Chapter Twelve The Media Multiple Choice 1. Which United States president stated: “The flow of ideas, the capacity to make informed choices, the ability to criticize, all of the assumptions on which political democracy rests, depend largely on communications”? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt c. Harry Truman d. Dwight Eisenhower e. John Kennedy Answer: e. John Kennedy 2. The tension between __________ and __________ is one of several key issues related to the role of mass media in a democratic society? a. informed citizenry and informed government officials b. freedom of press and government restrictions c. right to assemble and national security d. freedoms of society versus order of society e. All of the above Answer: b. freedom of press and government restrictions 3. In 2011, the Egyptian government suspended the license of which news reporting agency because of its reporting of the Arab Spring? a. CNN b. MSNBC c. Al Jazeera d. BBC e. PBS Answer: c. Al Jazeera 4. Who noted that “censorship in free societies is necessarily more complex and calculated than in dictatorships”? a. Ralph W. Emerson b. David Thoreau c. Roger Wilkins d. George Orwell e. John F. Kennedy f. Ronald Reagan Answer: d. George Orwell 5. Which of the following news channels is seen as most believable by the American public? a. ABC News b. MSBNC c. Fox News d. BBC e. CNN Answer: e. CNN 6. Which of the following terms refers to the various means through which information is transferred from its sources to large numbers of people. a. socialization b. yellow journalism c. advertising d. mass media e. censorship Answer: d. mass media 7. What percent of the public can name “freedom of the press” as a guarantee in the First Amendment? a. 18 percent b. 20 percent c. 30 percent d. 40 percent e. 54 percent. Answer: a. 18 percent 8. The Federalist Papers were originally published in a. The Boston Globe. b. The New York Times. c. The Washington Times. d. the New York Independent Journal. e. the News Democrat. Answer: d. the New York Independent Journal. 8a. John Fenno was to the Gazette of the United States, what Phillip Freneau was to a. the Chicago Sun-Times. b. The New York Times. c. the National Gazette. d. the National Enquirer. e. The Boston Globe. Answer: c. the National Gazette. 9. The New York Sun was first published in a. 1803. b. 1833. c. 1937. d. 1866. e. 1912 Answer: b. 1833. 10. Perhaps more than any other nation, which nation has become a mass media society? a. France b. England c. Spain d. the United States e. China Answer: d. the United States 11. A form of journalism characterized by “half-truth, innuendo, and outright lies” is called a. yellow journalism. b. muckraking. c. investigative reporting. d. a talk show. e. slander. Answer: a. yellow journalism. 12. Which of the following is quickly replacing newspapers as the most often used source of the news? a. journals b. television c. magazines d. radio e. internet Answer: e. internet 13. What did early political leaders see as the key to public education about the new political system? a. the press b. the church c. the Constitution d. the Congress e. the family. Answer: a. the press 14. Time magazine is often described as being created by one of the first true nationalist propagandists. Who was the founder of Time? a. David Halbersstam b. Matt Drudge c. Alexander Hamilton d. William Randoplh Hearst e. Henry Luce Answer: e. Henry Luce 15. During the nineteenth century, journalistic style a. remained very similar to what it was before the Civil War. b. could not be distinguished among newspapers. c. had little effect on the public’s knowledge of current events. d. changed significantly. e. remained focused on sensationalism. Answer: d. changed significantly. 16. What term is associated with a character from John Bunyan’s work, the Pilgrim’s Progress? a. muckraking b. yellow journalism c. sound bite d. blogging e. investigative reporting Answer: a. muckraking 17. “Yellow journalism” is usually associated with a. Sara Smith and John Reynolds. b. Richard Simpson and Martin Cassey. c. Greg Stiles and Kevin Smith. d. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. e. Anderson Cooper and Sanjay Gupta Answer: d. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. 18. From the 1930s until the end of WWII, which was the dominant popular medium? a. newspapers b. the Internet c. television d. mailings e. radio Answer: e. radio 19. According to the textbook, which of the following mediums is the most persuasive and effective? a. newspapers b. the Internet c. television d. radio e. mailings Answer: c. television 20. Probably the most successful use of radio by a politician were the famous a. “Sunday conversations by President Ronald Reagan.” b. “fireside chats” by President Franklin Roosevelt. c. “evenings with Bill by President Bill Clinton.” d. “Saturday morning addresses by President George W. Bush.” e. “afternoon chats with President Barack Obama.” Answer: b. “fireside chats” by President Franklin Roosevelt. 21. The use of __________ has drawn an apathetic youth into the world of politics? a. entertainment news b. public broadcasting c. newspapers d. radio e. journals Answer: a. entertainment news 22. An important technological advance, with respect to television, has been a. electricity. b. cable. c. the Internet. d. the satellite. e. high definition. Answer: d. the satellite. 23. In the 21st century, what percent of television news stories are shown on the day they occur? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 70% e. 100% Answer: e. 100% 24. Going ________ is playing an increasingly important role in obtaining and disseminating political information. a. online b. to Washington, D.C. c. rogue d. public e. on television. Answer: a. online 25. Which of the following groups sees themselves as “the single most transformative media technology since the invention of the printing press”? a. Tweeters b. Facebook users c. You Tubers d. Flickers e. Bloggers Answer: e. Bloggers 26. Which of the following is considered to be an important function of the media? a. championing a specific cause that is important to journalists and media owners b. interpreting world events c. making contributions to candidates running for political office d. helping to build better political parties e. attracting revenue through advertisers Answer: b. interpreting world events 27. Which of the following is a function of the media? a. surveillance of world events b. interpretation of events c. socialization of individuals into cultural settings d. all of the above e. none of the above Answer: d. all of the above 28. In their __________ role, the media function as “sense extensions for people who do not participate directly in events.” a. interpretation b. advertising c. socialization d. educational e. surveillance Answer: e. surveillance 29. Who developed the theory of framing effects? a. Shanto Iyengar b. Ross Perot c. Hadley Cantril d. Doris Graber e. Henry Luce Answer: a. Shanto Iyengar 30. Investigative journalism is characterized by a. innuendo. b. extensive coverage. c. anonymous sources. d. libel. e. slander. Answer: b. extensive coverage. 31. The process by which people learn to conform to their society’s norms and values is known as a. socialization. b. adjustment. c. evolution. d. adaptation. e. interpretation. Answer: a. socialization. 32. The most familiar historical example of investigative journalism occurred during the a. economic depression of the 1930s. b. end of World War II. c. Korean Conflict. d. 1970s Watergate scandal. e. Vietnam Conflict Answer: d. 1970s Watergate scandal. 33. Who was president when classified documents were passed on to The New York Times regarding the Vietnam War? a. Harry Truman b. John Kennedy c. Lyndon B. Johnson d. Richard Nixon e. Gerald Ford Answer: d. Richard Nixon 34. The media is regulated by the a. National Broadcasting Committee. b. Federal Communications Commission. c. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. d. National Security Administration. e. Department of Homeland Security Answer: b. Federal Communications Commission. 35. The Federal Communications Act was passed in a. 1936. b. 1937. c. 1919. d. 1934. e. 1920 Answer: d. 1934. 36. Broadcasting is viewed as a public resource. Therefore it can be regulated under a. a writ of mandamus. b. the equal protection clause. c. the scarcity doctrine. d. the rules of engagement. e. the right of rebuttal Answer: c. the scarcity doctrine. 37. The equal time rule holds that a. a station must give free time to all interest groups. b. a station must give free time to all religious organizations. c. equal blocks of time must be made available to all political candidates. d. the “National Anthem” must be aired at least twice a day. e. a certain percentage of airtime must be devoted to the public interest. Answer: c. equal blocks of time must be made available to all political candidates. 38. Regulation of the media began a. during the latter part of the 1990s. b. just before the beginning of World War I. c. after World War I. d. after the Korean Conflict. e. during the Vietnam War. Answer: c. after World War I. 39. Which of the following is NOT one of the four guidelines by which electronic media is regulated? a. rules limiting the number of stations owned or controlled by a single organization b. examinations of the goals and performances of stations as part of periodic licensing c. rules mandating public service and local interest programs d. limitations on advertising dollars earned in a given quarter e. none of the above Answer: d. limitations on advertising dollars earned in a given quarter 40. The __________ is the basis for the FCC’s regulation of the political content of radio and television broadcasts. a. scarcity doctrine b. First Amendment c. equal protection clause d. fairness doctrine e. reciprocity doctrine Answer: a. scarcity doctrine 41. The fairness doctrine was upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of a. Sullivan v. New York Times. b. Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC. c. Marbury v. Madison. d. Bull v. Carter. e. Brown v. Board of Education Answer: b. Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC. 42. The right of rebuttal a. is illegal. b. was vetoed by President Reagan in 1983. c. was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. d. was guaranteed by the FCC. e. is part of the fairness doctrine. Answer: d. was guaranteed by the FCC. 43. Prior restraint is the same as a. muckraking. b. libel. c. censorship. d. the equal time rule. e. slander. Answer: c. censorship. 44. Ross Perot a. spent very little money pursuing his quest for the presidency. b. seldom appeared on television talk shows. c. bought large blocks of time for his “infomercials.” d. was not affected by any government regulation regarding his quest for the presidency. e. ran as Republican in the 2008 election. Answer: c. bought large blocks of time for his “infomercials.” 45. Who gave The New York Times copies of classified documents on the Vietnam War? a. James Farley b. Valerie Plame c. Roger Elton d. Daniel Ellsberg e. Lyndon Johnson Answer: d. Daniel Ellsberg 46. ________ occurs when published material damages a person’s reputation in an untruthful way. a. Censorship b. Muckracking c. Prior restraint d. Interpretation e. Libel Answer: e. Libel 47. According to the text, what percentage of journalists define themselves as liberal? a. 32 b. 88 c. 55 d. 19 e. 45 Answer: c. 55 48. According to Ben Bagdikian, most media outlets are owned by a. foreign companies. b. five corporations. c. Time-Warner. d. Oprah Winfrey. e. Ted Turner. Answer: b. five corporations. 49. Establishing the bases of ideological bias in the government is complicated by a. inaccurate reporting by newscasters b. secrecy of government in terms of news c. symbiotic relationship between press and government d. the use of “official sources for news” e. the large number of owners of media outlets. Answer: c. symbiotic relationship between press and government 50. Whose portrayal of Sarah Palin in the 2008 elections became a pop culture phenomenon? a. Hillary Clinton b. Michelle Obama c. Joan Rivers d. Rosie O’Donnell e. Tina Fey Answer: e. Tina Fey True or False 51. The tension between freedom of the press and government restrictions on that freedom is one of the several key issues related to the role of mass media in democratic society. Answer: True 52. George Orwell observed, “censorship in free societies is necessarily more complex and calculated than in dictatorships.” Answer: True 53. At a minimum, democracy requires that citizens receive objective information so they can make informed decisions about candidates, policies, and government activities. Answer: True 54. The job of the media entails simplifying complex and detailed realities into symbols and images. Answer: True 55. It is not an exaggeration to say that, for most people, politics has little reality apart from its media version. Answer: True 56. It is interesting that well over half of the American population can name “freedom of the press” as a guarantee in the First Amendment to the Constitution. Answer: False 57. No other nation in the world enjoys the degree of media freedom found in the United States. Answer: True 58. The New York Times reporter Judith Miller did not have to spend any time in jail for refusing to testify before a grand jury investigating the leak of a CIA covert officer. Answer: False 59. Perhaps more than any other nation, the United States has become a mass media society. Answer: True 60. The importance of the press in American politics dates from the Civil War period, when newspapers served as effective tools for mobilizing public opinion. Answer: False 61. Early political leaders saw the press as the key to public education. Answer: True 62. Newspapers were the primary vehicle for the debate over the ratification of the Constitution. Answer: True 63. President George Washington ignored the “importance of facilitating the circulation of political intelligence and information through the press.” Answer: False 64. The mass media revolution more or less began with the September 3, 1883, issue of The New York Sun. Answer: True 65. Newspaper readership is on a steady rise. Answer: False 66. During the nineteenth century, journalistic style changed significantly. Answer: True 67. Muckraking is a term used to describe a style of investigative reporting that uncovered many scandals. Answer: True 68. Yellow journalism is associated with the controversial “Yellow Man comic strip.” Answer: True 69. More and more, newspapers are printing stories formerly reserved to tabloids such as the National Enquirer. Answer: True 70. Of the major news magazines, the most widely read is The Nation. Answer: False 71. Henry Luce’s impact on mass-readership magazines extended beyond politics. Answer: True 72. Radio enjoyed a brief but important heyday as a significant source of political information for the American public. Answer: True 73. Bill Clinton’s “fireside chats are considered the most successful use of the radio by a president.” Answer: False 74. One of radio’s premier news reporters, Edward R. Murrow, established standards of integrity and editorial skill that continue to this day. Answer: True 75. Radio’s popularity began to ebb at the end of the Vietnam War. Answer: False 76. Unlike newspapers, magazines, and radio, television developed primarily as an educational medium. Answer: False 77. Television is the more pervasive and effective than any other form of mass communication. Answer: True 78. Satellite technology has made television an instantaneous means of global communication. Answer: True 79. Cable television was developed in the 1950s to bring television programming to remote areas. Answer: True 80. Narrowcasting refers to the decline of profits in a media market. Answer: False 81. Very few government agencies or bureaucracies have websites. Answer: False 82. Today there are over 100 million blogs on the worldwide web. Answer: True 83. The ability of the media to decide what constitutes news is a controversial aspect of their surveillance role. Answer: True 84. Investigative reporters look for abuses and corruption within government and the private sector. Answer: True 85. A prime example of investigative reporting is the story about neglect of soldiers at Walter Reed Hospital. Answer: True 86. Journalism may have changed since the days of the muckrakers, as the technology and political culture of America have changed, but the spirit of the muckraker lives on in the practice of investigative journalism. Answer: True 87. Socialization is the process by which people learn to conform to their society’s norms and values. Answer: True 88. The “scarcity doctrine has taken the form of three rules of the airwaves. These include equal time rule, the unfair doctrine, and the right of rebuttal.” Answer: False 89. Regulation of the media began after World War I, in the heyday of radio. Answer: True 90. The equal time rule has become insignificant in importance as applied to recent presidential campaigns. Answer: False 91. The fairness doctrine, now abandoned, required radio and television stations to provide a reasonable percentage of time for programs dealing with issues of public interest. Answer: True 92. The right of rebuttal is the right to refute allegations presented on radio within a reasonable period of time. Answer: True 93. Prior restraint is an action taken by government to prevent the publication of controversial materials. Answer: True 94. Many observers believe that the mass media display bias in the way they select and present news, and recent survey evidence documents this as well. Answer: True 95. Since World War II, news media business profits have steadily declined. Answer: False 96. The amount of media coverage can influence the outcome of an election campaign. Answer: True 97. No solid evidence suggests that media polling significantly affects public opinion. Answer: True 98. “You’re no Jack Kennedy,” uttered by Lloyd Bentsen during the 1988 vice presidential debate with Dan Quayle, is an example of a sound bite. Answer: True 99. In political advertising, very little hinges on images. Answer: False 100. Perhaps the most damaging negative ad in recent elections implied that Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis was soft on crime. Answer: True 101. Justice Hugo Black offered a strong argument for absolute freedom of the press in a case involving The New York Times when it published material in the 1970s relating to the Vietnam War. Answer: True 102. The Supreme Court has consistently upheld regulation of the electronic media under the scarcity doctrine. Answer: True Essay Questions 103. What role does a free press play in approaching the democratic ideal? Answer: A free press is vital for achieving the democratic ideal because it: 1. Provides citizens with essential information. 2. Acts as a watchdog by holding the government accountable. 3. Serves as a platform for public discourse and debate. 4. Advocates for civil rights and social justice. 5. Educates and engages the public. 6. Maintains checks and balances to prevent abuse of power. These functions ensure informed citizen participation, government transparency, and a dynamic public dialogue, all of which are fundamental to a healthy democracy. 104. Discuss the tension that exists in a society between freedom of the press and government. Answer: The tension between freedom of the press and government centers on the press's role in holding government accountable and informing the public, versus the government's interest in maintaining national security and public order. • Freedom of the Press: Essential for transparency and democracy, enabling public oversight and informed civic participation. • Government Interests: Often restricts press freedom citing national security, public order, and the prevention of panic or civil unrest. • Legal Frameworks: Democracies usually protect press freedom constitutionally, but governments may also impose censorship and regulatory measures. • Conflicts: Issues like whistleblowing, leaks, propaganda, and fake news exacerbate tensions. • Case Studies: Vary globally, with examples like the U.S.'s First Amendment protections versus China's strict control over media. • Implications: A free press is crucial for democracy and human rights, while excessive government control can erode public trust and lead to abuses. • Balancing Act: Requires ethical journalism and judicial oversight to ensure neither the government nor the press oversteps its bounds. Ultimately, maintaining this balance is vital for the functioning of a healthy, democratic society. 105. How have media sources emerged over time? Answer: Media sources have evolved significantly over time: 1. Print Media: Newspapers, books, and pamphlets emerged with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century. 2. Radio: Early 20th-century radio allowed news and entertainment to reach a wide audience. 3. Television: Mid-20th century TV combined audio and visual elements, becoming a dominant medium for news and entertainment. 4. Cable and Satellite TV: From the 1970s-1980s, these expanded available channels and specialized content. 5. Digital and Internet Media: The 1990s internet revolutionized media, with websites and online news portals offering instant access to information. 6. Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, from the mid-2000s, allowed user-generated content and interactive sharing. 7. Mobile Media: Smartphones and streaming services in the late 2000s enabled on-the-go and on-demand media consumption. 8. Emerging Technologies: Podcasts, audiobooks, virtual reality, and augmented reality are offering new ways to experience media. 106. Comment on the influence of muckraking and yellow journalism as a potent force in American society. Answer: Muckraking • Reform: Muckraking journalists, such as Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell, exposed corruption and social injustices, leading to important reforms like food safety regulations and antitrust laws. • Public Awareness: Their work raised public awareness about issues like child labor and poor working conditions, fostering a demand for change. • Legacy: Muckraking set a precedent for investigative journalism and inspired future generations of journalists to uncover societal issues. Yellow Journalism • Sensationalism: Yellow journalism, practiced by publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer, used sensationalized stories and exaggerated headlines to attract readers. • Influence: While criticized for its lack of accuracy, yellow journalism played a role in shaping public opinion, particularly during the Spanish-American War. • Legacy: It contributed to the development of modern tabloid journalism and continues to impact media culture today. Combined Influence • Public Engagement: Both muckraking and yellow journalism engaged the public in new ways, influencing public discourse and shaping societal norms. • Media Ethics: They raised questions about media ethics and the balance between informing the public and sensationalizing news. • Regulation: Their influence contributed to calls for media regulation and the establishment of journalistic standards to ensure accuracy and fairness. In summary, muckraking and yellow journalism have had a lasting impact on American society, influencing media practices, public opinion, and social and political reforms. 107. Discuss the role magazines play in delivering political information. Answer: Magazines play a significant role in delivering political information to the public, offering in-depth analysis, diverse perspectives, and a longer shelf life compared to newspapers. 1. In-depth Analysis • Detailed Coverage: Magazines can provide more detailed coverage of political issues than newspapers or TV due to their longer format. • Background Information: They often include background information, context, and historical perspectives, helping readers understand complex political issues. 2. Diverse Perspectives • Opinion Pieces: Magazines often feature opinion pieces and editorials, presenting diverse viewpoints on political matters. • Investigative Journalism: Magazines have the resources for investigative journalism, uncovering political scandals or issues that may not receive as much attention in other media. 3. Educational Tool • Informative Content: Magazines can educate readers on political processes, government structures, and policy implications, helping to promote civic literacy. • Analysis of Policies: They analyze political policies and their impact, helping readers make informed decisions and understand the consequences of political decisions. 4. Longer Shelf Life • Timely Analysis: While newspapers focus on daily news, magazines offer timely analysis that remains relevant for a longer period. • Archival Value: Magazines serve as an archival resource, allowing readers to revisit political issues and analyses over time. 5. Targeted Audiences • Specialized Magazines: There are magazines dedicated to specific political ideologies, parties, or interests, catering to niche audiences with tailored content. • Demographic Targeting: Magazines can target specific demographic groups, providing political information that is relevant to their interests and concerns. 6. Credibility and Trust • Established Brands: Established political magazines have a reputation for credibility and trustworthiness, which can influence readers' perceptions of political information. • Fact-Checking: Magazines often engage in fact-checking and rigorous editorial processes, enhancing the reliability of their political reporting. In conclusion, magazines play a crucial role in delivering political information by offering in-depth analysis, diverse perspectives, educational content, and a longer shelf life. They contribute to the public's understanding of political issues and help shape political discourse and decision-making. 108. Compare and contrast the effect of radio and television of the delivery of political information. Answer: Radio and television both deliver political information, but they differ in accessibility, format, depth of coverage, interactivity, credibility, and effectiveness in political campaigns: • Accessibility: Radio is more accessible, especially in areas with limited media access. Television has a broader reach. • Format: Radio is audio-only, while television offers audio and visual elements. • Depth of Coverage: Both can provide in-depth coverage, but television's visual aids enhance understanding. • Interactivity: Radio is more interactive with call-in shows. Television has some interactivity through social media. • Credibility: Both are generally seen as credible, but television's visual nature can lead to perceptions of bias. • Effectiveness in Campaigns: Radio is effective for targeted audiences, while television has a broader impact in campaigns. In summary, radio and television play important roles in delivering political information, each with its strengths and limitations. 109. Contrast the emergence of satellites, cable television, and the Internet in terms of bringing about changes in American society. Answer: Satellites • Global Reach: Enabled global transmission of TV signals, expanding American media influence. • 24-Hour News: Facilitated 24-hour news channels like CNN, changing news consumption habits. • Entertainment: Expanded access to entertainment with a wide range of channels and programs. Cable Television • Increased Channel Options: Offered more channels, catering to niche audiences. • Regional Content: Provided local news, sports, and entertainment through regional networks. • Pay-Per-View and On-Demand: Introduced pay-per-view and on-demand services, changing viewing habits. Internet • Information Access: Revolutionized access to information, enabling access from anywhere. • Communication: Transformed communication with email, instant messaging, and social media. • E-Commerce: Facilitated e-commerce, changing shopping and business practices. Impact on American Society • Media Consumption: Changed how Americans consume media, shifting to on-demand and online streaming. • Information Access: Democratized access to information, empowering individuals with knowledge. • Communication: Fostered global connections and communities, changing communication patterns. • Economic Changes: Disrupted traditional retail and commerce, leading to economic changes and challenges. 110. Identify and discuss the three basic functions of the mass media as noted in your text. Answer: The three basic functions of the mass media, as noted in many texts, are as follows: 1. Surveillance of the Environment • Definition: This function refers to the media's role in providing information about events and developments taking place in society and the world. • Example: News programs that report on local, national, and international events, keeping the public informed about what is happening around them. • Importance: Surveillance helps citizens stay informed, facilitates public discussion and debate, and holds institutions and individuals accountable. 2. Interpretation of Events • Definition: The media interpret events by providing analysis, context, and explanation to help audiences understand the significance and implications of events. • Example: Editorial columns, expert commentary, and investigative journalism that provide insight and perspective on complex issues. • Importance: Interpretation helps audiences make sense of the news, encourages critical thinking, and shapes public opinion and understanding. 3. Transmission of Culture • Definition: The media transmit cultural values, norms, and beliefs from one generation to another, helping to shape societal norms and identities. • Example: Television shows, movies, music, and other forms of media that reflect and reinforce cultural values and trends. • Importance: Transmission of culture helps maintain social cohesion, preserves cultural heritage, and influences socialization processes. These functions highlight the role of the mass media in informing, interpreting, and shaping public opinion and culture. They underscore the media's influence and importance in modern society as a source of information, analysis, and cultural representation. 111. Discuss limits on media freedom and indicate how the government has attempted to regulate it. Answer: Limits on media freedom can vary widely depending on the country and its legal and political systems. Governments often seek to regulate media to protect national security, public order, morals, and the rights of others. Here are some common ways in which governments attempt to regulate media: 1. Licensing and Registration: Governments may require media outlets to obtain licenses or register with regulatory bodies. This can be used as a way to control who can operate a media outlet and to monitor their activities. 2. Content Restrictions: Governments may impose restrictions on the content that can be published or broadcasted. This can include censorship of certain topics, such as criticism of the government or dissemination of certain types of information. 3. Lawsuits and Legal Actions: Governments can use legal actions, such as lawsuits or criminal charges, to punish media outlets or journalists who publish information that is deemed to be illegal or harmful. 4. Economic Pressure: Governments may exert economic pressure on media outlets by withholding advertising revenue, imposing taxes, or restricting access to resources. 5. Internet Regulation: With the rise of the internet, governments have also sought to regulate online media through measures such as internet shutdowns, blocking of websites, and surveillance of online activities. It's important to note that while some restrictions on media freedom may be necessary to protect public interests, such as national security or privacy, excessive or unjustified restrictions can infringe upon the freedom of expression and the press. 112. What has happened to the media in the United States in terms of control and what are some possible ramifications of such a situation? Answer: In the United States, the media landscape has undergone significant changes in terms of control and ownership. Over the past few decades, there has been a trend of consolidation, where a small number of large corporations have come to dominate the media industry. This trend has raised concerns about the concentration of media ownership and its potential impact on the diversity of viewpoints and the quality of journalism. Some possible ramifications of this situation include: 1. Limited Diversity of Viewpoints: When a small number of corporations control a large portion of the media, there is a risk that diverse viewpoints and opinions may be marginalized or underrepresented. This can lead to a lack of critical analysis and a narrowing of public discourse. 2. Impact on Journalism: Consolidation can also have an impact on the quality of journalism. In some cases, cost-cutting measures and a focus on profit margins may lead to a decline in investigative reporting and in-depth analysis, as media outlets prioritize content that is more likely to attract viewers or readers. 3. Potential for Bias: Media ownership can influence the editorial stance of a media outlet. If a media outlet is owned by a corporation with specific political or business interests, there is a risk that the outlet's reporting may be biased or slanted to favor those interests. 4. Loss of Local News: Consolidation can also lead to a loss of local news coverage. As media outlets are consolidated into larger conglomerates, there may be less emphasis on covering local issues and events, which can have a negative impact on civic engagement and democracy. Overall, the concentration of media ownership in the United States raises important questions about the role of the media in society and the need to ensure that there is a diversity of voices and perspectives in the media landscape. 113. Compare and contrast the equal time rule, fairness doctrine, right of rebuttal and prior restraints in terms of their effect on media freedom. Answer: The equal time rule, fairness doctrine, right of rebuttal, and prior restraints are all regulatory mechanisms that can affect media freedom, but they do so in different ways: 1. Equal Time Rule: • Effect on Media Freedom: The equal time rule requires broadcasters to provide equal airtime to all candidates for political office. While it aims to ensure fair and balanced coverage of political campaigns, it can also limit the freedom of broadcasters to decide how to allocate their airtime. • Rationale: The rule is based on the idea that the airwaves are a public resource and that broadcasters have a responsibility to provide a platform for diverse political viewpoints. 2. Fairness Doctrine: • Effect on Media Freedom: The fairness doctrine required broadcasters to present controversial issues in a balanced and equitable manner. It aimed to ensure that different viewpoints were represented in the media. However, it was repealed in 1987, with some arguing that its removal has led to a more polarized media environment. • Rationale: The doctrine was based on the belief that broadcasters have a duty to serve the public interest by providing a forum for the discussion of important issues. 3. Right of Rebuttal: • Effect on Media Freedom: The right of rebuttal gives individuals or organizations the right to respond to criticism or negative coverage in the media. While it can help to ensure that different viewpoints are heard, it can also place a burden on media outlets and potentially limit their editorial freedom. • Rationale: The right of rebuttal is based on the idea that individuals should have the opportunity to respond to inaccurate or unfair portrayals of themselves or their positions. 4. Prior Restraints: • Effect on Media Freedom: Prior restraints are government actions that prevent the publication or broadcast of certain information. They are generally considered to be a serious violation of media freedom, as they prevent the media from reporting on important issues or expressing certain viewpoints. • Rationale: Prior restraints are often justified on national security grounds or to protect individuals' privacy rights. However, they are generally viewed as a last resort due to their potential to infringe on freedom of speech and the press. In summary, while the equal time rule, fairness doctrine, and right of rebuttal are intended to promote fairness and diversity in the media, they can also have the unintended consequence of limiting media freedom. Prior restraints, on the other hand, are a more direct and severe threat to media freedom, as they involve government censorship of the media. 114. Is the media biased in its reporting? Answer: The question of bias in media reporting is complex and often depends on various factors such as the media outlet, the journalist, and the context of the reporting. Here are some key points to consider: 1. Implicit Bias: All individuals, including journalists, can have implicit biases based on their background, experiences, and beliefs. These biases can sometimes unconsciously influence how they report and interpret news events. 2. Media Ownership: Media outlets owned by corporations or individuals with specific political or business interests may be more likely to exhibit bias in their reporting, either by promoting certain viewpoints or by omitting others. 3. Sensationalism: In an effort to attract viewers or readers, some media outlets may prioritize sensational or controversial stories over more nuanced or balanced reporting, which can create a perception of bias. 4. Editorial Policies: The editorial policies of a media outlet can also influence the perceived bias of its reporting. Some outlets may have a clear editorial stance that aligns with a particular ideology or political viewpoint. 5. Journalistic Standards: However, reputable news organizations strive to adhere to journalistic standards that emphasize accuracy, fairness, and impartiality. While no news outlet is entirely free from bias, adherence to these standards can help mitigate bias in reporting. It's important for consumers of news to critically evaluate sources, consider multiple perspectives, and be aware of the potential for bias in media reporting. Additionally, supporting a diverse range of media outlets can help promote a more balanced and inclusive media landscape. 115. Discuss Media Ownership and Control. Answer: Media ownership and control refer to the concentration of ownership of media outlets in the hands of a small number of individuals, corporations, or organizations. This concentration of ownership can have significant implications for the diversity of viewpoints, editorial independence, and quality of journalism in a given media market. Here are some key points to consider: 1. Types of Media Ownership: Media ownership can take various forms, including: • Horizontal Integration: When a media company owns multiple outlets of the same type (e.g., multiple television stations or newspapers) in a single market. • Vertical Integration: When a media company owns different types of media outlets (e.g., television stations, newspapers, and online platforms) in a single market. • Cross-Ownership: When a media company owns outlets in different types of media (e.g., television stations and newspapers) in a single market. 2. Effects of Media Ownership and Control: • Diversity of Viewpoints: Concentrated ownership can lead to a lack of diversity in the viewpoints and opinions presented in the media, as owners may prioritize their own interests or political agendas. • Editorial Independence: Media outlets may face pressure from owners to present news in a way that aligns with the owners' interests or biases, potentially compromising editorial independence. • Quality of Journalism: Concentrated ownership can lead to cost-cutting measures and a focus on profits over quality journalism, resulting in a decline in investigative reporting and in-depth analysis. • Market Competition: Concentrated ownership can reduce competition in the media market, leading to fewer choices for consumers and potentially higher prices for advertising. 3. Regulatory Framework: Some countries have regulations in place to prevent or limit the concentration of media ownership. These regulations may include limits on the number of media outlets a single entity can own, restrictions on cross-ownership, and requirements for transparency in media ownership. 4. Digital Media: The rise of digital media has changed the landscape of media ownership, with tech companies like Google and Facebook playing a significant role in the distribution of news. This has raised new concerns about the influence of these platforms on the diversity of viewpoints and the quality of journalism. In conclusion, media ownership and control can have a profound impact on the diversity, independence, and quality of media content. It is important for policymakers, media professionals, and consumers to be aware of these issues and work towards a media landscape that is diverse, independent, and accountable. 116. Comment on Media-Government Symbiosis Answer: Media-government symbiosis refers to a relationship between the media and government where both entities mutually benefit or rely on each other for various reasons. This relationship can have both positive and negative implications: 1. Positive Aspects: • Access to Information: Governments often use the media to disseminate information to the public, which can be beneficial for transparency and accountability. • Public Relations: The media can help governments shape public opinion and improve their public image through positive coverage. • Policy Advocacy: Governments can use the media to advocate for their policies and agendas, helping to garner public support. 2. Negative Aspects: • Control and Censorship: Governments may seek to control or censor the media to limit criticism or negative coverage, undermining press freedom. • Propaganda: The media can be used as a tool for propaganda, where governments manipulate information to influence public opinion. • Lack of Accountability: A close relationship between the media and government can lead to a lack of critical scrutiny and accountability of government actions. 3. Implications for Democracy: The media-government symbiosis can have significant implications for democracy. A free and independent media is essential for holding governments accountable and informing the public, while a media that is overly reliant on or influenced by the government can undermine these principles. Overall, while some level of interaction between the media and government is necessary and beneficial, it is important to maintain a balance that upholds press freedom, independence, and accountability. 117. How has the media been used in American elections? In addition, what suggestions would you recommend for a change in its use regarding this matter? Answer: The media plays a crucial role in American elections, serving as a platform for candidates to communicate their messages, for voters to learn about the candidates and issues, and for the public to engage in political discourse. However, the use of media in elections has evolved over time and has faced criticism for various reasons. Here are some ways in which the media has been used in American elections: 1. Campaign Advertising: Candidates use television, radio, print, and digital media to run advertisements promoting their campaigns and attacking opponents. These ads can influence public opinion and shape the narrative of the election. 2. News Coverage: Media outlets provide news coverage of election campaigns, debates, and political events, informing voters about the candidates' positions and the issues at stake. However, the media's framing of stories and selection of what to cover can impact public perception. 3. Social Media: Social media platforms have become increasingly important in elections, allowing candidates to reach voters directly and mobilize supporters. However, social media can also be used to spread misinformation and influence public opinion. 4. Debates: Media organizations often host and broadcast debates between candidates, providing voters with an opportunity to see the candidates discuss and defend their positions on key issues. Suggestions for Change: 1. Greater Transparency: Media organizations should strive for greater transparency in their coverage, disclosing any biases or conflicts of interest that may influence their reporting. 2. Fact-Checking: Media outlets should prioritize fact-checking and accuracy in their reporting, especially when it comes to political ads and statements made by candidates. 3. Diverse Perspectives: Media outlets should strive to provide a diverse range of perspectives and voices in their coverage, ensuring that all viewpoints are represented fairly. 4. Reducing Sensationalism: Media outlets should avoid sensationalism and focus on substantive issues and policy discussions, helping to inform voters and promote a more civil discourse. 5. Regulation of Political Advertising: There could be stricter regulations on political advertising, including transparency requirements for online ads and limits on the influence of money in politics. Overall, the media can play a constructive role in American elections by providing voters with accurate information and fostering informed political discourse. However, it is essential to address issues such as bias, misinformation, and the influence of money to ensure that the media serves the public interest in a democratic society. 118. What and why is there a potential for bloggers to influence American society? Answer: Bloggers have the potential to influence American society in various ways due to several key factors: 1. Accessibility and Reach: Blogs are accessible to anyone with an internet connection, allowing bloggers to reach a wide audience. This reach can be particularly influential when bloggers have a large following or when their content goes viral. 2. Alternative Voices: Bloggers often provide alternative perspectives and voices that may not be present in traditional media. This can help to diversify the public discourse and bring attention to issues that are not covered by mainstream media. 3. Niche Expertise: Bloggers often have niche expertise in specific areas, such as technology, fashion, or politics. This expertise can lend credibility to their opinions and recommendations, making them influential within their respective communities. 4. Interactivity: Blogs often allow for greater interactivity than traditional media, with readers able to comment on posts and engage in discussions with the blogger and other readers. This interactivity can help to create a sense of community and loyalty among readers. 5. Agenda Setting: Bloggers can play a role in agenda setting by highlighting certain issues or topics, influencing what issues are discussed and prioritized in the public sphere. 6. Speed and Timeliness: Bloggers can react quickly to current events and developments, providing timely analysis and commentary that may not be possible in traditional media due to editorial processes and deadlines. Overall, bloggers have the potential to influence American society by providing alternative perspectives, niche expertise, and timely commentary on a wide range of issues. Their influence is particularly strong in areas where traditional media may be lacking or where there is a demand for diverse viewpoints and voices. 119. How has Internet political reporter Matt Drudge helped to change the face of reporting with his online columns? Answer: Matt Drudge, through his website "The Drudge Report," has had a significant impact on the field of reporting, particularly in the realm of political journalism. Here are some ways in which he has helped change the face of reporting: 1. Breaking News: Drudge is known for breaking major news stories, often before they are reported by traditional media outlets. His ability to quickly disseminate information has made him a key figure in the news cycle. 2. Agenda Setting: The Drudge Report has a large audience and is often cited by other media outlets, leading to a phenomenon known as the "Drudge Effect." Stories featured on Drudge often gain wider attention and can influence the news agenda. 3. Alternative Voice: Drudge provides an alternative voice in the media landscape, offering a conservative perspective that is not always reflected in mainstream media coverage. 4. Impact on Journalism: Drudge's success has influenced the way journalists and media outlets operate online. His emphasis on speed and breaking news has led to a greater focus on these aspects in online journalism. 5. Shift in Power: The rise of online journalism, exemplified by Drudge, has shifted power away from traditional media outlets and towards individuals and independent voices. This has democratized the news landscape to some extent, allowing for greater diversity of viewpoints. Overall, Matt Drudge and The Drudge Report have played a significant role in changing the face of reporting, particularly in terms of speed, agenda setting, and the influence of independent online voices. 120. Discuss the role of social media in the revolutions in the Middle East, commonly referred to as the Arab Spring. Answer: Social media played a crucial role in the revolutions in the Middle East during the Arab Spring, serving as a powerful tool for organizing, mobilizing, and disseminating information. Here are some key aspects of social media's role in the Arab Spring: 1. Organization and Mobilization: Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube were used by activists to organize protests, spread messages, and coordinate actions. These platforms allowed for rapid communication and helped to mobilize large numbers of people quickly. 2. Information Sharing: Social media played a key role in sharing information and images of the protests and government crackdowns with the rest of the world. This helped to raise awareness about the events taking place in the region and garnered international support for the protesters. 3. Citizen Journalism: Social media enabled ordinary citizens to act as journalists, documenting events on the ground and sharing them with a global audience. This provided a more nuanced and immediate view of the events than traditional media outlets. 4. Circumventing Censorship: In countries where traditional media outlets were censored or controlled by the government, social media provided a platform for free expression and the dissemination of uncensored information. 5. Global Solidarity: Social media helped to connect activists in the Middle East with supporters around the world, fostering a sense of global solidarity and amplifying the impact of the protests. 6. Government Response: Governments in the region also used social media, both to monitor and track activists and to spread their own propaganda and misinformation. However, the decentralized nature of social media made it difficult for governments to fully control the narrative. Overall, social media played a pivotal role in the Arab Spring, empowering citizens, facilitating communication, and shining a spotlight on events in the region. However, it also highlighted the challenges and complexities of using social media as a tool for social and political change, including issues of misinformation, censorship, and government surveillance. Test Bank for Approaching Democracy Larry A Berman, Bruce Allen Murphy 9780205903825
Download
Close
Close
