Chapter 12 – Civil Rights Reading Comprehension Quiz Multiple Choice Questions 1. Naturalized citizens are NOT required to demonstrate that they A. are of good moral character. B. are able to speak and write English. C. know the principles of U.S. government. D. have a sponsoring family. E. None of the above Answer: D 2. Slavery was abolished and African Americans’ equal rights and voting rights were granted by the ____________ Amendments. A. Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth B. Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth C. Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth D. Twelfth and Sixteenth E. Fourth, Sixth, and Ninth Answer: B 3. Wyoming was the first state to A. give women the right to vote. B. desegregate schools. C. pass a civil disobedience mandate. D. provide health facilities for Native Americans. E. ban white primaries. Answer: A 4. Upon passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, women A. received equal pay. B. put an end to legal discrimination. C. received equal rights. D. got the right to vote. E. were allowed to own land. Answer: D 5. The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling found racial segregation in schools violated the A. due process clause of the Tenth Amendment. B. equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. C. equal protection clause of the Tenth Amendment. D. due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. E. due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. Answer: B 6. A massive social, economic, and political movement focused on eliminating discrimination began on December 1, 1955, when ____________________ refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus as the law required her to do. A. Rosa Parks B. Jane Sullivan C. Margaret Banks D. Connie Simmons E. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Answer: A 7. During ________________, African Americans began to migrate to northern cities to seek jobs in war factories. A. World War I B. World War II C. the Civil War D. the Industrial Revolution E. the Great Depression Answer: A 8. Rights that are explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the Constitution are referred to as A. human rights. B. civil rights. C. protected rights. D. fundamental rights. E. Both A and B Answer: D 9. Strict scrutiny is a A. standard developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of a law; when applied, a law is constitutional as long as it meets a reasonable government interest. B. test that has been applied when a law classifies based on sex; to be upheld, the law must meet an important government interest. C. clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. D. clause in the Fifth Amendment prohibiting state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. E. test applied by the court when a classification is based on race; the government must show that there is a compelling reason for the law and no other less restrictive way to meet the interest. Answer: E 10. An example of a quasi-suspect class that requires heightened scrutiny is A. race. B. age. C. disability. D. gender. E. ethnicity. Answer: D 11. Literacy tests and poll taxes were mechanisms to keep what minority from voting? A. Asians B. Mexicans C. Native Americans D. African Americans E. All of the above Answer: D 12. In Smith v. Allwright, the court deemed what unconstitutional? A. Literacy tests B. Poll taxes C. White primaries D. Unfair registration requirements E. All of the above Answer: C 13. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court endorsed the view that racial segregation did NOT constitute discrimination if A. there was no intent to discriminate. B. it was a private act rather than an act of government. C. equal accommodations were provided for the members of both races. D. it was a result of de facto segregation. E. All of the above Answer: C 14. In University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court ruled what unconstitutional? A. Creating quotas B. Admitting students based on sexual orientation C. Only admitting students in the top 10 percent of their class D. Requiring SAT scores for admission E. Taking race into account when admitting students Answer: A 15. Segregation imposed by law is known as ___________ segregation. A. de facto B. restrictive covenant C. discriminatory D. de jure E. None of the above Answer: D True/False Questions 1. Dual citizenship refers to having citizenship from more than one country. Answer: True 2. Naturalization requires new citizens to swear to support and defend the Constitution. Answer: True 3. The women’s rights movement was originally aligned with the abolition movement. Answer: True 4. Native Americans have the most successful history of integrating into mainstream America. Answer: False 5. Strict scrutiny is a test that has been applied when a law classifies based on sex; to be upheld, the law must meet an important government interest. Answer: False 6. Although the equal protection clause only applies to states, the federal government interprets the due process clause as imposing the same restraints on the national government as the equal protection clause imposes on states. Answer: True 7. According to the Constitution, local governments have most of the power to regulate elections. Answer: False 8. An owner may refuse to sell or rent to a person based on a physical handicap. Answer: False 9. Remedial actions designed to overcome the effects of discrimination against women and minorities are known as affirmative action. Answer: True 10. The Supreme Court has declared all affirmative action programs in the United States unconstitutional. Answer: False Chapter Examination Multiple Choice Questions 1. ___________ refer to the rights of all people to be free from irrational discrimination such as that based on race, religion, gender, or ethnic origin. A. Natural rights B. Civil liberties C. Affirmative actions D. Civil rights E. Naturalizations Answer: D 2. What are we referring to when we speak of rights of all people to dignity and worth? A. Natural rights B. Civil liberties C. Affirmative action D. Civil rights E. Naturalization Answer: A 3. ____________ is remedial action designed to overcome the effects of discrimination against minorities and women. A. Social Security B. Repatriation C. Affirmative action D. Civil rights E. Naturalization Answer: C 4. Naturalization requires new citizens to do all of the following EXCEPT A. be able to read, write, and speak English. B. swear to support and defend the Constitution. C. promise to bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law. D. agree to never renounce their new citizenship. E. All of the above are required. Answer: D 5. All of the following are naturalization requirements EXCEPT which? A. Be over age 21 B. Be lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence and have resided in the United States for at least five years and in the state for at least six months C. File a petition of naturalization with a clerk of a court of record (federal or state) verified by two witnesses D. Be able to read, write, and speak English E. Possess a good moral character Answer: A 6. The right to renounce one’s citizenship is called A. expatriation. B. naturalization. C. renunciation. D. abdication. E. retaliation. Answer: A 7. ___________, as understood in the Fourteenth Amendment, means the place a person calls home. A. Homestead B. Dwellings C. Hovels D. Residences E. Housing Answer: D 8. Residences as understood in what Amendment means the place a person calls home? A. Fourteenth B. Fifteenth C. Nineteenth D. Fifth E. Eight Answer: A 9. Our most important rights primarily flow from what type of citizenship? A. Local B. State C. County D. National E. Town Answer: B 10. Aliens do NOT have the right to A. a jury trial. B. vote. C. freedom of religion. D. attend school. E. emergency medical care. Answer: B 11. Civil rights issues deal with whether or not certain classifications of people are treated equally by government. Which of the following group of individuals does NOT fall into this classification scheme? A. African Americans B. Women C. Gays D. Republicans E. All of the above fit the scheme. Answer: D 12. The basic right of citizenship was NOT given constitutional protection until _______________. A. 1868 B. 1820 C. 1955 D. 1979 E. 1900 Answer: A 13. What act authorized the president to detain and expel citizens of a country with whom we are at war? A. Enemy Alien Act of 1798 B. Sedition Act of 1900 C. Terrorism Act of 2004 D. Patriot Act of 2001 E. None of the above Answer: A 14. Which of the following is a factor that underlies inequality? A. Wealth B. Race C. Sexual orientation D. Gender E. All of the above Answer: E 15. Which of the following rights and privileges may be restricted in its application to aliens in the United States? A. Religion B. Welfare C. Emergency medical care D. All of the above E. None of the above Answer: B 16. As a result of the northern victory in the American Civil War, what amendments became part of the Constitution? A. Fourteenth and Fifteenth B. Tenth, Eleventh, and Fourteenth C. Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth D. Tenth and Eleventh E. All of the above Answer: C 17. During World War I (1914–1918), who began to migrate to northern cities to seek jobs in war factories? A. Women B. Chinese C. Mexicans D. African Americans E. Farmers Answer: D 18. What landmark ruling prohibited racially segregated public schools and subsequently struck down most of the devices that state and local authorities had used to keep African Americans from voting? A. Boumediene v. Bush B. Gitlow v. New York C. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka D. Romer v. Evans E. Griswold v. Connecticut Answer: C 19. Harry S. Truman and _________ used their executive authority to fight segregation in the armed services and the federal bureaucracy. A. John F. Kennedy B. Dwight D. Eisenhower C. Theodore Roosevelt D. Calvin Coolidge E. Herbert Hoover Answer: B 20. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated a doctrine of A. economic crisis. B. nonviolent resistance. C. armed resistance. D. violent demonstrations. E. just action of citizens. Answer: B 21. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus in the city of A. Atlanta, Georgia. B. Montgomery, Alabama. C. Baton Rouge, Louisiana. D. Washington, D.C. E. Memphis, Tennessee. Answer: B 22. Lyndon B. Johnson was crucial to the passage of the A. Civil Rights Act of 1964. B. Voting Rights Act of 1965. C. Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. D. Civil Rights Act of 1957. E. None of the above Answer: B 23. Which state was the first to give women the right to vote? A. New York B. California C. Wyoming D. Kansas E. Iowa Answer: C 24. Women won the right to vote with the ratification of what amendment? A. Sixteenth B. Thirteenth C. Nineteenth D. Fifteenth E. Fourteenth Answer: C 25. In 2001, what state became the first big state to have a white minority? A. Texas B. Nevada C. New Mexico D. California E. Louisiana Answer: D 26. The first Asians to come to the United States in significant numbers were A. Chinese. B. Japanese. C. Koreans. D. Vietnamese. E. A and B Answer: A 27. All of the following are true about Native Americans EXCEPT that A. there are about 2 million people who designate themselves as Native Americans in census figures. B. there is great diversity among and between Native American groups. C. about 90 percent of Native Americans live on reservations. D. states are precluded from taxing and regulating the tribes or extending state jurisdiction of their courts over the tribes unless authorized to do so by Congress. E. discrimination of Native Americans continued as government programs tried to assimilate them to American culture. Answer: C 28. Problems of Native Americans include all of the following EXCEPT A. alcoholism. B. lack of adequate health care facilities. C. poverty. D. diabetes. E. inability to vote in state and federal elections. Answer: E 29. In the 1930s, African Americans resorted to which of these strategies to secure their rights? A. Violence B. Litigation C. Public appeal D. Persuasion E. Prayer Answer: B 30. The civil rights movement produced which charismatic leader during the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott of 1955? A. James Baldwin B. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. C. Dick Gregory D. Jesse Jackson E. Malcolm X Answer: B 31. Half of all Hispanic Americans live in the two U.S. states of A. California and Texas. B. New York and Louisiana. C. Florida and New Mexico. D. Michigan and Arizona. E. California and Florida. Answer: A 32. During World War II, many citizens of which group were interned in prison camps? A. African Americans B. German Americans C. Jewish Americans D. Japanese Americans E. Native Americans Answer: D 33. A(n) ________ is a tract of land given to the Native American tribal nations by treaty. A. allotment B. reservation C. preserve D. forest preserve E. national park Answer: B 34. The term Asian American describes approximately _________ people from many different countries and ethnic backgrounds. A. 15 million B. 30 million C. 10 million D. 20 million E. 25 million Answer: C 35. The 1994 California proposition that proposed a ban on medical, educational, and social services to illegal immigrants was named A. Proposition 11. B. Proposition 13. C. Proposition 200. D. Proposition 187. E. Proposition 128. Answer: D 36. _____________ and Dwight D. Eisenhower used their executive authority to fight segregation in the armed services and the federal bureaucracy. A. John F. Kennedy B. Harry S. Truman C. Theodore Roosevelt D. Calvin Coolidge E. Herbert Hoover Answer: B 37. Which of the following events was NOT a key moment in the Civil Rights Movement that led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964? A. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was formed. B. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. organized a march on Washington, D.C. C. Rosa Parks refused to move to the back of the bus. D. Media coverage of nonviolent protests turned public opinion against civil rights. E. None of the above was a key moment. Answer: D 38. Which of the following is NOT true of members of the Hispanic population in the United States? A. Most speak only Spanish. B. They live primarily in California and Texas. C. Their political influence is not proportionate to their numbers. D. They have experienced discrimination in employment, housing, education, and access to public accommodations. E. None of the above. All are true of the Hispanic population in the United States. Answer: A 39. Overt discrimination against the Japanese in the early part of this century included A. exclusion from labor organizations. B. exclusion from neighborhood schools. C. laws that denied the Japanese the right to own land. D. None of the above E. All of the above Answer: E 40. Which president of the United States made civil rights legislation his highest priority? A. Dwight D. Eisenhower B. Lyndon B. Johnson C. Richard M. Nixon D. Gerald R. Ford E. Bill Clinton Answer: B 41. The famous “I Have a Dream” speech was delivered by which of the following civil rights activists? A. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. B. Ralph Abernathy C. Jesse Jackson D. Clarence Thomas E. Malcolm X Answer: A 42. Nearly one-third of Filipino Americans live in A. New York. B. Texas. C. California. D. Florida. E. Arizona. Answer: C 43. The equal protection clause that explictly forbids states from denying any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws is stated in what amendment? A. Sixteenth B. Thirteenth C. Nineteenth D. Fifteenth E. Fourteenth Answer: E 44. By interpretation, what amendment forbids the national government to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws? A. First B. Fifth C. Nineteenth D. Fifteenth E. Fourteenth Answer: B 45. The restraints of equal protection apply to A. private individuals as well as governments. B. actions of governments, not private individuals. C. to commercial activities of large corporations. D. actions of the federal government only. E. All of the above Answer: B 46. In which amendment is the due process clause found? A. Second B. Third C. Fourth D. Fifth E. First Answer: D 47. Which amendment prohibits state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law? A. Fourteenth B. Thirteenth C. Fourth D. Fifth E. First Answer: A 48. _____________ is a test applied by the court when a classification is based on race; the government must show that there is a compelling reason for the law and no other less restrictive way to meet the interest. A. Rational basis B. Strict scrutiny C. Heightened scrutiny D. Suspect class E. Legitimate basis Answer: B 49. Rational basis is a A. standard developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of a law; when applied, a law is constitutional as long as it meets a reasonable government interest. B. test that has been applied when a law classifies based on sex; to be upheld, the law must meet an important government interest. C. clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. D. clause in the Fifth Amendment prohibiting state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. E. test applied by the court when a classification is based on race; the government must show that there is a compelling reason for the law and no other less restrictive way to meet the interest. Answer: A 50. When it is believed that a law treats people differently because of their race, national origin, or religion, the courts treat the case under the test of A. rational basis. B. strict scrutiny. C. heightened scrutiny. D. suspect class. E. legitimate basis. Answer: B 51. Heightened scrutiny is a A. standard developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of a law; when applied, a law is constitutional as long as it meets a reasonable government interest. B. test that has been applied when a law classifies based on sex; to be upheld, the law must meet an important government interest. C. clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. D. clause in the Fifth Amendment prohibiting state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. E. test applied by the court when a classification is based on race; the government must show that there is a compelling reason for the law and no other less restrictive way to meet the interest. Answer: B 52. _____________ is a test that has been applied when a law classifies based on sex; to be upheld, the law must meet an important government interest. A. Rational basis B. Strict scrutiny C. Heightened scrutiny D. Suspect class E. Legitimate basis Answer: C 53. According to Table 16–2, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 A. makes it a federal crime to prevent persons from voting in federal elections. B. bars discrimination in employment or in public accommodations on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. C. authorizes the appointment of federal examiners to register voters in areas with a history of discrimination. D. prohibits job discrimination against workers or job applicants aged 40 through 65 and prohibits mandatory retirement. E. prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in the sale or rental of most housing. Answer: A 54. According to Table 16–2, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 A. makes it a federal crime to prevent persons from voting in federal elections. B. bars discrimination in employment or in public accommodations on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. C. authorizes the appointment of federal examiners to register voters in areas with a history of discrimination. D. prohibits job discrimination against workers or job applicants aged 40 through 65 and prohibits mandatory retirement. E. prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in the sale or rental of most housing. Answer: B 55. According to Table 16–2, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 A. makes it a federal crime to prevent persons from voting in federal elections. B. bars discrimination in employment or in public accommodations on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. C. authorizes the appointment of federal examiners to register voters in areas with a history of discrimination. D. prohibits job discrimination against workers or job applicants aged 40 through 65 and prohibits mandatory retirement. E. prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in the sale or rental of most housing. Answer: D 56. Fundamental rights refer to A. human rights. B. civil rights. C. protected rights. D. rights explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the Constitution. E. Both A and B Answer: D 57. Which particular amendment’s equal protection clause is only one of the legal bases for civil rights protections in the United States? A. Sixteenth B. Thirteenth C. Nineteenth D. Fifteenth E. Fourteenth Answer: E 58. Which standard was developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of a law that differentiates based on age? A. Rational basis test B. Due process test C. Equal protection test D. Strict scrutiny test E. Habeas corpus test Answer: A 59. Which one of the following is unconstitutional as an age classification? A. Driver licenses may not be issued to those under 16. B. Alcohol may not be sold to those persons under 21. C. A state policeman is retired at age 55. D. An applicant for a teaching position (age 57) is rejected on the basis of age. E. None of the above Answer: D 60. The heightened scrutiny test is applied to cases in which what kind of discrimination is alleged? A. Racial B. Age C. Sexual orientation D. Gender E. Religion Answer: D 61. Which of the following is NOT a guideline used by the Supreme Court to apply the equal protection clause to legislation? A. Separate but equal test B. Rational basis test C. Suspect classification test D. Strict scrutiny test E. Heightened scrutiny test Answer: A 62. Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE with regard to equal rights in the United States? A. Disadvantaged Americans have had to struggle for equal rights. B. In legal terms, Americans have attained equal protection under the law. C. Minorities in America only receive a small share of America’s opportunities. D. Minorities receive their fair share of opportunities in America. E. All of the above are correct. Answer: D 63. The equal protection clause only applies to the actions of A. political parties. B. individuals. C. governments. D. citizen groups. E. corporations. Answer: C 64. _____________ is a standard developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of certain laws. When applied, a law is constitutional as long as it meets a reasonable government interest. A. Rational basis B. Strict scrutiny C. Heightened scrutiny D. Suspect class E. Legitimate basis Answer: A 65. According to Table 16–2, the Fair Housing Act of 1968 A. makes it a federal crime to prevent persons from voting in federal elections. B. bars discrimination in employment or in public accommodations on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. C. authorizes the appointment of federal examiners to register voters in areas with a history of discrimination. D. prohibits job discrimination against workers or job applicants aged 40 through 65 and prohibits mandatory retirement. E. prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in the sale or rental of most housing. Answer: E 66. According to the Constitution, the _________ government(s) has (have) most of the power to regulate elections. A. national B. state C. local D. interstate E. national and local Answer: B 67. In what case did the Court deem white primaries unconstitutional? A. Smith v. Allwright B. Gitlow v. New York C. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka D. Romer v. Evans E. Griswold v. Connecticut Answer: A 68. In 1964, which amendment eliminated the poll tax? A. Nineteenth B. Twentieth C. Twenty-third D. Twenty-fourth E. Thirtieth Answer: D 69. Legislation designed and enacted in 1965 that was to ensure that no person would be deprived of the right to vote in any election for any office because of color or race was the A. Civil Rights Act. B. Voting Registration Act. C. Voting Rights Act. D. Election Reform Laws. E. Equal Rights Amendment. Answer: C 70. Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, age, sex, and handicap may A. be considered where occupational qualifications are absolutely necessary to the normal operation of a particular business. B. be considered when it involves veteran disabilities. C. not be considered when hiring or in promotions. D. be considered by private employers. E. None of the above Answer: A 71. Mechanisms to keep blacks from voting that are now illegal included A. literacy tests. B. poll taxes. C. white primaries. D. unfair registration requirements. E. All of the above Answer: E 72. In ______________, the Supreme Court endorsed the view that racial segregation did not constitute discrimination if equal accommodations were provided for the members of both races. A. Smith v. Allwright B. Plessy v. Ferguson C. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka D. Romer v. Evans E. Griswold v. Connecticut Answer: B 73. ______________ were state laws that were used throughout the South requiring public facilities and accommodations to be segregated by race. A. Separate-but-equal laws B. Equal-segregation laws C. Segregation reform laws D. Jim Crow laws E. Restrictive covenants Answer: D 74. The 1896 Supreme Court ruling that approved of “separate but equal” was A. Brown v. Board of Education. B. Plessy v. Ferguson. C. Roe v. Wade. D. Dred Scott. E. Lawrence v. Texas. Answer: B 75. _____________ is a provision in a deed to real property prohibiting its sale to a person of a particular race or religion. Judicial enforcement of such deeds is unconstitutional. A. Property rights B. Eminent domain C. Regulatory taking D. Restrictive covenant E. Prohibiting sales Answer: D 76. What court ruling determined that “separate but equal” is a contradiction in terms? A. Smith v. Allwright B. Plessy v. Ferguson C. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka D. Romer v. Evans E. Griswold v. Connecticut Answer: C 77. The Supreme Court has sustained the right of judges to order school districts to bus students to overcome racial imbalance if and only if it is to remedy the consequences of A. poor school performance by individual students. B. unequal school quality. C. de facto segregation. D. de jure segregation. E. Jim Crow laws. Answer: D 78. In what case did the Supreme Court rule the California plan unconstitutional because it created a quota—a set number of admissions from which whites were excluded solely because of race? A. University of California Regents v. Bakke B. Plessy v. Ferguson C. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka D. Romer v. California E. Griswold v. Connecticut Answer: A 79. In what ruling did the Court strike down the University of Michigan’s undergraduate admission policy as too mechanical and not narrowly tailored to give applicants “individualized consideration” as Bakke required? A. University of California Regents v. Bakke B. Grutter v. Bollinger C. Gratz v. Bollinger D. Romer v. California E. Griswold v. California Answer: C 80. In _____________, the Court ruled that the law school made “special efforts” to achieve racial and ethnic diversity; but unlike the undergraduate program, it did not use a point system based in part on race. A. University of California Regents v. Bakke B. Grutter v. Bollinger C. Gratz v. Bollinger D. Romer v. California E. Griswold v. California Answer: B 81. What California proposition amends the state constitution to forbid state agencies to discriminate against or grant preferential treatment to any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in public employment, public education, or public contracting, except where necessary to comply with a federal requirement? A. 100 B. 390 C. 325 D. 209 E. 106 Answer: D 82. ____________________ consists of programs developed to provide equal opportunities in areas such as employment and education to women, minorities, and members of traditionally disadvantaged groups. A. Affirmative action B. A system of quotas C. Reverse discrimination D. Equal opportunity E. None of the above Answer: A 83. In the 1990s, Supreme Court decisions regarding affirmative action A. outlawed it altogether. B. narrowed its application. C. supported unqualified use of the policy. D. allowed the strengthening of the quota system. E. All of the above Answer: B 84. Supporters call remedies to overcome the consequences of discrimination against minority populations A. affirmative action. B. reverse discrimination. C. equality of results. D. equality of opportunity. E. None of the above Answer: A 85. Opponents of affirmative action argue that the policy A. results in reverse discrimination against white males. B. soon becomes nothing more than a quota system, which violates the law. C. should only apply to individuals who are personally discriminated against. D. All of the above E. None of the above Answer: D 86. The economic situation of lower-income African Americans as compared to whites has A. improved greatly in terms of wages but not employment. B. improved greatly in terms of employment but not wages. C. not improved very much since the 1960s. D. improved in both the areas of wages and employment. E. None of the above Answer: C True/False Questions 1. Civil rights are rights of all people to be free from irrational discrimination such as that based on race, religion, gender, or ethnic origin. Answer: True 2. When we speak of rights of all people to dignity and worth we are referring to civil liberties. Answer: False 3. Civil rights are remedial actions designed to overcome the effects of discrimination against minorities and women. Answer: False 4. Expatriates are citizens that renounce their citizenship. Answer: True 5. Residence, as understood in the Fourteenth Amendment, means the place a person calls home. Answer: True 6. Most of our most important rights come from national citizenship. Answer: False 7. Equality of opportunity refers to the belief that there should be a level playing field for all individuals, and this can be achieved through the provision of federal assistance to the poor and disadvantaged. Answer: True 8. The Slaughter-House cases (1873) resulted in the decision that distinguished between the privileges of U.S. citizens and those of state citizens. Answer: True 9. During World War I blacks began migrating to northern cities to seek jobs in war factories. Answer: True 10. Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower used their executive authority to fight segregation in the armed services and the federal bureaucracy. Answer: True 11. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus in the city of Atlanta, Georgia. Answer: False 12. Lyndon B. Johnson was crucial in the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Answer: True 13. New York was the first state to allow women the right to vote. Answer: False 14. Women won the right to vote with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. Answer: True 15. In 2001 Texas became the first state to have a white minority. Answer: False 16. The term “Asian American” describes approximately 10 million people from many different countries and ethnic backgrounds. Answer: True 17. The first Asians to come to the United States were Japanese. Answer: False 18. Nearly one-third of Filipino Americans live in New York. Answer: False 19. Native Americans are NOT involved in politics because they lack proper schools and health care facilities, which leads to unhealthy lifestyles and early deaths. Answer: False 20. Women’s suffrage is the right of women to receive equal treatment in all areas of government. Answer: False 21. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used nonviolent civil disobedience as a key strategy in his efforts to secure civil rights for African Americans. Answer: True 22. One form of inequality common to states around the world is gender inequality. Answer: True 23. Korematsu v. United States resulted in the decision that overruled Abraham Lincoln’s use of military courts to try civilians. Answer: False 24. The state is only required to protect the rights that are outlined in its constitutional amendments. Answer: False 25. Strict scrutiny is a standard developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of a law; when applied, a law is constitutional as long as it meets a reasonable government interest. Answer: False 26. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 makes it a federal crime to prevent a person from voting in a federal election. Answer: True 27. Discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in the sale or rental of most housing is prohibited by the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Answer: True 28. Rights that are explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the government are often referred to as fundamental rights. Answer: True 29. The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment declares that no state shall “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Answer: True 30. The rule imposed by a restaurant to require jackets and ties for male customers does NOT violate the Constitution. Answer: True 31. Age is a suspect classification. Answer: False 32. In many southern states, literacy tests were used to discriminate against African Americans who wanted to vote. Answer: True 33. In Smith v. Allwright, the Supreme Court deemed white primaries unconstitutional. Answer: True 34. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court endorsed the view that racial segregation did NOT constitute discrimination if equal accommodations were provided for the members of both races. Answer: True 35. In Smith v. Allwright, it was ruled that “separate but equal” institutions did NOT violate the Constitution. Answer: False 36. California’s Proposition 209 amends the state constitution to forbid state agencies to discriminate against or grant preferential treatment to any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in public employment, public education, or public contracting, except where necessary to comply with a federal requirement. Answer: True 37. Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) reaffirmed Bakke on the permissibility of affirmative action programs. Answer: True 38. One of the strongest arguments against affirmative action comes from individuals who believe that affirmative action discriminates against white females. Answer: False 39. The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision encouraged the women’s movement to continue its struggle for civil rights. Answer: False 40. One of the most controversial debates surrounding affirmative action is whether the program promotes or denies equality. Answer: True 41. Affirmative action is designed to discourage help to people who have been disadvantaged because they belong to a certain group. Answer: False Short Answer Questions 1. Explain what affirmative action is. Answer: Affirmative action refers to policies designed to improve opportunities for historically marginalized groups in education and employment. 2. Explain naturalization and its two requirements. Answer: Naturalization is the process by which a foreign national becomes a U.S. citizen, requiring continuous residence and good moral character. 3. What is dual citizenship and the right of expatriation? Answer: Dual citizenship allows a person to be a citizen of two countries simultaneously; expatriation is the voluntary renunciation of citizenship. 4. What are natural rights and civil rights? Skill: Analysis Answer: Natural rights are inherent freedoms people have by virtue of being human; civil rights are protections and privileges granted by law to ensure equality. 5. Define women’s suffrage. What was the first major victory for the cause? Answer: Women’s suffrage is the right of women to vote; the first major victory was the 19th Amendment, granting this right in 1920. 6. What are some of the discriminations Hispanics have faced? Answer: Hispanics have faced discrimination such as unequal education, employment barriers, and racial profiling. 7. What are some of the discriminations Japanese Americans have faced? Answer: Japanese Americans faced discrimination such as internment during World War II and racial prejudice. 8. What are some of the injustices that Native Americans have had to deal with? Answer: Native Americans have endured injustices like forced relocation, broken treaties, and cultural suppression. 9. What is the due process clause and how does it help apply the equal protection clause to the national government? Answer: The due process clause ensures fair legal procedures; it applies the equal protection clause to the national government by incorporating protections. 10. Explain the heightened scrutiny test. Answer: The heightened scrutiny test evaluates laws that discriminate based on race or gender, requiring a strong justification. 11. What are fundamental rights? Provide an example. Answer: Fundamental rights are basic rights essential to freedom; an example is the right to privacy. 12. How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 alter laws concerning public accommodations? Answer: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination in public accommodations based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 13. Explain the rational test. Answer: The rational test evaluates if a law is rationally related to a legitimate government interest, used for less suspect classifications. 14. Explain the strict scrutiny test. Answer: The strict scrutiny test requires laws to serve a compelling government interest and be narrowly tailored, applied to racial and fundamental rights. 15. What are three ways in which African Americans were kept from voting? Explain each. Answer: African Americans were barred from voting through literacy tests, poll taxes, and voter intimidation. 16. What is the significance of the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson? Answer: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. 17. How did Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) change our understanding of segregation? Answer: Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned Plessy, declaring segregated schools unconstitutional, thus ending legal segregation. Essay Questions 1. Evaluate the rights of U.S. citizens and the rights of aliens. Answer: U.S. citizens enjoy broad constitutional protections, including the right to vote, run for office, and access federal benefits. They are also fully covered by all constitutional amendments and protections under the Bill of Rights. Aliens, while granted many basic rights such as due process and protection under laws, lack certain privileges like voting and holding federal office. Their rights can be more limited, especially in contexts like immigration and deportation proceedings. However, both citizens and aliens are protected from unjust treatment and discrimination under the Constitution. 2. How is citizenship acquired? What are at least five (5) requirements to become a U.S. citizen? What is dual citizenship? Answer: Citizenship can be acquired through birthright citizenship, where individuals born on U.S. soil or to U.S. citizen parents automatically become citizens. Naturalization is another method, requiring applicants to meet specific criteria. Five key requirements for naturalization include: 1. Permanent Residency: Must be a lawful permanent resident for at least 5 years (3 years if married to a U.S. citizen). 2. Continuous Residence: Must reside continuously in the U.S. during the application period. 3. Physical Presence: Must be physically present in the U.S. for at least half of the required residency period. 4. Good Moral Character: Must demonstrate good moral character. 5. English and Civics Test: Must pass tests on English language skills and U.S. government and history. Dual citizenship allows an individual to be a citizen of two countries simultaneously, holding citizenship rights and obligations in both. 3. Explain the Native American experience from the 1800s to the present. What are some of the inequalities that they have faced and are still facing? Answer: From the 1800s to the present, Native Americans have faced profound inequalities, including forced displacement, cultural suppression, and systemic discrimination. During the 19th century, policies like the Indian Removal Act led to the forced relocation of tribes from their ancestral lands. In the 20th century, assimilation policies, such as boarding schools, aimed to eradicate Native cultures. Today, Native Americans continue to face disparities in healthcare, education, and economic opportunities, with high rates of poverty and unemployment. Efforts for justice include legal battles for land rights and improved living conditions, but significant challenges remain. 4. Evaluate the state of racial equality from the 1830s to the 1930s. What role did the Supreme Court play? Answer: From the 1830s to the 1930s, racial equality in the U.S. was marked by significant struggles and setbacks. The Supreme Court played a pivotal role in reinforcing racial segregation and inequality. In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), the Court ruled that African Americans could not be citizens and had no standing to sue, reinforcing racial discrimination. During the Reconstruction era, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) institutionalized racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal." This ruling legitimized discriminatory practices and laws until the civil rights movements of the mid-20th century began to challenge these precedents. 5. Explain why the slow response to racial inequalities led to civil disobedience and court rulings that created legislation to combat these inequalities. Answer: The slow response to racial inequalities, due to entrenched discriminatory laws and societal attitudes, prompted civil disobedience as a means of protest and demand for change. Activists like Martin Luther King Jr. used nonviolent resistance to draw attention to injustices, leading to increased public pressure. This unrest and advocacy led to key court rulings and legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, aimed at dismantling segregation and ensuring equal rights. The combination of grassroots activism and legal reform helped to address the systemic inequities that had persisted for decades. 6. Explain what the term “Asian American” entails. What are some of the forms of discrimination faced by members of this ethnic group? Answer: The term "Asian American" encompasses individuals with origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent, including countries like China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and India. Discrimination faced by Asian Americans includes racial stereotyping, such as the model minority myth, which unfairly generalizes their success while ignoring diverse experiences. Additionally, they have experienced xenophobia and violence, particularly during times of geopolitical tension, such as the anti-Japanese sentiment during World War II and the increase in anti-Asian hate crimes during the COVID-19 pandemic. These challenges highlight the need for continued advocacy and awareness. 7. How do the equal protection clause and the due process clause give the right to equal protection? Do not forget to define what the equal protection clause and due process clause are. Answer: The Equal Protection Clause (14th Amendment) mandates that no state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws," ensuring that individuals are treated equally by the law and preventing discrimination. The Due Process Clause (14th Amendment) guarantees that no state shall deprive any person of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law," which includes fair procedures and substantive rights. Together, these clauses provide a constitutional foundation for ensuring equal protection by requiring fair treatment and prohibiting discriminatory practices, thus safeguarding individuals' rights to equality under the law. 8. What are the three tests the Supreme Court uses to decide what is constitutional and what is unconstitutional? Answer: The Supreme Court uses three main tests to determine constitutionality: 1. Rational Basis Test: Evaluates if a law is rationally related to a legitimate government interest. It is the lowest level of scrutiny and typically applies to economic and social regulations. 2. Intermediate Scrutiny: Used for cases involving gender and legitimacy. It requires the law to serve an important government interest and be substantially related to that interest. 3. Strict Scrutiny: Applied to cases involving fundamental rights or suspect classifications (like race). The law must serve a compelling government interest and be narrowly tailored to achieve that interest. 9. Explain the history of voting rights. How were blacks discriminated against? What where some of the methods used to obstruct them from voting? Answer: Voting Rights History: From the 19th to the mid-20th century, Black Americans faced extensive discrimination in voting. Methods used to obstruct them included: 1. Poll Taxes: Required payment to vote, disproportionately affecting Black voters who were often economically disadvantaged. 2. Literacy Tests: Designed to disqualify Black voters through complex and unfair questions. 3. Jim Crow Laws: Enforced segregation and disenfranchisement through various discriminatory practices. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was pivotal in addressing these injustices by prohibiting racial discrimination in voting and eliminating these obstructive practices. 10. What Supreme Court case declared white primaries unconstitutional? What other methods were struck down as a result of this case? What happened in 1965? Answer: The Supreme Court case Smith v. Allwright (1944) declared white primaries unconstitutional, as they excluded Black voters from participating in primary elections. This ruling struck down the practice of using white-only primaries as a means of disenfranchising Black voters. In 1965, the Voting Rights Act was enacted, further dismantling discriminatory practices such as literacy tests and poll taxes, and enforcing federal oversight to ensure voting rights for all citizens. 11. What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 address? What about housing? Answer: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, employment, and education. It also included provisions to combat segregation and discriminatory practices in housing, with Title VIII (the Fair Housing Act) prohibiting discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 12. Evaluate the struggle for integration in American school systems. Answer: The struggle for integration in American schools, notably highlighted by the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, aimed to dismantle racial segregation in public schools. Despite this landmark ruling, progress was slow due to resistance, and many schools continued to be segregated de facto. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and subsequent legislation aimed to enforce integration, but challenges like local opposition and socioeconomic disparities have persisted, impacting the effectiveness and uniformity of integration efforts. 13. What is the controversy with affirmative action? What do proponents and opponents of such policies argue? Why is it so important to have diversity? Answer: The controversy over affirmative action centers on its effectiveness and fairness. Proponents argue it promotes diversity, rectifies historical injustices, and provides equal opportunities to underrepresented groups. They believe it is crucial for addressing systemic inequalities and fostering a more inclusive society. Opponents argue that it can lead to reverse discrimination, undermine meritocracy, and create divisions. They believe it may not effectively address the root causes of inequality and might disadvantage equally or more qualified individuals. Diversity is important because it enriches perspectives, enhances creativity, and fosters social cohesion. 14. Why is civil rights legislation so important today? Answer: Civil rights legislation remains crucial today because it ensures protections against discrimination and promotes equality for all individuals regardless of race, gender, or other characteristics. It addresses systemic inequalities and helps to dismantle barriers that impede access to opportunities in education, employment, and public services. This legislation supports a more inclusive and just society by affirming the rights of marginalized groups. It also provides legal avenues for individuals to challenge and remedy injustices, reinforcing the principles of fairness and equal treatment under the law. Test Bank for Government by the People David B. Magleby, Paul C. Light, Christine L. Nemacheck 9780205073245, 9780134732831
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