This Document Contains Chapters 13 to 14 Chapter 13 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood True / False Questions 1. The cognitive growth that takes place during middle childhood enables children to develop more complex concepts of themselves. TRUE 2. Early childhood is the time when children must learn skills valued in their society. FALSE 3. Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development focuses on industry versus inferiority. FALSE 4. By age 4 or 5, children typically are aware of feeling shame and pride, and they have a clearer idea of the difference between guilt and shame. FALSE 5. Emotional self-regulation involves effortful control of emotions, attention, and behavior. TRUE 6. Children tend to become more empathic and more inclined to prosocial behavior in early childhood. FALSE 7. Children are more apt to follow their parents' wishes when they recognize the parents are fair. TRUE 8. Most studies of the impact of parents' work on children's well-being have focused on employed fathers. FALSE 9. Effective parenting cannot buffer children from the effects of low socioeconomic status (SES). FALSE 10. The parents' ability to create a favorable family atmosphere may affect children's adjustment more than their marital status does. TRUE 11. Today the United States has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world. FALSE 12. The timing of the divorce affects its outcome for the children. TRUE 13. There is no consistent difference between homosexual and heterosexual parents in emotional health or parenting skills and attitudes. TRUE 14. Adoption is found in all cultures throughout history. TRUE 15. Children's concepts of friendship and the ways they act with their friends change with age, reflecting cognitive and emotional growth. TRUE 16. Hostile aggression is the hallmark of the preschool period. FALSE 17. Rejected children and those exposed to harsh parenting tend to have a hostile attribution bias. TRUE 18. Adults can help children curb aggression by teaching them how to recognize when they are getting angry and how to control their anger. TRUE 19. Media provides visceral thrills without showing the human cost and leads children to view aggression as acceptable. TRUE 20. Bullying involves physical violence but not verbal acts of aggression. FALSE Multiple Choice Questions 21. The cognitive growth that takes place during middle childhood enables children to develop A. all-or-nothing concepts of themselves. B. simpler concepts of themselves than in earlier periods. C. more complex concepts of themselves than in earlier periods. D. one-dimensional concepts of themselves. 22. Broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self are referred to as _____. A. heuristics B. scaffolds C. imprints D. representational systems 23. Randolph says, "I am fast at getting my homework done, but I'm slow at doing chores around the house. I guess I'm good at some tasks, and slow at others." Randolph's ability to think of himself in more than one dimension relies on the maturation of A. quantitative ability. B. representational systems. C. ego-centric thinking. D. object permanence. 24. Self-esteem best reflects a child's assessment of her or his _____. A. ideal self B. environment C. global self-worth D. quantitative skills 25. Marcy views herself as being generally capable and competent in most aspects of her life. This indicates that Marcy has a high degree of _____. A. self-regulation B. self-adaptability C. global self-worth D. effortful control 26. According to Erikson, a major determinant of self-esteem is children's view of their capacity A. to be creative. B. for effortful control. C. for productive work. D. to form relationships. 27. Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development focuses on _____. A. initiative versus shame and guilt B. productivity versus self-doubt C. industry versus inferiority D. ego integrity versus despair 28. Which of the following stages indicates that children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inadequacy compared with their peers? A. Industry versus inferiority B. Ego integrity versus despair C. Initiative versus shame and guilt D. Intimacy versus isolation 29. The virtue that develops with successful resolution of Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development is _____. A. work ethic B. creativity C. competence D. autonomy 30. Leonard, who is in the third grade, was unable to grasp concepts taught in his math classes. With additional help from his parents and increased practice he was able to improve his math skills. According to Erikson, by successfully resolving this crisis Leonard will acquire the virtue of _____. A. competence B. autonomy C. basic trust D. consideration 31. By what age are children typically aware of feeling pride and shame? A. 3 or 4 B. 5 or 6 C. 7 or 8 D. 9 or 10 32. Which of the following is characteristic of 8-year-old children? A. They are aware of the feeling of pride. B. They are unable to differentiate between guilt and shame. C. Their opinion of themselves remains unaffected by emotions. D. They fail to understand their conflicting emotions. 33. The ability to stifle the impulse to show negative emotion at inappropriate times is called A. internalized conflict. B. effortful control. C. situational behavior. D. competence. 34. Mark is a 9-year-old boy. Which of the following, if true, would indicate that he has low effortful control? A. He thinks girls are boring and plays only with boys. B. He becomes very angry and throws a tantrum whenever his parents refuse to buy him a toy. C. He always shows a keen interest in doing things himself and learning new skills. D. He knows that he is very good at Math and Science and not that good at Geography and History. 35. Holden is 10 years old and finds it easy to curb negative feelings and behavior. When his parents forbid him from doing certain things, such as watching the television, he is able to hold back his irritation. This would indicate that A. he has high effortful control. B. he has low self-esteem. C. he has low prosocial behavior. D. he has high competence. 36. Which of the following is true of effortful control? A. Effortful control generally reduces with age. B. Effortful control refers to parental intolerance of children's negative emotions. C. Children low in effortful control can easily stifle the impulse to show negative emotion at inappropriate times. D. Effortful control involves voluntary moderation of emotions, attention, and behavior. 37. During middle childhood, children A. are unaware of their culture's rules for acceptable emotional expression. B. tend to become more empathic. C. tend to become less inclined to prosocial behavior. D. are unable to differentiate between guilt and shame. 38. Coregulation is A. the most important aspect of early childhood. B. another term for authoritative parenting. C. the virtue resulting from successful resolution of Erikson's crisis of middle childhood. D. a transitional stage of middle childhood in which parent and child share control. 39. The transitional stage of coregulation occurs during A. late childhood. B. early childhood. C. middle childhood. D. infancy. 40. Eight-year-old Stephanie is beginning to internalize the values of her parents and society. Although her parents exercise general supervision over her, they also allow her to have periods of self-supervision. This sharing of power between Stephanie and her parents is referred to as A. coregulation. B. virtue of competence. C. autocratic parenting. D. effortful control. 41. Which of the following coregulation attempts is an appeal to moral values? A. "A big boy like you shouldn't sit on the train while an old person stands." B. "If you go another day without bathing, we'll be able to smell you coming." C. "No wonder you missed the school bus today—you stayed up too late last night! Now you'll have to walk to school." D. "Aren't you glad your father loves you enough to remind you to wear your boots?" 42. Which of the following is true of coregulation? A. It involves increased levels of direct intervention by parents. B. It involves stifling the impulse to show negative emotion at inappropriate times. C. It affects the way parents handle discipline. D. It is a consequence of maternal employment. 43. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2007 approximately _____ of mothers with children under age 18 were in the workforce. A. 50% B. 25% C. 71% D. 90% 44. What percent of school-aged children regularly care for themselves at home without adult supervision for at least part of the day? A. 2% B. 9% C. 30% D. 18% 45. Which of the following statements is correct regarding poverty and children? A. Effective parenting can buffer children from the effects of low socioeconomic status. B. Children living with married couples are more likely to be poor than children living with single mothers. C. Poverty affects children's self-esteem, but it does not seem to affect their peer relations or conduct. D. Poor children are less likely than other children to have emotional or behavioral problems. 46. Which of the following is true about the relationship between family structure and children? A. Children from stable families engage more in delinquent behavior than from divorced families. B. Marital status may affect children's adjustment more than the quality of parenting. C. Family instability may be more harmful to children than the particular type of family they live in. D. Children who experience several family transitions, such as moving homes, changing schools, and divorcing parents, are less likely to have behavior problems. 47. How many children in the United States are involved in divorces each year? A. Less than 10,000 B. About 500,000 C. Nearly 750,000 D. More than 1 million 48. In the context of parenting, which of the following is true of divorce? A. The United States has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world indicating more children staying with their married parents. B. The family's standard of living is most likely to improve after divorce. C. Younger children tend to be less anxious about divorce than older children. D. Children's emotional or behavioral problems may reflect the level of parental conflict before the divorce. 49. Compared to older children of divorce, younger children A. are less anxious. B. have less realistic perceptions of what caused the divorce. C. are less likely to blame themselves. D. adapt less quickly. 50. _____ refers to active consultation between a mother and a non-resident father on parenting decisions that leads to more frequent contact between father and child. A. Cooperative parenting B. Child support parenting C. Parental guidance D. Parental supervision 51. Which of the following is most likely to help children adjust to their parent's divorce? A. The non-resident parent has no contact and involvement B. The father refuses to pay child support. C. Strict and authoritative stepparent D. Effective co-parenting relationship 52. The number of single-parent families in the United States has increased since 1970 because of rising rates of divorce or separation, unwed parenthood, or death. Approximately what percent of children today live with only one parent? A. 20% B. 26% C. 38% D. 10% 53. Which of the following is true of single-parent families? A. Children living with a single parent are exposed to few stressful experiences. B. Children are far less likely to live with a single mother than with a single father. C. Children living with a single parent are less likely to be economically disadvantaged as a result of the smaller size of the family. D. Children in single-parent families tend to lag socially and educationally behind peers in two-parent families. 54. Many single mothers marry men who are not the father of their children. The families formed by such marriages are referred to as A. blended families. B. cohabiting families. C. extended families. D. traditional families. 55. According to research, which of the following statements about stepfamilies or blended families is false? A. A child's loyalties to an absent or dead parent may interfere with forming ties to a stepparent. B. Girls, who often have more trouble than boys adjusting to divorce and living with a single mother, benefit from a stepfather. C. Mothers who remarry or form new cohabiting relationships tend to use gentler discipline than mothers who remain single. D. Many stepchildren maintain ties with their noncustodial parents. 56. Approximately how many children in the United States live with at least one lesbian or gay parent? A. 1million B. 9 million C. 15 million D. 5 million 57. Which of the following is true of the development of children of gay and lesbian parents? A. They are more likely to become homosexual than children of heterosexual parents. B. They are more likely to have emotional problems than children of heterosexual parents. C. They usually have negative relationships with their parents. D. There are no consistent differences between children raised by homosexual parents and children raised by heterosexual parents. 58. Which of the following statements is correct regarding adopted children in the United States? A. Adoptions of foreign-born children by U.S. families have nearly quadrupled since 1978. B. Cognitively, adoption is usually detrimental for children. C. Rules governing interracial adoption remain same across states. D. Children adopted after 1 year of age are less likely to show disturbances in their attachment patterns. 59. In many developing societies, such as those in Latin America and Asia, _____ households predominate, and resident grandparents play an integral role in the family. A. extended-family B. adoptive-family C. step-family D. cohabiting-family 60. "Skip-generation" families refer to A. single-parent families. B. families where grandparents are pushed into the parenting role. C. families with gay or lesbian parents. D. families that have very low socioeconomic status. 61. Which of the following statements regarding sibling relationships is correct? A. When the parent-child relationship is conflictual, sibling conflict is less likely. B. The child's behavior with siblings is independent of the behavior patterns established with parents. C. Competition and fight among siblings is virtually non-existent in developing countries. D. Children are more apt to squabble with same-sex siblings. 62. Which of the following statements is false regarding peer influences on gender development? A. Girls are more likely than boys to engage in cross-gender activities, such as team sports. B. In middle childhood, peer groups are rarely based on gender. C. Groups of boys more consistently pursue gender-typed activities rather than girls. D. Same-sex peer groups help children learn gender-appropriate behaviors and incorporate gender roles into their self-concept. 63. Which of the following statements regarding positive effects of peer groups in middle childhood is false? A. Peer groups help youngsters develop a sense of identity. B. The peer group helps children learn how to get along in society. C. The preadolescent peer group encourages nonconformity. D. The peer group offers emotional security. 64. _____ is the unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one's own, especially racial or ethnic groups. A. Hostile aggression B. Prejudice C. Instrumental aggression D. Coregulation 65. Barnett often played with Lian, a thirteen-year-old Chinese American. Barnett's peer group did not accept Lian and picked on him as he looked different. Barnett gave in to the pressure to conform and adopted his peer groups' attitude toward Lian. He began to view Lian as an outsider. Barnett and his peer groups' attitude toward Lian is referred to as _____. A. coregulation B. prejudice C. a hostile attribution bias D. instrumental aggression 66. _____ are especially susceptible to pressure to conform to the peer group. A. Preadolescent children B. Adolescents C. Children in early childhood D. Young adults 67. Which of the following is a negative effect of peer groups during middle childhood? A. The peer group restricts children from developing skills needed for intimacy. B. The peer group narrows children's perspectives. C. The peer group exerts pressure to conform. D. The peer group creates emotional insecurity. 68. With regard to peer groups in middle childhood, which of the following statements is correct? A. Children segregate themselves by sex and engage in different activities because of boys' higher activity levels and more vigorous play. B. Boys have more intimate conversations characterized by prosocial interactions and shared confidences. C. Same-sex peer groups prevent children from incorporating gender roles into their self-concept. D. Boys' and girls' peer groups engage in similar types of activities. 69. Unpopular children tend to make friends with A. children who are elder to them. B. popular children. C. children from same class. D. children from a different school. 70. What is the difference between preschool friends and school-age friends? A. Friendship among preschool children is deeper. B. Friendship among school-age children is more reciprocal. C. Preschool children have more stable friendships. D. Preschool children distinguish among "best friends," "good friends," and "casual friends." 71. Which of the following is true of friendship among school-age children? A. They fail to distinguish among "best friends," "good friends," and "casual friends." B. Boys seem to care less about having many friends than about having a few close friends they can rely on. C. They have less stable friendships compared to preschool children. D. Boys have more friendships, but they tend to be less intimate and affectionate. 72. In middle childhood, boys differ from girls in that boys have A. three to five "best" friends. B. more intimate friendships. C. less affectionate friendships. D. fewer friendships. 73. After age 6 or 7, most children become A. more egocentric. B. less empathic. C. less aggressive. D. less communicative. 74. Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal is known as _____ aggression. A. instrumental B. hostile C. indirect D. social 75. Which of the following types of aggression is the hallmark of the preschool period? A. Proactive aggression B. Indirect aggression C. Instrumental aggression D. Social aggression 76. Aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person is known as _____ aggression. A. prejudiced B. hostile C. instrumental D. relational 77. Donna, a five-year-old girl, acts aggressively toward her playmates to get her own way. She physically fights with children who have toys that she wants, and snatches their toys from them. This is most likely to be categorized as _____ aggression. A. hostile B. social C. instrumental D. indirect 78. During the school years, the nature of aggression changes as _____ aggression increases and _____ aggression decreases. A. social; direct B. instrumental; indirect C. social; hostile D. hostile; instrumental 79. Which of the following statements is true with regard to aggression in children after the age of 7? A. Girls continue to engage in more direct aggression. B. Boys are increasingly more likely to engage in social or indirect aggression. C. Instrumental aggression becomes much more common in both boys and girls. D. Hostile aggression often takes verbal rather than physical form. 80. The tendency of individuals to perceive others as trying to hurt them and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense is known as the _____ attribution bias. A. proactive B. hostile C. instrumental D. relational 81. Hostile attribution biases become more common between ages A. 4 and 6. B. 6 and 12. C. 9 and 14. D. 11 and 17. 82. Andy, an eleven-years-old boy, has been living with his father since his parents' divorce. He usually sees his classmates' behavior as deliberate attempts of aggression. As a result he reacts violently toward them to defend himself. Which of the following depicts Andy's behavior? A. Instrumental aggression B. Prejudice C. Peer pressure D. Hostile attribution bias 83. Phyllis, a 12-year-old girl, dislikes her classmate Alice. She often spreads false information about Alice and encourages others to ignore her. Phyllis uses such actions to hurt other girls. Phyllis is most likely to be categorized as A. having succumbed to peer pressure. B. using instrumental aggression. C. being directly aggressive. D. being relationally aggressive. 84. Which of the following statements about hostile aggression in children is correct? A. Adults have little effect on hostile aggression in children. B. Hostile aggression is the hallmark of the preschool period C. Highly aggressive children rarely egg each other on to antisocial acts. D. Hostile aggression can be curbed by helping children to recognize when they are getting angry. 85. In the United States, about _____ out of 10 television programs portray violence, usually glamorized, glorified, or trivialized. A. 6 B. 7 C. 9 D. 2 86. Aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless is known as _____. A. a hostile attribution bias B. prejudice C. bullying D. instrumental aggression 87. Clare is always isolated by Regina and her group of friends. They look down upon her because of her low economic status. Whenever she is not around, they talk negatively about her. In this scenario, Clare faces _____ bullying. A. relational B. prejudicial C. physical D. cyber 88. Dan, who is bigger and stronger than most of his classmates, often pushes them to get ahead in queues. He snatches food from other children during lunch hours. Dan is engaged in A. relational bullying. B. verbal bullying. C. physical bullying. D. cyberbullying. 89. Miranda is in fourth grade and often addresses Jenny, her classmate, using derogatory nicknames. Miranda even threatened Jenny not to talk to her boyfriend, Ron. In this scenario, Jenny faces _____ bullying. A. instrumental B. verbal C. physical D. emotional 90. Jane posted derogatory comments about Elaine's character on a social networking website. Jane also asked her friends to do the same. This is an example of A. verbal bullying. B. cyberbullying. C. physical bullying. D. emotional bullying. 91. Male bullies tend to use _____ aggression, while female bullies tend to use _____ aggression. A. relational; physical B. emotional; instrumental C. instrumental; overt D. physical; relational 92. Posting comments or derogatory photos of a fellow school student on a website is an example of _____. A. instrumental aggression B. cyberbullying C. sexting D. cyberstalking 93. Which of the following statements is true about bullying in the United States? A. Cyberbullying has become increasingly common. B. Most U.S. primary schools report student bullying at least four times a week. C. Bullying is more common in primary school than in middle or high school. D. Unlike the pattern for bullying, the likelihood of being bullied increases steadily. 94. Which of the following is true of bullying? A. Schools in industrialized countries rarely have instances of bullying. B. Bullying is harmful to both bullies and victims. C. Bullying refers to accidental acts of violence. D. Risk factors for victimization seem to differ across cultures. 95. Children who are victims of bullying tend to A. have little trouble adjusting to school. B. be loud and outgoing. C. be anxious and depressed. D. have a large, supportive group of friends. Essay Questions 96. Explain the development of coregulation during middle childhood. Answer: During the course of childhood, control of behavior gradually shifts from parents to child. Middle childhood brings a transitional stage of coregulation in which parent and child share power. Parents exercise oversight, but children enjoy moment-to-moment self-regulation. With regard to problems among peers, for example, parents now rely less on direct intervention and more on discussion with their child. Children are more apt to follow their parents' wishes when they recognize the parents are fair and concerned about the child's welfare and that they may "know better" because of experience. It helps if parents try to acknowledge children's maturing judgment and take strong stands only on important issues. The shift to coregulation affects the way parents handle discipline. Parents of school-age children are more likely to use inductive techniques that involve explaining why a behavior is wrong and focusing on the effects of that behavior on others. The way parents and children resolve conflicts may be more important than the specific outcomes. If family conflict is constructive, it can help children see the need for rules and standards. They also learn what issues are worth arguing about and what strategies can be effective. 97. Explain the effects of divorce on a child's development. Discuss the factors that impact a child's adjustment to divorce. Answer: Divorce is stressful for children. First, there is the stress of marital conflict and then of parental separation and the departure of one parent, usually the father. Children may not fully understand what is happening. Divorce is stressful for the parents as well and may negatively affect their parenting. The family's standard of living is likely to drop; and, if a parent moves away, a child's relationship with the noncustodial parent may suffer. A divorced parent's remarriage can increase the stress on children, renewing feelings of loss. Children's emotional or behavioral problems may reflect the level of parental conflict before the divorce. A child's adjustment to divorce may depend in part on the child's age or maturity, gender, and psychosocial adjustment before the divorce. Younger children tend to be more anxious about divorce, have less realistic perceptions of what caused it, and are more likely to blame themselves. However, they may adapt more quickly than older children, who better understand what is going on. School-age children are sensitive to parental pressures and loyalty conflicts and, like younger children, may fear abandonment and rejection. Boys find it harder to adjust than girls do and are more susceptible to social and conduct problems. Children do better after divorce if the custodial parent is warm, supportive, and authoritative, monitors the child's activities, and holds age-appropriate expectations; if parental conflict subsides; and if the non-resident parent maintains close contact and involvement. Children living with divorced mothers adjust better when the father pays child support. Many children of divorce say that losing contact with a father is one of the most painful results of divorce. However, frequency of contact with the father is not as important as the quality of the father-child relationship and the level of parental conflict. 98. How do siblings influence and get along with one another in middle childhood? Answer: Siblings influence each other, not only directly through their own interactions, but also indirectly through their impact on each other's relationship with the parents. Parents' experience with an older sibling influences their expectations and treatment of a younger one. Conversely, behavior patterns a child establishes with parents tend to "spill over" into the child's behavior with siblings. Sibling relations can be a laboratory for conflict resolution. Siblings are motivated to make up after quarrels because they know they will see each other every day. They learn that expressing anger does not end a relationship. Children are more apt to squabble with same-sex siblings; and two brothers quarrel more than any other combination. 99. Explain the differences between hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and relational aggression. Explain gender differences with regard to aggression. Answer: Instrumental aggression, aggression aimed at achieving an objective, the hallmark of the preschool period, becomes much less common. However, as aggression declines overall, hostile aggression—action intended to hurt another person—proportionately increases, often taking verbal rather than physical form. Boys continue to engage in more direct aggression, and girls are increasingly more likely to engage in social or indirect aggression, although a recent meta-analysis found negligible gender differences, calling into question the common portrayal of indirect aggression as a predominantly female form of aggression. 100. Bullying is an issue in many schools in the United States. Explain the consequences of bullying. What is the Steps to Respect program? Answer: Bullying, especially emotional bullying is harmful to both bullies and victims—and can even be fatal. Bullies are at increased risk of delinquency, crime, or alcohol abuse. In the wave of school shootings since 1994, the perpetrators often had been victims of bullying. Victims of chronic bullying tend to develop behavior problems. They may become more aggressive themselves or may become depressed. Furthermore, frequent bullying affects the school atmosphere, leading to widespread underachievement, alienation from school, stomach-aches and headaches, reluctance to go to school, and frequent absences. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has promoted Steps to Respect, a program for grades 3 to 6 that aims to (1) increase staff awareness and responsiveness to bullying, (2) teach students social and emotional skills, and (3) foster socially responsible beliefs. Chapter 14 Physical Development and Health in Adolescence True / False Questions 1. In preindustrial societies, children entered the adult world when they matured physically or when they began a vocational apprenticeship. TRUE 2. In boys, follicle-stimulating hormone initiates the secretion of testosterone and androstenedione. FALSE 3. Luteinizing hormone contributes to faster body growth, oilier skin, and the development of body odor. FALSE 4. In boys, the ovaries increase the manufacture of androgens, particularly testosterone, which stimulate growth of male genitals. FALSE 5. In girls, testosterone influences growth of the clitoris as well as of the bones and of pubic and axillary hair. TRUE 6. The precise time when the rush of hormonal activity begins seems to depend on reaching a critical amount of body fat necessary for successful reproduction, at least in girls. TRUE 7. The secondary sex characteristics in the male include the testes, penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland. FALSE 8. When the adolescent growth spurt occurs, fat accumulates twice as rapidly in boys as in girls. FALSE 9. The adolescent growth spurt typically lasts about two years. TRUE 10. Early maturation decreases the likelihood of accelerated skeletal maturation. FALSE 11. Late maturing boys feel more inadequate, self-conscious, rejected, and dominated. TRUE 12. Girls are generally happier if their timing of the onset of puberty is about the same as that of their peers. TRUE 13. The pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood begins in the rear portions of the brain and moves forward. TRUE 14. Cognitive stimulation in adolescence makes a critical difference in the brain's development. TRUE 15. Exercise decreases the likelihood an adolescent will participate in risky behavior. TRUE 16. A person affected with anorexia deliberately refuses food needed for sustenance yet cannot stop doing so even when rewarded or punished. TRUE 17. Unlike bulimia, there is little evidence of anorexia either historically or in cultures not subject to Western influence. FALSE 18. Alcohol is a potent, mind-altering drug with major effects on physical, emotional, and social well-being. TRUE 19. Marijuana smoke helps increase perception, alertness, and attention span. FALSE 20. Substance use often begins when children enter middle school, where they become more vulnerable to peer pressure. TRUE Multiple Choice Questions 21. Which of the following terms represents the social construction for the developmental transition between childhood and adulthood? A. Young adulthood B. Adolescence C. Menopause D. Growth spurt 22. Which of the following characterizes adolescence? A. In preindustrial societies, children entered the adult world when they got married. B. As a result of globalization of adolescence, adolescence has become the same the world over. C. Adolescence involves physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes. D. In most parts of the world, entry into adulthood has become shorter and more clear cut than in the past. 23. When was adolescence first defined as a separate stage of life in the Western world? A. The 19th century B. The 20th century C. The Renaissance D. Post World War I 24. Which of the following is true of adolescence? A. Adolescence is solely a Western phenomenon. B. Adolescence takes consistent forms across all cultures. C. Adolescence is a developmental transition from adulthood to old age. D. Globalization of adolescence does not mean adolescence is the same the world over. 25. The process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce is called _____. A. the adolescent growth spurt B. menarche C. puberty D. senescence 26. Shelley, age 13, is undergoing rapid physiological growth, and her reproductive functions and sex organs are maturing. This is referred to as _____. A. middle childhood B. puberty C. menopause D. adrenarche 27. During puberty, an increase in _____ in the hypothalamus leads to a rise in follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. A. insulin B. gonadatropin releasing hormone C. thyroid hormone D. leptin 28. In girls, increased levels of _____ lead to the onset of menstruation. A. luteinizing hormone B. melatonin C. serotonin D. follicle-stimulating hormone 29. Which of the following is true of puberty in humans? A. In boys, follicle-stimulating hormone initiates the secretion of testosterone and androstenedione. B. The first stage of puberty occurs between ages 4 and 6. C. Puberty is marked by the activation of the adrenal glands and the maturing of the sex organs. D. Girls have higher levels of androgens and boys have higher levels of estrogen. 30. During the first stage of puberty, the _____ glands located above the kidneys secrete gradually increasing levels of androgens, principally dehydroepiandrosterone. A. pituitary B. adrenal C. thyroid D. lacrimal 31. The increasing level of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in first stage of puberty results in A. an accumulation of leptin in the body. B. reduced axillary hair. C. faster body growth. D. reduction in body odor. 32. In the second stage of puberty, a girl's ovaries increase their output of _____, which stimulates growth of female genitals and development of breasts and pubic and underarm hair. A. estrogen B. androgen C. leptin D. dehydroepiandrosterone 33. Which of the following occurs in the second stage of puberty? A. In boys, the testes increase the manufacture of testosterone. B. The adrenal glands stop secreting dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). C. In girls, the ovaries increase their output of androgens. D. There is a reduction in body growth. 34. Boys have higher levels of _____ and girls have higher levels of _____. A. androgens; estrogen B. follicle-stimulating hormone; testosterone C. leptin; androstenedione D. estrogen; testosterone 35. In girls, the rush of hormonal activity associated with puberty seems to depend on reaching a critical amount of _____ necessary for successful reproduction. A. bisphenol B. androstenedione C. androgens D. body fat 36. Studies suggest that an accumulation of _____, a hormone associated with obesity, may be the link between body fat and earlier puberty. A. DHEA B. GnRH C. leptin D. androstenedione 37. Which of the following is true of secondary sex characteristics? A. It refers to the organs necessary for reproduction. B. It refers to social rituals that mark the sexual maturation of an adolescent. C. It involves menarche and spermarche. D. It includes physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not involve the sex organs. 38. Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic? A. Underarm hair B. Breasts C. Pubic hair D. Ovaries 39. Pubic hair is one of the A. first signs of menarche. B. signs of young adulthood. C. primary sex characteristics. D. secondary sex characteristics. 40. Which of the following is NOT a secondary sex characteristic? A. Axillary hair B. Pubic hair C. Voice changes D. Seminal vesicles 41. Which of the following changes is the first sign of puberty in boys? A. Growth of the penis B. Enlargement of the testes C. Axillary hair D. Change in voice 42. An adolescent generally reaches sexual maturity A. when the primary sex characteristics appear. B. at the onset of puberty. C. at the onset of the adolescent growth spurt. D. after the adolescent growth spurt ends. 43. _____ is defined as the age at which an organism can reproduce. A. Menarche B. Puberty C. Sexual maturity D. Spermarche 44. Between the ages of 11 and 13, girls on average are _____ than boys. A. weaker B. happier C. shorter D. heavier 45. Fourteen-year-old Warren has undergone a rapid increase in height and weight. The phase he has been going through is commonly referred to as A. preadolescence. B. the adolescent growth spurt. C. menarche. D. senescence. 46. Phillipe is 12 and has just begun his adolescent growth spurt. How old would you predict he will be when he reaches his full height? A. 14 B. 17 C. 19 D. 20 47. Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent growth spurt? A. Boys' growth spurt usually occurs 2 years earlier than that of girls. B. During the growth spurt, parts of the body may be out of proportion for a while. C. Growth spurt in boys and girls involves similar changes in form and shape. D. Boys between ages 11 and 13 tend to be taller, heavier, and stronger than girls the same age. 48. In boys, the principal sign of sexual maturity is the A. ability to maintain an erection. B. first nocturnal emission. C. growth of the penis. D. production of sperm. 49. The first ejaculation that occurs at an average age of 13 in a boy is known as _____. A. menarche B. menstruation C. spermarche D. follicle-stimulation 50. A nocturnal emission is A. a sign of maladjustment in boys. B. a result of delayed onset of puberty. C. associated with frequent masturbation. D. an involuntary ejaculation of semen. 51. The principal sign of sexual maturity in girls is A. a widening of the pelvis. B. menstruation. C. the occurrence of spermarche. D. the development of breast tissue and pubic hair. 52. Menstruation is the A. release of a mature ovum from the ovaries. B. monthly shedding of tissue from the lining of the womb. C. onset of puberty in girls. D. readiness for conception during ovulation. 53. Menarche is the A. first menstruation in girls. B. period when primary sex characteristics mature. C. period when secondary sex characteristics appear. D. onset of puberty in girls. 54. The trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago, is an example of a _____ trend. A. behavioral B. psychosocial C. secular D. retrospective 55. The secular trend often referred to by developmentalists is the trend toward A. riskier sexual activity during adolescence. B. better nutrition and health care. C. earlier physical and sexual maturity. D. lengthening of adolescence through education. 56. The secular trend involving increased adult height and weight in the United States is attributable to all of the following factors except A. increased diversity of the American population. B. improved health care. C. better nourishment. D. higher standard of living. 57. Puberty began for Molly when she was 9 years old. Her mother began puberty at 11 and her grandmother at 13. This is an example of a _____ trend. A. cross-sectional B. sexual C. physiological D. secular 58. _____ are odorous chemicals that attract mates. A. Leptins B. Androgens C. Pheromones D. Estrogens 59. Compared to late maturing boys, early maturing boys are A. likely to be more self-conscious and insecure. B. more bound by rules and routines. C. at a lower risk for substance use and delinquent behavior. D. more likely to have poor social and coping skills. 60. The pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood A. reduces the brain's efficiency. B. begins in the rear portions of the brain and moves forward. C. results in an increase in density of gray matter. D. occurs very quickly, and reaches the frontal lobes before adolescence. 61. The _____ during childhood results in a reduction in density of nerve cells, thus increasing the brain's efficiency. A. large increase in the number of neuronal connections B. underdevelopment of frontal cortical systems C. decrease in white matter D. pruning of unused dendritic connections 62. Which of the following is true of brain structures in adolescents? A. The pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood results in a reduction in density of gray matter, thus decreasing the brain's efficiency. B. The fully developed frontal cortical systems associated with motivation, impulsivity, and addiction may help explain why adolescents tend to seek thrills and novelty. C. By mid- to late adolescence, young people have fewer but more effective neuronal connections. D. Adolescents process information similarly as adults do. 63. Most young Americans need at least _____ minutes of exercise every day. A. 15 B. 30 C. 45 D. 60 64. Melatonin is a hormone that is associated with A. sleep. B. obesity. C. sexual maturation. D. menstruation. 65. The timing of secretion of the hormone _____ is a gauge of when the brain is ready for sleep. A. melatonin B. serotonin C. leptin D. estrogen 66. Which of the following is true of the sleep needs of adolescents? A. Adolescents need as much less sleep than younger children. B. After puberty, the secretion of melatonin takes place earlier at night causing adolescents to sleep more. C. A pattern of late bedtimes and oversleeping in the mornings can contribute to insomnia. D. Starting school earlier, or at least offering difficult courses earlier in the day, would help improve adolescent students' concentration. 67. About 34% of U.S. teens have a body mass index (BMI) at or above the _____ percentile. A. 85th B. 11th C. 90th D. 60th 68. Which of the following is true of obesity? A. Weight-loss programs that use behavioral modification techniques have failed to show any success. B. Obesity is least prevalent in industrialized societies. C. Overweight teenagers tend to be in poorer health than their peers. D. Obesity is caused solely by too little physical activity and poor eating habits. 69. Which of the following is true of body image among adolescents? A. Adolescents' body image remains unaffected by factors such as parental attitudes and media images. B. Excessive concern with weight control and body image may be signs of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. C. Concern with body image leading to obsessive efforts at weight control is a pattern which is more common among boys than among girls. D. Girls' dissatisfaction with their bodies decreases over the course of early to midadolescence. 70. People with _____ have a distorted body image and, though typically severely underweight, think they are too fat. A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa C. substance dependence D. insomnia 71. Which of the following is true of anorexia nervosa? A. It is a sexual disorder. B. It occurs mostly in adolescent boys and young men. C. Its primary symptom is abnormal patterns of sleep. D. It is a chronic disorder that occurs worldwide. 72. Even though Terri has recently lost a lot of weight, she views herself as being too fat. She often skips meals, without the knowledge of her parents, to reach her weight loss goals. Off late she has been having irregular menstruation. Terri is most likely to be diagnosed with A. anorexia nervosa. B. bulimia nervosa. C. obesity. D. insomnia. 73. Anorexia nervosa typically includes all of the following symptoms except A. a severe loss of body weight. B. a distorted body image. C. an unhealthy preoccupation with food. D. poor academic achievement. 74. An anorexic person A. is typically an underachiever at school. B. is typically a perfectionist. C. usually thinks he or she is too thin. D. often goes on huge, short-lived eating binges. 75. Theories surrounding anorexia claim that A. there is little evidence of anorexia in cultures not subject to Western influence. B. people suffering with this disorder avoid repetitive, perfectionist behavior. C. there is evidence that anorexia can be traced back to medieval times. D. people suffering with this disorder are poor at academics. 76. All of the following factors have been suggested as causes of anorexia nervosa except A. biological factors. B. low intelligence. C. genetic factors. D. familial malfunctioning. 77. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder typically characterized by all of the following symptoms except A. regular eating binges followed by purging through laxatives or vomiting. B. indifference toward personal weight and shape. C. shame, self-contempt, and depression. D. a tendency to have low self-esteem. 78. Which of the following statements regarding eating disorders is correct? A. People with anorexia are typically overweight. B. The majority of anorexics are male. C. Anorexia is, paradoxically, both deliberate and involuntary. D. People with bulimia are usually severely underweight. 79. Which of the following statements is true of bulimia? A. People with bulimia are usually abnormally thin. B. People with bulimia may try to purge high caloric intake through laxatives, enemas, or diuretics. C. A bulimic person's binges usually last for several days. D. People with bulimia avoid exercising and dieting. 80. Sallie studies at a professional dance academy in Chicago. She often eats huge quantities of food to overcome feelings of sadness and insecurity. Soon after these binges, she forces herself to expel the food through vomiting or by using laxatives. Even though she has a normal weight, Sallie is always preoccupied with her figure. She is most likely to be diagnosed with A. substance dependence. B. anorexia nervosa. C. insomnia. D. bulimia nervosa. 81. Which of the following is true about the treatment and outcomes of eating disorders? A. The immediate goal of treatment for anorexia is to enhance self-esteem of the patient. B. Cognitive behavioral therapy is rarely used to treat eating disorders. C. Family psychotherapy can help both anorexia and bulimia patients. D. Patients with eating disorders do not face any risk for depression and suicide. 82. Substance _____ involves repeated, harmful use of a substance whereas substance _____ is a physical and/or psychological addiction to a harmful substance. A. deprivation; abuse B. abuse; dependence C. dependence; abuse D. deprivation; dependence 83. Which of the following is a central nervous system stimulant? A. Marijuana B. Cocaine C. Vicodin D. Alcohol 84. Which of the following statements is true of substance abuse? A. Marijuana smoke alleviates depression and increases motivation. B. The earlier young people start using a drug, the less frequently they are likely to use it and the lower their tendency to abuse it. C. Adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to long-term negative effects of alcohol on learning and memory. D. Adolescent tobacco use is a more widespread problem in the United States than in most other industrialized countries. 85. The most widely used illegal drug in the United States is A. marijuana. B. cocaine. C. heroin. D. LSD. 86. Randy, who is 13, regularly drinks beer with three friends of the same age. How much more likely are they to become dependent on alcohol than if they had waited for another eight or nine years before they started drinking? A. 3 times B. 4 times C. 5 times D. 6 times 87. Adolescent girls are more likely to suffer from depression than are their male counterparts. Which of the following explains this gender difference? A. Biological changes B. Reduced fear of social contact C. Lesser vulnerability to stress in social relationships D. Similarity in socialization 88. Which of the following is true regarding depression in adolescence? A. Depression is the leading cause of death among U.S. teenagers. B. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the only type of antidepressant medication currently approved for adolescents. C. Having a parent with a history of depression reduces an individual's risk for depression. D. Adolescent boys are more subject to depression than adolescent girls. 89. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are A. antidepressant medications. B. odorous chemicals that attract mates. C. estrogen mimics found in many plastics. D. reproductive hormones. 90. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major causes of death during adolescence? A. Accidents B. Cancer C. Homicide D. Suicide 91. The leading cause of death among American adolescents is A. depression. B. sexually transmitted diseases. C. cancer. D. motor vehicle accidents. 92. Firearm-related deaths of 15- to 19-year-olds compose more than _____% of all homicides in that age group. A. 65 B. 75 C. 85 D. 95 93. Which of the following statements regarding adolescent suicide is correct? A. Amongst all ethnic groups, African-American girls have the highest suicide rate. B. Young people who attempt suicide tend to have histories of emotional illness. C. Amongst all ethnic groups, Native American boys have the lowest suicide rate. D. Suicide rates are low among homosexual and bisexual adolescents. 94. Which of the following is NOT true of suicide? A. Young people who attempt suicide tend to have histories of emotional illness. B. Alcohol plays a part in half of all teenage suicides. C. People who attempt suicide tend to have high impulse control. D. Suicide occurs in all ethnic groups. Essay Questions 95. The developmental period of adolescence is often considered to be a social construction. Answer: Describe what this expression means, and explain its historical significance. Adolescence is a social construction. In preindustrial societies, children entered the adult world when they matured physically or when they began a vocational apprenticeship. Adolescence was not defined as a separate stage of life in the Western world until the twentieth century. Today, adolescence is global concept, though it may take different forms in different cultures. In most parts of the world, entry into adulthood takes longer and is less clear-cut than in the past. Puberty begins earlier than it used to, and entrance into a vocation occurs later, often requiring longer periods of education or vocational training to prepare for adult responsibilities. Marriage with its attendant responsibilities typically comes later as well. 96. What are some of the opportunities and risks of adolescence? Answer: Adolescence offers opportunities for growth, not only in physical dimensions but also in cognitive and social competence, autonomy, self-esteem, and intimacy. Young people who have supportive connections with parents, school, and community tend to develop in a positive, healthful way. However, U.S. adolescents today face hazards to their physical and mental well-being, including high death rates from accidents, homicide, and suicide. Risky behaviors may reflect immaturity of the adolescent brain. Adolescents may use alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana; ride in a car without wearing a seat belt or to ride with a driver who has been drinking; carry weapons; have sexual intercourse or have it without condoms; or attempt suicide. 97. Discuss the hormonal changes and effects in both boys and girls during puberty. Answer: Puberty results from the production of various hormones. An increase in gonadatropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus leads to a rise in two key reproductive hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In girls, increased levels of FSH leads to the onset of menstruation. In boys, LH initiates the secretion of testosterone and androstenedione. Puberty is marked by two stages: (1) the activation of the adrenal glands and (2) the maturing of the sex organs a few years later. The first stage of puberty occurs between ages 6 and 8. During this stage, the adrenal glands located above the kidneys secrete gradually increasing levels of androgens, principally dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). By age 10, levels of DHEA are 10 times what they were between ages 1 and 4. DHEA influences the growth of pubic, axillary (underarm), and facial hair. It also contributes to faster body growth, oilier skin, and the development of body odor. The maturing of the sex organs triggers a second burst of DHEA production, which then rises to adult levels. In this second stage, a girl's ovaries increase their output of estrogen, which stimulates growth of female genitals and development of breasts and pubic and underarm hair. In boys, the testes increase the manufacture of androgens, particularly testosterone, which stimulate growth of male genitals, muscle mass, and body hair. Boys and girls have both types of hormones, but girls have higher levels of estrogen, and boys have higher levels of androgens. In girls, testosterone influences growth of the clitoris as well as of the bones and of pubic and axillary hair. 98. Explain anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Describe the characteristics of adolescents who struggle with these eating disorders, as well as the interventions that have been successful in controlling the disorders. Answer: Excessive concern with weight control and body image may be signs of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, both of which involve abnormal patterns of food intake. People with anorexia have a distorted body image and, though typically severely underweight, think they are too fat. They are often good students but may be withdrawn or depressed and may engage in repetitive, perfectionist behavior. They are extremely afraid of losing self-control and becoming overweight. Anorexia is, paradoxically, both deliberate and involuntary: An affected person deliberately refuses food needed for sustenance yet cannot stop doing so even when rewarded or punished. A person with bulimia regularly goes on huge, short-lived eating binges (2 hours or less) and then may try to purge the high caloric intake through self-induced vomiting; strict dieting or fasting; excessively vigorous exercise; or laxatives, enemas, or diuretics. These episodes occur at least twice a week for at least 3 months. The immediate goal of treatment for anorexia is to get patients to eat and gain weight—goals that are often difficult to achieve given the strength of patients' beliefs about their bodies. One widely used treatment is a type of family therapy in which parents take control of their child's eating patterns. When the child begins to comply with parental directives, she (or he) may be given more age-appropriate autonomy. Cognitive behavioral therapy, which seeks to change a distorted body image and rewards eating with such privileges as being allowed to get out of bed and leave the room, may be part of the treatment. Bulimia, too, is best treated with cognitive behavioral therapy. Patients keep daily diaries of their eating patterns and are taught ways to avoid the temptation to binge. Individual, group, or family psychotherapy can help both anorexia and bulimia patients, usually after initial behavior therapy has brought symptoms under control. Because these patients are at risk for depression and suicide, antidepressant drugs are often combined with psychotherapy. 99. What are some recent trends regarding adolescent drug abuse? Answer: An upsurge in drug use during the middle to late 1990s accompanied a lessening of perceptions of its dangers and a softening of peer disapproval. However, that trend has begun to reverse. Student use of certain drugs, especially central nervous system stimulants like methamphetamine and cocaine, has shown a gradual decline. LSD, ecstasy, and psychoactive drugs like vicodin have held steady, and use of marijuana and anabolic steroids have shown signs of increased usage. Alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use among U.S. teenagers has followed a trend roughly parallel to that of harder drug use, with a dramatic rise during most of the 1990s followed by a smaller, gradual decline. Despite the decline in marijuana use since 1996-1997, it is still by far the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. Test Bank for Child M-Series: From Birth to Adolescence Gabriela Martorell 9780078035517
Download
Close
Close
