This Document Contains Chapters 13 to 14 Chapter 13: Associations and Interest Groups Multiple Choice Questions 1. Associations are different types of groups based on __________. A. a common territory, but not kinship B. kinship, but not territory C. both kinship and common territory D. neither kinship nor territory Answer: D 2. Which of the following is a common characteristic of associations? A. a common purpose among members B. kinship ties among members C. members also share other common associations D. fluid membership allowing anyone to participate Answer: A 3. American society has an abundance of __________ that display the general characteristics of an association. A. community circles B. interest groups C. neighborhoods D. fraternities Answer: B 4. What is the primary exception to the rule that, in American society, membership in an association is voluntary? A. sorority rush B. college recruitment C. military draft D. job interviews Answer: C 5. Which type of society is most likely to incorporate non-voluntary associations? A. post-industrial B. highly stratified C. nomadic pastoralist D. egalitarian Answer: D 6. Upon receiving a Master's degree, it could be said that a student had gained a(n) __________ quality. A. achieved B. ascribed C. partial D. universal Answer: A 7. Which type of qualities are determined for people at birth, either through genetics or through family background? A. achieved B. ascribed C. partial D. universal Answer: B 8. Which of the following is a universally ascribed quality? A. sex B. class C. ethnicity D. education Answer: A 9. A variably ascribed quality is one which __________. A. is dependent upon the individual’s sex B. is found only in some societies C. changes over the individual’s lifetime D. can be obtained through personal achievement Answer: B 10. Which of the following voluntary associations has members with both achieved and ascribed qualities? A. political party B. university C. fraternity D. honors society Answer: C 11. Which of the following is an example of a nongovernmental organization? A. Internal Revenue Service B. World Bank C. Democratic Party D. Google Answer: B 12. What affect do NGOs operating in different countries have on those countries’ relationships? A. It makes war between the two countries less likely. B. It creates an unequal relationship between the two countries. C. It allows for easier migration between the two countries. D. It encourages the poorer country to borrow money from the richer one. Answer: A 13. Why are NGOs sometimes more powerful than government organizations? A. They are usually bigger. B. They can raise money privately. C. NGOs have more fluid leadership. D. Only NGOs can enforce laws. Answer: B 14. In relatively non-stratified societies, associations tend to be based on __________. A. ethnic groups B. voluntary interest groups C. age or sex D. achieved qualities Answer: C 15. The term senior-citizen would designate what type of group? A. age-grade B. age-set C. age association D. age alliance Answer: A 16. A group of people who move through all of life’s stages together is known as an __________. A. age-grade B. age-set C. age association D. age alliance Answer: B 17. Entry into an age-set system is generally __________. A. nonvoluntary B. competitive C. temporary D. optional Answer: A 18. What forms the basis of organization and administration of most non-commercial societies? A. political views B. neighborhood C. kinship D. school cohort Answer: C 19. A Karimojong age-set comprises all of the men who __________. A. were born in the same month B. were initiated into manhood within the same 5–6 year span C. fought together in the most recent territorial dispute D. progressed through their adolescent training together Answer: B 20. Which functions are performed by the members of the senior generation-set among the Karimojong? A. warriors B. judicial C. police D. agricultural Answer: B 21. In the Karimojong system, which group comprises the five age-sets that actively exercise authority? A. the junior generation-set B. the potential generation-set C. the senior generation-set D. the retired generation-set Answer: C 22. At what age are Shavante boys initiated into a named age-set? A. 2–5 B. 7–12 C. 15–18 D. 20–25 Answer: B 23. What function does the age-set system of the Shavante serve for young women? A. It serves as a lifelong association between women of a similar age. B. It provides participation with males at certain ceremonies. C. It determines who they are permitted to marry. D. It provides a mentorship system for young wives and mothers. Answer: B 24. An association that only contains males and functions to provide men refuge from females is a(n) __________. A. age-grade B. age-set C. unisex association D. kindred association Answer: C 25. How do men’s associations differ from age-sets in non-commercial societies? A. age-sets are open to both men and women B. there are more stages in age-sets than in men’s associations C. only men’s associations follow an individual throughout his/her lifespan D. one may change the age-set membership, but not membership in a men’s association Answer: B 26. Which associations are likely to have dramatic initiation ceremonies? A. both age-set and unisex associations B. age-set associations C. unisex associations D. neither age-set nor unisex associations Answer: A 27. In what type of societies are women’s unisex associations more likely to be found? A. food collectors B. nomadic pastoralists C. partly commercial economies D. horticultural communities Answer: C 28. What particular characteristic of the Mae Enga of Papua New Guinea has gathered a lot of anthropological attention? A. their tradition of performing manhood ceremonies for infants B. the active hostility toward women that runs through their culture C. the frequency and acceptance of homosexual relationships among men D. their territorial disputes and history of head-hunting Answer: B 29. When a male among the Mae Enga enters a bachelor association, he __________. A. is finally allowed to copulate with a woman B. can now accept food from a female C. undergoes a “purification” D. can no longer participate in organized dances and feasting with his chosen female partner Answer: C 30. Male-female hostility in the Mae Enga seems to reflect __________. A. the unusually high status of Mae Enga women B. their belief in a fierce powerful god C. a high level of natural aggression D. the broader, inter-clan hostility Answer: D 31. Membership in the Poro and Sande associations __________. A. has been found in all societies in Africa B. is voluntary for all men and women C. is illegal in most African nations D. includes scarification for both male and female members Answer: D 32. The leaders of the Poro and Sande associations represent the __________ structure of the communities. A. secular B. sacred C. economic D. political Answer: B 33. Secret associations such as in Africa __________. A. share all of their secrets with non-members on special occasions B. are common in many areas of the world C. are not involved in political activities D. frequently punish members of the native elite Answer: B 34. Secret associations like the Poro and Sande typically __________. A. strengthen the hand of existing political authority B. have a higher authority than existing political councils C. focus on secular concerns, leaving religious concerns to priests D. provide associations for men but ignore the roles of women Answer: A 35. Once an Ijaw woman is capable of supporting her household independent of her mother-in-law, she joins the women’s association linked to __________. A. her father’s patrilineage B. her own matrilineage C. her husband’s matrilineage D. her husband’s patrilineage Answer: D 36. What function do the nonvoluntary women’s associations of the Ijaw serve? A. initiation into adulthood B. mediators in disputes C. spiritual guidance D. alliances during warfare Answer: B 37. Cross-cultural research indicates that women’s associations __________. A. do not appear to increase women’s status and access to positions of authority B. are typically found in technologically advanced societies C. often include trans-gender men D. are most common in subtropical environments Answer: A 38. As of 2006, approximately what percentage of U.S. doctorates in anthropology was awarded to women? A. 20 B. 50 C. 75 D. 90 Answer: B 39. How do voluntary girls’ clubs affect elementary and junior high school girls’ attitudes toward or performance in science? A. their interest in science decrease once in gender-specific classrooms B. they exceed boys’ scores in science and mathematics C. they are more likely to express an interest in scientific careers D. there is no significant difference between these girls and those in traditional classrooms Answer: C 40. The more stratified and complex a society is, the __________. A. more voluntary associations it is likely to have B. fewer voluntary associations it is likely to have C. less important associations become D. more associations based on universally ascribed characteristics it is likely to have Answer: A 41. Which of the following is a common feature of a voluntary military association? A. membership in an upper caste B. high military rank C. experience in war D. study of the history of warfare Answer: C 42. Which of the following was one of the five traditional military associations of the Cheyenne? A. Moose B. Crow C. Fox D. Bobcat Answer: C 43. In what way does an urban street gang differ from an age-set association? A. Street gang members are of a wide variety of ages. B. Street gang members do not “graduate” through stages together. C. Membership in an age-set association is voluntary. D. Membership in an age-set association centers around violence and warfare. Answer: B 44. In Mexico, there was a tradition of palomila, or __________, but there were no __________. A. age-set associations; unisex associations B. unisex associations; gangs C. gangs; unisex associations D. age-set associations; gangs Answer: D 45. Some scholars suggest that the development of street gangs in Mexican American neighborhoods is a response to __________. A. the absence of male models in the household B. increasing high school dropout rates C. language and cultural immersion programs D. domineering parents and high social stress Answer: A 46. What type of associations brings together migrants from a common geographical background? A. religious B. complementary C. social D. regional Answer: D 47. The Chinatowns in many large cities in the US and Canada are an example of __________, which function to bring together migrants from a common geographical background and help them adapt to new conditions. A. geographical sets B. complementary societies C. religious clubs D. regional associations Answer: D 48. The __________ from Ancash, Peru, moved to Lima and lived in slum-like dwellings called __________. A. Serranos; barriadas B. Michoacan; barrios C. Nahuatl; ghettos D. Quechua; urban housing Answer: A 49. The executive positions of the Serrano regional associations of Lima, Peru are generally held by __________. A. men who have achieved political power in their home towns B. the oldest men in the community C. men in a prescribed age-set D. women Answer: A 50. What was the primary function of the regional associations for Filipino migrants to Hawaii during the plantation period? A. language connections B. religious services C. mutual aid societies D. women’s organizations Answer: C 51. Sometimes several small regional or family associations combine to produce a(n) __________ association. A. military B. multiethnic C. ethnic D. unisex Answer: C 52. Ethnic associations __________. A. generally bring together people who live in isolated areas B. are generally found in cities C. are most often found in places where society is based on kinship D. are based on universally ascribed characteristics Answer: B 53. Where are ethnic associations particularly widespread? A. urban centers of Europe B. urban centers of West Africa C. rural areas of Europe D. rural areas of West Africa Answer: B 54. What does it mean to say that Nigerian tribal associations are extraterritorial? A. They are particularly concerned about where members come from. B. They carefully defend the borders of their tribal lands. C. They recruit members who have left their tribal areas. D. They are interested in alien life forms. Answer: C 55. Many tribal unions __________. A. are illegal associations that conflict with village and regional law B. push for modernization and a movement away from tradition C. limit their membership to esteemed tribal elders D. provide a springboard for members with political aspirations Answer: D 56. Why do West African occupational clubs also fall under the category of ethnic associations? A. There is a strict caste system determining an individual’s occupation. B. West African trade unions are organized along tribal as well as craft lines. C. These societies offer only a very limited number of possible occupations. D. West Africans pass careers on from father to son for many generations. Answer: B 57. Friendly societies differ from tribal unions in that their objectives __________. A. are less stressful to the membership B. are confined for the most part to mutual aid C. are more commonly known to the community D. cause less dissension in the wider community Answer: B 58. The primary objective of the “friendly societies” formed by the wives of Kru migrants in Freetown, Sierra Leone, is __________. A. the replacement of tribal societies with more comprehensive groups B. providing a forum for people of different ethnic groups to get to know each other better C. the encouragement of local art traditions D. providing mutual aid to members Answer: D 59. When did most Chinatowns in the United States and Canada develop? A. in the early 19th century B. since the mid 19th century C. in the early 20th century D. since the mid 20th century Answer: B 60. Which is true of the descendents of people who started Chinatowns? A. most stay to work in the family business B. many have moved back to their homeland C. many go to college and move away for a good job D. most have moved into other urban centers to start up new Chinatowns Answer: C 61. An association in which each member makes a regular contribution, which is then handed over to each member in rotation, is called a __________ association. A. revolving bank B. rotating credit C. micro financing D. personal lending Answer: B 62. What keeps members contributing to a rotating credit association? A. There is strong social pressure to keep paying regularly. B. They complete legal paperwork requiring a steady commitment. C. If members quit after receiving their payment, they have to pay the money back. D. Membership in a rotating credit association is nonvoluntary. Answer: A 63. Which of the following is one of the methods by which rotating credit associations manage distribution of funds? A. Funds are distributed in alphabetical order. B. They are given out based on the length of membership in the association. C. Distribution is based on a random number or roll of dice. D. Preference is given to the eldest members of the association. Answer: C 64. What happened to the rotating credit association, described by Nici Nelson, that was started up by women living in a Nairobi slum? A. The men joined the association and forced the founding women out. B. The members became wealthy enough to open their own bank accounts. C. The organization grew and developed into a formal bank. D. The members lost their money and the association disbanded. Answer: B 65. In Ghana, rotating credit associations are __________. A. less common than formal banking, and often based on kinship groups B. less common than formal banking, and often sex-segregated C. more common than formal banking, and often based on kinship groups D. more common than formal banking, and often sex-segregated Answer: D 66. Why are rotating credit associations common in societies with a traditional sharing system? A. You are obliged to help when others ask for money, so it’s easier to save if you have an obligation to save for your contribution. B. Rotating credit associations are by nature an altruistic venture, with individual contributors receiving little in return. C. Societies with traditional sharing systems rarely have formal banking institutions, so there is no alternative way to save money. D. Rotating credit is a complex version of generalized reciprocity, which has its roots in traditional sharing systems. Answer: A 67. What type of associations are the Kafaina groups of Papua New Guinea? A. women’s military associations B. women’s savings and loan associations C. men’s military associations D. men’s savings and loan associations Answer: B 68. The Kafaina groups are also considered multiethnic associations because they link thousands of women from __________. A. around the globe B. different clans C. different tribal areas D. a variety of social classes Answer: C 69. The Alaskan Federation of Natives was formed as a response to __________. A. dwindling population of native peoples in the U.S. and Canada B. professional and academic discrimination encountered by native peoples C. economic development that threatened native peoples’ subsistence resources D. low levels of representation of native peoples in U.S. and Canadian government Answer: C 70. Which type of association has often been involved with independence movements throughout the world? A. age-set B. rotating credit C. military D. multiethnic Answer: D 71. In societies like the United States, membership in voluntary associations, such as a political party, charity, or trade union, is usually based upon __________. A. common, achieved interests B. universally ascribed qualities C. variably ascribed qualities D. commonly ascribed qualities Answer: A 72. Which of the following nations has a particularly complex organizational life, with most individuals being expected to be active in a least a couple of associations? A. England B. Norway C. Spain D. Germany Answer: B 73. What hypothesis has S.N. Eisenstadt developed to explain the creation of age-set associations? A. only societies with age-set systems can maintain traditional subsistence patterns in an age of territorial disputes. B. age-set systems serve as an intermediate organization between egalitarian and socially stratified societies. C. age-set systems arise when kinship groups fail to carry out important political or economic functions. D. age-set systems are a natural expression of a high degree of gender stratification. Answer: C 74. The more technologically advanced a society, the __________. A. more voluntary associations it is likely to have B. fewer voluntary associations it is likely to have C. less important associations become D. more associations based on universally ascribed characteristics it is likely to have Answer: A 75. As societies grow in size and complexity, the trend is for more __________ organizations to be replaced by more __________ organizations. A. voluntary; nonvoluntary B. broadly based; narrowly based C. broadly based; nonvoluntary D. voluntary; narrowly based Answer: B Chapter 14: Political Life: Social Order and Disorder Multiple Choice Questions 1. In addition to government and politics, political life includes __________. A. distribution of wealth B. childrearing practices C. the organization of kin groups D. the resolution of disputes Answer: D 2. How many societies in the ethnographic record were only informally organized at the time they were first described by anthropologists? A. 10% B. 25% C. 50% D. 80% Answer: C 3. __________ societies have political activities and beliefs to create and maintain social order. A. All B. Very few C. Only egalitarian D. Only stratified Answer: A 4. In discussing political groups, anthropologists generally focus on groups organized on the basis of __________. A. age B. kinship C. territory D. sex Answer: C 5. The different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in __________. A. kinship, childrearing, and household structure B. food-getting, economy, and social stratification C. household structure, economy, and kinship D. social stratification, associations, and marriage patterns Answer: B 6. Level of political integration refers to the __________. A. balance of political representation between men and women B. degree of political knowledge possessed by the average individual C. largest territorial group on whose behalf political activities are organized D. proportion of the population who are actively involved in politics Answer: C 7. In the modern world, __________. A. foraging bands are becoming more organized but remain politically autonomous B. many societies remain informally organized and are under no higher political authority C. most societies have developed their own centralized political system D. every society has been incorporated into some larger, centralized political system Answer: D 8. Into what principal types of political organization did Elman Service suggest most societies could be classified? A. savages, barbarians, civilizations B. bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states C. egalitarian, ranked, stratified D. archaic, traditional, modern, postmodern Answer: B 9. A __________ is politically autonomous and is comprised of the local group or community. A. band B. tribe C. chiefdom D. state Answer: A 10. Most recent foragers had band organizations. What does this fact tell us about the political organization of our ancestors? A. It is evidence that all societies had band organizations before the origin of agriculture. B. It does not tell us much, because modern foragers live in marginal environments and, therefore, may not represent the ancestral pattern. C. It suggests that band organizations quickly transform into state-level organizations. D. It indicates that modern foraging societies maintain their traditional lifeways despite being incorporated into larger political entities. Answer: B 11. Which of these features is characteristic of a band? A. social stratification B. intensive agriculture C. low population density D. strict territoriality Answer: C 12. How does one acquire an informal position of leadership in a band society? A. influence B. lineage C. military strength D. wealth Answer: A 13. Among the Inuit, __________. A. both men and women can be leaders B. leadership is more formal than in most band societies C. women who hunt have more influence than other women D. leadership is reserved for the elders of the community Answer: C 14. Which of these societies is an exception to the pattern that foraging societies are organized at the band level? A. Ache in South America B. Northwest Pacific Native Americans C. !Kung in southern Africa D. Inuit in Canada and the US Answer: B 15. What distinguishes tribal from band political organization? A. the presence of some multilocal, but not usually society-wide, integration B. permanent multi-local integration C. formal multi-local integration D. smaller local groups Answer: A 16. Societies with tribal political organization are similar to band societies in their tendency to be __________. A. caste-based B. egalitarian C. ranked D. open caste-based Answer: B 17. In contrast to band societies, groups with tribal organizations tend to be __________. A. egalitarian B. food producers C. nomadic D. stratified Answer: B 18. Among the Tiv of northern Nigeria, political organization is based on __________. A. lineage organization B. agricultural organization C. religious organization D. wealth Answer: A 19. Complementary opposition is typical of which kind of group? A. secret societies B. age-sets C. clans D. segmentary lineages Answer: D 20. The segmentary lineage system proved to be a great military advantage in the conflict between which two culturally similar groups? A. the Maasai and the Turkana B. the Nuer and the Dinka C. the !Kung and the Himba D. the Tutsi and the Hutu Answer: B 21. The Karimojong of northeast Uganda use what type of system as the basis of their political organization? A. age-set association B. ethnic association C. regional organization D. unisex organization Answer: A 22. What is the key distinction between tribes and chiefdoms? A. A chiefdom has some formal structure that integrates communities into a political unit. B. A chiefdom has more nomadic communities. C. A tribe has greater reliance on agriculture and greater economic output. D. A tribe places a great deal of emphasis on kinship connections. Answer: A 23. Which of the following is a common role of chiefs? A. evaluating potential marriages B. collecting taxes C. settling minor disputes D. redistributing goods Answer: D 24. How does one become a chief? A. inheritance B. personal qualities C. through either inheritance or personal qualities D. a combination of inheritance, personal qualities, and experience in warfare Answer: C 25. Which of these is the most common mode of subsistence for chiefdoms? A. horticulture B. shifting agriculture C. food collecting D. intensive agriculture Answer: D 26. What is defined as an autonomous political unit, encompassing many communities within its territory and having a centralized government with the power to collect taxes, draft men for work or war, and enforce laws? A. country B. state C. nation D. society Answer: B 27. Which of the following statements is true of state organization? A. states and societies are unrelated terms B. a state may contain more than one society, but not vice versa C. a society may contain more than one state, but not vice versa D. a state may include more than one society, and a society may contain more than one state Answer: D 28. Which of these is a common feature of state societies? A. democracy B. socialism C. colonialism D. slavery Answer: C 29. Which of the following is an example of a multistate society that has maintained its unity despite cultural or ethnic variation? A. Germany B. Switzerland C. The Soviet Union D. Yugoslavia Answer: B 30. Which of these specific features allows for the emergence of cities in state-level organizations? A. intensive agriculture B. high rates of social stratification C. variety of associations D. redistribution of wealth Answer: A 31. What explanation has been put forth to explain the legitimacy of power in a state organization? A. Force and the threat of force are enough pressure to keep people in line. B. Humans have a natural tendency to follow a dominant leader. C. States must provide people with real or rational advantages. D. States are the most efficient system and provide the most benefit to the individual. Answer: C 32. The Nupe king of what is now __________ had ultimate authority over his people by __________ them. A. Nigeria; adjudicating B. Ghana; adjudicating C. Nigeria; taxing D. Ghana; taxing Answer: C 33. In states with more collective action, rulers __________. A. live very luxuriously B. are chosen by election C. finance public works projects D. rally their citizens for war Answer: C 34. __________ suggest that when the state relies more heavily on resources from taxpayers the rulers must give the public more in return or else face noncompliance and rebellion. A. Physical anthropologists B. Collection action theorists C. Political scientists D. Economists Answer: B 35. What is the anthropological definition of a city? A. a group of neighborhoods linked by kinship ties B. a community that hosts a number of political and social associations C. a settlement of over 20,000 individuals or 5,000 households D. a community in which few are directly involved in food getting Answer: D 36. __________ anthropologists study why people move, and how they adjust to new places. A. Migration B. Travel C. Urban D. Global Answer: C 37. Cross-cultural research shows that the likelihood of state-level organization is closely associated with __________. A. the intensity of agriculture B. the type of foods used as primary resources C. participation in a market economy D. availability of strong leaders Answer: A 38. Societies with higher levels of political integration are also likely to exhibit __________. A. collective action B. high literacy rates C. class distinctions D. territorial disputes Answer: C 39. Some anthropologists suggest that __________, rather than increasing production and population size, is the driving factor behind political integration. A. economic hardship B. changing gender roles C. dietary changes D. competition between groups Answer: D 40. Elman Service suggests the need for __________ brings rise to chiefdoms. A. balanced reciprocity B. generalized reciprocity C. commercial exchange D. redistribution Answer: D 41. On what area has anthropological theory and research on political organization focused? A. the governance abilities of chiefdoms B. the origins of the first state societies C. conflict management in bands D. kinship ties in tribal societies Answer: B 42. What factor aided the state-level U.S. society in the defeat and incorporation of Native American societies? A. prophecies and religious beliefs B. use of horses and firearms C. depopulation of native groups D. knowledge of local landscape Answer: C 43. How many separate political units exist in the world today? A. at least 10,000 B. around 1,000 C. around 200 D. about 50 Answer: C 44. A number of researchers predict that the world will eventually __________. A. come to be political integrated B. find a peaceful solution for territorial disputes C. return to small, ethnically-distinct units D. settle into two or three primary superpowers Answer: A 45. In rank societies and some state societies such as monarchies, rules gain their authority through __________. A. election B. inheritance C. persuasion D. military strength Answer: B 46. The Mekranoti have a generally egalitarian society. Despite this, __________ are more likely to become leaders. A. wealthy men B. sons of leaders C. daughters of leaders D. women with many sons Answer: B 47. In the U.S., leaders are generally __________. A. from a minority ethnic group B. from an impoverished background C. wealthier than other citizens D. former military commanders Answer: C 48. In many South American and New Guinean societies, aspiring big men must __________ to attain their leadership. A. compete B. fight C. get married D. rig elections Answer: A 49. Which of the following characteristics is necessary to be the big man of the Kumdi-Engamoi? A. handsomeness B. youth C. good speaking skills D. the father of several sons Answer: C 50. The prominence of women in the politics of Vanatinai is most likely linked to __________. A. matrilocal residence B. importance of women’s foraging C. low fertility and childcare responsibilities D. absence of war Answer: D 51. In the U.S., what factor was considered to make a political candidate look more competent, after controlling for age and attractiveness? A. a traditional hair style B. a dark colored suit C. a bigger chin D. a flag label pin Answer: C 52. Degree of political participation seems to be __________. A. higher in small-scale societies than in state-level societies B. higher in state-level societies than in small-scale societies C. high in small-scale societies and in modern nation-states, but low in between D. low in small-scale societies and in modern nation-states, but high in between Answer: C 53. Which family structure is linked to a high degree of political participation? A. polyandrous B. extended family C. polygynous D. single parent Answer: B 54. How does the degree of political participation relate to warfare? A. low political participation reduces a society’s involvement in war B. low political participation tends to spark internal warfare C. democratically governed nations rarely go to war with one another D. democratically governed nations rarely participate in war Answer: C 55. Violent crime is when violence __________. A. erupts between subunits of a politically unified society B. occurs between groups of people from separate political units C. occurs within a political unit in which disputes are usually settled peacefully D. erupts amongst multiple political units simultaneously Answer: C 56. Cross-culturally, we see that social equality __________ as economic development __________. A. decreases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. increases; decreases D. increases; increases Answer: B 57. A set of explicit, usually written rules stipulating what is permissive and what is not is a(n) __________. A. oath B. codified law C. ordeal D. ritual Answer: B 58. What do anthropologists mean when they speak of the universality of law? A. All societies have formal, codified laws. B. In all societies, there is a leader or group who has the right to enforce the rules. C. All societies have some means of social control, whether formal or informal. D. In all societies, there are some people who break the law. Answer: C 59. Foragers are particularly likely to make use of __________, a peaceful conflict resolution technique in which the two parties in a dispute are voluntarily separated until emotions cool down. A. isolation B. mediation C. avoidance D. negotiation Answer: C 60. Which of the following situations is an example of a community action against a transgressor? A. retribution for a single act of murder B. paying a fine for breaking a law C. expulsion for failing to heed a taboo D. being rejected by a friend after stealing his/her money Answer: C 61. In what type of resolution do the parties themselves come to a peaceful, mutually-agreeable solution? A. negotiation B. mediation C. adjudication D. community action Answer: A 62. In what type of resolution does a third party try to help bring about a settlement, even though that third party has no authority to force a settlement? A. negotiation B. mediation C. adjudication D. community action Answer: B 63. What sort of position does the leopard-skin chief of the Nuer hold? A. writer of formal laws B. leader of a community action council C. informal mediator D. authoritative judge Answer: C 64. In what type of society do we most often find ritual apology ceremonies? A. states B. chiefdoms C. tribes D. bands Answer: B 65. What is the act of calling upon a deity to bear witness to the truth of what one says? A. resolution B. oath C. avowal D. declaration Answer: B 66. A(n) __________ is a means used to determine guilt or innocence by submitting the accused to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under supernatural control. A. ritual B. gauntlet C. resolution D. ordeal Answer: D 67. Oaths and ordeals are most likely in __________. A. complex societies with strong centralized authority B. smaller and simpler societies with little formal legal authority C. theocratic societies D. complex societies where political leaders lack the power to enforce judicial decisions Answer: D 68. In what type of resolution does a third party acting as judge make a decision that the disputing parties then have to accept? A. negotiation B. mediation C. adjudication D. community action Answer: C 69. When no regular, effective means of resolving a conflict are available, __________. A. violence is commonly used to settle a dispute B. ordeals are arranged for the opposing parties C. wars are the common result D. men must pick sides and battle until the dispute is resolved Answer: A 70. Cross-cultural evidence shows that frequent warfare __________. A. is correlated with many other types of aggression B. is unrelated to other forms of aggression C. is found primarily in societies with rigid legal systems D. is found primarily in societies with informal laws Answer: A 71. Systems of individual self-help to resolve conflicts are characteristic of what type of social groups? A. tribal B. stratified C. egalitarian D. market economy Answer: C 72. A state of recurring hostilities between families or groups of kin, usually motivated by a desire to avenge an offence, is called a __________. A. clash B. raid C. war D. feud Answer: D 73. Large-scale warfare is usually practiced by societies with __________. A. foraging or horticulture B. intensive agriculture or industrialization C. small-scale or intensive agriculture D. horticulture or pastoralism Answer: B 74. Warfare in preindustrial societies is most likely to be found __________. A. in societies suffering from chronic, predictable food shortages B. in societies smaller than 21,000 people C. between nations that are militarily more unequal D. where people fear unpredictable natural disasters that will destroy their food supply Answer: D 75. At the beginning of the 20th century, only __________ percent of the world’s nations were democratic; by the 1990s, this had risen to about __________ percent. A. 20–25; 40 B. 12–15; 50 C. 30–35; 60 D. 50–60; 90 Answer: B Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Carol R. Ember, Melvin R. Ember 9780205711208, 9780134732831
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