional tensions and conflicts by arming non-state actors or oppressive regimes, prolonging instability. In summary, the military-industrial complex and arms trading create economic incentives and political dynamics that contribute to the perpetuation and escalation of wars worldwide. 79. Explain the development of interlocking networks of mutual interest. Give examples. Do you think these are good or bad for reducing the threat of war? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Identify what interlocking networks of mutual interest are and how they work. • Give examples of them. • Use examples from modern and historical conflicts to argue whether you think they reduce the threat of war. Sample Answer: Interlocking networks of mutual interest refer to interconnected relationships between countries, organizations, and industries that share common economic, political, or security goals. These networks can involve alliances, trade agreements, and collaborative efforts aimed at mutual benefit. Examples include: 1. Military Alliances: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an alliance of countries committed to collective defense, enhancing security and stability among member states. 2. Trade Agreements: Economic partnerships such as the European Union (EU) promote economic growth and cooperation among member countries through trade and investment. 3. International Organizations: Bodies like the United Nations (UN) facilitate diplomatic dialogue and cooperation on global issues, promoting peaceful resolution of conflicts. Whether these networks are good or bad for reducing the threat of war depends on various factors: • Benefits: They can promote trust, cooperation, and mutual understanding among nations, reducing the likelihood of conflict through dialogue and shared interests. • Risks: However, interlocking networks can also create dependencies and vulnerabilities, potentially escalating conflicts if disputes arise or alliances shift. In conclusion, while interlocking networks of mutual interest can contribute positively to reducing the threat of war by fostering cooperation and stability, careful management and diplomacy are essential to mitigate risks and maintain peace. 80. Outline the 10 basic policies for dealing with terrorists. What evidence do you see of these policies in contemporary society? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Identify and explain the 10 basic policies for dealing with terrorists. • Give specific examples of these policies from contemporary society. Sample Answer: The 10 basic policies for dealing with terrorists typically include: 1. Preventive Diplomacy: Engaging in diplomatic efforts to address root causes and grievances that lead to terrorism. 2. Intelligence Gathering: Collecting and analyzing intelligence to identify terrorist threats and prevent attacks. 3. Law Enforcement: Investigating and apprehending terrorists through legal and law enforcement measures. 4. Border Controls: Implementing measures to control borders and prevent the movement of terrorists and illicit goods. 5. Military Force: Using military action to disrupt and defeat terrorist organizations. 6. Economic Sanctions: Imposing economic measures to isolate and weaken terrorist groups financially. 7. Social and Economic Development: Addressing socio-economic inequalities and marginalization that contribute to terrorism. 8. Human Rights Protection: Upholding human rights while countering terrorism to maintain legitimacy and moral authority. 9. Public Diplomacy: Communicating with the public and international community to build support for counter-terrorism efforts. 10. International Cooperation: Collaborating with other countries and organizations to share intelligence and coordinate efforts against terrorism. Evidence of these policies in contemporary society includes: • Intelligence Sharing: Countries collaborate through intelligence-sharing networks like the Five Eyes (USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) to thwart terrorist plots. • Law Enforcement Actions: Numerous arrests and prosecutions of suspected terrorists globally demonstrate ongoing law enforcement efforts. • Military Operations: Military campaigns against terrorist groups such as ISIS in Iraq and Syria illustrate the use of force to degrade their capabilities. • Economic Sanctions: International sanctions against state sponsors of terrorism like Iran and North Korea aim to weaken their support for terrorist activities. • Social and Economic Development: Programs aimed at countering extremism through education, job creation, and community engagement target root causes of terrorism. These policies reflect ongoing efforts by governments and international organizations to combat terrorism comprehensively, addressing both immediate security threats and underlying factors contributing to radicalization and violence. Test Bank for Social Problems: A Down-to-Earth Approach James M. Henslin 9780205968848, 9781292039862, 9780205965120, 9780205004164, 9780135164709
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