Chapter 11 Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 1) Interface design focuses on how information is provided to and captured from users. Answer: True 2) The participatory design approach is the most widely used approach for designing interfaces and dialogues. Answer: False 3) The major deliverable from system interface and dialogue design is user acceptance testing results. Answer: False 4) Display sequence refers to the way a user can move from one display to another. Answer: False 5) A conversation is a method by which users interact with information systems. Answer: False 6) Command language interaction refers to a human-computer interaction method where a list of system options is provided and a specific command is invoked by user selection of a menu option. Answer: False 7) The variations in menu design are often related to the capabilities of the development environment, the skills of the developer, and the size and complexity of the system. Answer: True 8) A pop-up menu is a menu positioning method that places a menu near the current cursor position. Answer: True 9) A linear menu is a menu positioning method that places the access point of the menu near the top line of the display. Answer: False 10) One guideline for menu design is making sure that command verbs clearly and specifically describe operations. Answer: True 11) Context-sensitive interaction is a highly intuitive human-computer interaction method whereby data fields are formatted in a manner similar to paper-based forms. Answer: False 12) Object-based interaction is the most commonly used method for data entry and retrieval in business-based systems. Answer: False 13) Menus are the most common method for implementing object-based interaction. Answer: False 14) The most fundamental and widely used interaction device is the keyboard. Answer: True 15) The selection of devices users will use for interaction is made during implementation. Answer: False 16) A trackball is a small vertical lever mounted on a base that steers the cursor on a computer display. Answer: False 17) When using a touch screen, usability problems may occur in the areas of visual blocking, user fatigue and movement scaling. Answer: False 18) When using a light pen, usability problems may occur in the areas of movement scaling, durability, and adequate feedback. Answer: False 19) When using a mouse, usability problems may occur in the areas of movement scaling and adequate feedback. Answer: True 20) When comparing input devices, a mouse is the most accurate for text selection. Answer: True 21) When comparing input devices, a touch screen is the most preferred for data entry. Answer: False 22) Data entry displays should be consistently formatted across applications to speed data entry and reduce errors. Answer: True 23) Referencing interface layout guidelines, the standard screen navigation that users use to move between fields should be from left-to-right and top-to-bottom. Answer: True 24) Referencing interface layout guidelines, data fields should be grouped into logical categories with labels describing the contents of the category. Answer: True 25) Referencing interface layout guidelines, users should not be able to access areas of the screen not used for data entry or commands. Answer: True 26) When designing the navigation procedures within a system, the primary concerns are dialogue flow and the instructional features. Answer: False 27) Referencing interface layout guidelines, data should not be permanently saved by the system until the user makes an explicit request to do so. Answer: True 28) Functional capabilities for providing smooth and easy navigation within a form include cursor-control, editing, exit, and help capabilities. Answer: True 29) When structuring data entry, users should be required to enter the current date and time. Answer: False 30) When structuring data entry fields, captions are not always necessary. Answer: False 31) When structuring data entry fields, the system should automatically justify data entries. Answer: True 32) When an appending data error has occurred, characters have been lost from the field. Answer: False 33) When a transcripting data error occurs, additional characters have been added to a field. Answer: False 34) The values validation test makes sure that values come from a standard set of values. Answer: True 35) The size validation test checks for too few or too many characters. Answer: True 36) The range validation test makes sure that data are reasonable for a situation. Answer: False 37) A reasonableness validation test checks to see if a social security number is exactly nine digits. Answer: False 38) An expected values validation test checks to see if there is a quantity field on each line item of a customer order. Answer: False 39) An audit trail is a record of the sequence of data entries and the date of those entries. Answer: True 40) System feedback provides status information, prompting cues, and error or warning messages. Answer: True 41) Error messages should appear in roughly the same format and placement each time. Answer: True 42) When designing usable help, use lists to break information into manageable pieces. Answer: True 43) Conversation refers to the sequence of interaction between a user and a system. Answer: False 44) Transition diagramming is a formal method for designing and representing human-computer dialogues using box and line diagrams. Answer: False 45) Building dialogue prototypes and assessing usability are often optional activities. Answer: True 46) When designing interfaces for Internet-based electronic commerce applications, the lack of maturity of Web scripting and programming languages and the limitations in commonly used Web GUI component libraries create problems for interface designers. Answer: True 47) Placing a menu in the same location on every Web page helps customers to more quickly become familiar with a Web site and more rapidly navigate through the site. Answer: True 48) When designing the interface and dialogues of Web sites, complex URLs, orphan pages, and lack of navigation support are common errors. Answer: True 49) Web tabbing is a technique for showing users where they are in a Web site by placing a series of "tabs" on a Web page that shows the users where they are and where they have been. Answer: False 50) Cookie crumbs allow users to navigate to a point previously visited and will assure that they are not lost. Answer: True 51) Interface design focuses on: A) how information is provided and captured from users B) the design of forms and reports C) the logical design of system files and databases D) turning design specifications into working computer code Answer: A 52) The deliverable and outcome from system interface and dialogue design is: A) structured descriptions and diagrams that outline the logic contained within each DFD process B) the creation of a design specification C) an updated baseline project plan that details the work necessary to turn the selected design strategy into the desired replacement information system D) a set of coherent, interrelated data flow diagrams Answer: B 53) A method by which users interact with information systems defines: A) dialogue B) discussion C) interface D) session Answer: C 54) A human-computer interaction method where explicit statements are entered into a system to invoke operations refers to: A) command language interaction B) natural language interaction C) machine language interaction D) object-based interaction Answer: A 55) A human-computer interaction method where a list of system options is provided and a specific command is invoked by user selection of a menu option is: A) natural language interaction B) menu interaction C) form interaction D) object-based interaction Answer: B 56) The most widely used interface method is: A) object-based interaction B) natural language interaction C) menu interaction D) command language interaction Answer: C 57) The variation of menu design is most often related to: A) the capabilities of the development environment B) the skills of the developer C) the size and complexity of the system D) all of the above Answer: D 58) The menu positioning method that places a menu near the current cursor position is the: A) pop-up menu B) drop-down menu C) box menu D) cursor menu Answer: A 59) This type of menu positioning method places the access point of the menu near the top line of the display; when accessed, menus open by dropping down onto the display. A) pop-up menu B) drop-down menu C) box menu D) cursor menu Answer: B 60) Which of the following is not a menu design guideline? A) Command verbs should clearly and specifically describe operations. B) Menu items should be displayed in all upper-case letters and have a clear, unambiguous interpretation. C) A consistent organizing principle should be used that relates to the tasks the intended users perform. D) The number of menu choices should not exceed the length of the screen. Answer: B 61) Grouping related options together and requiring the same option to have the same wording and codes each time it appears refers to the: A) wording guideline for menu design B) selection guideline for menu design C) organization guideline for menu design D) highlighting guideline for menu design Answer: C 62) The premise of allowing users to "fill in the blanks" when working with a system refers to: A) form interaction B) fill-in-the-blank interaction C) field entry interaction D) command language interaction Answer: A 63) An effectively designed form: A) minimizes the need to scroll windows B) provides default values when practical C) displays data in appropriate field lengths D) does all of the above Answer: D 64) The most commonly used method for data entry and retrieval in business-based systems is: A) object-based interaction B) command language interaction C) form interaction D) menu interaction Answer: C 65) A highly intuitive human-computer interaction method where data fields are formatted in a manner similar to paper-based forms defines: A) form interaction B) menu interaction C) object-based interaction D) command language interaction Answer: A 66) A human-computer interaction method where symbols are used to represent commands or functions defines: A) form interaction B) menu interaction C) object-based interaction D) command language interaction Answer: C 67) An icon is: A) a small vertical lever mounted on a base that steers the cursor on a computer display B) a graphical picture that reflects specific functions within a system C) a button on the mouse that tells the system when an item is selected D) a sphere mounted on a fixed base that steers the cursor on a computer display Answer: B 68) Which of the following methods is the least viable interaction style? A) form interaction B) natural language interaction C) command language interaction D) object-based interaction Answer: B 69) A human-computer interaction method where inputs to and outputs from a computer-based application are in a conventional spoken language such as English refers to: A) natural language interaction B) command language interaction C) native language interaction D) assembly language interaction Answer: A 70) The selection of devices that the users will use for interaction is made during: A) analysis B) implementation C) design D) initiation and planning Answer: C 71) The most fundamental and widely used hardware device used to support system interaction is the: A) mouse B) trackball C) keyboard D) light pen Answer: C 72) A sphere mounted on a fixed base that steers the cursor on a computer display is a: A) trackball B) mouse C) light pen D) joystick Answer: A 73) Potentially high usability problems for some applications exist for keyboards in all of the following areas except: A) adequate feedback B) speed C) movement scaling D) visual blocking Answer: D 74) Little or no usability problems exist for light pens in all of the following areas except: A) movement scaling B) pointing accuracy C) durability D) speed Answer: B 75) The most preferred input device for text correction is the: A) mouse B) keyboard C) trackball D) light pen Answer: D 76) The input device that is most accurate for text selection is the: A) mouse B) keyboard C) trackball D) light pen Answer: A 77) When designing the navigation procedures within your system, the primary concerns are: A) the design of between-field navigation and the ability to provide feedback B) grouping data fields into logical categories and assigning group labels C) flexibility and consistency D) accuracy and reliability Answer: C 78) Which of the following functional requirements are required for providing smooth and easy navigation within a form? A) cursor control capabilities B) editing capabilities C) exit capabilities D) all of the above Answer: D 79) Which of the following is not a rule for structuring data entry fields? A) Never require the user to enter information that is already available within the system. B) Users should not be required to enter information that can be easily computed by the system. C) Require users to specify the dimensional units of a particular value. D) All data entered onto a screen should automatically justify in a standard format. Answer: C 80) Movement to another screen requires the functional requirement of: A) cursor control capabilities B) editing capabilities C) exit capabilities D) help capabilities Answer: C 81) Which of the following is not a rule for structuring data entry fields? A) Never require data that is already on-line or that can be computed. B) Always provide default values when appropriate. C) Never justify data entries. D) Always place a caption adjacent to fields. Answer: C 82) Reversing the sequence of one or more characters in a field is called: A) transposing B) transcripting C) appending D) truncating Answer: A 83) Entering invalid data into a field describes: A) transposing B) transcripting C) appending D) truncating Answer: B 84) Testing to assure that data is of proper type is the purpose of the: A) expected values validation test B) range validation test C) class or composition validation test D) values validation test Answer: C 85) Testing to assure that data conforms to a standard format is the purpose of the: A) missing data validation test B) pictures templates validation test C) reasonableness validation test D) size validation test Answer: B 86) "Please wait while I open the file" is an example of: A) status information B) a remark C) a warning message D) a prompting cue Answer: A 87) Using lists to break information into manageable pieces conforms to the SOS guideline of: A) shortcuts B) organize C) simplicity D) show Answer: B 88) The ability to provide field-level help is often referred to as: A) context-sensitive help B) screen-level help C) systems-level help D) application-level help Answer: A 89) The sequence of interaction between a user and a system refers to: A) interface B) discussion C) dialogue D) session Answer: C 90) The three major steps for designing dialogues include each of the following except: A) assessing usability B) designing the dialogue sequence C) building a prototype D) implementing the dialogue Answer: D 91) All dialogue design rules are mitigated by the: A) feedback guideline B) consistency guideline C) ease guideline D) control guideline Answer: B 92) The guideline specifying that dialogues be logically grouped and have a beginning, middle, and end is: A) closure B) shortcuts and sequence C) consistency D) control Answer: A 93) The guideline specifying that dialogues be simple for users to enter information and navigate between screens is: A) navigation B) ease C) shortcuts and sequence D) reversal Answer: B 94) The technique where users must confirm their intention twice before being allowed to proceed is called: A) double-confirmation B) double-checking C) replacement confirmation D) validity confirmation Answer: A 95) A formal method for designing and representing human-computer dialogues using box and line diagrams is referred to as: A) interface design B) dialogue diagramming C) state-transition diagramming D) entity-relationship diagramming Answer: B 96) The first step to becoming an effective GUI designer requires: A) being able to program competently using a third-generation language B) becoming an expert user of the GUI environment C) understanding the available resources and how they can be used D) both B and C Answer: D 97) The common property of windows and forms in a graphical user interface environment that requires users to resolve the request for information before proceeding is: A) maximize B) movable C) modality D) system menu Answer: C 98) How can you avoid a hidden links error? A) Make sure users can use the back button to return to prior pages. B) Make sure your pages conform to users expectations by providing commonly used icon links. C) Make sure users know which links are internal anchor points versus external links and indicate if a link brings up a separate browser window from those that do not. D) Make sure you leave a border around images that are links, do not change link colors from normal defaults, and avoid embedding links within long blocks of text. Answer: D 99) A technique for showing a user where they are in a Web site by placing a series of "tabs" on a Web page that shows a user where they are and where they have been best describes: A) icons B) lightweight images C) cookie crumbs D) MPEG files Answer: C 100) ________ focuses on how information is provided to and captured from users. Answer: Interface design 101) An ________ is a method by which users interact with information systems. Answer: interface 102) ________ refers to a human-computer interaction method where users enter explicit statements into a system to invoke operations. Answer: Command language interaction 103) ________ refers to a human-computer interaction method where a list of system options is provided and a specific command is invoked by user selection of a menu option. Answer: Menu interaction 104) A ________ is a menu positioning method that places a menu near the current cursor position. Answer: pop-up menu 105) A ________ is a menu positioning method that places the access point of the menu near the top line of the display; when accessed, menus open by dropping down onto the display. Answer: drop-down menu 106) ________ is a highly intuitive human-computer interaction method whereby data fields are formatted in a manner similar to paper-based forms. Answer: Form interaction 107) ________ is a human-computer interaction method where symbols are used to represent commands or functions. Answer: Object-based interaction 108) ________ refers to graphical pictures that represent specific functions within a system. Answer: Icon 109) ________ is a human-computer interaction method whereby inputs to and outputs from a computer-based application are in a conventional speaking language such as English. Answer: Natural language interaction 110) When designing the navigation procedures within your system, ________ and ________ are primary concerns. Answer: flexibility, consistency 111) ________ is the type of data error that adds additional characters to a field. Answer: Appending 112) ________ is the type of data error that loses characters from a field. Answer: Truncating 113) ________ is the type data error that occurs when invalid data are entered into a field. Answer: Transcripting 114) A ________ data error occurs when the sequence of one or more characters in a field is reversed. Answer: transposition 115) A ________ validation test checks to see if the value combinations of two or more data fields are appropriate or make sense. Answer: combinations 116) A ________ validation test checks for the existence of data items in all fields of a record. Answer: missing data 117) A ________ validation test assures that data conform to a standard format. Answer: pictures/templates 118) A ________ validation test is a test where an extra digit is added to a numeric field in which its value is derived using a standard formula. Answer: self-checking digits 119) An ________ is a record of the sequence of data entries and the date of those entries. Answer: audit trail 120) ________, ________, and ________ are three types of system feedback. Answer: Status information, prompting cues, error and warning messages 121) The sequence of interaction between a user and a system is called a ________. Answer: dialogue 122) ________ is a formal method for designing and representing human-computer dialogues using box and line diagrams. Answer: Dialogue diagramming 123) The ________ common property of windows and forms in a graphical user interface environment requires users to resolve the request for information before proceeding. Answer: modality 124) ________ is a technique for showing users where they are in a Web site by placing a series of "tabs" on a Web page that shows users where they are and where they have been. Answer: Cookie crumbs 125) Briefly identify and define the five most widely used interaction methods. Answer: The five interaction methods identified in the text are command language, menu, form, object, and natural language. Command language interaction refers to a human-computer interaction method where explicit statements are entered into a system to invoke operations. While this type of interaction places a substantial burden on the user (remembering names, syntax, and operations), command languages are good for experienced users, for systems with a limited command set, and for rapid interaction with the system. Menu interaction refers to a human-computer interaction method where a list of system options are provided and a specific command is invoked by user selection of a menu option. Menus have become the most widely used interface. The design and complexity of menus differs due to the capabilities of the development environment, developer skills, and size and complexity of the system. Form interaction refers to a highly intuitive human-computer interaction method where data fields are formatted in a manner similar to paper-based forms. This method is the most commonly used method for data entry and retrieval in business-based systems. Object-based interaction is a human-computer interaction method where symbols are used to represent commands or functions. The implementation of object-based interaction is usually through the use of icons. Natural language interaction is a human-computer interaction method where inputs to and outputs from a computer-based application are in a conventional speaking language such as English. Currently, this is not as viable an interaction method as the other methods. 126) Briefly identify eight common devices for interacting with an information system. Answer: The common devices for interacting with an information system are keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball, touch screen, light pen, graphics tablet, and voice. Keyboards require users to push an array of small buttons that represent symbols that are then translated into words and commands. The mouse is a small plastic box that users push across a flat surface and whose movements are translated into cursor movement on a computer display. The joystick is a small vertical lever mounted on a base that steers the cursor on a computer display. A trackball is a sphere mounted on a fixed base that steers the cursor on a computer display. On a touch sensitive screen, selections are made by touching a computer display. With a light pen, selections are made by pressing a pen-like device against the screen. Using a graphics tablet involves moving a pen-like device across a flat tablet to steer the cursor on a computer display. The voice device captures spoken words. 127) Identify four sources of data errors. Answer: Sources of data errors include appending, truncating, transcripting, and transposing. Appending is the addition of extra characters to a field. Losing characters from a field is called truncating. Transcripting is defined as entering invalid data into a field. Transposing involves reversing the sequence of one or more characters in a field. 128) Briefly discuss the SOS guidelines. Answer: The authors provided their SOS guidelines for the design of system help. SOS stands for simplicity, organize, and show. Simplicity refers to using short, simple wording, common pronunciation, and complete sentences. Organize suggests using lists to break information into manageable pieces. Show recommends providing examples of proper use and the outcomes of such use. 129) Identify the eight guideline categories for the design of human-computer dialogues. Answer: The eight categories are consistency, shortcuts and sequence, feedback, closure, error handling, reversal, control, and ease. 130) Identify ten validation tests and techniques used to enhance the validity of data input. Answer: The ten validation tests and techniques are: Class or composition, combinations, expected values, missing data, pictures/templates, range, reasonableness, self-checking digits, size, and values. The class or composition test checks to assure that data are of proper type. The combinations test checks to see if the value combinations of two or more data fields are appropriate or make sense. The expected values test checks to see if data are what is expected. The missing data test checks for existence of data items in all fields of a record. The picture/templates test assures that data conform to a standard format. The range test assures that data are within a proper range of values. The reasonableness test assures that data are reasonable for a situation. The self-checking digits test is a test where an extra digit is added to a numeric field in which its value is derived using a standard formula. Testing for too few or too many characters is referred to as a size test. A values test checks to make sure values come from a set of standard values. 131) Identify nine common errors that might occur when designing the interface and dialogues of Web sites. Answer: The nine common errors mentioned in the textbook are: Opening a new browser window, breaking or slowing down the back button, complex URLs, orphan pages, scrolling navigation pages, lack of navigation support, hidden links, links that do not provide enough information, and buttons that provide no click feedback. 132) As a Web site designer, how can you avoid errors caused by links that do not provide enough information? Answer: The textbook provides three recommendations: (1) not turning off link marking borders so that the links clearly show which links users have clicked and which they have not; (2) making sure users know which links are internal anchor points versus external links and indicating if a link brings up a separate browser window from those that do not; and (3) making sure link images and text provide enough information to users so that they understand the meaning of the link. 133) As a Web site designer, how can you avoid errors caused by hidden links? Answer: The textbook provides three recommendations: (1) making sure you leave a border around images that are links; (2) not changing link colors from normal defaults; and (3) not embedding links within long blocks of text. 134) Prepare a dialogue diagram for an ATM machine. Answer: A suggested answer is provided below. A dialogue diagram for an ATM machine shows the flow of interactions between the user and the ATM system. Below is a simple dialogue diagram representing the sequence of steps and user interactions for withdrawing cash from an ATM. Dialogue Diagram for an ATM Machine 1. Start Interaction • User inserts card. • ATM prompts for PIN entry. 2. PIN Entry • User enters PIN. • Correct PIN: Proceed to next step. • Incorrect PIN: Display error message, allow re-entry (usually up to 3 attempts), or terminate transaction if maximum attempts exceeded. 3. Main Menu • Options: • Withdraw Cash • Check Balance • Deposit Funds • Other Services • User selects "Withdraw Cash." 4. Withdrawal Process • ATM prompts user to enter the amount. • User enters the desired amount. • Valid amount within limits and sufficient funds: Proceed to next step. • Invalid amount or insufficient funds: Display error message, allow re-entry, or terminate transaction. 5. Dispense Cash • ATM dispenses cash. • ATM prompts user to take cash and receipt (if requested). 6. End Transaction • User takes cash and receipt. • ATM returns the card. • ATM displays a thank you message and asks if the user wants another transaction. • Yes: Return to the Main Menu. • No: End interaction and return to the welcome screen. Dialogue Diagram Representation Detailed Steps in the Dialogue: 1. Start Interaction: • User initiates interaction by inserting the card. • System verifies the card. 2. PIN Entry: • User is prompted to enter the PIN. • The system checks the PIN. • If correct, proceed to the Main Menu. • If incorrect, display an error and allow retries (up to 3 attempts). 3. Main Menu: • User is presented with options. • User selects "Withdraw Cash". 4. Withdrawal Process: • User is prompted to enter the amount. • System checks if the amount is valid and if there are sufficient funds. • If valid and sufficient, proceed to dispense cash. • If not, display an error message and allow re-entry. 5. Dispense Cash: • System dispenses the cash. • System prompts the user to take the cash and receipt. 6. End Transaction: • System returns the card to the user. • System asks if the user wants another transaction. • If yes, return to the Main Menu. • If no, end the interaction and return to the welcome screen. This diagram and description outline the typical user journey and system responses during an ATM cash withdrawal interaction. Test Bank for Modern Systems Analysis and Design Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey George, Joseph S. Valacich, Joe Valacich, Jeffrey Slater 9780132991308, 9780134204925, 9780135172759, 9780136088219
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