CH-12 Late Adulthood – Human Development: A Cultural Approach : Exam Guide

Chapter 12 Late Adulthood Section 1 Physical Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. Late adulthood is usually marked off by developmental psychologists as beginning at age _______________. A. 55 years B. 60 years C. 65 years D. 70 years Answer: C 2. In what country is there a Respect for the Aged Day, which is a national holiday? A. the United States B. Japan C. the Netherlands D. Greece Answer: B 3. Your roommate was talking about how after the academic year he is going back to Japan. His grandfather is turning 60 years old and they have a ritual that symbolizes the person’s freedom from previous responsibilities and elevates the individual to a new and respected status as elder. What is the name of this ritual? A. kanreki B. sensei C. koto D. utsubo Answer: A. kanreki Correct: Kanreki refers to the Japanese ritual that symbolizes a person’s status elevation to that of a respected elder. B. sensei Incorrect: Sensei is a Japanese term of respect. 4. The practice that no matter how old children are, they owe obedience and respect to their parents, no matter how old the parents are is _______________. A. momma love B. children imperative C. parental positive regard D. filial piety Answer: D. filial piety Correct: The term for this concept is filial piety. C. parental positive regard Incorrect: The term for this concept is filial piety. 5. The stage of late adulthood begins at age _______________. A. 55 B. 60 C. 65 D. 70 Answer: A 6. Which of the following best describes the Japanese ritual of kanreki? A. It celebrates a person’s retirement from work and marks a time of leisure and rest. B. It celebrates a person’s 60th birthday and their transition into the respected status of an elder. C. It celebrates a person’s movement into young adulthood and marks a time of personal and social responsibility. D. It celebrates a person’s graduation from college and their transition into the workforce as a productive member of society. Answer: B. It celebrates a person’s 60th birthday and their transition into the respected status of an elder. Correct: Usually held around the person’s 60th birthday, the ritual symbolizes the person’s freedom from previous responsibilities. C. It celebrates a person’s movement into young adulthood and marks a time of personal and social responsibility. Incorrect: Usually held around the person’s 60th birthday, the ritual symbolizes the person’s freedom from previous responsibilities. 7. Aoi is Japanese and just turned 60 years old, the celebration that his family will have to mark the occasion is called _______________. A. tomoko B. kanreki C. yoko D. ayaka Answer: B 8. In Asian cultures, the tradition of filial piety is _______________. A. obedience and respect to parents, no matter how old they are B. honor and trust to everyone in the family C. loyalty to the laws and codes of society D. commitment to one’s family and their village Answer: A 9. Older people are more likely to have high status in cultures where: A. older adults are quite virile B. extended families are common C. older adult men have very young wives D. older adult women are the head of the families Answer: B. extended families are common Correct: Older adults are more likely to have high status in cultures in which extended families are common. D. older adult women are the head of the families Incorrect: Older adults are more likely to have high status in cultures in which extended families are common. 10. An analysis of American television advertisements containing older adults (Miller et al., 2004) found that what percentage of them presented older adults in positive ways? A. 78% B. 68% C. 58% D. 48% Answer: A 11. Increased social welfare and health entitlements during the 1960s and 1970s have now made older adults _______________. A. independent and powerful B. dependent on social programs C. the wealthiest segment of developed countries D. the least wealthy segment of developed countries Answer: C. the wealthiest segment of developed countries Correct: Older adults are the wealthiest segment of the United States population. B. dependent on social programs Incorrect: Older adults are the wealthiest segment of the United States population. 12. You are speaking with your 67-year-old grandfather who is jokingly telling you that he is about as old as one can get. Remembering your developmental class, what do you know about his age in reference to the lifespan? He is actually in the _______________. A. young-old group B. old-old group C. middle-old group D. oldest-old group Answer: A. young-old group Correct: Your grandfather is in the young-old group, ages 65–74. B. old-old group Incorrect: Your grandfather is in the young-old group, ages 65–74. 13. If an older adult is 82 years old, what developmental group would he or she be in? A. young-old group B. old-old group C. middle-old group D. oldest-old group Answer: B. old-old group Correct: An 82-year-old adult would be in the old-old group. C. middle-old group Incorrect: An 82-year-old adult would be in the old-old group. 14. If an older adult is 92 years old, what developmental group would he or she be in? A. young-old group B. old-old group C. middle-old group D. oldest-old group Answer: D. oldest-old group Correct: A 92-year-old adult would be in the oldest-old group. C. middle-old group Incorrect: A 92-year-old adult would be in the oldest-old group. 15. A developmental psychologist and demographer would describe an individual who is 85 years or older as _______________. A. young-old B. old-old C. oldest-old D. older-old Answer: C 16. What percentage of Americans over 85 are impaired enough in their ADL capacities to be institutionalized in a nursing home or other facility? A. 10% B. 25% C. 50% D. 80% Answer: B 17. Countries that have a birth rate that is below 2.1 children per woman _______________. A. will see a decline in their total population B. will see an increase in the total population C. will see a leveling off in their total population D. are unable to predict population values Answer: A 18. The old-age dependency ratio (OADR) is calculated as the number of persons _______________. A. age 65 or older, divided by the number of persons age 20 to 64 B. age 20 to 64, divided by the number of persons age 65 or older C. age 55 or older, multiplied by the number of persons age 18 or older D. age 55 or older, added to the number of persons age 21 or older Answer: A 19. The number of persons aged 65 or older, divided by the number of persons age 20–64 is known as _______________. A. young adulthood as compared to aging (YACA) B. old-age comparison to youthfulness (OACY) C. age of retirement compared to the age of productivity (ARCAP) D. old-age dependency ratio (OADR) Answer: D 20. Your 94-year-old great-grandmother is having difficulty with bathing, dressing, food preparation and eating, housekeeping, and paying bills. Your family is considering getting some professional nursing care for her. During the interview with the nursing care provider, the nurse asks what your great-grandmother’s major concerns are. What would you tell the nurse? A. activities of daily living B. self-care activities C. grooming behavior D. adult activities Answer: A. activities of daily living Correct: The difficulties center around activities of daily living. B. self-care activities Incorrect: The difficulties center around activities of daily living. 21. What percentage of persons over age 80 years rated their health as “good” or “excellent?” A. 16% B. 33% C. 48% D. 64% Answer: B 22. What percentage of Americans over 85 years of age are impaired enough to be institutionalized in a nursing home or other facility? A. 15% B. 25% C. 35% D. 45% Answer: B 23. What concept signifies the actual competence and performance of older adults? A. functional age B. chronological age C. competency age D. geriatric age Answer: A. functional age Correct: Functional age refers to the actual competence and performance of older adults’ abilities. C. competency age Incorrect: Functional age refers to the actual competence and performance of older adults’ abilities. 24. Your grandfather is joking that there are going to be more people over 60 years of age than there will be people under 15 soon. He says that there will not be enough people working to cover the costs of Social Security. By what year will people over 60 years of age outnumber those under age 15? A. 2020 B. 2030 C. 2040 D. 2050 Answer: D. 2050 Correct: In 2050 it is projected that the number of individuals older than 60 will be larger than the number of individuals under age 15 for the first time in history. C. 2040 Incorrect: In 2050 it is projected that the number of individuals older than 60 will be larger than the number of individuals under age 15 for the first time in history. 25. What is the ratio of the number of person aged 65 years or older to the number of person aged 20 to 64 years (number of persons aged 65 years or older/number of persons 20 to 64) referred to as? A. Medicare ratio B. old-age dependency ratio C. older adult to younger adult ratio D. Social Security ratio Answer: B. old-age dependency ratio Correct: This ratio is referred to as the old-age dependency ratio since those older than 65 are more likely to be dependent on the resources of those younger than age 65. C. older adult to younger adult ratio Incorrect: This ratio is referred to as the old-age dependency ratio since those older than 65 are more likely to be dependent on the resources of those younger than age 65. 26. What is the ratio of the number of person aged 65 years or older to the number of person aged 20 to 64 years in Japan? A. 25% B. 35% C. 45% D. 55% Answer: B 27. _______________ is the inevitable biological aging that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms. A. Primary aging B. Secondary aging C. Lateral aging D. Tertiary aging Answer: A 28. _______________ is the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution. A. Primary aging B. Tertiary aging C. Lateral aging D. Secondary aging Answer: D 29. _______________ is the inevitable biological aging that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms, whereas _______________ is the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution. A. Tertiary aging; vertical aging B. Vertical aging; tertiary aging C. Primary aging; secondary aging D. Secondary aging; primary aging Answer: C 30. In developed countries, what is the life expectancy of a person who is 65 years old? A. 5 to 10 additional years B. 15 to 20 additional years C. 25 to 30 additional years D. 35 to 40 additional years Answer: B 31. Around the world, about how much longer will women at age 65 live longer than men? A. 5 additional years B. 10 additional years C. 15 additional years D. 20 additional years Answer: A 32. Your grandmother is 87 and she has remarked to you that nearly all of her friends are women. She told you that it is rare to see a man over age 85. Is she correct? Yes, past age 85, for every 100 men there are _______________. A. 678 women B. 452 women C. 226 women D. 113 women Answer: C. 226 women Correct: Past age 85, for every 100 men there are 226 women. D. 113 women Incorrect: Past age 85, for every 100 men there are 226 women. 33. What is the term that is used to describe the inevitable biological aging that takes place in all members of the human species? A. primary aging B. secondary aging C. tertiary aging D. quaternary aging Answer: A. primary aging Correct: The term used to describe the inevitable biological aging process is primary aging. B. secondary aging Incorrect: The term used to describe the inevitable biological aging process is primary aging. 34. What is the term that is used to describe the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution? A. primary aging B. secondary aging C. tertiary aging D. quaternary aging Answer: B. secondary aging Correct: The term used to describe the loss in functioning due to lifestyle behaviors is secondary aging. A. primary aging Incorrect: The term used to describe the loss in functioning due to lifestyle behaviors is secondary aging. 35. Your grandmother has quite a bit of gray hair. She told you that she first started getting gray hair when she was 52 and it keeps getting grayer each year. What is happening that her hair is getting gray? A. Gray pigments occur more frequently in older adults. B. The hair becomes more transparent in old age. C. Stress creates more gray pigment to appear in older adults. D. Most people experience loss of pigment that provides hair color. Answer: D. Most people experience loss of pigment that provides hair color. Correct: Gray hair occurs because there is a loss of pigment from the hair. A. Gray pigments occur more frequently in older adults. Incorrect: Gray hair occurs because there is a loss of pigment from the hair. 36. What percentage of women older than 60 years of age exhibit osteoporosis? A. 33% B. 44% C. 55% D. 66% Answer: D 37. What are age-related changes that occur due to the accumulation of decades of exposure to the sun, and are most likely to develop on light-skinned persons and on the part of the bodies that receive the most sun exposure: the face, arms, and hands? A. melanoma B. age spots C. sun tan D. age-related pigmentosa Answer: B 38. Your 5' 8"-tall grandfather always jokes that he used to be 6' 2". All of the other males in your family average about 5' 10" tall. Is he telling the truth about his original height? No, men lose height after 60, but is usually about _______________. A. 1.0" B. 1.5" C. 2.0" D. 2.5" Answer: B. 1.5" Correct: The loss in height for males older than 60 is about 1.5 inches. A. 1.0" Incorrect: The loss in height for males older than 60 is about 1.5 inches. 39. What percentage of Americans over age 65 years have lost all of their natural teeth? A. 5% B. 10% C. 15% D. 20% Answer: D 40. Your neighbor is quite upset. She is 82 years old and has been having some serious vision problems. You have suggested quite a few times that she needs to see her doctor. She finally went and she was told that she has cataracts. She feels like she is the only one her age that has this problem. What could you tell her regarding what percentage of adults her age have cataracts? A. 90% B. 70% C. 50% D. 30% Answer: C. 50% Correct: Approximately 50% of adults older than 80 years of age have cataracts. D. 30% Incorrect: Approximately 50% of adults older than 80 years of age have cataracts. 41. What is a condition in which there is a progressive thickening of the lens causing vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted? A. macular degeneration B. cataracts C. glaucoma D. retinosis pigmentosa Answer: B 42. What is the leading cause of blindness in late adulthood for people in developing countries? A. macular degeneration B. cataracts C. glaucoma D. retinosis pigmentosa Answer: B 43. The hair continues to become grayer and thinner in both men and women as they age. Actually, it is not that hair turns gray or white, but that it loses the pigments that had previously made it appear to be other colors. During what stage of life is this loss of pigment the most profound? A. early adulthood B. young adulthood C. mid-adulthood D. late adulthood Answer: D. late adulthood Correct: In late adulthood the hair is already white but continues to lose pigment and thins for both men and women. C. mid-adulthood Incorrect: Mid-adulthood ranges from 40 to 65. 44. The following description is of an individual in the early stages of ____? “The hair continues to become grayer and thinner in both men and women. Bones continue to thin, especially in women, which contributes to a stooped posture.” A. early adulthood B. young adulthood C. mid-adulthood D. late adulthood Answer: D. late adulthood Correct: These are signs of physical aging that develop in late adulthood. C. mid-adulthood Incorrect: The signs of physical aging in late adulthood can be viewed as a continuation of middle adulthood. 45. On the skin, many people develop “age spots,” or pools of dark pigment. Age spots are due to the accumulation of _______________ A. decades of exposure to the sun B. an overabundance of calcium C. low levels of iron D. undue stress and anxiety Answer: A 46. Loss of bone mass is considered _______________. A. primary aging B. secondary aging C. tertiary aging D. vertical aging Answer: A. primary aging Correct: Primary aging is the inevitable biological aging that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms. B. secondary aging Incorrect: Secondary aging is the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution. 47. Body weight decline, mainly from eating less due to changes in the hormones that regulate hunger, is considered _______________. A. primary aging B. secondary aging C. tertiary aging D. vertical aging Answer: A. primary aging Correct: Primary aging is the inevitable biological aging that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms. B. secondary aging Incorrect: Secondary aging is the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution. 48. Teeth losing enamel and becoming yellower due the accumulated effects of food, tea, coffee, and tobacco is considered _______________. A. primary aging B. secondary aging C. tertiary aging D. vertical aging Answer: B. secondary aging Correct: Secondary aging is the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution. A. primary aging Incorrect: Primary aging is the inevitable biological aging that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms. 49. _______________ is a progressive thickening of the lens causing vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted. A. A cataract B. Macular degeneration C. Glaucoma D. Tinnitus Answer: A 50. _______________ is the loss of acuity in the center of the visual field. A. Glaucoma B. A cataract C. Tetanus D. Macular degeneration Answer: D 51. In some people, fluid builds up in the eye and the pressure damages the optic nerve, leading to _______________, which causes loss of peripheral vision. A. glaucoma B. a cataract C. tetanus D. macular degeneration Answer: A 52. What percentage of older adults aged 75 and older develops macular degeneration? A. 10% B. 15% C. 20% D. 25% Answer: B 53. Aging is the main cause, but what increases the risk of macular degeneration? A. uncorrected vision B. lack of exercise C. eating fish and green leafy vegetables D. smoking Answer: D 54. According to the textbook, about what percentage of older adults aged 90 years and older have glaucoma? A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40% Answer: A 55. What percentage of persons over 85 years old report that their visual problems are serious enough to interfere with their daily lives? A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40% Answer: C 56. By age 70, roughly what percentage of individuals report some degree of hearing impairment? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 95% Answer: C 57. _______________ involves hearing a ringing or buzzing sound with no external source. A. Tinnitus B. Glaucoma C. A cataract D. Macular degeneration Answer: A 58. Other than natural aging, which of the following are other known factors to increase the risk for hearing loss? A. smoking cigarettes B. excess of calcium C. exposure to sun D. sleep deprivation Answer: A. smoking cigarettes Correct: Most hearing impairment is due simply to aging, but as with many age-related difficulties, smoking increases the risk. C. exposure to sun Incorrect: Exposure to sun increases age spots on the skin, but is not a factor in tinnitus. 59. About _______________ of adults over age 65 report some degree of impairment in taste and smell. A. one-fourth B. one-half C. two-thirds D. three-fourths Answer: A 60. You are talking to your grandmother and you keep hearing a noise that is a little irritating to you, but your grandmother does not seem to be bothered by it. Why? A. She is good at ignoring irritating things. B. It is a high-pitched noise, so she probably does not hear it. C. It is a low-pitched noise, so she probably does not hear it. D. She lip-reads and does not hear any noises. Answer: B. It is a high-pitched noise, so she probably does not hear it. Correct: The noise is a high-pitched sound which older adults are not likely to hear. C. It is a low-pitched noise, so she probably does not hear it. Incorrect: The noise is a high-pitched sound which older adults are not likely to hear. 61. People who hear a ringing or buzzing sound with no external source probably have: A. macular degeneration B. presbycusis C. tinnitus D. a chronic middle ear infection Answer: C. tinnitus Correct: Tinnitus is a problem in the auditory system that entails hearing a ringing or buzzing sound. B. presbycusis Incorrect: Presbyscusis is the normative age-related change in hearing in which older adults cannot hear high-pitched noises. 62. You know that you should not be, but you are a smoker. Your grandmother has hearing aids and does not like them because they seem to amplify all types of sounds rather than just the ones she has a difficult time hearing. What is one of the things that you can do so that you do not have the same difficulties with hearing as your grandmother? A. Eat fish and green leafy vegetables. B. Practice listening very carefully to conversations. C. Stop smoking. D. Turn down your mp3 player’s volume. Answer: C. Stop smoking. Correct: That would help, but smoking is related to hearing impairments. You should stop smoking. D. Turn down your mp3 player’s volume. Incorrect: That would help, but smoking is related to hearing impairments. You should stop smoking. 63. Because conversations are strenuous and stressful when a person experiences hearing loss, loss of hearing can lead to _______________. A. presbycusis B. social withdrawal C. thinning cilia D. tinnitus Answer: B. social withdrawal Correct: Hearing loss can lead to social withdrawal. C. thinning cilia Incorrect: Hearing loss can lead to social withdrawal. 64. What has lessened the stigma associated with hearing aids? A. They are less outwardly visible. B. Celebrities use them. C. They work so well. D. They are a sign of maturity. Answer: A 65. After age 60 years, the olfactory bulbs in the brain _______________. A. enlarge B. shrivel C. become cancerous D. start to dissected Answer: B 66. What percentage of adults over the age of 80 years have impairments in taste and smell? A. 80% B. 60% C. 40% D. 20% Answer: B 67. Impairments in taste and smell can sometimes lead to _______________. A. obesity B. alcoholism C. malnutrition D. excessive gum chewing Answer: C 68. In adulthood, the prevalence of sleep problems begins to increase around age _______________, but increases substantially again after age _______________. A. 10; 30 B. 20; 40 C. 40; 60 D. 60; 80 Answer: C 69. From middle adulthood to late adulthood the amount of sleep people need _______________. A. declines slightly B. declines sharply C. increases slightly D. increases sharply Answer: A. declines slightly Correct: The amount of sleep people need declines only slightly from middle adulthood to late adulthood. B. declines sharply Incorrect: It is a common misconception that older adults do not need sleep for a lengthy amount of time. 70. In late adulthood, the amount of time spent in Stage 1, the lightest sleep, _______________, and time in the deepest sleep of Stage 4 and REM sleep _______________. A. increases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. remains the same; decreases D. decreases; remains the same Answer: A 71. Which of the following best describes sleep changes during late adulthood? A. With age, most people come to prefer an earlier bedtime as well as an earlier wakeup time. B. With age, most people come to prefer a later bedtime as well as a later wakeup time. C. With age, most people come to prefer an earlier bedtime and a later wakeup time. D. With age, most people come to prefer a later bedtime and an earlier wakeup time. Answer: A 72. In one study comparing adults over age 65 to younger adults, most of the older adults and virtually none of the younger adults described themselves as feeling healthiest and most alert _______________. A. “definitely late at night” B. “definitely midday” C. “definitely evenings” D. “definitely mornings” Answer: D 73. _______________ is a sleep disorder in which breathing actually stops for 10 seconds or more numerous times in the course of a typical night, as the air passage to the lungs closes, resulting in a sudden loud snore as the airway opens again and the sleeper awakens. A. Sleep apnea B. Narcolepsy C. Insomnia D. Sleep-walking Answer: A 74. Which are the following are correlating factors to sleep apnea? A. obesity and heavy alcohol use B. anemia and high levels of stress C. a hyperactive central nervous system and low calcium levels D. high exposure to sun and iron deficiencies Answer: A 75. Sleep apnea is _______________. A. substantially more common in men than among women B. substantially more common in women than among men C. slightly more common in men than among women D. slightly more common in women than among men Answer: A 76. What type of sleep decreases with age? A. alpha stage B. Stage 1 C. State 4 D. REM Answer: D 77. What is an especially common sleep problem of late adulthood affecting more than half of persons over age 65 years? A. narcolepsy B. sleep apnea C. insomnia D. snoring Answer: B 78. Your grandfather is having quite a bit of difficulty sleeping. Your grandmother told you that he sometimes stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer several times during the course of a typical night. What is the most common treatment for this difficulty? A. prescription medications B. alcohol prior to bedtime C. sleeping in a chair D. a continuous positive airway pressure device Answer: D. a continuous positive airway pressure device Correct: The most common treatment is a continuous positive airway pressure device that is used to keep the airway open. C. sleeping in a chair Incorrect: The most common treatment is a continuous positive airway pressure device that is used to keep the airway open. 79. Several aspects of aging in late adulthood contribute to sleep disturbances. For men, what leads to frequent urination and can disrupt sleep? A. atrophy of the bladder B. shrinkage of the urethra C. slowing of the digestive system D. enlargement of the prostate gland Answer: D. enlargement of the prostate gland Correct: Enlargement of the prostate gland leads to frequent urination and sleep disturbances. B. shrinkage of the urethra Incorrect: Enlargement of the prostate gland leads to frequent urination and sleep disturbances. 80. What can enhance sleep for many older adults? A. taking naps during the day B. drinking alcohol before bedtime C. eating spicy foods D. regular exercise Answer: D. regular exercise Correct: Regular exercise enhances sleep for not only older adults, but also for individuals of all ages. C. eating spicy foods Incorrect: Regular exercise enhances sleep for not only older adults, but also for individuals of all ages. 81. Which of the following is the most common chronic health problem in late adulthood? A. jaundice B. arthritis C. osteoporosis D. macular degeneration Answer: B 82. _______________ is a disease of the joints that especially affects the hips, knees, neck, hands, and lower back. A. Osteoporosis B. Jaundice C. Macular degeneration D. Arthritis Answer: D 83. What percentage of women in developed countries report symptoms of arthritis? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 90% Answer: B 84. What percentage of adults over age 65 years in developed countries report symptoms of arthritis? A. 70% B. 50% C. 30% D. 10% Answer: B 85. What is an increasingly common and routine treatment for arthritis pain that occurs in the hip or knee? A. artificial joint B. aspirin C. marijuana D. DSMO Answer: A 86. Osteoporosis is a result of a steep _______________. A. decline in estrogen and more prevalent in women B. increase in estrogen and more prevalent in women C. decline in testosterone and more prevalent in men D. increase in testosterone and more prevalent in men Answer: A. decline in estrogen and more prevalent in women Correct: Estrogen levels drop in midlife, which creates brittleness in the bones; two-thirds of women at age 60 in developed countries report being affected by osteoporosis. B. increase in estrogen and more prevalent in women Incorrect: Estrogen levels do not increase during adulthood. 87. Roughly, what proportion of women age 60 in developed countries report being affected by osteoporosis? A. 1/4 B. 1/3 C. 1/2 D. 2/3 Answer: D 88. Wiona is in late adulthood and was diagnosed with a disease where her bones are very brittle, her spine is compressed, she has decreased in height, and she is susceptible to major bone breakage if she falls. Wiona most likely has which of the following diseases? A. osteoporosis B. jaundice C. macular degeneration D. arthritis Answer: A. osteoporosis Correct: Osteoporosis is a thinning of bone tissue and density over time. C. macular degeneration Incorrect: Osteoporosis is a thinning of bone tissue and density over time. 89. High blood pressure is also known as _______________. A. hypertension B. hypotension C. hydraulic tension D. hydrostatic tension Answer: A 90. Cataracts can be treated with _______________. A. artificial lenses B. depressurizing the eyes C. reshaping the cornea D. replacing the rods and cones of the retina Answer: A 91. The risk of osteoporosis rises sharply for women in midlife as a consequence of a steep _______________. A. reduction in estrogen B. increase in progesterone C. decrease in bone density D. increase in androgens Answer: A. reduction in estrogen Correct: There is a steep decrease in estrogen that leads to a decrease in bone density. C. decrease in bone density Incorrect: There is a steep decrease in estrogen that leads to a decrease in bone density. 92. What percentage of women over age 65 years who experience a major bone fracture die within a year? A. 5% B. 15% C. 25% D. 35% Answer: B 93. Your grandmother who is 72 just found out that she has osteoporosis. Her birthday is coming up and you thought you would get her a gift that would also help her improve her bone density and perhaps reverse the progress of osteoporosis. What gift should you give her? A. a heating pad B. weight-lifting equipment C. a cane D. salt-bath solutions Answer: B. weight-lifting equipment Correct: Weight-lifting equipment would be a very good gift that would help to build bone mass. C. a cane Incorrect: Weight-lifting equipment would be a very good gift that would help to build bone mass. 94. What is the medical term for high blood pressure? A. hypertension B. arteriosclerosis C. atherosclerosis D. cardiovascular disease Answer: A 95. The vast difference in life expectancy between developed and developing countries is due primarily to differences in infant/child mortality and _______________. A. diet B. the amount of exercise adults receive C. the type of job opportunities available to adults D. access to health care in late adulthood Answer: D. access to health care in late adulthood Correct: Other than infant/child mortality the other major contributor is access to health care in late adulthood. C. the type of job opportunities available to adults Incorrect: Other than infant/child mortality the other major contributor is access to health care in late adulthood. 96. What are the best ways to maintain good health in late adulthood? Eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly and avoid _______________. A. accidents B. smoking C. divorce D. high-blood pressure Answer: B. smoking Correct: Maintaining good health in late adulthood involves avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. C. divorce Incorrect: Maintaining good health in late adulthood involves avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. 97. Which of the following are three lifestyle practices that are discussed in the text that have a positive influence on health? A. healthcare and promotion, a healthy diet, and healthy exercise B. cease smoking, use sunblock, and avoid environmental teratogens C. health conscientiousness, a healthy community, and a healthy spirit D. aging gracefully, mental soundness, and physical well-being Answer: A. healthcare and promotion, a healthy diet, and healthy exercise Correct: These are positive lifestyle practices. B. cease smoking, use sunblock, and avoid environmental teratogens Incorrect: These are behavioral changes. 98. Calcium, zinc, and vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, and E are considered _______________. A. micronutrients B. macronutrients C. physiological elements D. biological compounds Answer: A 99. During late adulthood, poor diets that are high in fat and sugars are related to _______________. A. obesity and cardiovascular disease B. hypertension and jaundice C. dementia and osteoporosis D. diabetes and Alzheimer’s Answer: A. obesity and cardiovascular disease Correct: Poor diet makes obesity more likely, and in turn obesity raises the risk of disease and death, especially in middle and late adulthood. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries. B. hypertension and jaundice Incorrect: Hypertension yes, but jaundice is most likely the result of a malfunctioning liver. 100. Which of the following is consistent with the recommended level of aerobic exercise for individuals in late adulthood? A. walking at a rapid pace B. cardio kickboxing C. heavy strength training D. intense karate Answer: A. walking at a rapid pace Correct: Aerobic exercise is recommended. C. heavy strength training Incorrect: Strength training helps build muscle and bone mass, but is not considered aerobic activity. 101. Eating a good diet is even more important in late adulthood than at earlier ages because it _______________. A. prevents cancer B. decreases the likelihood of cardiovascular disease C. slows down primary aging D. provides energy boosts Answer: C. slows down primary aging Correct: A good diet in late adulthood slows down primary aging. D. provides energy boosts Incorrect: A good diet in late adulthood slows down primary aging. 102. The risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in adults who are: A. widows/widowers B. sedentary C. alcoholics D. obese Answer: D. obese Correct: The risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in adults who are obese. B. sedentary Incorrect: The risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in adults who are obese. 103. Your 73-year-old uncle is quite obese and is afraid that he might have serious physical and medical difficulties as a result. What would be your advice? He should lose weight because obesity raises the risk of cancer by what percentage? A. 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70% Answer: C 104. According to one estimate (Lovasi et al., 2007), regular vigorous exercise reduces the risk of heart attack by what percentage? A. 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70% Answer: C 105. What type of exercise includes walking at a rapid pace, jogging, or pedaling a stationary bike and enhances the functioning of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems? A. eccentric B. agility C. aerobic D. strength Answer: C 106. What type of exercise builds muscle and bone mass and promotes the functioning of the circulatory system? A. eccentric B. agility C. aerobic D. strength Answer: D. strength Correct: Strength training builds muscle and bone mass and promotes the functioning of the circulatory system. B. agility Incorrect: Aerobic exercise involves walking at a rapid pace, jogging, or pedaling a stationary bike. 107. In the United States what percentage of older adults between the ages of 65 and 74 years never engage in vigorous exercise? A. 85% B. 70% C. 55% D. 40% Answer: A 108. What behavior has an astonishing range of damaging health effects including causing cancer of the lungs, mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, bladder, kidney, cervix, pancreas, and stomach? It causes cardiovascular disease and leads to heart attacks. It also causes strokes and causes vision, hearing, taste, and smell to decline more quickly. A. overeating B. excessive drinking C. smoking D. lack of exercise Answer: C. smoking Correct: Smoking causes all of these ills. B. excessive drinking Incorrect: Smoking causes all of these ills. 109. What percentage of the adult population in the United States smoked in the 1960? A. 50% B. 40% C. 30% D. 20% Answer: A 110. What percentage of the adult population in the United States smokes today? A. 50% B. 40% C. 30% D. 20% Answer: D 111. What term is used to describe the number of years that individuals’ physical functioning are favorable enough for them to enjoy their lives and to perform most of their daily activities without impairment? A. favorable lifespan B. chronological lifespan C. active lifespan D. functional lifespan Answer: C Short Answer Questions 112. Which cultures are known for filial piety? Include the definition in your response. Answer: Filial piety refers to reverence and obedience to the older generation. Asian cultures are known to respect elders more than those in Western cultures. 113. At what age are people considered to be part of the oldest-old group? Can you think of someone who does not meet this age criteria, but still fits the definition? Explain. Answer: The old-old refer to people who are 85 years of age and older. The distinction was made between them and the young-old and the old-old because late adulthood encompasses a wide age range and the oldest old tend to be more impaired in cognitive and physical abilities than those in the other two groups. People are generally considered part of the oldest-old group starting around age 85. However, someone in their early 80s who experiences significant health issues and functional limitations may also fit the definition due to advanced aging-related challenges. 114. Why is the Old-age dependency ratio (OADR) rising and thus becoming a problem for certain countries? Answer: The OADR is the ratio of people 65 yrs. and older to those 20-64. If both numbers are approximately equal, younger individuals in the working age range can generate enough money to support the older group by paying taxes. In countries where there are lower birth rates and a rising population of elderly, there is an imbalance and consequently a crisis in how to pay for necessary services. 115. Describe two eye problems that are more likely to develop as people age. Answer: • Glaucoma- a fluid build-up in the eye with no warning signs. If left untreated it can cause blindness. • Cataracts- the most common visual impairment of late adulthood, it is a clouding of the lens that causes distortions and discoloration in vision. 116. Discuss one sleep problem that is due to physiological causes and one that is due to psychological causes. Answer: Sleep apnea is a condition that causes people to wake up throughout the night because they stop breathing for periods of time. It is caused by blocked airways, and it is correlated with obesity. Depression can cause disturbances in sleep. Essay Questions 117. In which country is there a “New Old People’s movement?” Explain the benefits. Answer: Japan has the most serious imbalance in the number of younger people to elderly and has begun this movement to address the problem. It encourages older people to stay more active by trying new activities and companies have brought back retired workers at reduced hours. This allows them to pass on their wisdom and also to learn new skills. Research on both physical and cognitive aging has shown that if you don’t use it, you lose it. 118. Melina’s grandmother has trouble hearing and she says to her mother, “I don’t know why she won’t wear hearing aids; you said she has the money and that you would take her to the doctor to get them.” Explain two reasons why she might have a hearing impairment and at least one reason why she will not get hearing aids. Answer: Most hearing loss is due to primary aging, but if her grandmother worked in a loud environment or was a smoker, she may experience hearing loss earlier than she would have otherwise. She may not want to wear hearing aids because they magnify all sounds, not just the ones that she is trying to attend to. Also, she may feel that they are a sign of being old and she may feel embarrassed and incompetent. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. Which of the following terms is used to describe the number of years that an individual's physical functioning is favorable enough for them to enjoy their lives and to perform most of their daily activities without impairment? A. actual lifespan B. chronological lifespan C. active lifespan D. functional lifespan Answer: C 2. The stage of late adulthood begins at age _______________. A. 65 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70 Answer: A 3. As cited in the text, globally, about how much longer will a woman who is 65 years old live than a male who is 65 years old? A. 5 additional years B. 10 additional years C. 15 additional years D. 20 additional years Answer: A 4. _______________ percent of individuals who are 70 years old report some degree of hearing impairment. A. Seventy-five B. Ninety-five C. Fifty D. Twenty-five Answer: A 5. According to the text, from middle adulthood until late adulthood the amount of sleep an individual needs _______________. A. declines slightly B. declined sharply C. increases slightly D. increases sharply Answer: A 6. As a consequence of _______________, the risk of osteoporosis for women in midlife rises sharply. A. a reduction in estrogen B. an increase in her progesterone C. a decrease in bone density D. an increase in androgens Answer: A 7. During late adulthood, _______________ are related to poor diets, ones that are high in fat and sugars. A. obesity and cardiovascular disease B. hypertension and jaundice C. dementia and osteoporosis D. diabetes and Alzheimer's disease Answer: A 8. Your grandmother is quite upset. She is 82 years old and has been having some serious vision problems. You have suggested quite a few times that she needs to see her doctor. She finally went and she was told that she has cataracts. She feels like she is the only one her age that does. What percentage of adults her age have cataracts? A. 50% B. 70% C. 90% D. 30% Answer: A 9. Your co-worker was talking about how, after the academic year, he is going back to Japan. His grandmother is turning 60 years old and they have a ritual that symbolizes the person's freedom from previous responsibilities and elevates the individual to a new and respected status as elder. What is the name of this ritual? A. kanreki B. sensei C. karaoke D. utsubo Answer: A 10. Your grandfather is having quite a bit of difficulty sleeping. Your grandmother tells you that your grandfather sometimes stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer several times during the course of a typical night. What disorder might he have and what is the most common treatment for this difficulty? A. sleep apnea-a continuous positive airway pressure device is used B. sleep paralysis-sleeping in a chair is the treatment C. insomnia-consuming alcohol prior to bedtime is recommended D. sleepwalking-prescription drugs are used to treat this Answer: A Post-Test 1. Aoi is Japanese and just turned 60 years old. His family is planning a celebration, called _______________, of this new life stage. A. kanreki B. tomoko C. ayaka D. yoko Answer: A 2. According to the text, countries that have a birth rate that is below 2.1 children per woman _______________ over the 21st century. A. will see a decline in their total population B. will see an increase in the total population C. will see a leveling off in their total population D. will be unable to predict population levels Answer: A 3. Which of the following is a progressive thickening of the lens causing vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted? A. cataract B. macular degeneration C. glaucoma D. tetanus Answer: A 4. In research that compared adults over the age of 65 to younger adults, most respondents who were older than 65 and virtually none of the respondents who were younger described themselves as feeling healthiest and most alert during what part of the day? A. "definitely mornings" B. "definitely evenings " C. "definitely midday " D. "definitely late at night " Answer: A 5. During midlife, which of the following increases a woman's risk of developing osteoporosis? A. a reduction in estrogen B. an increase in progesterone C. a decrease in bone density D. an increase in estrogen Answer: A 6. A good diet in late adulthood is even more critical than in earlier ages, because research has shown it _______________. A. slows down primary aging B. provides energy boosts C. decreases the likelihood of cardio-vascular disease D. prevents cancer Answer: A 7. The hair continues to become grayer and thinner in both men and women, although it is not that hair "turns gray" or white, but that it loses the pigment that had previously made it appear to be other colors. This sentence describes the hair of an individual in which of the following stages of life? A. late adulthood B. young adulthood C. middle adulthood D. early adulthood Answer: A 8. You are speaking to your grandfather when you notice that his hearing aid has a sharp noise coming from it. The noise is soft but irritating. Your grandfather does not seem to be bothered by it or even hear it. Why? A. It is a high-pitched noise, so he probably does not hear it. B. He is good at ignoring irritating things. C. It is a low-pitched noise, so he probably does not hear it. D. He lip reads and does not hear any noises. Answer: A 9. George is in late adulthood and was diagnosed with a disease where his bones are very brittle, his spine is compressed, he has decreased in height, and he is susceptible to major bone breakage if he falls. George most likely has which of the following diseases? A. osteoporosis B. jaundice C. arthritis D. macular degeneration Answer: A 10. Your 85-year-old great grandfather is having difficulty with bathing, dressing, food preparation, eating, housekeeping, and paying bills. Your family is considering getting some professional nursing care for him. During the interview, the nurse asks what is your major concern for your great grandfather? Based on the difficulties that he is having, what would you tell the nurse? A. activities of daily living B. self-care activities C. grooming behavior D. adult activities Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. Most developmental psychologists would state that age _______________ usually marks the beginning of late adulthood. A. 65 B. 60 C. 55 D. 70 Answer: A 2. _______________ is used to illustrate the actual competence and performance of older adults. A. Functional age B. Chronological age C. Competency age D. Geriatric age Answer: A 4. What is the inevitable biological aging that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms? A. primary aging B. secondary aging C. lateral aging D. tertiary aging Answer: A 5. Which of the following is used to describe the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution? A. secondary aging B. primary aging C. tertiary aging D. quaternary aging Answer: A 6. Your mother has quite a bit of gray hair. She told you that she first started getting gray hair when she was 52 and it keeps getting grayer each year. Which of the following explains why your mother's hair keeps on getting gray? A. There is a loss of pigment that provides color to hair. B. Gray pigments occur more frequently in older adults. C. The hair becomes more transparent in old age. D. Stress creates more gray pigment to appear in older adults. Answer: A 7. _______________ is when fluid builds up in the eye and the pressure damages the optic nerve, which causes loss of peripheral vision. A. Glaucoma B. A cataract C. Tetanus D. Macular degeneration Answer: A 8. In addition to natural aging, which of the following is another known factors to increase the risk for hearing loss? A. smoking cigarettes B. an excess amount of calcium C. high exposure to sun D. chronic sleep deprivation Answer: A 9. It is estimated that roughly _______________ of individuals over age 65 have some degree of impairment in taste and smell. A. one-fourth B. one-half C. two-thirds D. three-fourths Answer: A 10. Older adults who have hearing loss may find having conversations with others strenuous and stressful. According to the text, due to their hearing loss they may: A. engage in social withdrawal B. experience thinning cilia C. experience tinnitus D. develop social anxiety Answer: A 11. After age 60, the olfactory bulbs located in the brain: A. shrivel B. enlarge C. begin to dehydrate D. start to disconnect Answer: A 12. According to the text, sleep apnea is _______________. A. substantially more common in men than among women B. substantially more common in women than among men C. slightly more common in men than among women D. slightly more common in women than among men Answer: A 13. Several aspects of aging in late adulthood contribute to sleep disturbances. _______________ for men can lead to frequent urination and disrupted sleep. A. Enlargement of the prostate gland B. Slowing of the digestive system C. Shrinkage of the urethra D. Atrophy of the bladder Answer: A 14. Your grandfather is 78 and just found out that he has osteoporosis. His birthday is coming up and you thought you would get him a gift that would also help improve his bone density. What gift should you give him? A. weight-lifting equipment B. a heat pad C. a cane D. salt bath solutions Answer: A 15. Beyond infant and child mortality, which of the following makes up the vast difference in life expectancy between developed and developing countries? A. access to health care in late adulthood B. type of job opportunities available to adults C. carcinogens and toxins located in the environment D. the amount of diet and exercise adults receive Answer: A Quick Review 1. The timeframe of late adulthood is usually marked off by developmental psychologists as beginning at age _______________. A. 65 B. 60 C. 55 D. 70 Answer: A 2. According to the text, a developmental psychologist and demographer would describe an individual who is 85 years or older as the _______________. A. oldest-old B. old-old C. young-old D. older-old Answer: A 3. For individuals who are in late adulthood and living in a developing country, which of the following is a leading cause of blindness? A. cataracts B. macular disease C. glaucoma D. retinosis pigmentosa Answer: A 4. Which of the following is the medical term for high blood pressure? A. hypertension B. hypotension C. cardiovascular disease D. tachycardia Answer: A 5. _______________ is an especially common sleep problem of late adulthood affecting more than half of persons over the age of 65 years. A. Sleep apnea B. Narcolepsy C. Insomnia D. Sleepwalking Answer: A 6. According to the text, the risk of osteoporosis rises along with a steep _______________. A. decline in estrogen, and is more prevalent in women B. increase in estrogen, and is more prevalent in women C. decline in testosterone, and is more prevalent in men D. increase in testosterone, and is more prevalent in men Answer: A 7. As described in the text, which of the following are three lifestyle practices that have a positive influence on health, life expectancy, and extending the active life span? A. a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding health-damaging behavior B. smoking only moderately, using sun block, and avoiding environmental teratogens C. health conscientiousness, a healthy community, and a healthy spirit D. aging gracefully, mental soundness, and physical well-being Answer: A 8. Which of the following describes the concept that children are expected to obey and respect their parents no matter how old the parents are? A. filial piety B. momma love C. parental positive regard D. children imperative Answer: A 9. Older adults are more likely to have high status in cultures where _______________. A. extended families are common B. older adults are quite virile C. older adult men have very young wives D. older adult women are the head of the families Answer: A 10. According to the text, loss of bone mass is considered _______________. A. primary aging B. secondary aging C. tertiary aging D. vertical aging Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. Compare and contrast at least two of the individuals interviewed in this video. Answer: Two individuals in the video may differ in their perspectives; one might prioritize traditional family values and community involvement, while another could emphasize individualism and career aspirations, highlighting contrasting approaches to life goals and societal roles. 2. Analyze the attitudes and lifestyles of the American couple and the male from the Mexican village. What do you feel are the major differences? Can you find any similarities? Answer: The American couple may prioritize personal achievements and career goals, reflecting a more individualistic lifestyle, while the male from the Mexican village may prioritize family and community ties, emphasizing interdependence. Both share a concern for family well-being, illustrating a common value despite different cultural contexts. 3. The video closes with the woman from Botswana stating that it is important to stay young at heart. The male from the United States mentioned that a positive attitude is a key. Describe a time in your own life when you feel that your attitude directly impacted your physical well-being or health. Answer: Maintaining a positive attitude during a challenging academic period helped me manage stress effectively, leading to better sleep quality and overall mental well-being. This positivity contributed to improved concentration and productivity, positively impacting my physical health. Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to the narrator of this video, Late Adulthood is a life stage when a variety of health problems __________________. A. disappear B. decrease C. surface D. increase Answer: D 2. According to the narrator of this video, healthy eating and regular exercise are important because they slow down primary aging and __________________. A. enhance the immune system B. decrease stress C. provide adults with more control D. allow more time for close relationships. Answer: A 3. What is the reason that the male from rural Mayan Mexico gives as why he does not visit the doctor? A. too far to travel B. He does not believe in doctors, only in a curer. C. lack of money D. The doctors cannot treat his disease. Answer: C Section 2 Cognitive Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. What task is used to evaluate selective attention? A. vision/auditory test B. dichotomous listening test C. selective attention test D. Stroop test Answer: D 2. The ability to keep track of more than one information source simultaneously is _______________. A. selective attention B. divided attention C. sustained attention D. on-task attention Answer: B. divided attention Correct: Divided attention is the ability to keep track of more than one information source simultaneously. A. selective attention Incorrect: Divided attention is the ability to keep track of more than one information source simultaneously. 3. As aging occurs, people’s ability to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time _______________. A. increases B. remains constant C. declines D. improves Answer: C. declines Correct: Sustained attention declines with aging. A. increases Incorrect: Sustained attention actually declines with aging. 4. Which of the following best describes changes to attention and memory in late adulthood? A. decline to some degree B. decline to a vast degree C. increase to some degree D. increase to a vast degree Answer: A 5. Which is following best describes the type of attention where individuals must tune out irrelevant information? A. selective attention B. deprived attention C. divided attention D. sustained attention Answer: A 6. The _______________ is a classic psychology experiment in which people are asked to indicate the color of a word flashing on a screen, but the word itself presents contrary information. A. Stroop test B. Myers-Briggs C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory D. Q-sort Answer: A 7. _______________ is described as the ability to keep track of more than one information source simultaneously. A. Selective attention B. Deprived attention C. Divided attention D. Sustained attention Answer: C 8. Which of the following is an example of when an individual must perform divided attention? A. driving a car while navigating with a map and carrying on a conversation B. using a blender while baking a cake C. painting a picture while passively listening to music D. planting a garden in the spring Answer: A. driving a car while navigating with a map and carrying on a conversation Correct: The text discusses a classic laboratory experiment was conducted where individuals were asked to drive a car while navigating on a monitor and carrying on a conversation as an illustration of divided attention. C. painting a picture while passively listening to music Incorrect: This is a better illustration of selective attention. 9. _______________ is described as when people are required to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time. A. Selective attention B. Deprived attention C. Divided attention D. Sustained attention Answer: D 10. As aging occurs, what happens to people’s ability to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time? In laboratory tests, older and younger adults were presented with a series of stimuli and required to press a key only when they see a particular pattern. Compared to younger adults, how did older adults do on this task? Older adults _______________. A. responded more quickly and made fewer errors B. responded more slowly, but made fewer errors C. responded more quickly, but made more errors D. responded more slowly and made more errors Answer: D. responded more slowly and made more errors Correct: Older adults responded more slowly and made more errors. A. responded more quickly and made fewer errors Incorrect: Actually, older adults responded more slowly and made more errors. 11. What type of memory is involved when an individual remembers how to perform a task or activity involving motor skills? A. task memory B. procedural memory C. instructional memory D. performance memory Answer: B. procedural memory Correct: This type of memory is referred to as procedural memory. A. task memory Incorrect: This type of memory is referred to as procedural memory. 12. Your grandmother used to play piano at her church for many years. Lately, she has had some difficulty when she plays. She is having difficulty with what type of memory? A. task B. procedural C. instructional D. performance Answer: B. procedural Correct: This type of memory is referred to as procedural memory. A. task Incorrect: This type of memory is referred to as procedural memory. 13. Your grandfather works on the New York Times crossword puzzle every day. He has been very good at solving the puzzle and nearly always does. His ability to remember the meaning of words has shown no decline as he has aged, and really shows very little decline for most older adults. What type of memory is this? A. semantic memory B. procedural memory C. episodic memory D. lexical memory Answer: A. semantic memory Correct: This type of memory is referred to as semantic memory. B. procedural memory Incorrect: This type of memory is referred to as semantic memory. Procedural memory involves memory for how to perform tasks or activities. 14. What type of memory, which involves memory for information that is the current focus of a person’s attention, declines with age? A. semantic memory B. working memory C. episodic memory D. lexical memory Answer: B. working memory Correct: The type of memory for information that is the current focus of a person’s attention and declines with age is working memory. A. semantic memory Incorrect: The type of memory for information that is the current focus of a person’s attention and declines with age is working memory. 15. What is the feeling of knowing information that is in long-term memory, but being unable to retrieve it at the moment? A. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon B. Stroop phenomenon C. gotcha memory D. forgetful memory Answer: A. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Correct: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon refers to a person knowing that he or she knows the answer, but being unable to immediately recall that information. B. Stroop phenomenon Incorrect: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon refers to a person knowing that he or she knows the answer, but being unable to immediately recall that information. 16. Your 83-year-old uncle has always been a very entertaining storyteller. In the past few years he has been having difficulty remembering the names of people who are important for his stories. What difficulty is your uncle experiencing? A. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon B. Stroop phenomenon C. gotcha memory D. forgetful memory Answer: A. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Correct: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon refers to a person knowing that he or she knows the answer, but being unable to immediately recall that information. B. Stroop phenomenon Incorrect: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon refers to a person knowing that he or she knows the answer, but being unable to immediately recall that information. 17. Older adults often believe that they can remember events of long ago with special clarity. Research has found that there are _______________. A. actual increases in episodic memory abilities B. substantial declines in episodic memory C. very little change in episodic memory D. few changes in older adult males and substantial changes in older adult females Answer: B. substantial declines in episodic memory Correct: There are substantial declines in episodic memory. C. very little change in episodic memory Incorrect: There are substantial declines in episodic memory. 18. You have overheard you parents talking about your grandfather and his memory of his past. It seems that he remembers pleasant events very well, but often forgets unpleasant events entirely. What type of memory are your parents discussing? A. episodic memory B. procedural memory C. autobiographical memory D. working memory Answer: C. autobiographical memory Correct: Autobiographical memory involves remembering pleasant life events and forgetting negative events. D. working memory Incorrect: Working memory involves memory for information that is currently the focus of a person’s attention. 19. In the course of late adulthood people have increasing difficulty in remembering where they learned something or when an item was first used. What type of memory is this? A. source memory B. procedural memory C. autobiographical memory D. working memory Answer: A. source memory Correct: Source memory involves remembering the source of learning. D. working memory Incorrect: Working memory involves memory for information that is currently the focus of a person’s attention. 20. When older adults are shown a list of related items and then later shown another list and asked which of the items on the new list had been on the original list, older participants _______________. A. do not recognize any of the items from the old list B. recognize all of the items from the old list C. panic and refuse to participate any longer D. were more likely to indicate that they recognized a word, even though it was not on the original list Answer: D. were more likely to indicate that they recognized a word, even though it was not on the original list Correct: Older adults are more likely to indicate that they recognized a word, even though it was not on the original list. B. recognize all of the items from the old list Incorrect: Older adults are more likely to indicate that they recognized a word, even though it was not on the original list. 21. _______________ is memory for how to perform tasks or activities involving motor skills, such as playing a musical instrument, typing on a keyboard, or sewing a button. A. Procedural memory B. Long-term memory C. Episodic memory D. Sensory memory Answer: A 22. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that individuals who are in late adulthood show _______________ in procedural memory. A. little decline B. dramatic decline C. slight increase D. dramatic increase Answer: A 23. Your grandmother describes countless recollections of her life such as her 16th birthday, the first time she drove a car, and the birth of her children. Your grandmother is providing you with _______________. A. procedural memories B. working memories C. autobiographical memories D. unconscious memories Answer: C. autobiographical memories Correct: She is recalling positive life events. B. working memories Incorrect: Working memory is memory for information that is currently the focus of your attention. 24. Which of the following best describes working memory? A. memory for information currently the focus of your attention B. memories that are stored in the cerebral cortex C. memories that are below one’s level of awareness D. memories for simplistic motor skills that are stored in the cerebellum Answer: A 25. Your grandfather explains to you how to use his new multifunctional phone. You ask him where he learned to use his new phone but he cannot recall. Trying his best, he can only tell you how it works. It is clear that your grandfather has limited _______________. A. source memory B. episodic memory C. working memory D. procedural memory Answer: A. source memory Correct: Source memory is memory for where a piece of information was acquired; there is a slight decline in this type of memory in older adults. C. working memory Incorrect: Source memory is memory for where a piece of information was acquired. 26. Which of the following are examples of factors that influence secondary aging? A. smoking, exercise, and cognitive stimulation B. neurogenesis, maturation, and cell death C. white blood cells, red blood cells, and capillaries D. decreased estrogen, loss of bone density, and nearsightedness Answer: A. smoking, exercise, and cognitive stimulation Correct: Secondary aging is the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution. D. decreased estrogen, loss of bone density, and nearsightedness Incorrect: Primary aging is the inevitable biological aging that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms. 27. In late adulthood the brain _______________ and total brain mass _______________. A. shrinks; remains the same B. enlarges; remains the same C. enlarges; increases D. shrinks; declines Answer: D 28. In late adulthood the brain shrinks and total brain mass declines, so that by age 80, most people have lost ______________% of their peak brain mass. A. 5–10% B. 15–25% C. 25–45% D. 45–60% Answer: A 29. Which of the following brain structures helps to transfer information into the long-term memory system? A. hippocampus B. cerebellum C. frontal lobe D. reticular formation Answer: A 30. Samantha was diagnosed with Lyme disease and as a result has problems with balance and coordination. When she walks it looks as if she is intoxicated, even though she does not drink alcohol. Which of the following structures is related to Samantha’s balance and coordination? A. the hippocampus B. the cerebellum C. the brainstem D. the corpus callosum Answer: B. the cerebellum Correct: It is the cerebellum that is responsible for unconscious balance and coordination—the structure of the brain that is affected by both alcohol and Lyme disease. A. the hippocampus Incorrect: This area of the brain is responsible for transferring information from the working memory into long-term memory system. 31. The cerebellum is _______________, whereas the frontal lobes are _______________. A. responsible for planning and judgment; involved in balance and coordination B. involved in balance and coordination; responsible for planning and judgment C. responsible for auditory and visual processing; involved in sensory and motor skills D. involved in sensory and motor skills; responsible for auditory and visual processing Answer: B 32. _______________ is a condition that entails losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life. A. Diabetes B. Myopia C. Jaundice D. Dementia Answer: D 33. Across developed countries, only ___________ of persons in their 60s are afflicted with dementia, but the prevalence rises steeply after age 75 and reaches over _______________ beyond age 85. A. 1–2%; 50% B. 10%; 25% C. 15%; 35% D. 25%; 75% Answer: A 34. As cited in your text, which of the following best describes why few people in India or Africa are affected by dementia? A. Relatively few people live into late adulthood. B. Their diets are primarily made of fish, which is high in the B vitamins. C. They have lower levels of calcium in their diet. D. There are less environmental teratogens, which are known to cause dementia. Answer: A 35. Which of the following is the most common disease that causes dementia? A. Alzheimer’s disease B. Huntington's disease C. AIDS D. Parkinson’s disease Answer: A 36. By age 80 years most people have lost what percentage of their peak brain mass? A. 1 to 4% B. 5 to 10% C. 11 to 15% D. 16 to 20% Answer: B 37. From age 30 to 70 years, the amount of space between the brain and the skull _______________. A. decreases by 50% B. decreases by 25% C. increases by 25% D. increases by 100% Answer: D 38. What brain structure influences the transfer of information to long-term memory? A. hippocampus B. cerebellum C. frontal lobes D. thalamus Answer: A 39. According to the text, what brain structure is involved in balance and coordination? A. hippocampus B. cerebellum C. frontal lobes D. thalamus Answer: B 40. What brain structure is responsible for planning and judgment? A. hippocampus B. cerebellum C. frontal lobes D. thalamus Answer: C 41. Neurons are dying and being generated anew throughout life. What happens in late adulthood? A. Many more neurons are being generated to assist with loss of brain functioning. B. There are slightly more neurons being generated to assist with loss of brain functioning. C. There are no changes in the number of neurons being generated. D. More neurons die than are being generated. Answer: D. More neurons die than are being generated. Correct: In late adulthood, there are fewer neurons being generated than there are neurons that are dying. C. There are no changes in the number of neurons being generated. Incorrect: In late adulthood, there are fewer neurons being generated than there are neurons that are dying. 42. What can be done to lessen the decline and preserve brain functioning? A. Take mega-doses of vitamins C and E. B. Stay physically and cognitively active. C. Drink red wine. D. Enjoy life. Answer: B. Stay physically and cognitively active. Correct: Staying physically and cognitively active helps to lessen the decline in brain functioning. C. Drink red wine. Incorrect: Staying physically and cognitively active helps to lessen the decline in brain functioning. 43. What neurotransmitter, which is especially involved in the functioning of memory, declines in late adulthood? A. norepinephrine B. serotonin C. dopamine D. acetylcholine Answer: D 44. What neurotransmitter, which is especially involved in movement and motor coordination, declines in late adulthood? A. norepinephrine B. serotonin C. dopamine D. acetylcholine Answer: C 45. Your 74-year-old grandfather was recently diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Initially, he will have difficulties with involuntary movement and motor coordination. One form of treatment is to provide medication that increases what neurotransmitter? A. norepinephrine B. serotonin C. dopamine D. acetylcholine Answer: C. dopamine Correct: Deficiencies in dopamine are related to Parkinson’s disease. D. acetylcholine Incorrect: Deficiencies in dopamine are related to Parkinson’s disease. 46. A condition that entails losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life is _______________. A. dementia B. catastrophic illness C. biological decrement D. cognitive impairment Answer: A. dementia Correct: Severe losses in cognitive functioning are dementias. B. catastrophic illness Incorrect: Severe losses in cognitive functioning are dementias. 47. What percentage of people in their 60s are afflicted with losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life? A. 1–2% B. 4–5% C. 7–8% D. 10–12% Answer: A 48. What percentage of people past age 85 are afflicted with losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life? A. 30% B. 40% C. 50% D. 60% Answer: C 49. Your 78-year-old grandmother is having difficulty with memories of her grandchildren, whom she dearly loves. She has difficulty with simple tasks that she has performed hundreds of times, such as remembering the route to the grocery store. She is also quite a bit different in her personality than she used to be. There are several types of dementia; what type is your grandmother most likely experiencing? A. Alzheimer’s disease B. Lou Gehrig’s disease C. Hunington’s disease D. a negative medical interaction effect Answer: A. Alzheimer’s disease Correct: These detrimental changes in memory and personality are symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. B. Lou Gehrig’s disease Incorrect: These detrimental changes in memory and personality are symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. 50. Fred was diagnosed with a disease that is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Which of the following diseases does Fred have? A. Huntington’s disease B. Parkinson’s disease C. Korsakoff’s disease D. Alzheimer’s disease Answer: D. Alzheimer’s disease Correct: Two patterns of structural decline in the brain that distinguish Alzheimer’s are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. B. Parkinson’s disease Incorrect: Parkinson’s is marked by an extreme reduction of dopamine levels, leading to progressively more severe difficulties in motor control. 51. Amyloid plaques are an indicator of Alzheimer’s disease, and are best described as _______________. A. small deposits of iron and calcium in the brain B. large areas of dead and low density neurons C. deposits of proteins along with clumps of dead neurons D. bundles of twisted neurons that are tangled with each other Answer: C. deposits of proteins along with clumps of dead neurons Correct: The deposits are amyloid plaques which encompass clumps of dead neurons. D. bundles of twisted neurons that are tangled with each other Incorrect: The deposits are amyloid plaques which encompass clumps of dead neurons. 52. A true and definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease can only be made by _______________. A. autopsy B. biopsy C. a urine test D. a spinal tap Answer: A 53. Early-onset Alzheimer’s, occurring before age 65, clearly has a genetic basis as it runs strongly in a family and accounts for _______________ cases of this disease. A. a relatively small portion of B. a moderate portion of C. a relatively large portion of D. almost all Answer: A. a relatively small portion of Correct: Early-onset Alzheimer’s, which may have a genetic basis, accounts for 5% of cases. B. a moderate portion of Incorrect: Early-onset Alzheimer’s only accounts for 5% of all cases. 54. Which of the following is a gene that is suspected to be related to early-onset Alzheimer’s disease? A. ApoE B. XQ-28 C. UC-1 D. U-47 Answer: A 55. Your great-uncle, who is 70 years old, was diagnosed two years ago with Alzheimer’s disease. What is his life expectancy? A. 74 years B. 78 years C. 82 years D. 86 years Answer: A. 74 years Correct: The life expectancy of a 70 year old man with Alzheimer’s disease is an additional 4 years. B. 78 years Incorrect: The life expectancy of a 70 year old man with Alzheimer’s disease is an additional 4 years. 56. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are two of the main characteristics of what disease? A. Hodgkins disease B. Lou Gehrig’s disease C. Hunington’s disease D. Alzheimer’s disease Answer: D. Alzheimer’s disease Correct: Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are two important features of Alzheimer’s disease. B. Lou Gehrig’s disease Incorrect: Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are two important features of Alzheimer’s disease. 57. When is a 100% accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease possible? A. after the first two symptoms have occurred B. after a blood test has detected antibodies for the disease C. after a brain biopsy D. after an autopsy Answer: D. after an autopsy Correct: The only way presently to make a 100% accurate diagnosis is through autopsy after death to detect the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. B. after a blood test has detected antibodies for the disease Incorrect: The only way presently to make a 100% accurate diagnosis is through autopsy after death to detect the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. 58. There is an early-onset form of Alzheimer’s in which the symptoms occur before age 65. This form of Alzheimer’s has a very strong genetic basis. What percentage of Alzheimer’s patients have early-onset Alzheimer’s? A. 5% B. 20% C. 35% D. 50% Answer: A 59. Many individuals in your family have difficulties associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Your parents just learned that there is a test to detect the presence of a gene that has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease and are interested in having lab work done to determine if they have that gene. What is that gene? A. Ape-IV B. ApoE C. Alz-II D. Alpo3 Answer: B 60. Who has the highest rate of Alzheimer’s disease among American ethnic groups? A. African Americans B. Hispanic Americans C. Native Americans D. Asian Americans Answer: A 61. Which of the following is described as a protective factor for the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease? A. maintaining a high level of cognitive activity B. maintaining a high level of calcium C. avoiding environmental teratogens D. decreasing stress and anxiety Answer: A. maintaining a high level of cognitive activity Correct: People who have attained a university degree are only half as likely to develop the disease as people who have not, suggesting that high cognitive ability is a protective factor against developing Alzheimer’s. C. avoiding environmental teratogens Incorrect: Medical science does not know the true cause of Alzheimer’s disease. 62. In regards to Alzheimer's disease, cognitive activity in late adulthood appears to act as a kind of brain exercise, creating new dendritic connections and a _______________, or a larger bank of neural pathways that can enable the brain to keep functioning well even as primary aging of the brain continues. A. cognitive reserve B. cognitive pool C. neurological savings account D. neurological backup Answer: A. cognitive reserve Correct: Maintaining a high level of cognitive activity appears to be another protective factor against developing Alzheimer’s. B. cognitive pool Incorrect: Maintaining a high level of cognitive activity appears to be another protective factor against developing Alzheimer’s. 63. Alzheimer’s disease _______________. A. has no known cure B. is caused by malnutrition C. can be prevented with a vaccine D. can be cured with an antibiotic Answer: A 64. Caregivers for patients with Alzheimer’s disease have a higher than normal rate of _______________. A. depression B. anxiety C. hypertension D. diabetes Answer: A 65. The Yoruba tribe in Nigeria has the same likelihood of carrying the gene for Alzheimer’s that individuals in the United States do, but they are less likely to experience Alzheimer’s disease. Why? A. Their diet has low levels of fats and sugars. B. They live in less polluted areas. C. They are not exposed to urban crowding. D. They do not live long enough to have difficulties with Alzheimer’s diesase. Answer: A. Their diet has low levels of fats and sugars. Correct: The Yoruba tribe has a diet that is low in fats and sugars and African Americans have a diet that is much higher in fats and sugars. C. They are not exposed to urban crowding. Incorrect: The Yoruba tribe has a diet that is low in fats and sugars and African Americans have a diet that is much higher in fats and sugars. 66. Your 82-year-old grandmother was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease four years ago. Your mother is very concerned about the potential of being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease herself. She has been an avid runner for many years and vigorously exercises at least five times a week for 20 to 30 minutes a day. What would you tell your mother? A. Exercise surely will help, but there is no evidence that it does. B. Do not worry too much, exercise has been shown to decrease the likelihood of Alzheimer’s disease. C. For any benefit to accrue from exercise, she will also need to closely monitor her diet. D. Very strenuous exercise actually increases the likelihood of experiencing Alzheimer’s disease. Answer: B. Do not worry too much, exercise has been shown to decrease the likelihood of Alzheimer’s disease. Correct: Diet helps too, but exercise alone has been shown to reduce the likelihood of Alzheimer’s disease. C. For any benefit to accrue from exercise, she will also need to closely monitor her diet. Incorrect: Diet helps too, but exercise alone has been shown to reduce the likelihood of Alzheimer’s disease. 67. There is a strong negative association between Alzheimer’s risk and _______________. A. family income B. number of siblings C. educational level D. weight Answer: C. educational level Correct: There is no association between Alzheimer’s disease and weight, although indirectly, the more fats and sugars consumed the more likely that an individual will develop Alzheimer’s. D. weight Incorrect: There is no association between Alzheimer’s disease and weight, although indirectly, the more fats and sugars consumed the more likely that an individual will develop Alzheimer’s. 68. In terms of medical interventions for Alzheimer’s disease, current medications seek to limit the loss of _______________. A. norepinephrine B. serotonin C. dopamine D. acetylcholine Answer: D. acetylcholine Correct: Current medications seek to limit the loss of acetylcholine for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. C. dopamine Incorrect: Deficiencies in dopamine are related to Parkinson’s disease. 69. Which of the following is the definition of wisdom? A. expertise in the conduct and meaning of life B. an IQ score of 130 or greater C. the mental process of knowing, such as awareness and perception D. the growth of neurological pathways in the brain Answer: A 70. As cited in the textbook, which of the following are components of wisdom? A. insight, knowledge, strategies, values, and awareness B. metacognition, megacognition, and metalinguistic awareness C. assimilation, accommodation, disequilibrium, and formal operations D. morals, ethics, values, and social responsibility Answer: A 71. In many traditional cultures, village elders are known to have insight into human nature, knowledge of human social relations and emotions, and they apply strategies from insight and knowledge to help with everyday life. It is clear that village elders possess _______________. A. wisdom B. morals and values C. low working memory D. effective procedural memory Answer: A. wisdom Correct: Wisdom is composed of insight, knowledge, strategies, values, and awareness. B. morals and values Incorrect: One would assume that village elders would have strong morals and values; however, there are not components of wisdom. 72. What did Baltes define as “expertise in the conduct and meaning of life?” A. ethics B. wisdom C. existentialism D. enlightenment Answer: B. wisdom Correct: Expertise in the conduct and meaning of life is how Baltes defined wisdom. C. existentialism Incorrect: Expertise in the conduct and meaning of life is how Baltes defined wisdom. 73. At what age is wisdom the most probable? A. emerging adulthood B. middle adulthood C. late adulthood D. Wisdom is not related to age. Answer: D. Wisdom is not related to age. Correct: Wisdom is not related to age. C. late adulthood Incorrect: Wisdom is not related to age. 74. Wisdom is positively correlated with: A. Family income B. Gender C. Educational level D. Age Answer: C. Educational level Correct: Wisdom is positively correlated with educational level. D. Age Incorrect: Wisdom is positively correlated with educational level. 75. Who is likely to score highly on measures of wisdom? A. people who have children B. people in leadership positions C. people who have no formal education D. people who have little income Answer: B. people in leadership positions Correct: Wisdom is positively correlated with educational level. People in leadership positions are likely to score highly in measures of wisdom. C. people who have no formal education Incorrect: Wisdom is positively correlated with educational level. People in leadership positions are likely to score highly in measures of wisdom. 76. Your grandparents have both been interested in solving puzzles playing card games, watching educational television, and reading books. How do these activities affect the primary aging process? A. They have no affect on primary aging. B. Since they interfere with physical activities, they actually quicken the primary aging process. C. They enhance mental abilities and slow cognitive decline. D. They negatively impact primary aging. Answer: C. They enhance mental abilities and slow cognitive decline. Correct: These activities slow primary aging in terms of cognition. D. They negatively impact primary aging. Incorrect: These activities slow primary aging in terms of cognition. 77. According to Baltes and his colleagues, the most successful adaptation to declining physical and cognitive abilities in late adulthood involves _______________. A. maintaining a good family life B. selective optimization with compensation C. trying to improve the skills that have declined the most D. devices that allow for adjusting to the challenges of diminished strength and perception Answer: B. selective optimization with compensation Correct: Baltes suggested that successful adaptation involves selective optimization with compensation. A. maintaining a good family life Incorrect: Baltes suggested that successful adaptation involves selective optimization with compensation. 78. In research using Baltes’ model to assess wisdom on adults of all ages it was found that _______________. A. less than 10% of subjects were considered wise B. roughly 25% of subjects were considered wise C. 50% of subjects were considered wise D. the great majority of subjects were considered wise Answer: A. less than 10% of subjects were considered wise Correct: A small proportion, less than 10%, were considered wise when asked on advice about hypothetical situations such as a 14-year-old girl who was contemplating moving out of her parents home. B. roughly 25% of subjects were considered wise Incorrect: A small proportion, less than 10%, were considered wise when asked on advice about hypothetical situations such as a 14-year-old girl who was contemplating moving out of her parents home. 79. Which of the following is consistent with the research findings that used Baltes’ model to assess wisdom? A. wisdom is negatively correlated with educational levels B. people who hold leadership positions are more likely to score lower in wisdom C. wisdom is generally unrelated to age D. wisdom correlates strongly with brain size Answer: C 80. Which of the following individuals was an anthropologist who examined how wisdom is passed from one generation to another? A. Margaret Mead B. G. Stanley Hall C. Quanah Parker D. Charles Cooley Answer: A 81. Willis and Schaie’s longitudinal study on cognitive performance allowed for the comparisons of participants _______________. A. to a larger mainstream group, who possessed similar characteristics B. current performance on cognitive tasks to their performance years earlier C. to others in various parts of the world and geographical locations D. current performance to others who are at a different developmental stage Answer: B. current performance on cognitive tasks to their performance years earlier Correct: A major advantage of a longitudinal study is that it allows for the comparison, within an individual, to an earlier time. A. to a larger mainstream group, who possessed similar characteristics Incorrect: A major advantage of a longitudinal study is that it allows for the comparison, within an individual, to an earlier time. 82. Willis and Schaie’s longitudinal study demonstrated that _______________. A. training sessions in spatial orientation and reasoning skills had long-term effects on cognitive performance B. training sessions in fine and gross motor skills improved physical health of subjects C. aerobic exercise and moderate weight training improved muscle mass and increased bone density D. cognitive functioning would deteriorate regardless of intervention Answer: A. training sessions in spatial orientation and reasoning skills had long-term effects on cognitive performance Correct: Following this intervention, two-thirds of the participants improved their performance significantly, and 40% matched the level of performance they had shown on the tasks 14 years earlier. C. aerobic exercise and moderate weight training improved muscle mass and increased bone density Incorrect: Although this is true, this was not the focus of Willis and Schaie’s longitudinal study. 83. In Willis and Schaie’s longitudinal study, five years after the study began, a recipient of intervention strategies performed _______________ on memory, reasoning, and processing-speed tasks as compared to the control group. A. slightly better B. significantly better C. slightly worse D. significantly worse Answer: B. significantly better Correct: Intervention participants were 75% better at memory tasks, 40% better on reasoning tasks, and 300% better on processing-speed tasks. A. slightly better Incorrect: Intervention participants were 75% better at memory tasks, 40% better on reasoning tasks, and 300% better on processing-speed tasks. 84. According to Baltes and his colleagues, the most successful adaptation to declining physical and cognitive abilities in late adulthood involves _______________ to promote cognitive functioning. A. habituation and dishabituation to create equilibrium (HDE) B. cognitive reserve to improve IQ scores (CRI) C. mental images and language to improve cognitive functioning (MILCF) D. selective optimization with compensation (SOC) Answer: D 85. According to Baltes and his colleagues, the most successful adaptation to declining physical and cognitive abilities in late adulthood involves _______________. A. increasing one’s cognitive reserve to improve IQ scores by engaging in lifelong learning B. using mental images in cognitive processing, increasing his or her language skills, and nurturing cognitive functioning C. habituation of one’s self to new environments, dishabituating one’s self to old environments, and creating equilibrium in one’s worldview D. selecting valued activities, optimizing performance in the remaining activities, and compensating for physical and cognitive declines Answer: D. selecting valued activities, optimizing performance in the remaining activities, and compensating for physical and cognitive declines Correct: These are the three components of selective optimization with compensation (SOC) as established by Baltes and colleagues. B. using mental images in cognitive processing, increasing his or her language skills, and nurturing cognitive functioning Incorrect: These are the three components of selective optimization with compensation (SOC) as established by Baltes and colleagues. 86. When renowned pianist Arthur Rubenstein was asked how he managed to maintain a reputation as one of the world’s top concert pianists even into late adulthood, he explained that he had reduced the range of pieces he played, practiced each of the remaining pieces more, and learned to play very slowly just before beginning a fast passage, to make the contrast more effective since he could not play as fast as when he was younger. Arthur Rubenstein's behaviors are an illustration of _______________. A. the SQ3R: survey, question, read, recite, and review approach to adaption B. the habituation, dishabituation, equilibrium approach to adaption. C. the selective optimization with compensation method of adaption D. the mental images paired with language skills approach to adaption Answer: C. the selective optimization with compensation method of adaption Correct: Rubenstein has limited his selection, optimized what has been selected, and compensated for physical declines in his approach. B. the habituation, dishabituation, equilibrium approach to adaption. Incorrect: Rubenstein has limited his selection, optimized what has been selected, and compensated for physical declines in his approach. 87. A person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues’ model for adaption for late adulthood, which of the following is closest to selection? A. choosing to attend fewer events B. enjoying each occasion more C. getting extra rest before a gathering D. feeling overwhelmed by large family events Answer: A. choosing to attend fewer events Correct: Selecting valued activities and picking which ones you would rather be at is the “selection” part of selective optimization with compensation. C. getting extra rest before a gathering Incorrect: Getting extra rest before a gathering would be a method of compensation. 88. A person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues’ model for adaption in late adulthood, which of the following is closest to compensation? A. choosing to attend fewer events B. enjoying each occasion more C. getting extra rest before a gathering D. feeling overwhelmed by large family events Answer: C. getting extra rest before a gathering Correct: Getting extra rest before a gathering would be a method of compensation. A. choosing to attend fewer events Incorrect: Selecting valued activities and picking which ones you would rather be at is the “selection” part of selective optimization with compensation. 89. A person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues’ model for adaption in late adulthood, which of the following is closest to optimization? A. choosing to attend fewer events B. enjoying each occasion more C. getting extra rest before a gathering D. feeling overwhelmed by large family events Answer: B. enjoying each occasion more Correct: Choosing to focus one’s energy and attention on one thing is an example of optimization. A. choosing to attend fewer events Incorrect: Selecting valued activities and picking which ones you would rather be at is the “selection” part of selective optimization with compensation. Short Answer Questions 90. What is source memory? How do individuals in late adulthood compare to their younger counterparts on tasks that require source memory? Answer: Source memory refers to remembering where you saw a particular stimulus. Older adults tend to do more poorly on tasks that require this ability unless the material is relevant to them. 91. Nancy’s recently lost her father who suffered from Alzheimer’s the last several years of his life. She said she was going to do everything in her power to avoid the same fate. What are two measures that she can take to reduce the risk of developing this disease? Answer: She can eat a low-fat Mediterranean diet, she can exercise, and she can exercise the brain by doing puzzles, reading, etc. 92. How do researchers using Baltes’ model measure wisdom? Are there any shortcomings to this approach? Answer: Baltes et al., use scenarios of situations and then code responses. One shortcoming is that there may be different components of wisdom in different cultures and this work has been done mostly in Germany. Also, what people say they would do may be different from what they actually do. 93. What is one variable that has been found to predict wisdom? Answer: Educational level and leadership experience have been found to predict wisdom. 94. Explain what Selective Optimization with Compensation means. Give a specific example, perhaps imagining yourself in late adulthood. Answer: Selecting activities you can still do allows you to make the most of your skills and abilities. One way to optimize one’s abilities is to figure out ways to make up for losses (compensation). Essay Questions 95. Although various aspects of memory decline in late adulthood, research has shown that the elderly do quite well when it comes to remembering certain events in their lives. Explain. Answer: There is a “reminiscence bump” between the ages of 10 and 30. One reason that events during this time are remembered so well is that they are when many milestones occur (e.g., starting school, graduating, getting married). 96. Your friend, who you have not heard from in a while, calls and tells you that her grandmother has dementia. She goes on to say that the doctor said that her grandmother has Alzheimer’s, but she said, “I’m not worried. She doesn’t have Alzheimer’s, just dementia.” Explain the inaccuracy of this comment and include information about the progression of the disease. Answer: Dementia refers to loss of cognitive function severe enough to interfere with activities of daily living. Alzheimer’s is the most common type of dementia; prevalence rises steeply after age 75. At first people may merely forget names of objects or recent events, but in later stages they may forget names of loved ones and they may wonder off not remembering how to get home. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. Which of the following is consistent with Baltes's overall conclusion on his model to assess wisdom? A. Wisdom is generally unrelated to age. B. People who hold leadership positions are more likely to score lower in wisdom. C. Wisdom is negatively correlated with educational levels. D. Wisdom correlates strongly with brain size. Answer: A 2. For late adulthood, attention and memory _______________. A. decline to some degree B. decline to a vast degree C. increase to some degree D. increase to a vast degree Answer: A 3. Which of the following is the memory system that performs tasks and activities involving motor skills, such as playing a musical instrument, typing on a keyboard, or sewing a button? A. procedural memory B. long-term memory C. episodic memory D. sensory memory Answer: A 4. Which of the following structures of the brain is involved in balance and coordination? A. cerebellum B. hippocampus C. parietal lobe D. dallas Answer: A 5. Early-onset Alzheimer's, where symptoms appear before age 65, clearly has a genetic basis as it accounts for _______________ cases of this disease and runs strongly in a family. A. a relatively small portion of B. a moderate portion of C. a relatively large portion of D. almost all Answer: A 6. Which of the following did Baltes define as "expertise in the conduct and meaning of life"? A. wisdom B. ethics C. enlightenment D. existentialism Answer: A 7. For a person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood, he may choose to attend fewer of them so he they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an example of the concept of compensation? A. getting extra rest before a gathering B. enjoying each occasion more C. choosing to attend fewer events D. feeling overwhelmed by large family events Answer: A 8. Your great-aunt used to play piano at her church for many years and is unconsciously skilled. Lately, she has had some difficulty when she plays, which shows a difficulty with what type of memory? A. procedural B. episodic C. autobiographical D. symantec Answer: A 9. Your 72-year-old grandmother was recently diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Initially, there will be difficulties with involuntary movement and motor coordination difficulties, so one form of treatment is to provide medication that increases which of the following neurotransmitter? A. dopamine B. serotonin C. norepinephrine D. acetylcholine Answer: A 10. When renowned pianist Arthur Rubenstein was asked how he managed to maintain a reputation as one of the world's top concert pianists well into late adulthood, he explained that he had reduced the range of pieces he played, practiced each of the remaining pieces more, and learned to play very slowly just before beginning a fast passage, to make the contrast more effective since he could not play as fast as when he was younger. Arthur Rubenstein's behaviors are an illustration of _______________. A. the selective optimization with compensation method of adaptation B. the habituation, dishabituation, equilibrium approach to adaptation C. the SQ3R: survey, question, read, recite, and review approach to adaptation D. the mental images paired with language skills approach to adaptation Answer: A Post-Test 1. _______________ is a type of attention where individuals must tune out irrelevant information A. Selective attention B. Deprived attention C. Divided attention D. Sustained attention Answer: A 2. According to the text, laboratory studies have demonstrated that individuals who are in late adulthood show _______________ in procedural memory. A. little decline B. dramatic decline C. slight decline D. dramatic increase Answer: A 3. _______________ is the only true and definitive way of diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease. A. An autopsy B. A urine test C. A spinal tap D. A biopsy Answer: A 4. Wisdom is defined as _______________. A. expertise in the conduct and meaning of life B. an IQ score of 130 or greater C. the mental process of knowing, such as awareness and perception D. the growth of neurological pathways in the brain Answer: A 5. As an individual ages, his or her ability to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time _______________. A. Declines B. Improves C. Increases D. remains the same Answer: A 6. During which developmental time period is wisdom the most prevalent? A. Wisdom is not related to age. B. emerging adulthood C. middle adulthood D. late adulthood Answer: A 7. A person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an example of the concept of selection? A. choosing to attend fewer events B. enjoying each occasion more C. getting extra rest before a gathering D. feeling overwhelmed by large family events Answer: A 8. Your grandfather watches the TV game show Jeopardy every day. The show itself asks contestants questions based upon facts from various areas of knowledge. Your grandfather is still very good at Answering the great majority of the questions on every show. His ability to remember the meaning of words has shown no decline as he has aged and really shows very little decline for most older adults. What type of memory is this? A. semantic memory B. procedural memory C. episodic memory D. autobiographical memory Answer: A 9. You have overheard your parents talking about your great-uncle and his memory of his past. It seems that he remembers pleasant events very well, but often forgets unpleasant events entirely. What type of memory are your parents discussing? A. autobiographical memory B. procedural memory C. working memory D. retroactive memory Answer: A 10. Your 68-year-old grandmother is having difficulty with memories of her grandchildren, whom she dearly loves. As her dementia gets worse she has difficulty remembering the names of people who have been part of her life even longer, such as your aunt, her oldest child. She is also quite a bit different in her personality than she used to be. There are several types of dementia; what type is your grandmother most likely experiencing? A. Alzheimer's disease B. Lou Gehrig's disease C. Huntington's chorea D. Lyme disease Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. _______________ is the ability to keep track of more than one information source simultaneously. A. Divided attention B. Selective attention C. Sustained attention D. On-task attention Answer: A 2. Some people in late adulthood have difficulty remembering where they learned something or when an item was first used. What type of memory is this? A. source memory B. procedural memory C. working memory D. sensory memory Answer: A 3. Working memory can be best described as _______________. A. memory for information currently the focus of your attention B. memories that are stored in the cerebral cortex C. memories that are below one's level of awareness D. memories for simplistic motor skills that are stored in the cerebellum Answer: A 4. Shana was diagnosed with Lyme disease and as a result has problems with balance and coordination. When she walks it looks as if she is intoxicated, even though she does not drink alcohol. Which of the following structures is related to Shana's balance and coordination? A. the cerebellum B. the hippocampus C. the brainstem D. the corpus callosum Answer: A 5. Which of the following neurotransmitters is explicitly involved in the functioning of memory and declines in late adulthood? A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. serotonin D. dopamine Answer: A 6. There is a strong positive correlation between wisdom and _______________. A. educational level B. gender C. family income D. age Answer: A 7. _______________ is a classic psychology experiment in which people are asked to indicate the color of a word flashing on a screen, but the word itself presents contrary information. A. The Stroop test B. The Myers-Briggs C. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory D. The Q-sort Answer: A 8. Of the following, which is an example of where an individual must perform divided attention? A. driving a car while navigating with a map and carrying on a conversation B. using a blender while making a cake C. painting a picture while passively listening to music D. planting a garden in the spring Answer: A 9. _______________ is the feeling of knowing information that is in long-term memory, but being unable to retrieve it at the moment. A. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon B. Stroop phenomenon C. Gotcha memory D. Forgetful memory Answer: A 10. Your grandmother explains to you how to use her new smart phone. You ask her where she learned to use her new phone but she cannot recall. Trying her best, she can only tell you how it works. It is clear that your grandmother has limited _______________. A. source memory B. procedural memory C. working memory D. retroactive memory Answer: A 11. According to the text, _______________ is a gene that is suspected to be related to early-onset Alzheimer's disease. A. ApoE B. XQ-28 C. UC -1 D. U-47 Answer: A 12. Your grandparents have both been interested in solving puzzles, playing card games, watching educational television, and reading books. How do these activities affect the primary aging process? A. They enhance mental abilities and slow cognitive decline. B. Since they interfere with physical activities, they actually quicken the primary aging process. C. They have no effect on primary aging. D. They negatively impact primary aging. Answer: A 13. The _______________ is an assessment instrument that is used to evaluate selective attention. A. Stroop Test B. Selective Functioning Test C. Dichotomous Listening Test D. Vision/Auditory Test Answer: A 14. Your grandfather describes countless recollections of his life, such as his 18th birthday, the first time he drove a tractor, and the birth of his children. According to the text, your grandfather is providing you with _______________. A. autobiographical memories B. working memories C. procedural memories D. subcortical memories Answer: A 15. _______________ are examples of lifestyle behaviors that influence secondary aging. A. Smoking, exercise, and cognitive stimulation B. Neurogenesis, maturation, and cell death C. White blood cells, red blood cells, and capillaries D. Decrease in estrogen, loss of bone density, and near sightedness Answer: A Quick Review 1. Which of the following assessment instruments is used to evaluate selective attention? A. Stroop test B. selective attention test C. Dichotomous Listening Test D. Dichotomous Attention Test Answer: A 2. Which of the following is described as when people are required to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time? A. sustained attention B. selective attention C. divided attention D. deprived attention Answer: A 3. What percentage of people past the age of 85 are affected with a loss of cognitive ability that is severe enough to interfere with daily functioning? A. 50% B. 40% C. 60% D. 30% Answer: A 4. People who _______________ are more likely to score high on measures of wisdom. A. are in leadership positions B. have children C. have no formal education D. have high income Answer: A 5. According to Baltes and his colleagues, _______________ has been shown to be the most successful adaptation to declining physical and cognitive abilities in late adulthood. A. selective optimization with compensation (SOC) B. mental images and language to improve cognitive functioning (MILCF) C. cognitive reserve to improve IQ scores (CRI) D. habituation and dishabituation to create equilibrium (HDE) Answer: A 6. For a person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an example of the concept of selection? A. feeling overwhelmed by large family events B. getting extra rest before a gathering C. enjoying each occasion more D. choosing to attend fewer events Answer: D 7. Some older adults believe they can remember events from years ago with special clarity. What has the research found in regards to their assumptions? A. There are substantial declines in episodic memory. B. There are actual increases in episodic memory as one grows older. C. There is very little change in episodic memory. D. There are few changes in older adult males and substantial changes in older adult females. Answer: A 8. Researchers now show that neurons die and are generated throughout life. What happens to neurons in late adulthood? A. More neurons die than are being generated. B. There are no changes in the number of neurons being generated. C. There are slightly more neurons being generated to assist with loss of brain functioning. D. Many more neurons are being generated to assist with loss of brain functioning. Answer: A 9. _______________ is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. A. Alzheimer's disease B. Lou Gehrig's disease C. Hodgkin's disease D. Huntington's chorea Answer: A 10. In many traditional cultures, village elders are known to have insight into human nature and knowledge of human social relations and emotions, and they apply strategies from insight and knowledge to help with everyday life. This is also known as _______________. A. wisdom B. morals and values C. low working memory D. effective procedural memory Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the risk factors mentioned in the video as well as the actual organic changes that happen with Alzheimer’s disease. Answer: Largest single risk factor is age. Alzheimer's disease is caused by a series of plaques and tangles that develop in the brain. As the disease progresses there are so many plaques and tangles that the brain actually shrinks in size. 2. This video describes several activities that are available for the entertainment of the residents of the facility. Imagine that you have just been hired as the Activity Director for a similar facility. What entertainment activities would you wish to hold and why? Answer: I would prioritize activities such as art therapy, gentle yoga classes, and interactive music sessions to promote relaxation, creativity, and social engagement among residents, enhancing their overall well-being and quality of life. 3. Compare and contrast the benefits and pitfalls of utilizing a facility such as this for relatives of those with Alzheimer’s disease. Answer: Utilizing a facility for a family who has Alzheimer's disease can be a struggle as well as a necessary step. When the disease reaches the point that the individual no longer can take care of their daily living activities such as grooming and bathing or even waste elimination, it may be the best step to find a reputable facility to take over the care. Benefits would include planned meals, no yard work or shoveling, and possibly transportation. Many facilities have several activities for their residents from modified exercise programs to entertainment. The decision to move a family member to a facility can be a difficult one, but it can also bring relief on the caregiver relative. Ultimately the decision must result in what is the best for all of those involved. Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to this video, the largest risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease is __________________. A. poor diet B. lack of exercise C. lack of cognitive stimulation D. age Answer: D 2. Over ______________% of the population over the age of 85 have a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. A. 50 B. 75 C. 80 D. 85 Answer: A 3. In Alzheimer's disease the brain actually __________________. A. swells B. produces extra fluid C. shrinks in size D. increases in capacity Answer: C Section 3 Emotional and Social Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. Mroczek (2001) asked over 2,700 Americans aged 25 to 74 years about their emotional status during the past 30 days. Mroczek found that positive emotions: A. increased sharply during late adulthood B. increased slightly during late adulthood C. decreased slightly during late adulthood D. decreased sharply during late adulthood Answer: A. increased sharply during late adulthood Correct: Positive emotions increased sharply during late adulthood. B. increased slightly during late adulthood Incorrect: Positive emotions increased sharply during late adulthood. 2. The majority of research on emotions and the self-concept of individuals in late adulthood have concluded that most individuals have a greater number of: A. positive emotions and experience a more positive self-esteem. B. negative emotions and experience a low self-esteem. C. positive emotions and experience a low self-esteem. D. negative emotions and experience a high self-esteem. Answer: A. positive emotions and experience a more positive self-esteem. Correct: Positive emotions and self-evaluations are more common in late adulthood than at earlier ages, but depressive symptoms are lower. B. negative emotions and experience a low self-esteem. Incorrect: The opposite of what is correct; a small minority of individuals might be in a state of despair as described by Erikson. 3. From Figure 12.4, positive emotions were _______________ from emerging through middle adulthood and then _______________ sharply in late adulthood, while negative emotions _______________ steadily across the age range. A. stable, decreased, increased B. declined, increased, stable C. increased, stable, declined D. stable, increased, declined Answer: D 4. From research on emotions in the self-concept of individuals during late adulthood, descriptors such as "cheerful", "calm and peaceful", and "in good spirits" describe: A. positive emotions. B. negative emotions. C. desirable emotions D. undesirable emotions. Answer: A 5. Research on emotions and the self-concept of individuals during late adulthood have speculated that positive emotions and self-esteem tend to be high because older adults: A. tend to be more accepting of their past and present selves B. have a mature parietal lobe of the brain C. have greater financial stability D. have successfully completed an identity crisis Answer: A. tend to be more accepting of their past and present selves Correct: Older adults tend to be more accepting of their past and present selves than young or middle adults are, whereas young and middle adults tended to be more optimistic about their future selves (Ryff 1991). D. have successfully completed an identity crisis Incorrect: From an Ericksonian perspective this could be the case; however, by definition the crisis of identity occurred during adolescence. 6. One national American study of adults ages 18 and over found that adults over age 55 were less likely than any younger age group to report symptoms that fit the diagnosis of: A. paranoid schizophrenia. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. major depressive disorder. Answer: D 7. For both self-esteem and depressive symptoms, studies have consistently found that the gender differences that exist in earlier development: A. slightly increase by late adulthood. B. dramatically increase by late adulthood. C. maintain themselves into adulthood. D. diminish or disappear by late adulthood. Answer: D. diminish or disappear by late adulthood. Correct: More consistent positive emotions and higher self-evaluations contribute to lower rates of depression for women in late adulthood (Barefoot et al., 2001; Robins et al., 2002). A. slightly increase by late adulthood. Incorrect: One might assume that depression increases in late adulthood. 8. Erik Erikson, in his theory of the lifespan, proposed that late adulthood is when the central challenge is: A. trust vs. mistrust. B. industry vs. inferiority. C. identity achievement vs. confusion. D. ego integrity vs. despair. Answer: D 9. An individual who is in late adulthood can be categorized into Erikson’s stage of: A. autonomy vs. shame and doubt. B. identity vs. role confusion. C. ego integrity vs. despair. D. intimacy vs. isolation. Answer: C 10. According to Erikson, an individual who experiences ego integrity has: A. reflected upon his or her life and has accepted its outcomes. B. reflected upon his or her life and is experiencing regret in bitterness. C. developed a sense of mistrust for individuals in their life. D. feels as if he or she is not a productive member in society. Answer: A. reflected upon his or her life and has accepted its outcomes. Correct: Ego integrity means looking back on one’s life and accepting the outcome of it, including the choices that turned out well as well as the mistakes and disappointments. C. developed a sense of mistrust for individuals in their life. Incorrect: Trust vs. mistrust is Erikson’s first psychosocial crisis; generally experience during infancy. 11. According to Erikson, an individual who experiences ego despair has: A. reflected upon his or her life and has accepted its outcomes. B. reflected upon his her life and is experiencing regret in bitterness. C. developed a sense of mistrust for individuals in their life. D. feels as if he or she is not a productive member in society. Answer: B. reflected upon his her life and is experiencing regret in bitterness. Correct: Despair entails regrets and bitterness about the course of one’s life, and a conclusion that it has not gone well and now cannot be changed. C. developed a sense of mistrust for individuals in their life. Incorrect: Trust vs. mistrust is Erikson's first psychosocial crisis; generally experienced during infancy. 12. According to Erikson, ego ______________ involves looking back on one’s life and accepting the outcome of it; whereas, ego _______________ entails regrets and bitterness about the course of one’s life, and a conclusion that it has not gone well and now cannot be changed. A. inferiority; mistrust B. mistrust; inferiority C. integrity; despair D. despair; integrity Answer: C 13. In asking Fred, who is in late adulthood, if he could go back to any age in his life and change anything, which age would it be? Fred replies that he is content, that his life has been good, and that he rather not change anything about it, even his mistakes. According to Erikson, it is clear that Fred possesses: A. ego integrity. B. ego despair. C. ego content. D. ego mistrust. Answer: A. ego integrity. Correct: Ego integrity means looking back on one’s life and accepting the outcome of it, including the choices that turned out well as well as the mistakes and disappointments, and concluding that overall it was a life well-lived. C. ego content. Incorrect: Fred is experiencing content; however, this is not the phrase that Erikson used to describe this particular stage of psychosocial development. 14. A longitudinal study (Smith & Freund, 2002) examined the “possible selves” of Germans who were between 70 and 103 years old over a four-year period and found that they: A. had no goals for self-development B. had very negative views of themselves C. were satisfied with themselves D. still had goals for self-development that they wanted to achieve Answer: D. still had goals for self-development that they wanted to achieve Correct: The study highlighted that despite their advanced age, the participants continued to have goals for self-development and were actively working towards achieving those goals. This finding underscores Erikson's concept of generativity versus stagnation, where individuals in late adulthood may still strive for personal growth and contributing to future generations. B. had very negative views of themselves Incorrect: The participants had goals for self-development and were actively attempting to achieve those goals. 15. Erikson proposed that late adulthood is when the central challenge is: A. identity versus role confusion B. intimacy versus isolation C. generativity versus stagnation D. integrity versus despair Answer: D. integrity versus despair Correct: This stage occurs during middle adulthood (approximately ages 40-65), where the central conflict is between generativity, which involves being productive and contributing to future generations, and stagnation, which involves feelings of inactivity or lack of growth. C. generativity versus stagnation Incorrect: In late adulthood the central challenge was integrity versus despair. 16. In a classic study (Neugarten; 1972, 1977) in which Americans in late adulthood were interviewed and found a variety of different paths of self-development. The most common was what she termed the “integrated personality” in which the individual: A. mourns becoming older B. rejects becoming older C. is ambivalent about becoming older D. accepts becoming older Answer: D. accepts becoming older Correct: They come to terms with the aging process and embrace their older age as a natural part of life. This reflects a positive attitude towards aging and an acceptance of this stage of life as natural and meaningful. B. rejects becoming older Incorrect: Those with integrated personalities in late adulthood accept becoming older. 17. Your uncle who is 82 years old has very been having serious difficulties with his hearing. Although he does not want to get hearing aids, you know that if he does not get some help with his hearing he is likely to become: A. angry and frustrated B. sad and depressed C. irritated and confused D. happy and relieved Answer: B. sad and depressed Correct: Those with hearing deficits are likely to become depressed because they are not able to engage in conversations. C. irritated and confused Incorrect: Those with hearing deficits are likely to become depressed because they are not able to engage in conversations. 18. Which of the following is Laura Carstensen’s theory that proposes older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts? A. psychosocial obligation theory B. psychosocial contractual theory C. socioemotional moratorium theory D. socioemotional selectivity theory Answer: D 19. According to Carstensen and her colleagues, at younger ages the goals that people have for their social relationships are: A. knowledge-based. B. emotions-based. C. task-based. D. conflict-based. Answer: A 20. According to Carstensen, at late adulthood, the goals that people have for their social relationships are: A. knowledge-based. B. emotions-based. C. task-based. D. conflict-based. Answer: B 21. Older adults seek to maintain and develop relationships that are low in conflict and high in mutual enjoyment, and drop the rest. This is as also known as: A. emotions-based social relationships. B. knowledge-based social relationships. C. tasked-based social relationships. D. people-based social relationships. Answer: A 22. Kathy, who is in late adulthood, has noticed that she no longer spends time with her former colleagues from work, but spends a great deal of time with people who she volunteers with at a local volunteer ambulance base. She finds that her friends who volunteer bring her a great degree of happiness and she has a lower degree of conflict, if any, with them. It is clear that Kathy has moved towards a(n): A. emotions-based social relationship. B. knowledge-based social relationship. C. tasked-based social relationship. D. people-based social relationship. Answer: A. emotions-based social relationship. Correct: Emotions based; older adults seek to maintain and develop relationships that are low in conflict and high in mutual enjoyment, and drop the rest. B. knowledge-based social relationship. Incorrect: Knowledge-based social relationships generally occur in middle adulthood and are related to work or the passing of knowledge. 23. Why is depression high in the early stages of dementia? Because: A. changes in brain chemistry cause depression B. the individual understands the incurable nature of their condition C. going to physicians is a depressing activity for individuals in late adulthood D. their family members generally talk about the disease constantly, which is depressing Answer: B 24. Your grandfather has Alzheimer’s Disease and your grandmother is the sole person taking care of him. She does not want outside help at this point. As a result, your grandmother is at risk for: A. depression B. also acquiring Alzheimer’s Disease C. exhaustion D. memory loss Answer: A. depression Correct: Although taking care of an ailing spouse can be exhausting, your grandmother is at risk for depression. C. exhaustion Incorrect: Although taking care of an ailing spouse can be exhausting, your grandmother is at risk for depression. 25. According to Carstensen’s socioemotinoal selectivity theory, older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their: A. entertainment choices B. physical activities C. social contacts D. time commitment to family Answer: C 26. You have noticed that your 84-year-old great-grandmother has a much smaller set of friends then she used to have. You know that the same individuals who she used to be friends with are still living in the same neighborhood. According to Cartensen, why is your grandmother not interacting with some of the people for whom she was a friend? Older adults tend to: A. withdraw from friendships that are not rewarding B. become more reclusive C. not care about friends any longer D. become increasingly nervous around other old people Answer: A. withdraw from friendships that are not rewarding Correct: They tend to focus on relationships that are strong and withdraw from friendships that are not rewarding. C. not care about friends any longer Incorrect: Older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts. They tend to focus on relationships that are strong and withdraw from friendships that are not rewarding. 27. According to Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, at younger ages the goals that people have for their social relationships are: A. activity-based B. emotion-based C. knowledge-based D. romance-based Answer: C. knowledge-based Correct: At younger ages the goals for individuals for their social relationships are knowledge-based. D. romance-based Incorrect: At younger ages the goals for individuals for their social relationships are knowledge-based. 28. According to Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, in late adulthood the goals that people have for their social relationships are: A. activity-based B. emotion-based C. knowledge-based D. romance-based Answer: B. emotion-based Correct: In late adulthood, relationships are mostly emotion-based. D. romance-based Incorrect: At younger ages the goals for individuals for their social relationships are knowledge-based. 29. In one American study, what percent of older adults had at least one child who lived within a 30-minute drive of them? A. 90% B. 75% C. 60% D. 45% Answer: B 30. How often does the average older adult and a child visit or talk to each other? At least once a: A. day B. week C. month D. year Answer: B 31. Your family lives about two hours away from your grandparents. Your mother and your grandparents talk to each other about once a day. Is this typical for older adult parents and their children? It is not unusual, but most older adult parents talk to their children at least once a: A. day B. week C. month D. year Answer: B. week Correct: Generally, an older adult and a child talk or visit at least once a week. C. month Incorrect: Generally, an older adult and a child talk or visit at least once a week. 32. In terms of assisting each other, American children provide more assistance when their parents reach late adulthood: A. but, the balance of assistance still flows from parents to children B. which results in children providing considerably more assistance to their parents than the parents do for their children C. but, their parents generally resent this situation D. which puts a serious strain on the relationship Answer: A. but, the balance of assistance still flows from parents to children Correct: Generally, individuals in late adulthood still prove substantial assistance to their children. C. but, their parents generally resent this situation Incorrect: Generally, individuals in late adulthood still prove substantial assistance to their children. 33. From a global perspective, which of the following best describes the living arrangements for most individuals who are in late adulthood and their children? A. parents and children live in separate households once children reach adulthood B. parents and children live in different towns or cities C. parents and children live in different homes but in the same town D. parents and children continue to live in the same household Answer: D. parents and children continue to live in the same household Correct: Most parents and children have close relationships and it is a responsibility of the child to continue to care for their parent; most live in the same household. A. parents and children live in separate households once children reach adulthood Incorrect: This is a description of common practice for mainstream American culture. 34. Of late adult Americans, what percentage live within a 30 minute drive of at least one of their children, and frequently visit and talk with that child, at least once a week? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 95% Answer: C 35. Tawanda is a typical American who is in the stage of late adulthood and has 3 children. Statistically speaking one can assume that she lives: A. within a 30 minute drive of one of her children and speaks with him or her at least once a week. B. 1 hour away from one of her children and speaks to him or her once a month. C. further than 3 hours away from any of her children and speaks with at least one of them once a week. D. within an hour's drive of all of her children and speaks with all of them at least once a month. Answer: A. within a 30 minute drive of one of her children and speaks with him or her at least once a week. Correct: In one American study, 75% of older adults had at least one child who lived within a 30-minute drive, and most parents and children visited or talked to each other at least once a week (Field & Minkler, 1988). B. 1 hour away from one of her children and speaks to him or her once a month. Incorrect: The proximity is close to the correct answer; however, the psychosocial connectedness is not as strong as what has been found by research. 36. Most people become grandparents for the first time in: A. emerging adulthood. B. young adulthood. C. middle adulthood. D. late adulthood. Answer: C 37. According to Chen and Elder (2000. most grandchildren report being: A. more emotionally close to their grandmother than their grandfather. B. more emotionally close to their grandfather than their grandmother. C. equally emotionally close to both their grandfather and grandmother. D. emotionally close to their grandfather and emotionally disconnected to their grandmother. Answer: A. more emotionally close to their grandmother than their grandfather. Correct: Gender differences established earlier endure, with most grandchildren feeling closer to their grandmothers (especially on the mother’s side) than to their grandfathers. C. equally emotionally close to both their grandfather and grandmother. Incorrect: A hypothetical-idealistic notion of emotional closeness that some students may have. 38. In the United States, parents in late adulthood reported that their children provided mainly what type of support? A. Financial B. Medical C. Emotional D. Transportation Answer: C 39. In Eastern countries like China, Japan and India, the tradition is that older parents live with: A. The oldest daughter B. The youngest daughter C. The oldest son D. The youngest son Answer: C 40. In Western countries, who consistently is more likely to provide care for elderly parents? A. A son B. A daughter C. A geriatric nurse-practitioner D. An orderly in a nursing home Answer: B 41. In developed countries what percent of older adults have at least one grandchild who is 18 years old or older? A. 90% B. 70% C. 50% D. 30% Answer: C 42. If your relationship with your grandparents is like most people’s, what do your grandparents think about the relationship that they have with you? Their relationship with you is: A. Highly positive B. Relatively positive C. Relatively negative D. Highly negative Answer: A. Highly positive Correct: Grandparents report that their relationships with their adult grandchildren are highly positive. B. Relatively positive Incorrect: Grandparents report that their relationships with their adult grandchildren are highly positive. 43. Due to the social welfare program instituted in developed countries in the course of the 20th century, people over age 65years are now: A. the most dependent segment of the population B. the poorest segment of the population C. the most affluent segment of the population D. the least self-sufficient segment of the population Answer: C 44. Your grandmother has been living alone for the past 14 years since your grandfather died. She is 86 years old and your parents have been discussing the possibility of having her come to live with them. How is your grandmother likely to feel about this option? She would prefer to live: A. with a friend B. alone and independently C. with your parents, she is lonely D. in a nursing home or other long-stay institution Answer: B. alone and independently Correct: In Western countries, older adults prefer to live independently. C. with your parents, she is lonely Incorrect: In Western countries, older adults prefer to live independently. 45. What type of living facility for older adults has separate apartments for each person, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area and offers housekeeping services, transportation for shopping and medical appointments and provides social activities? A. Assisted living B. Nursing homes C. Geriatric hospitals D. Hospice Answer: A 46. What type of living facility for older adults has separate apartments for each person, but residents are provided meals in a common dining area, offers housekeeping services, transportation for shopping and medical appointments and provides social activities, but also offers extensive medical care and most residents are afflicted with dementia or other serious health problems? A. Assisted living B. Nursing homes C. Geriatric hospitals D. Hospice Answer: B 47. What percent of individuals in the United States, Canada and northern Europe 85 years old and older live in institutional care facilities? A. 5 to 15% B. 20 to 40% C. 50 to 70% D. 80 to 95% Answer: B 48. In Denmark, a program to provide home services and an assisted living option to older adults results in a: A. 30% increase in the number of nursing home placements over 15 years B. 60% increase in the number of nursing home placements over 15 years C. 60% decrease in the number of nursing home placements over 15 years D. 30% decrease in the number of nursing home placements over 15 years Answer: D 49. A century ago, the elderly were the _______________ segment of the population; however, currently, in developed countries they are now the _______________ segment. A. poorest; most affluent B. most affluent, poorest C. most educated, least educated D. least educated, most educated Answer: A 50. In Western countries, most people in late adulthood would prefer to live: A. in a group home rather than independently. B. in a nursing home rather than with their children. C. with their children rather than independently. D. independently rather than with their children. Answer: D 51. Which of the following countries has the lowest rate of those listed of individuals in late adulthood who live, or share co-residents, with her adult children? A. Denmark B. Greece C. Italy D. Spain Answer: A. Denmark Correct: Denmark is a northern European country and statistically only 5% of older adults live with their children. C. Italy Incorrect: Greece is a southern European country and statistically 45% of older adults lived with her children. 52. Which of the following countries has the highest rate of those listed of individuals in late adulthood who live, or share co-residence, with their adult children? A. Netherlands B. Denmark C. Spain D. Sweden Answer: C. Spain Correct: Spain is a southern European country and statistically 45% of older adults lived with their children. A. Netherlands Incorrect: The Netherlands is a northern European country and statistically only 5% of older adults live with their children. 53. In the Scandinavian countries of Northern Europe such as Denmark, Netherlands, and Sweden, about _______________ of older adults lived with a child. A. 5% B. 25% C. 50% D. 85% Answer: A 54. Co-residence of older adults and adult children Southern European countries such as Greece, Italy, Spain is about _____________. A. 5% B. 25% C. 45% D. 85% Answer: C 55. _______________ facilities have separate apartments for each person, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area, housekeeping services, transportation for shopping and medical appointments, and social activities; whereas, _______________ provide all of these services as well as extensive medical care, and most residents are afflicted with dementia or other serious health problems. A. Assisted living, nursing homes B. Nursing home, assisted living C. Group home, community homes D. Community home, group homes Answer: A 56. _______________ facilities have separate apartments for each person, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area, housekeeping services, transportation for shopping and medical appointments, and social activities and most residents are semi-independent without dementia or serious health problems. A. Assisted living B. Nursing home C. Group home D. Community home Answer: A 57. _______________ provide meals, housekeeping, transportation, and social activities for their residents; as well as, extensive medical care, and most residents are afflicted with dementia or other serious health problems. A. Assisted living facilities B. Nursing homes C. Group homes D. Community homes Answer: B 58. Which of the following best describes the sentiments of most Asian countries in regards to placing an elderly parent in a nursing home or assisted living facility? A. It is something shameful and should be avoided if possible. B. It is of little controversy because it is common practice. C. Most families look forward to placing parents in these facilities. D. It is not shameful because it is mandated by the government. Answer: A. It is something shameful and should be avoided if possible. Correct: Filial piety proposes that it is a children's responsibility to care for their parent. B. It is of little controversy because it is common practice. Incorrect: Closer to the sentiments of modern Western culture. 59. In general, marital satisfaction tends to be the highest during: A. young adulthood. B. early adulthood. C. late adulthood. D. quarterly adulthood. Answer: C. late adulthood. Correct: Marital satisfaction increases from middle adulthood to late adulthood and reaches its highest point of the entire lifespan. A. young adulthood. Incorrect: Some may view wedding bliss as the happiest time within a marriag. 60. Clarence and Wiona have been married for 50 years and have a peaceful and tranquil relationship, with high marital satisfaction. As compared to a younger married couple, which of the following is most likely a characteristic that fosters their higher marital satisfaction? A. They are both retired and have more time to enjoy joint leisure activities. B. They both have slow to warm up temperament styles that match well with each other. C. They both have insecure attachments with each other and their children. D. They both keep their religious and political views to themselves, to avoid conflict. Answer: A. They are both retired and have more time to enjoy joint leisure activities. Correct: Having more time to spend on joint leisure activities is one of four characteristics that are discussed within the text on why marital satisfaction in late adulthood is high. D. They both keep their religious and political views to themselves, to avoid conflict. Incorrect: Most married individuals have similar religious and political views. 61. Your roommate is from China. He was discussing his home life with you and part of that discussion centered around his grandparents who are in late adulthood. Where do his grandparents live? A. In a state-sponsored assisted living center B. In a state-sponsored nursing home C. With his parents D. With your grandparents’ sister Answer: C. With his parents Correct: In China older adults are either living with an adult child or receive considerable assistance from the adult child. D. With your grandparents’ sister Incorrect: In China older adults are either living with an adult child or receive considerable assistance from the adult child. 62. In general, when does marital satisfaction reach its peak? During: A. the second year of marriage B. childrearing C. the first year after divorce D. late adulthood Answer: D 63. What percent of divorces take place after individuals are 65 years of age or older in the United States and Canada? A. 1% B. 11% C. 21% D. 31% Answer: A 64. Your uncle died nine years ago and since that time your 78-year-old aunt has developed a relationship and for the past three years has had a boyfriend. They are thinking about taking their relationship to the next level. What is that likely to be? A. Getting married B. Cohabitating C. Remaining close, but not living together D. Moving into an assisted living center Answer: B. Cohabitating Correct: They are likely to get married and are more likely to live together for financial reasons or because of resistance from children. C. Remaining close, but not living together Incorrect: They are likely to get married and are more likely to live together for financial reasons or because of resistance from children. 65. During late adulthood, after the death of a spouse, men are more likely to become depressed and take longer to recover from the loss. Of the following, which one is cited in the text as a reason that contributes to this? A. Most men have difficult temperaments which do not match well with the loss of a loved one. B. Men tend to be inexperienced in expressing and coping with emotions such as loss. C. Most men tend to have insecure attachments with people they are close to and this makes them prone to depression. D. Men have fewer friends than women do and fewer close family relations, so they have less social support. Answer: D. Men have fewer friends than women do and fewer close family relations, so they have less social support. Correct: Having high social support tends to be an inoculated for depression and the bereavement process for women; for the most part men have a lower degree of social support and when discussing topics between men most more likely to "report" and not truly share emotions. B. Men tend to be inexperienced in expressing and coping with emotions such as loss. Incorrect: Possibly the case; some have proposed that mainstream American culture has created a society of men who are emotionally illiterate; however, this is not discussed within the text. 66. Which are the following is the largest predictive value of whether or not an individual in late adulthood is sexually active? A. whether or not they have a partner B. whether or not they have a strong libido C. whether or not they have high testosterone levels D. whether or not they are physically fit Answer: A. whether or not they have a partner Correct: Sexual activity in late adulthood depends crucially on the availability of a partner and on physical health. B. whether or not they have a strong libido Incorrect: An individual’s libido does not drop due to late adulthood. 67. In a national American survey of adults ages 57-85, _______________ of men reported occasional erectile problems and about one-third reported chronic erectile dysfunction. A. 15% B. 30% C. 60% D. 90% Answer: D 68. By estimate, what proportion of individuals, both men and women, in late adulthood masturbate "about once per week"? A. a large minority B. more than half C. about 75% D. almost all Answer: A. a large minority Correct: About 50% of men and one third of women; a large minority. B. more than half Incorrect: Half of all men; but a third of women; therefore not more than half. 69. About _______________ of men age 65 and over in industrialized countries are still employed. A. 1/3 B. 1/2 C. 2/3 D. 3/4 Answer: D 70. In developed countries, the median age of retirement is: A. 55 to 58. B. 60 to 63. C. 65 to 72. D. 72 to 73. Answer: B 71. In men, testosterone levels decrease by what percent between ages of 40 and 70 years? A. 22% B. 33% C. 44% D. 55% Answer: B 72. In a national survey of American adults aged 57 to 85 years, what percent of men reported occasional erectile problems? A. 90% B. 70% C. 50% D. 30% Answer: A 73. In a national survey of American adults aged 57 to 85 years, what percent of men reported having chronic erectile dysfunction? A. 99% B. 77% C. 55% D. 33% Answer: D 74. Your great aunt was very disturbed because she just learned that your 76-year-old great uncle occasionally masturbates. She thinks that there is something wrong with him. Is there? A. No, about 50% of men over age 70 masturbate. B. No, about 90% of men over age 70 masturbate. C. Yes, only about 5% of men over age 70 masturbate. D. Yes, this is clearly an indication that he has serious sexual issues. Answer: A. No, about 50% of men over age 70 masturbate. Correct: About 50% of men who are 70 or older masturbate. D. Yes, this is clearly an indication that he has serious sexual issues. Incorrect: About 50% of men who are 70 or older masturbate. 75. As recently as a century ago, what percent of men age 65 years and older in industrialized countries were still employed? A. 90% B. 75% C. 60% D. 45% Answer: B 76. Currently, what percent of men aged 60 years and older are employed in the United States? A. 22% B. 33% C. 44% D. 55% Answer: B 77. Currently, what percent of men aged 60 years and older are employed in Japan? A. 27% B. 37% C. 47% D. 57% Answer: D 78. Your 60-year-old grandfather has been retired for nearly 20 years. He says that he is the happiest that he has ever been, which seems to be true from your observations? What type of job did he have when he was employed? A: A. manual labor job B. high-status job C. hourly clerk job D. job in sales Answer: B. high-status job Correct: People who have the highest retirement satisfaction tended to have high-status jobs when they were employed. C. hourly clerk job Incorrect: People who have the highest retirement satisfaction tended to have high-status jobs when they were employed. 79. What percent of American workers aged 55 years and older said that the only reason they continued to work was for the money? A. 33% B. 44% C. 55% D. 66% Answer: A 80. In the United States, as recently as 1960, what percent of older adults were poor, the highest poverty rate of any age group? A. 35% B. 45% C. 55% D. 65% Answer: A 81. Older adults are now the sector of the population with the: A. Highest poverty rate B. Lowest income rate C. Most tax deductions D. Lowest poverty rate Answer: D 82. In the United States, what percent of older adults own their own home? A. 90% B. 80% C. 70% D. 60% Answer: B 83. Walter is 66 years old and was forced to retire due to financial hardships of his company. He knew that if he did not retire he could have been laid off. He was not prepared to retire and would rather be working. Walter is not prepared financially, emotionally, or psychologically. Based upon statistics, what percent of retirees share similar sentiments to Walter? A. 5% B. 15% C. 25% D. 45% Answer: C. 25% Correct: Although most older adults welcome retirement and adjust well to it, about one-fourth have adjustment problems of one kind or another. D. 45% Incorrect: A number that is almost twice as large as a true statistic; students may overinflate. 84. Which of the following is an example similar to the activities of the Exploritas program? A. studying architecture in London, seals in Antarctica, or ancient art in Greece. B. exploring uncharted territory such as the Amazon rainforest, the forests of New Guinea, and the deserts of North Africa. C. climbing large mountain peaks such as K2, Denali, and Mount Everest D. black bear hunting in the Appalachian Mountains and trout fishing in Alaska of the United States Answer: A. studying architecture in London, seals in Antarctica, or ancient art in Greece. Correct: Exploritas combines older adults’ desire to learn with their desire to travel. Exploritas sponsors “learning adventures” throughout the world. B. exploring uncharted territory such as the Amazon rainforest, the forests of New Guinea, and the deserts of North Africa. Incorrect: Most likely too dangerous for individuals late adulthood; and most lack the physical stamina needed. 85. As amount of time spent working declines in late adulthood, older adults spend a lot more time: A. engaged in reminiscing about the “good-old days” B. alone and unhappy C. looking for part-time work D. pursuing leisure activities Answer: D 86. What percent of people in their 60s do volunteer work? A. 60% B. 50% C. 40% D. 30% Answer: C 87. What percent of older adult Americans attend religious services weekly? A. 10 to 20% B. 20 to 30% C. 30 to 40% D. 40 to 50% Answer: D 88. In the United States, which of the following is the main setting for volunteer work for individuals who are in the development timeframe of late adulthood? A. Federal organizations B. religious organizations C. local and State organizations D. community organizations Answer: B 89. Various surveys report that _______________ of Americans over age 65 attend religious services weekly. A. a large minority B. more than half C. about 75% D. almost all Answer: A. a large minority Correct: 40-50% of Americans over age 65 attend religious services weekly. B. more than half Incorrect: Closest to the correct answer. 90. During late adulthood, across cultures and countries, _______________ are more religious than _______________, in both beliefs and practices. A. men, women B. women, men C. those who are married, individuals who are single D. individuals who are single, those who are married Answer: B 91. It seems like whenever you visit your grandparents they are watching television. Is this unusual? What percent of older adult Americans leisure time is spent watching television? A. 20% B. 40% C. 60% D. 80% Answer: B. 40% Correct: Older adult Americans spend about 40% of their leisure time watching television. C. 60% Incorrect: Older adult Americans spend about 40% of their leisure time watching television. 92. When older adults are shown on television they are more likely to be portrayed: A. Positively B. Fairly neutrally C. Negatively D. As incompetent Answer: A. Positively Correct: Older adults on television are often portrayed in a positive manner. They are typically depicted as wise, experienced, and knowledgeable characters who provide guidance and support to younger characters. These positive portrayals can help counteract negative stereotypes about aging and emphasize the valuable contributions that older adults make to society. This trend towards positive representation reflects a broader societal recognition of the importance and respect due to the older population. D. As incompetent Incorrect: Older adults are portrayed in a positive manner on television. 93. Medical practitioners in a variety of developed countries are now advocating the use of the Internet and electronic devices to enhance communication between health providers and patients, especially older adults. What is the name of this program? A. Elder-care B. E-health C. Medical bridge D. Doctor Talk Answer: B. E-health Correct: This program is known as e-health. C. Medical bridge Incorrect: This program is known as e-health. Short Answer Questions 94. Briefly describe the emotional life and self-evaluations of individuals in late adulthood. Do sex differences exist? Answer: During late adulthood, people are more likely to experience a number of positive emotions than they did in early years and they are more likely to accept themselves. This seems to be the case for both older males and females. 95. Are there sex differences between the West and East in the care of aging parents? Explain. Answer: In the West, females tend to be the ones who take primary responsibility for caring for aging parents. In contrast, in the East, the son is the one who cares for his aging parents because they live together. However, it is the wife who provides much of the daily assistance, and the son is more of a financial “provider.” This trend is changing as a result of the “one child” policy; if the daughter is the only child, she will be the one who cares for her aging parents. 96. Coping with the loss of a spouse is difficult, but it seems especially hard for men. Explain using two research findings. Answer: • Men are more likely to suffer from depression and they experience it for a longer period than do women. • Men are more likely to die after their spouse dies. This could be because of the increased stress and the lack of social support. Men have fewer friends and they tend not to seek social support. Their health may decline because their wife was the one who took care of them. 97. Your 70-year-old mother, who is in good health, tells you that she gets bored, especially during the long, cold winters. When you suggest that she volunteer, she says, “I don’t want to be tied down with any commitments.” What arguments could you make that volunteering is well worth the investment? Answer: • Psychological benefits include higher life satisfaction, sense of meaning/accomplishment, cognitive stimulation. • Physical benefits include higher self-perception of health, lower rates of disability and mortality. 98. A selection effect is a possible explanation for the finding that people become more religious with age. Explain this rationale. Answer: Selection effects occur when people with certain characteristics are more likely to remain in a study than others. In this case, those who are religious have been found to be in better health, so it may be that the healthy religious people just happen to be the ones who are alive in late adulthood to participate in the research. Essay Questions 99. What theory proposes that the relationships of younger adults are knowledge-based, whereas those of late adulthood are more emotion-based. Explain. Answer: Socioemotional selectivity theory posits that as people age, they become more selective about who they want to spend their time with and consequently reduce the number of people in their social circle. This may be due in part to their perceiving that they have less time left to live, so they want to spend it with those who are most meaningful. However, it could also be that in earlier parts of the lifespan, relationships serve a wider range of functions, such as providing knowledge and information. For example, they may enjoy doing sports or hobbies with friends who provide an opportunity for learning and improving, whereas these goals become less relevant in later life. 100. Describe ethnic and cultural differences in rates of institutional care for aging parents. Answer: In the East, due to the tradition of filial piety, it would be considered a disgrace for a parent to live in an institution rather than in the home of a loved one. Rates of living with children were highest in Asia. In Western countries, most elderly people would prefer to live independently, perhaps in part because of individualistic cultural beliefs and also because they do not want to burden their children. If they do move in with their adult children, it is usually as a last resort. There are ethnic differences within countries; those with African, Latino, or Asian background are more likely to live in multi-generational homes. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. Descriptors such as "cheerful," "calm and peaceful," and "in good spirits" describe _______________. A. positive emotions B. negative emotions C. conflicted emotions D. undesirable motions Answer: A 2. In China, Japan, India, and other Eastern countries it is traditional that older people live with _______________. A. their youngest daughter B. their oldest son C. their youngest son D. their oldest daughter Answer: B 3. According to the text, a century ago the elderly were the _______________ segment of the population; however, currently, in developed countries they are the _______________ segment. A. poorest; most affluent B. most affluent; poorest C. most educated; least educated D. least educated; most educated Answer: A 4. In a national American survey of adults ages 57 to 85, _______________ of men reported occasional erectile problems and about one-third reported chronic erectile dysfunction. A. 90% B. 60% C. 30% D. 15% Answer: A 5. According to the text, _______________ of men and women in late adulthood masturbate about once per week. A. between one-third and one-half B. more than half C. about 75% D. almost all Answer: A 6. For individuals in late adulthood, research on emotions and the self-concept have speculated that positive emotions and self-esteem tend to be high because older adults _______________. A. tend to be more accepting of their past and present selves B. have a mature parietal lobe of the brain C. have greater financial stability D. have successfully completed an identity crisis Answer: A 7. Globally, which of the following best describes the living arrangements for most late adults and their children? A. parents and children continue to live in the same household B. parents and children live in different homes but in the same town C. parents and children live in different towns or cities D. parents and children live in separate households once children reach adulthood Answer: A 8. If your relationship with your grandparents is like most people's, which of the following is the best description? Your relationship is _______________. A. highly positive B. relatively positive C. relatively negative D. highly negative Answer: A 9. Edith and Archie have been married for 45 years and have a peaceful and tranquil relationship, with high marital satisfaction. As compared to a younger married couple, which of the following is most likely a characteristic that fosters their higher marital satisfaction? A. They are both retired and have more time to enjoy joint leisure activities. B. They both have slow-to-warm-up temperament styles that match well with each other. C. They both have insecure attachments with each other and their children. D. They both keep their religious and political views to themselves, to avoid conflict. Answer: A 10. Virginia, who is in late adulthood, has noticed that she no longer spends time with her former colleagues from work, but spends a great deal of time with people who she volunteers with at a local fire department. She finds that her friends who volunteer bring her a greater degree of happiness and she has a lower degree of conflict, if any, with them. It is clear that Virginia has moved toward _______________. A. emotion-based social relationships B. knowledge-based social relationships C. tasked-based social relationships D. people-based social relationships Answer: A Post-Test 1. Laura Carstensen proposes older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts. This theory is known as _______________. A. socioemotional selectivity theory B. socioemotional moratorium theory C. psychosocial contractual theory D. psychosocial obligation theory Answer: A 2. There is a high rate of depression in early stages of dementia because _______________. A. the individual understands the incurable nature of their condition B. changes in brain chemistry cause depression C. going to physicians is a depressing activity for individuals in late adulthood D. their family members generally talk about the disease constantly, which is depressing Answer: A 3. As a result of social welfare programs instituted in developed countries during the 20th century, people over age 65 years are now _______________. A. the most affluent segment of the population B. the least self-sufficient segment of the population C. the poorest segment of the population D. the most dependent segment of the population Answer: A 4. In the United States and Canada what percentage of divorces take place after individuals are 65 years of age or older? A. 1% B. 9% C. 11% D. 18% Answer: A 5. During late adulthood, after the death of a spouse men are more likely to become depressed and take longer to recover from the loss. Of the following, which is a reason that contributes to this? A. Men have fewer friends than women do and fewer close family relations, so they have less social support. B. Most men tend to have insecure attachments with people they are close to and this makes them prone to depression. C. Men tend to be inexperienced in expressing and coping with emotions such as loss D. Most men have difficult temperaments that do not match well with the loss of a loved one. Answer: A 6. _______________ Americans over age 65 attend religious services weekly. A. About 40-50% of B. Less than 20% of C. About 75% of D. Almost all Answer: A 7. According to the text, medical practitioners in a variety of developed countries are now advocating the use of the Internet and electronic devices to enhance communication between health providers and patients, especially older adults. This is known as _______________. A. e-health B. eldercare C. medical bridge D. doctor talk Answer: A 8. You ask your neighbor Maury, who is in late adulthood, if he could go back to any age in his life and change anything, which age would it be? Maury replies that he is content, that his life has been good, and that he'd rather not change anything about it, even his mistakes. According to Erikson, it is clear that Maury possesses _______________. A. ego integrity B. ego despair C. ego content D. ego mistrust Answer: A 9. Beverly is a typical American who is in the stage of late adulthood and has three children. Statistically speaking one can assume that she _______________. A. sees at least one of her children at least once a week B. lives 1 hour away from one of her children and speaks to him or her once a month C. lives further than 3 hours away from any of her children and speaks with at least one of them once a week D. sees all of her children at least once a month Answer: A 10. Your grandfather has Alzheimer's disease and your grandmother is the sole person taking care of him. She does not want outside help at this point. She is doing everything she can to take care of him, but by the end of the day is exhausted. She is up all night worrying that he might get out of bed and wander off. When family members ask if there is anything they can do to help, your grandmother politely states that everything is OK and she has it under control. The truth of the matter is that your grandmother is extremely stressed and worried. As a result of your grandmother taking sole responsibility for your grandfather, she is at risk for _______________. A. depression B. dementia C. hypotension D. cardiac arrhythmias Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. Adults over age 55 were less likely than any younger age group to report symptoms that fit the diagnosis of: A. major depressive disorder. B. generalized anxiety disorder. C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. paranoid schizophrenia. Answer: A 2. Smith and Freund (2002) examined the "possible selves" of Germans who were between 70 and 103 years old over a four-year period and found that they: A. still had goals for self-development that they wanted to achieve. B. were satisfied with themselves. C. had very negative views of themselves. D. had no goals for self-development. Answer: A 3. Your aunt who is 72 years old has been having serious difficulties with her hearing. Although she does not want to get hearing aids, you know that if she does not get some help with her hearing, she is may become: A. sad and depressed. B. angry and frustrated. C. irritated and confused. D. happy and relieved. Answer: A 4. According to Carstensen and her colleagues, when individuals are younger, the goals that people have for their social relationships tend to be more: A. knowledge-based. B. emotions based. C. task-based. D. conflict-based. Answer: A 5. Your grandfather has Alzheimer's Disease and your grandmother is the sole person taking care of him. She does not want outside help at this point. As a result, your grandmother is at risk for: A. depression. B. also acquiring Alzheimer's disease. C. osteoporosis. D. memory loss. Answer: A 6. Older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their: A. social contacts. B. physical activities. C. entertainment choices. D. time commitment to family. Answer: A 7. _______________ percent of older adults had at least one child who lived within a 30-minute drive of them. A. Seventy-five B. Ninety C. Sixty D. Forty-five Answer: A 8. Which of the following has the lowest rate of individuals in late adulthood who live, or share co-residents, with their adult children? A. Denmark B. Greece C. Italy D. Spain Answer: A 9. According to the text, _______________ facilities have separate apartments for each person, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area, housekeeping services, transportation for shopping and medical appointments, and social activities; whereas, _______________ facilities provide all of these services as well as extensive medical care, and most residents are afflicted with dementia or other serious health problems. A. assisted living, nursing home B. nursing home, assisted living C. group home, community home D. community home, group home Answer: A 10. In regards to placing an elderly parent in a nursing home or assisted living facility, which of the following best describes the sentiments of most Asian countries? A. It is something shameful and should be avoided if possible. B. It is of little controversy because it is common practice. C. Most families look forward to placing parents in these facilities. D. It is not shameful because it is mandated by the government. Answer: A 11. Your uncle died nine years ago and since that time your 68-year-old aunt has developed a relationship and for the past three years has had a gentleman-friend. They are thinking about taking their relationship to the next level. What is that likely to be? A. Cohabitating B. Getting married C. Remaining close, but not living together D. Moving into an assisted living center Answer: A 12. What percent of men age 65 and over in industrialized countries are still employed? A. 75% B. 33% C. 50% D. 66% Answer: A 13. Your great aunt was very disturbed because she just learned that your 76-year-old great uncle occasionally masturbates. She thinks that there is something wrong with him. Is there? A. No, about 50% of men over age 70 masturbate. B. No, about 90% of men over age 70 masturbate. C. Yes, only about 5% of men over age 70 masturbate. D. Yes, this is clearly an indication that he has serious sexual issues. Answer: A 14. For the most part, the portrayal of older adults on American television ads tends to emphasize: A. independence. B. filial piety. C. a weak cognitive state. D. an individual in poor health. Answer: A 15. As discussed in the text, for both self-esteem and depressive symptoms, studies have consistently found that the gender differences that exist in earlier development: A. diminish or disappear by late adulthood. B. maintain themselves into adulthood. C. dramatically increase by late adulthood. D. slightly increase by late adulthood. Answer: A Quick Review 1. As illustrated in Figure 12.4, positive emotions _______________ from emerging through middle adulthood and then _______________ sharply in late adulthood. A. are stable; increase B. increase; are stable C. decline; increase D. are stable; decrease Answer: A 2. _______________ is the time when most people become grandparents. A. Middle adulthood B. Late adulthood C. Young adulthood D. Emerging adulthood Answer: A 3. Of the countries listed, _______________ has the highest rate of individuals in late adulthood who live with their adult children? A. Spain B. Denmark C. Netherlands D. Sweden Answer: A 4. Marital satisfaction generally reaches its peak during _______________. A. late adulthood B. childrearing C. the second two years of marriage D. the first years after divorce Answer: A 5. According to the text, older adults are now the sector of the population with the _______________. A. lowest poverty rate B. most taxable deductions C. lowest income rate D. highest poverty rate Answer: A 6. Researcher Mroczek (2001) asked more than 2,700 Americans aged 25 to 74 years about their emotional status during the past 30 days. He found that positive emotions _______________. A. increased sharply during late adulthood B. increased slightly during late adulthood C. decreased slightly during late adulthood D. decreased sharply during late adulthood Answer: A 7. The activities of the Exploritas program are similar to which of the following examples? A. studying architecture in London, seals in Antarctica, or ancient art in Greece B. exploring uncharted territory such as the Amazon rainforest, the forests of New Guinea, and the deserts of North Africa C. climbing large mountain peaks such as K2, Denali, and Mount Everest D. black bear hunting in the Appalachian Mountains and trout fishing in Alaska Answer: A 8. Which of the following summarizes the overall conclusion of research on emotions and the self-concept of individuals in late adulthood? A. positive emotions and a more positive self-esteem B. negative emotions and low self-esteem C. positive emotions and low self-esteem D. negative emotions and high self-esteem Answer: A 9. From Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, in late adulthood the goals that people have for their social relationships are _______________. A. emotion-based B. activity-based C. knowledge-based D. romance-based Answer: A 10. Erik Erickson proposed that late adulthood is when the central challenge is _______________. A. ego integrity vs. ego despair B. generativity vs. stagnation C. intimacy vs. isolation D. identity vs. role confusion Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. The narrator lists several factors that should be considered when retiring. List those factors. Answer: The narrator lists three main factors to consider before retirement. These factors include finances, physical health, and job satisfaction. 2. Imagine you are going to retire in the next year or so, what would you do to plan and prepare both mentally and financially? Answer: To prepare for retirement, I would start by creating a detailed financial plan, including budgeting and assessing savings and investments. Mentally, I would explore hobbies, volunteer opportunities, and social networks to maintain a fulfilling and active lifestyle post-retirement. 3. Looking ahead to the future, what do you see yourself doing during your retirement? What activities will you fill your days? Answer: During retirement, I envision traveling to explore new places and cultures, dedicating time to writing and reading, and enjoying outdoor activities like hiking and gardening to stay active and engaged. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Thelma, the 80 year old female from the US, goes to __________________ every Friday. A. church B. the doctor C. therapy D. school Answer: D 2. According to the narrator of this video, the factors that influence the decision to retire include finances, physical health, and __________________. A. job satisfaction B. number of dependents C. the size of your home D. friendships Answer: A 3. According to the narrator of this video, across cultures, people who are forced to retire often experience __________________. A. a decline in physical and mental health B. a decline only in physical health C. a renewed sense of self D. a renewed sense of freedom Answer: A Practice Test Questions from the Textbook 1. Older adults in developed countries A. are the group most likely to be receiving public assistance. B. are the wealthiest segment of the population. C. are now more likely to be living in extended-family households than in the past. D. usually perform a ritual celebrating the person’s freedom from previous responsibilities. Answer: B 2. The old-age dependency ratio A. refers to the number of elderly living independently compared to the number in nursing homes. B. refers to the number of elderly with chronic illnesses compared to the number without any illnesses. C. refers to the number of persons aged 65 or older compared to the number of persons age 20–64. D. refers to the number of individuals who are retired compared to the number still in the workforce. Answer: C 3. During late adulthood A. height slowly declines for women, but not for men. B. body weight increases from middle adulthood because few older adults exercise. C. loss of bone mass in the jaw makes the face look thinner. D. Age spots increase, but only among dark-skinned people. Answer: C 4. The most common visual impairment in late adulthood is A. macular degeneration. B. cataracts. C. tinnitus. D. glaucoma. Answer: B 5. Which of the following best describes how sleep patterns change during late adulthood? A. Women in late adulthood often experience sleep apnea, but the disorder is rare among men. B. People experience changes in sleep, but these changes are not correlated with psychological problems, such as depression, as they were in earlier parts of the life span. C. People have fewer sleep problems than they did earlier in their lives because they no longer have the daily stress associated with work and childcare. D. People sleep less deeply than they did when they were younger. Answer: D 6. Arthritis A. is caused by a steep drop in estrogen. B. affects more men than women. C. has no cure. D. is less common than other chronic illnesses in late adulthood, such as hypertension or osteoporosis. Answer: C 7. Which of the following is true regarding influences on health in late adulthood? A. Smoking rates in the United States and other developed countries have increased in the last few decades due to more aggressive marketing campaigns. B. Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive functioning. C. Even moderate alcohol consumption increases risk of cardiovascular disease. D. Automobile crashes are not a health threat to older adults since most have become expert drivers. Answer: B 8. ______________________ shows relatively little decline in late adulthood. A. Procedural memory B. Working memory C. Selective attention D. Divided attention Answer: A 9. ______________________ are more at risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. A. Highly educated people B. African Americans C. Small-framed people D. Those who exercise frequently Answer: B 10. Which of the following is true regarding research on wisdom? A. Wisdom is not correlated with educational levels. B. Wisdom is related to age; it increases as people get older. C. People who hold leadership positions are more likely than others to score high on wisdom. D. There has been no empirical research conducted on wisdom because researchers disagree about how it should be measured. Answer: C 11. Arthur Rubenstein, a renowned pianist, continued to give award-winning performances into late adulthood. He did this by sticking with the range of pieces he felt most comfortable, practicing more, and playing the slow passages very slowly just before the fast passages so that the fast pieces sounded that much faster. This is an example of A. improved procedural memory with age. B. better divided attention among experts. C. selective optimization with compensation. D. faster reactions times of older experts compared to their younger counterparts. Answer: C 12. ______________________ are more common in late adulthood than at earlier ages. A. Gender differences in self-esteem B. Depressive symptoms C. Negative emotions D. Positive emotions Answer: D 13. According to socioemotional selectivity theory A. adults with lower self-esteem are biologically programmed to be more conforming. B. due to increased rates of depression in late adulthood, the elderly tend to withdraw from society. C. the older we get, the more important it becomes to acquire knowledge. D. shrinking social networks in adulthood are by choice. Answer: D 14. Mrs. El Reedy is an American woman living in the United States who is widowed, and has a married son and a married daughter. If she becomes ill, she is likely to be cared for by A. her son. B. her son and daughter equally. C. her daughter or daughter-in-law. D. her best friend, who is also a widow. Answer: C 15. J. M. is a 92-year-old woman living in Canada. She would be most likely to be living in a nursing home if she has a(n) ______________________ cultural background. A. Asian B. European C. African D. Latino Answer: B 16. Which of the following is true regarding late adulthood relationships in Western culture? A. The risk of death after the loss of a spouse is greater for men than for women. B. Rates of remarriage in late adulthood are higher than in middle adulthood because children are less likely to be living in the same household. C. Women are more likely than men to become depressed after a spouse dies. D. Rates of sexual activity are essentially the same regardless of one’s perceived health status. Answer: A 17. Which of the following is true regarding work and retirement? A. Retirement satisfaction tends to be highest among those in lower status jobs because they feel a sense of relief to no longer have to go to work every day. B. Most older Americans say they would prefer to end retirement gradually. C. For most older adults, the main reason they work past the traditional “retirement age” is that they need the money. D. Younger adults are more likely to be self-employed than their older counterparts. Answer: B 18. In late adulthood, religious beliefs are A. weaker than in middle adulthood because many older adults have become disillusioned with organized religion. B. strongest among Europeans. C. positively correlated with both mental and physical health. D. strong among Christians, but weak among followers of Eastern religions such as Buddhism. Answer: C Test Bank for Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey J. Arnett 9780205987887, 9780134641348