Chapter 11 Gender and Sexuality True or False 1. In 2011 data on the mathematics part of the SAT Reasoning Test showed that men scored, on average, a bit higher than women. Answer: True 2. Evidence suggests that testosterone encourages some kinds of aggressive behavior. Answer: True 3. Changes in the social environment can change testosterone levels. Answer: True 4. Although biology plays a role, gender is socially constructed. Answer: True 5. More women than men participate in the care of infants because biologically based differences between men and women exclude the role that society plays in influencing behavior. Answer: False 6. The mass media is not considered an important agent of socialization. Answer: False 7. Gender differences do not vary among different societies. Answer: False 8. Socialization continues through adulthood. Answer: True 9. When people are aware that they are being watched, they adhere more closely to gender stereotypical behavior. Answer: True 10. Stereotypes tend to produce the very difference they claim is true. Answer: True 11. Men, in general, desire to appear masculine to others. Answer: True 12. Women, if they have reason to think that others doubt their femininity, redouble their efforts to engage in behavior culturally coded as feminine, because they desire to appear feminine. Answer: False 13. Gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation. Answer: True 14. Women's lives have changed dramatically during the past 50 years. Answer: True 15. Many families with a husband and wife are not dual-earner families. Answer: False 16. Since 1973, men's wages have not increased (adjusting for cost-of-living changes). Answer: True 17. More men than women now earn college degrees. Answer: False 18. When married men are not employed, couples divorce more often. Answer: True 19. In dual-earner couples, males and females equally share the household labor. Answer: False 20. American culture features a double standard of sexuality. Answer: True 21. A man who is considered a player often has a negative status among his male peers. Answer: False 22. The U.S. military dropped its ban on service by gay and lesbian soldiers in 2011. Answer: True 23. In hookups women less often experience orgasm than men. Answer: True 24. Since the 1960s, the average age at marriage has decreased. Answer: False 25. Single people have sex more than married people. Answer: False Multiple Choice 1. In 2011 data on the mathematics part of the SAT Reasoning Test indicated that __________. A. the differences in the mean scores of men and women on the test have been exaggerated B. the mean scores of women, for the first time, exceeded those of men C. the mean scores for women are higher at the centre of the distribution than the mean scores for men D. most men and women score at the extreme ends of the distribution Answer: A 2. In the United States, a majority of the country's politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the United States is best described as a(n) __________. A. oligarchy B. patriarchy C. matriarchy D. fraternal order Answer: B 3. Important agents of socialization include all of the following except __________. A. mass media B. parents C. peer groups D. stereotypes Answer: D 4. Male peer groups tend to ostracize boys who are not __________. A. stereotypically biased against gays B. stereotypically biased against girls C. stereotypically masculine enough D. stereotypically hypermasculine Answer: C 5. __________ refers to the impact that social forces have on the individual in terms of what it means to be male or female; __________ refers to how males and females differ in terms of anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones. A. Patriarchy; gender B. Gender; patriarchy C. Sex; gender D. Gender; sex Answer: D 6. A person's sex is a matter of __________. A. biology B. choice C. culture D. orientation Answer: A 7. Persons who are assigned one sex category at birth but feel strongly that they belong in the other sex category are referred to as __________. A. lesbians B. bisexuals C. transgendered D. intersexed Answer: C 8. __________ is a term sometimes applied to lesbian or heterosexual women who choose to challenge sex and gender categories by dressing conventionally male. A. Bi-curious B. Bisexual C. Transgender D. Transsexual Answer: C 9. Studies show that gender differences __________ over time. A. converge B. disappear C. remain constant D. vary Answer: D 10. Gender-stereotypical behavior is most likely to occur when people believe they are __________. A. being ignored B. being watched C. among strangers D. among their social superiors Answer: B 11. Research conducted by Willer et al. (2011) on the impact of stereotypes on gender identity indicated that __________. A. men who perceived themselves in feminine terms were not worried about societal pressures to appear otherwise B. women were very concerned about being perceived as feminine and would alter their behavior to appear overtly feminine when thought otherwise C. men desired to appear masculine and would alter their behavior to appear more masculine when told they were perceived as being somewhat feminine by others D. biology alone determines gender identity Answer: C 12. Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation offer proof that __________. A. biological influences have no impact on gender differences B. biological influences have minimal impact on gender differences C. social forces have no impact on gender differences D. social forces have an impact on some gender differences Answer: D 13. The percentage of women currently employed in the paid labor force is about __________. A. 60 percent B. 70 percent C. 80 percent D. 90 percent Answer: B 14. The percentage of men currently employed in the paid labor force is about __________. A. 60 percent B. 70 percent C. 80 percent D. 90 percent Answer: D 15. As demand for __________ grew, employment opportunities for women increased during the 1960s and 1970s. A. managers B. manufacturing workers C. service workers D. technicians Answer: C 16. Of all the changes in the lives of women over the last several decades, the biggest change has been a(n) __________. A. decrease in men's participation in the paid workforce B. increase of women's participation in the paid workforce C. shift in men's at-home responsibilities D. shift in women's at-home responsibilities Answer: B 17. Changes in the lives of women in the last 50 years reflect __________. A. decreases in men's employment and educational attainment B. increases in men's employment and educational attainment C. decreases in women's employment and educational attainment D. increases in women's employment and educational attainment Answer: D 18. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits hiring discrimination on the basis of __________. A. race and ethnicity B. race and sex C. race and age D. sex and income Answer: B 19. Since 2000, women's median annual earnings have been roughly __________ of men's median annual earnings. A. 55 percent B. 65 percent C. 75 percent D. 85 percent Answer: C 20. Of the following, which is the least plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men? A. Women have fewer years of experience than men, who are much less likely to step away from paying positions to care for children. B. Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower paying jobs. C. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 protects gaps in pay between men and women based on seniority and performance, but not on sex itself. D. Employers set lower pay rates in jobs filled mostly by women than in different jobs filled mostly by men requiring the same level of education. Answer: C 21. Since 1980, women's median annual income __________, in relation to the median annual income of men. A. has fallen B. has risen D. has stagnated D. has cycled through rather large ups and downs Answer: B 22. Why is it unlikely that couples can achieve work-family balance simply by choosing part-time work while rearing children? A. Part-time jobs typically pay substantially less per hour than full-time work. B. Too many men refuse to participate in child care, a traditionally female activity. C. Part-time employment too often requires a career change. D. Women who are able to support themselves are more apt to leave unhappy marriages. Answer: A 23. In the European Union, part-time workers earn __________ full-time workers performing the same job. A. slightly less pay than B. slightly more pay than C. substantially more pay than D. the same pay as Answer: D 24. The biggest change for men as a result of women's increased employment has been __________. A. that more men have started staying home B. that more men have started working part time C. that many men have gotten used to being part of a two-earner couple D. that a majority of men have started sharing household chores equally Answer: C 25. Between 1965 and 2000, married fathers increased their contribution to household work by __________ hours per week. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 30 Answer: A 26. Between 1965 and 2000, married mothers decreased their housework by __________ hours per week. A. 5 B. 15 C. 10 D. 20 Answer: B 27. Men have not entered female-dominated occupations in numbers similar to those of women who have moved into occupations traditionally dominated by men because __________. A. men are stigmatized by jobs thought of as feminine B. men are treated worse than women in female-dominated jobs C. men, unlike women, are seldom called to serve others D. men are not likely to be promoted over women in female-dominated occupations Answer: A 28. Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the underrepresentation of men in jobs as kindergarten teachers? A. Men are naturally less adept at taking care of young children. B. Occupational segregation remains rigidly in force across all occupations. C. Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations. D. Gender tracking in education discourages men's movement into teaching positions. Answer: C 29. Since 1973, earnings __________, when adjusted for cost of living. A. have slowly decreased for men at the top of the income scale B. have decreased for men at the bottom of the income scale C. have increased substantially for men at the middle of the income scale D. have stagnated for men at the bottom of the income scale Answer: B 30. When adjusted for cost-of-living increases, which of the following statements about the earnings of middle-class men is true? A. Since 1973, the wages for middle-class men have steadily increased. B. Since 1973, the wages for middle-class men have sharply declined. C. Since 1973, the wages for middle-class men have steadily declined. D. Since 1973, the wages for middle-class men have remained essentially unchanged. Answer: D 31. Sexual attraction and behavior are shaped by __________. A. biology B. social construction C. both biology and social construction D. neither biology nor social construction Answer: C 32. We use the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual to refer to an individual's __________. A. gender B. sex-specific hormones C. sexual orientation D. social identity Answer: C 33. Sex researcher Alfred Kinsey suggested that there is a __________ in sexual behavior, from homosexual to heterosexual. A. genetic basis B. biological basis C. strict dichotomy D. continuum Answer: D 34. Research pertaining to genetics and homosexuality found that, among identical twins, when one twin is homosexual, the other is __________. A. always also gay B. never also gay C. also gay, most of the time D. not gay, most of the time Answer: D 35. Evolutionary theories explain differences in sexual behavior in terms of __________. A. socialization B. peer pressure C. gender norms D. genetics Answer: D 36. Why are women more likely than men to avoid casual sex, according to sociologists? A. Women are more concerned about contracting sexually transmitted diseases. B. Women are more concerned about damage to their reputations. C. Women are less concerned about their own sexual satisfaction. D. Women are less concerned about increasing their number of offspring. Answer: B 37. The term sexual minority refers to anyone who is not __________. A. gay B. heterosexual C. bisexual D. lesbian Answer: B 38. Advertisements that portray romantic couples with images of one man and one woman convey __________ messages about sexual orientation. A. homonormative B. heteronormative D. homophobic D. gender normative Answer: B 39. Discrimination based on __________ is not prohibited by U.S. federal law. A. national origin B. race C. religion D. sexual orientation Answer: D 40. According to surveys, __________ of sexual minorities have been verbally harassed because of their sexual orientation. A. 20 percent B. 40 percent C. 60 percent D. 80 percent Answer: D 41. __________ are terms used to describe bias directed at persons because of their sexual orientation. A. Heterosexism and heteronormativity B. Heterosexism and homophobia C. Homophobia and homosexism D. Homophobia and heteronormativity Answer: B 42. The gay rights movement got its start __________. A. In the 1960s in Boston and Los Angeles B. In the 1970s in Boston and Los Angeles C. In the 1960s in New York City and San Francisco D. In the 1970s in New York City and San Francisco Answer: C 43. Which of the following is the principal reason why Queer Nation was formed? A. to focus on the incidence of HIV among gay people B. to influence legislation pertaining to gay rights C. to highlight the concerns of nonheterosexual people of color D. to form a political alliance with feminists Answer: C 44. Some sexual minorities prefer the umbrella term queer to other terms, such as nonheterosexual person of colour, lesbian, or bisexual, because __________. A. they do not like to be pigeonholed into categories B. the word queer is viewed favourably by the general population C. the word queer is used by most federal-level institutions to identify sexual minorities D. the word queer distinguishes them from other minorities Answer: A 45. The letters T and Q in the acronym LGBTQ stand for __________. A. Transgender and Queer B. Transgender and Questioning C. Transsexual and Questioning D. Transsexual and Queer Answer: B 46. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was adopted by Congress in ________. A. 2006 B. 2001 C. 1996 D. 1990 Answer: C 47. Which of the following statements about the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is true? A. Married same-sex couples have the same rights as married male-female couples, regardless of state laws. B. Married same-sex couples have the same rights as married male-female couples only in the states where their marriages took place. C. Married same-sex couples have no right to pass property from one to the other upon death without paying federal estate tax. D. Married same-sex couples have the right to pass property from one to the other upon death without paying federal estate tax. Answer: C 48. __________ was the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage. A. Massachusetts B. Hawaii C. California D. New York Answer: A 49. __________ was the first country to allow same-sex marriage. A. Denmark B. France C. Norway D. The Netherlands Answer: D 50. Which of the following countries does not allow same-sex marriage? A. Argentina B. Belgium C. Mexico D. South Africa Answer: C 51. Same-sex marriage was legal in the state of __________ from June to November of 2008, when voters passed Proposition 8 prohibiting it. A. Vermont B. Massachusetts C. Texas D. California Answer: D 52. The proportion of Americans having sex before marriage is __________. A. about one in four B. about one in two C. about three in four D. above 90 percent Answer: D 53. Studies show that evangelical and fundamentalist Christians __________. A. are more likely than youth from other faith traditions to wait until marriage to have sex B. are not more likely than youth from other faith traditions to wait until marriage to have sex C. start having sex later than youth from other faith traditions D. start having sex earlier than youth from other faith traditions Answer: B 54. In a study of attitudes of parents regarding their 16-year-old children's sexual behavior, almost all __________ parents thought that sex was a natural and appropriate progression of a relationship. A. Dutch B. American C. Protestant D. single Answer: A 55. According to an online survey conducted in 2010 by researcher Paula England, __________ of college students had intercourse on their most recent hookup. A. 10 percent B. 20 percent C. 40 percent D 80 percent Answer: C 56. In the 1960s, it was more possible for young adults to have sex and delay marriage until after college without fear of pregnancy thanks to __________. A. changing social norms B. the feminist movement C. the availability of the birth control pill D. the elimination of sexual double standards Answer: C 57. Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that surprisingly few gender expectations have changed in the romantic and sexual realm despite women's growing economic equality with men? A. Men are much more likely to initiate sex than women. B. Women are much more likely than men to orgasm with first-time partners. C. Women ask men out on dates only slightly less often than men ask women. D. Women who retain their birth-given names at marriage are in the majority. Answer: A 58. The gender gap in orgasm is narrowest in __________. A. one-time casual hookups B. in the second or third hookup with the same partner C. in the third or fourth hookup with the same partner D. in relationships of six or more months Answer: D 59. Which of the following statements about gender equality is true? A. While sex before marriage has become less acceptable, the behavior of men and women continues to follow gendered expectations. B. While sex before marriage has become less acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed dramatically in terms of gendered expectations. C. While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed dramatically in terms of gendered expectations. D. While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed very little in terms of gendered expectations. Answer: D 60. Since the 1960s, the average age at marriage has __________. A. fallen B. risen C. remained constant D. risen and fallen with increases and decreases in the unemployment rate Answer: B 61. Researchers attribute the incidence of births outside of marriage among individuals with lower levels of income and education to __________. A. inconsistent use of birth control B. promiscuity C. religious censure D. ethnic differences Answer: A 62. The highest rate of births outside of marriage occurs among __________. A. lower-income men and women who do not finish college B. middle-income men and women who do not finish college C. college-educated men and women from lower-income families D. college-educated men and women from middle-income families Answer: A 63. Which of the following is not a plausible explanation for the increase in the typical number of sexual partners among the generation of Americans under 45? A. earlier first intercourse B. later first marriage C. higher rates of divorce and remarriage D. lower incidence of sex before marriage Answer: D 64. According to researchers Michael et al. (1994), __________ was seen as more appealing to members of the younger generation than to people of other generations. A. oral sex B. intercourse C. fondling D. kissing Answer: A 65. Most married people, when asked, say they have sex __________. A. every day B. a few times a week C. a few times a month D. a few times a year Answer: C Scenario Multiple Choice 1. When Ashley's parents drop her off at school, she immediately goes to the bathroom and applies makeup. In this scenario, the agent of socialization impacting her immediate behavior is __________. A. her parents B. the school C. her female peers D. the mass media Answer: C 2. Joseph was born a biological male. He always felt that he was supposed to be female and eventually had surgery to correct his perceived incorrect assignment. Joseph now lives as Josephine. Josephine is an example of a __________. A. lesbian B. bisexual C. transgendered individual D. homosexual Answer: C 3. Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure __________. A. occupational sex segregation B. the double standard of sexuality C. heteronormativity D. social construction of gender Answer: A 4. Kendra is an introductory sociology student. For a class project, she decides to study messages in the mass media. She notices that there are very few role models for young gays and lesbians. Kendra concludes that the messages in the media reflect __________. A. homophobia B. heteronormativity C. heterosexism D. a double standard of sexuality Answer: B 5. Tom has been casually dating several women for the past year. He has been described as a "player" by his friends. Rosa, on the other hand, has been criticized for dating several men at the same time. This scenario is indicative of __________. A. a double standard of sexuality B. changing sexual norms C. heterosexism D. heteronormativity Answer: A 6. Marcus has been ridiculed and harassed at school for being gay. His classmates shun his company and he has been the victim of numerous threats. Marcus is fearful for his life. He is the victim of __________. A. heteronormativity B. a double standard of sexuality C. homophobia D. stereotyping Answer: C 7. After dating exclusively for four years, George and Michael would like to get married. In 2012, they would be able to marry in all of the following places except for __________. A. Norway B. the Netherlands C. Massachusetts D. California Answer: D 8. Ben is interested in conducting research that looks at the sexual behavior of unmarried adults. He wants to utilize surveys that come from a sample with responses that are representative of the U.S. population. Ben is likely to use which research strategy? A. probability samples B. random-assignment experiments C. participant observation D. content analysis Answer: A 9. Carrie and Steven plan to marry next summer and decide to move in together until the wedding. Carrie and Steven are engaging in what sociologists refer to as __________. A. a hookup B. cohabitation C. hanging out D. getting together Answer: B 10. Mary has a very busy life. As a result, she prefers casual sexual liaisons with no expectation of a relationship to ensue. To Mary, __________ is ideal. A. a romance scripted by gender B. a hookup C. cohabitation D. a passionate attachment Answer: B Short Answer 1. What does it mean to define a gender system as patriarchal? Answer: Gender systems in which men have more power than women in politics, the economy, and the family are patriarchal. 2. What do sociologists mean when they refer to the social construction of gender? Answer: The entire system of social processes that create and sustain gender differences and gender inequality is often referred to as the social construction of gender. 3. How have parents' socialization practices changed over time? Answer: Parents' socialization practices have changed in that girls are now encouraged to take part in a broader range of activities, including playing sports. 4. What is the difference between sex and gender? Answer: A person's sex is based on his or her biological (physical) characteristics. Gender is based on social constructs—what members of society define as masculine or feminine. How we define gender impacts social interactions, typical family roles, and even the types of jobs we pursue. 5. What is a random-assignment experiment? Answer: In a random-assignment experiment, researchers randomly assign subjects who agree to participate in the experiment into one of two groups. If the process of assigning subjects to groups is truly random, each group should be equivalent and, therefore, suitable for observing differences between the groups after the treatment or experiment is applied. 6. How does the social pressure of being watched influence gender-stereotypical behavior? Provide an example. Answer: Research shows that gender-stereotypical behavior is more likely to happen when people believe that they are being watched. Of course, people are being watched by others a good deal of the time, suggesting that some of the observed behavior of men and women results from trying to satisfy others' expectations. Stereotypes also affect the confidence and performance of the group subjected to the stereotype. For example, in the study of Spencer, Steele, and Quinn described in the book, when males and females were told that males tend to perform better on math exams, the women had a tendency to evaluate their performance on the exams lower than men did. 7. What are stereotypes? Answer: Stereotypes are beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated. When these beliefs are then applied to individual members of the stereotyped group, they may be absolutely untrue and viciously damaging. 8. Give two reasons why women's participation in the labor force increased dramatically between 1960 and 1990. Answer: As wages increased in the 1960s and 1970s, many women entered the workplace to pursue the economic opportunities that higher wages presented. At the same time, the demand for service work increased, which created more jobs for women. 9. When a married father of two young children decides to become a stay-at-home dad, how are his male peers most likely react? Answer: When men take on traditionally feminine roles, they may experience social stigmas. Men are stigmatized more for taking on traditionally female occupations than are women who enter male dominated occupations. There still exists a strong norm that suggests men should be breadwinners, and stay-at-home dads are likely to be judged accordingly. 10. Describe what is meant by the double standard of sexuality. Answer: The double standard of sexuality means that there are different expectations for men and women regarding their sexual conduct. A man who dates a lot of women may be viewed as a "player" or a "stud," whereas a woman who dates a lot of men may be viewed as promiscuous or a "slut." 11. Identify and briefly describe an example of a sexual minority. Answer: A sexual minority is anyone who is not heterosexual. A gay man is an example of a sexual minority. 12. What is heteronormativity? Answer: Heteronormativity refers to the prevalence of cultural messages that presume that everyone is heterosexual. Movies overwhelmingly portray heterosexual couples, reinforcing assumptions, at least on some levels, that heterosexuality is normal and that homosexuality is not. 13. What does DOMA stand for and what does it mean? Answer: DOMA stands for the Defense of Marriage Act. DOMA defined marriage as the legal union between one man and one woman. Under DOMA lesbian and gay couples do not have the same rights as married heterosexual couples (e.g., they cannot pass property to one another), because states can refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states. 14. Briefly summarize how religious views influence the age at which people start having sex. Answer: Research indicates that religious youths, from any denomination or faith tradition, not just youths from conservative faiths who take virginity pledges, tend to have sex later than nonreligious youths. 15. Briefly summarize the advantages and disadvantages of hooking up. Answer: There are advantages and disadvantages to hooking up. For example, a person who does not seek any emotional complications may appreciate hookups. Hookups also allow people to gain sexual gratification. The disadvantage is some people may form attachments and may feel used if their partner does not reciprocate. Essay 1. What is socialization? Discuss how it is different for males and females. Answer: Socialization refers to how members of society are taught its norms and practices. There are numerous agents of socialization, such as parents, school, peers, and mass media. Boys and girls each receive messages from these agents of socialization that encourage or discourage certain types of behavior. For example, a boy may be discouraged from playing with dolls. He may receive these messages from his parents and from school peers. Girls, on the other hand, may be encouraged to play with dolls and engage in nurturing behavior. 2. Identify the three agents of socialization discussed in the chapter and discuss their impact on men and women. Answer: Parents are agents of socialization. Parents may dress boys and girls differently and may encourage them to play with gender-stereotypical toys, such as dolls for girls and model race cars for boys. Peer groups are agents of socialization. A crying boy may be called girly by his peers in order to discourage this behavior. A girl may be encouraged by her peer group to engage in overtly feminine behavior, such as wearing makeup. Mass media is an agent of socialization. Males are seen in positions of power in films, on television, and in popular fiction. Females are much more likely to be portrayed as engaging in housework and to be young, thin, and conventionally pretty. 3. What is meant by the term gender revolution? What is its impact on males versus females? Answer: The gender revolution refers to the ways in which females have taken on activities and roles that were once limited to males. Girls are on sports teams, work in traditionally male-dominated careers, are elected to political offices, and earn college degrees. Women spend less time doing housework and married men have slightly increased the amount of time that they contribute to household chores. Men's wages have not increased (when adjusted for the cost of living) nor have they moved into female-dominated occupations in significant numbers. Men's wages have decreased in jobs where only a high-school diploma is needed to do the work. 4. What is occupational sex segregation and how does it influence people's choice of employment? Answer: Occupational sex segregation looks at the percentages of workers in a job that are male and female. The occupational sex segregation index is an indication of how segregated or how integrated a job may be. A job that has an index of one is completely segregated (either completely male or completely female). A job that earns a rank of one hundred is completely integrated. Despite some integration, as many women, typically those with college degrees, have entered traditionally male fields of employment, many jobs remain rather segregated by sex. Socialization still urges men and women toward different careers, and hiring discrimination, despite legislation, still exists. 5. Describe what is meant by the term gender pay gap. Answer: The gender pay gap indicates the disparity in pay between men and women performing similar work. Some of the evidence for the disparity indicates that women may experience discrimination in pay and opportunity because they are mothers. In a study, fake resumes were sent out. Resumes that indicated PTA membership or any affiliation that might be associated with being a mother were not considered. There was no such fatherhood penalty for men's resumes. Although the pay gap has narrowed, women still earn approximately 25 percent less than men, on average. 6. Analyse and describe ways in which men’s lives have been affected by the gender revolution. Answer: Since the 1970s, married men have been spending significantly more time with their children and doing a bit more housework. Many more married men have adapted to having a wife who works outside of the home, and men in general have grown accustomed to working alongside women and competing with women for jobs and opportunities. However, the large changes in gender roles of the last 50 years have moved men into what had been female realms much less than they have moved women into previously male-dominated activities. It has been less appealing for men to enter traditionally female activities such as child care, homemaking, and female occupations because they often pay less than traditionally male occupations, if at all, and such moves are much more stigmatized than women taking on male roles. 7. Describe the purpose of LGBTQ student organizations. Answer: LGBTQ student organizations provide safe havens for students who would otherwise feel that they are alone. They offer opportunities for making connections with other students with whom they share common bonds. These organizations may also serve to educate others about issues in the LGBTQ community through film series, guest-speaker appearances, and similar programs. 8. Compare and contrast how American and Dutch parents differ in their attitudes and beliefs regarding the sexual activity of their sixteen-year-old children. Answer: In a study comparing the attitudes of American and Dutch parents, some significant differences emerged. Parents were asked how they felt about their son or daughter having their boyfriend or girlfriend spend the night in their home. American parents vehemently opposed their child having sex and dismissed the possibility that their child could be engaging in sex with a loving, committed partner at the age of 16. To them, teen sex was little more than a way for youths to release hormonal urges. Dutch parents saw sex as a natural progression in a relationship. They stated that they preferred that their children, if sexually active, be at home, in a safe, comfortable environment. Dutch parents wanted their children to be aware of sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. 9. Compare and evaluate the sexual scripts of traditional dating and of hooking up. Answer: In traditional dating, one observes that the male pursues the female. Males may be expected to make plans and pay for the date. In hooking up, males and females may engage in sexual activity without any plans to establish longer-term relationships. 10. Discuss whether or not most sociologists currently believe that the changes in the system of gender and sexuality are unidirectional and continuous. Answer: Recent research has made clear that change in these matters does not go in only the direction of more permissiveness in sexual matters and more and more equality between men and women. Some changes have plateaued or even reversed. We've seen that many forms of gender-equalizing change— declining segregation of occupations, reduction of the sex gap in pay, and egalitarian attitudes— moved most dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s, with slow-downs or reversals since 1990. In the sexual arena, intercourse among teens became more common, but then the trend reversed more recently. Test Bank for The Sociology Project : Introducing the Sociological Imagination Jeff Manza, Richard Arum, Lynne Haney 9780205949601, 9780205093823, 9780133792249
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