This Document Contains Chapters 11 to 15 Chapter 11 Guitar Heroes and Heavy Metal Gods SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Explain the significance of the National Democratic Convention in Chicago in 1968. Answer: Significance of the National Democratic Convention in Chicago in 1968: • The convention was marked by significant protests against the Vietnam War and the Democratic Party establishment. • Police clashed violently with anti-war demonstrators and civil rights activists outside the convention, leading to widespread condemnation and heightened political tensions. • The event underscored divisions within the Democratic Party and intensified public opposition to the Vietnam War, shaping subsequent political discourse and activism. 2. Who were the Yippies and what did they symbolize? Answer: Yippies and their symbolism: • The Yippies, or Youth International Party, were a countercultural group founded by activists including Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin. • They symbolized a blend of political activism, theatrical protest, and cultural satire aimed at challenging authority and promoting social change. • Known for their use of media spectacle and humor to critique establishment politics and promote anti-war and anti-authoritarian sentiments. • Their actions, such as organizing protests and "guerrilla theater" events, aimed to disrupt conventional norms and provoke social and political change. 3. Identify some of the reasons for the anti-war movement during the late 1960s. Answer: Reasons for the anti-war movement during the late 1960s: • Opposition to the Vietnam War escalated as casualties mounted and military involvement expanded, sparking public outrage. • Moral objections to the war's justification and impact on civilian populations, exacerbated by media coverage and the Tet Offensive. • Draft resistance and opposition to conscription, with concerns about the fairness and legitimacy of the draft process. • Increasing awareness of the war's economic costs and diversion of resources from social programs, contributing to broader anti-establishment sentiments. 4. Identify some of the characteristics of the electric blues. Answer: Characteristics of electric blues: • Utilization of amplified electric guitars, creating a more aggressive and powerful sound compared to acoustic blues. • Incorporation of amplified harmonicas, bass guitars, and sometimes keyboards to fill out the sound. • Emphasis on expressive guitar solos, often with a focus on improvisation and showcasing technical prowess. • Rhythmic drive and intensity, often with a steady backbeat and syncopated rhythms that encouraged dancing and energetic performances. 5. Name two of the major acts that played the pre-heavy metal, electric blues. Answer: Major acts in pre-heavy metal electric blues: • The Yardbirds: Known for their innovative use of guitar feedback and distortion, featuring guitarists like Eric Clapton and later Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page. • Cream: Formed by Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker, known for their blues-inspired psychedelic rock sound and extended improvisational jams. 6. Explore the technological advances that allowed Jimi Hendrix to create his signature sound. Answer: Technological advances for Jimi Hendrix's signature sound: • Guitar Effects: Hendrix used a variety of effects pedals, including fuzz, wah-wah, and octave pedals, to manipulate his guitar tone and create unique sounds. • Amplification: Employed high-powered amplifiers, such as the Marshall stack, to achieve his distinctive loud and distorted guitar sound. • Innovative Playing Techniques: Hendrix pioneered new techniques like feedback manipulation, string bending, and innovative use of whammy bars to expand the expressive range of the electric guitar. 7. How did the music of Jimi Hendrix exemplify the militant mood of the late 1960s? Answer: • Hendrix's lyrics and guitar playing reflected themes of social unrest, alienation, and defiance against societal norms and political authority. • Songs like "Machine Gun" and "If 6 Was 9" addressed issues of war, racial injustice, and cultural revolution, resonating with the anti-establishment sentiments of the era. • His explosive live performances and improvisational style mirrored the turbulent energy and rebellious spirit of the late 1960s counterculture. 8. What characterized the sound of Black Sabbath? Answer: • Heavy Riffs: Known for heavy, distorted guitar riffs characterized by ominous, minor-key progressions and powerful rhythmic drive. • Dark Lyrics: Themes of occultism, horror, and dystopia, often reflecting a bleak worldview and social commentary. • Doom-laden Atmosphere: Utilization of slower tempos, dense instrumentation, and atmospheric effects to create a brooding, ominous sound. • Influence: Considered pioneers of heavy metal, influencing subsequent bands with their distinctive sound and thematic content. 9. Name three major heavy metal bands. Answer: Three major heavy metal bands: • Black Sabbath: Considered one of the pioneers of heavy metal with their dark and heavy sound. • Led Zeppelin: Known for their blues-influenced heavy rock, combining intricate guitar work with powerful vocals. • Deep Purple: Noted for their dynamic blend of hard rock and progressive influences, featuring virtuosic instrumental performances. 10. What type of musical styles most influences heavy metal bands? Answer: Musical styles that most influence heavy metal bands: • Blues and Rock 'n' Roll: Heavy metal draws heavily from blues scales and rock 'n' roll rhythms, often amplifying them with distortion and power. • Classical Music: Some bands incorporate classical music influences, such as complex arrangements, orchestration, and thematic development. • Psychedelic Rock: Elements of psychedelic music, including experimental sounds and themes, occasionally influence the sound and lyrics of heavy metal. 11. Explain the significance of the Woodstock and Altamont rock festivals. Answer: Significance of the Woodstock and Altamont rock festivals: • Woodstock (1969): Symbolized the peak of the 1960s counterculture and peace movement, featuring iconic performances from leading rock and folk artists. • Altamont (1969): Marked a tragic turn in the counterculture movement with violence and deaths during The Rolling Stones' performance, signaling the decline of the peace and love ethos. 12. Analyze the importance of the murders at Kent State University in May 1970. Answer: Importance of the murders at Kent State University in May 1970: • The killing of four students by National Guardsmen during protests against the Vietnam War heightened public outrage and anti-war sentiment. • Sparked nationwide protests and strikes across universities, galvanizing opposition to the war and increasing calls for political change. • Represented a turning point in public opinion against the government's handling of dissent and fueled further polarization in American society. 13. Explain the reasons for the decline of the counterculture by the end of the 1960s. Answer: Reasons for the decline of the counterculture by the end of the 1960s: • Political Repression: Increased government surveillance, arrests, and crackdowns on activist groups weakened the movement. • Internal Conflicts: Ideological divisions within the counterculture, including debates over tactics and goals, contributed to fragmentation. • Co-Optation: Mainstream commercialization and commodification of countercultural symbols and ideas diluted their radical potential. • Social Backlash: Conservative backlash against perceived social disruptions and cultural changes led to a reassertion of traditional values and norms. 14. Describe the connection between the anti-war and the black pride movements. Answer: Connection between the anti-war and the black pride movements: • Both movements sought to challenge systemic oppression and inequality, albeit through different lenses. • Anti-war activists opposed U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, highlighting racial disparities in the draft and the war's disproportionate impact on minority communities. • Black pride movements, like the Black Power movement, emphasized self-determination, cultural affirmation, and resistance to institutional racism and social injustice. • Some activists and artists, such as Jimi Hendrix and the Black Panthers, bridged these movements, using music and activism to express solidarity and advocate for social change across racial and anti-war lines. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What caused unrest on campus? A. The compulsory draft B. Rising college tuition C. New requirements for college admission D. Poor college administrators Answer: A 2. What characterized the music of Jimi Hendrix? A. Country picking B. Use of Marshall amps C. Based on rockabilly D. Folk patterns Answer: B 3. What guitar effects made the heavy blues and heavy metal possible? A. Wah-wah pedal B. Mellotron C. Sampler D. Synthesizer Answer: A 4. Who played lead guitar for Cream? A. Jeff Beck B. Eric Clapton C. Jimmy Page D. Jimi Hendrix Answer: B 5. Who gave heavy metal its name? A. Led Zeppelin B. Jimi Hendrix C. Steppenwolf D. Black Sabbath Answer: C 6. Who used tritones to get an ominous heavy metal sound? A. Led Zeppelin B. Black Sabbath C. Jim Hendrix D. MC5 Answer: B 7. What contributed to the rise of heavy metal? A. The angry, violent bent of youth B. An affluent society C. A new type of electric guitar D. The decline of Christianity Answer: A 8. What did the Woodstock Festival represent? A. The violence of youth B. The triumph of blues music C. The transition between hippiedom and a more angry perspective of youth D. A showcase for soul music Answer: C 9. What performer ended the Woodstock Festival with his rendition of the “Star Spangled Banner”? A. Ozzy Osbourne B. Mick Jagger C. Jimi Hendrix D. Eric Clapton Answer: C 10. What happened at Kent State University in May 1970? A. National guardsmen killed four students B. National guardsmen arrested 200 students after a massive protest C. Students occupied the President’s office for five weeks D. Students killed four national guardsmen Answer: A 11. What did the incident at Kent State represent? A. The height of student protest B. The most violent stage of student protest against the police C. The end of hope for change among students D. The largest protest on a college campus Answer: C 12. What was Black Sabbath’s original band name? A. Steppenwolf B. Oz C. Tritone D. Earth Answer: D 13. Who died in 1970? A. Jimi Hendrix and Jim Morrison B. Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin C. Jimi Hendrix and John Lennon D. Jimi Hendrix and James Brown Answer: B 14. What Canadian band travelled to London, England, in search of a record deal? A. McKenna Mendelson Mainline B. Deep Purple C. Black Sabbath D. Steppenwolf Answer: A 15. Which of the following is a song by McKenna Mendelson Mainline? A. “White Room” B. “Better Watch Out” C. “Wild Thing” D. “Paranoid” Answer: B Chapter 12 Escaping into the Seventies SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Why did rock and roll incorporate different types of music during the early 1970s? Answer: Reasons rock and roll incorporated different types of music during the early 1970s: • Artists sought to expand their creative horizons and experiment with new sounds and genres. • Fusion of rock with elements of folk, jazz, blues, and country reflected a broader musical evolution and cultural blending. • Audience tastes diversified, prompting artists to explore diverse musical styles to reach wider audiences and stay relevant. 2. Examine the relevance of the CRTC to the development of rock and roll in Canada. Answer: Relevance of the CRTC to the development of rock and roll in Canada: • The CRTC (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission) regulated Canadian content (CanCon) quotas, mandating a minimum percentage of radio airplay for Canadian artists. • This policy supported the growth of Canadian rock bands by ensuring exposure and promoting their music domestically. • CanCon requirements fostered a distinct Canadian rock scene, nurturing homegrown talent and contributing to the development of Canadian rock identity. 3. Name three jazz rock acts in this period. Answer: Three jazz rock acts in this period: • Weather Report: Known for their fusion of jazz improvisation with funk and rock rhythms, featuring musicians like Joe Zawinul and Wayne Shorter. • Mahavishnu Orchestra: Led by guitarist John McLaughlin, blended jazz improvisation with complex rock arrangements and Eastern influences. • Return to Forever: Pioneered by pianist Chick Corea, combined jazz harmonies and rhythms with rock instrumentation and intricate compositions. 4. What jazz great helped start jazz rock and why? Answer: Miles Davis is the jazz great often credited with helping to start jazz rock, also known as jazz fusion. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Davis began experimenting with electric instruments and rock rhythms, blending elements of jazz with rock, funk, and R&B. His seminal albums, such as "In a Silent Way" (1969) and "Bitches Brew" (1970), marked a significant departure from traditional jazz and played a crucial role in the development of jazz fusion. These works incorporated electric guitars, keyboards, and more experimental sounds, attracting a new audience and influencing countless musicians across genres. Davis's innovative approach and willingness to embrace new musical influences helped pave the way for the jazz rock movement, making him a pivotal figure in its inception. 5. Name three major progressive rock acts. Answer: Three major progressive rock acts: • Pink Floyd: Known for their conceptual albums and innovative use of studio effects, blending psychedelic rock with progressive elements. • Yes: Noted for complex compositions, virtuosic musicianship, and incorporating symphonic elements into their rock sound. • Genesis: Underwent a musical evolution from their early progressive rock style to incorporating pop influences while maintaining intricate arrangements and storytelling lyrics. 6. Explain the musical transition some artists like Bob Dylan and the Byrds made from folk rock to a more country sound. Answer: Musical transition of artists like Bob Dylan and the Byrds from folk rock to country: • Artists shifted towards country music influenced by a desire for authenticity and a return to roots music traditions. • Country music offered new lyrical themes and musical structures that resonated with the changing social and cultural landscape of America in the late 1960s and early 1970s. • The move from folk rock to country reflected broader cultural shifts and a reconnection with rural and Americana themes. 7. Describe the significance of Linda Ronstadt and her music to West Coast country rock. Answer: Significance of Linda Ronstadt and her music to West Coast country rock: • Linda Ronstadt popularized West Coast country rock with her powerful vocals and interpretations of songs by songwriters like Jackson Browne and Neil Young. • Her albums, such as "Heart Like a Wheel," bridged rock and country influences, contributing to the genre's commercial success and crossover appeal. • Ronstadt's collaborations with musicians from the Eagles and other prominent West Coast bands solidified her role in defining the sound of West Coast country rock. 8. Why did the different forms of country rock become so popular during the early and mid-1970s? Answer: Popularity of different forms of country rock during the early and mid-1970s: • Country rock offered a fusion of rock instrumentation with country music's storytelling and emotional depth, appealing to a broad audience. • Artists like the Eagles, Poco, and Neil Young explored variations of country rock, each bringing their unique blend of rock sensibilities and country music traditions. • The genre's popularity reflected a broader trend towards musical eclecticism and a search for authenticity in the post-1960s music scene, resonating with both urban and rural listeners. 9. Explain the significance of country rock to the concept of rebellion in rock and roll. Answer: Significance of country rock to the concept of rebellion in rock and roll: • Country rock represented a rebellion against the perceived commercialization and artificiality of mainstream rock music. • It emphasized authenticity, roots music, and storytelling, challenging the dominance of pop-oriented rock. • Artists fused elements of country music's traditional themes of independence, individualism, and rebellion with rock's energy and instrumentation, appealing to a diverse audience seeking genuine expressions of identity and values. 10. Explain the connection between the economy and the different types of rock and roll during this period. Answer: Connection between the economy and different types of rock and roll during this period: • Economic factors influenced the popularity and evolution of rock genres. • During economic downturns, there was a resurgence of folk-influenced singer-songwriters whose introspective lyrics resonated with audiences facing uncertainty. • Progressive rock, with its complex compositions and sophisticated arrangements, appealed to a middle-class demographic with disposable income for high-fidelity audio equipment and concert tickets. • Conversely, country rock's appeal lay in its accessibility and reflection of rural and working-class values during times of economic change and social unrest. 11. Describe the incidence of higher divorce rates in the early 1970s with the rise of the singer songwriters. Answer: Incidence of higher divorce rates in the early 1970s with the rise of singer-songwriters: • The rise of singer-songwriters in the early 1970s coincided with societal changes, including shifting gender roles and attitudes towards relationships. • Lyrics often explored personal introspection, emotional vulnerability, and the complexities of romantic relationships, resonating with listeners navigating changing social norms. • Themes of independence, self-discovery, and individualism in singer-songwriter music reflected broader cultural shifts towards personal fulfillment and autonomy, possibly contributing to discussions and reflections on marriage and relationships. 12. What technological innovation helped the development of progressive rock? Answer: Technological innovation aiding the development of progressive rock: • Multitrack Recording: Allowed for layering of multiple instruments and complex arrangements, enabling bands to create intricate compositions and experiment with sound textures. • Studio Effects and Synthesizers: Enhanced sonic experimentation, facilitating the creation of atmospheric sounds and symphonic textures characteristic of progressive rock. • Advancements in Amplification: Improved sound quality and amplification systems enabled musicians to achieve greater clarity and dynamic range in their performances, crucial for the intricate soundscapes of progressive rock. 13. Name four major singer songwriters of the era. Answer: Four major singer-songwriters of the era: • Joni Mitchell: Known for her poetic lyrics and innovative guitar tunings, exploring themes of love, identity, and societal issues. • James Taylor: Noted for his introspective songwriting, melodic guitar playing, and emotional depth in songs like "Fire and Rain" and "You've Got a Friend." • Carole King: Transitioned from Brill Building songwriter to acclaimed solo artist with "Tapestry," showcasing her intimate songwriting and soulful vocals. • Cat Stevens (Yusuf Islam): Known for his introspective lyrics and folk rock sound, addressing spiritual and social themes in songs like "Father and Son" and "Wild World." 14. Examine the role of Carole King as a writer in the Brill Building during the early 1960s and her breakthrough solo album Tapestry. How did her music change and why? Answer: Role of Carole King in the Brill Building and her album Tapestry: • Brill Building: Carole King, along with her husband Gerry Goffin, was a prolific songwriter, contributing to numerous hit songs for various artists in the 1960s. • Tapestry: Released in 1971, "Tapestry" marked King's breakthrough as a solo artist, featuring introspective and confessional lyrics set against a backdrop of folk and soft rock. • Musical Change: "Tapestry" reflected King's evolution from pop songwriter to a mature, introspective artist exploring personal themes of love, loss, and self-discovery. • Impact: The album's success established King as a leading figure in the singer-songwriter genre and influenced subsequent artists by setting a benchmark for lyrical honesty and musical authenticity. 15. Explain the importance of the rock opera and cite at least two rock operas of the time period. Answer: Importance of the rock opera and two rock operas of the time period: • Rock Opera: Merged rock music with the narrative scope and dramatic structure of opera, often telling a cohesive story through interconnected songs. • Significance: Elevated rock music to a more ambitious and theatrical form, exploring complex themes and narratives beyond typical song structures. • Examples: • The Who's "Tommy" (1969): A pioneering rock opera telling the story of a "deaf, dumb, and blind" boy who becomes a pinball wizard, exploring themes of identity and spiritual enlightenment. • Pink Floyd's "The Wall" (1979): Conceptual double album exploring themes of alienation, authoritarianism, and personal trauma, framed as a narrative of a rock star's descent into madness. 16. Why did some of the rock artists want to legitimize rock and roll during this period? Answer: • As rock matured as an art form, artists sought recognition for its cultural and artistic significance beyond its early associations with youth rebellion and popular culture. • Embraced by musicians as a vehicle for social commentary, personal expression, and artistic experimentation, rock challenged traditional notions of music and expanded its thematic and musical boundaries. • Legitimizing rock helped secure its place in mainstream culture, elevating its status as a viable and respected genre capable of addressing complex themes and appealing to diverse audiences. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Why did country rock music become a dominant form in the early 1970s? A. Youths wanted to retreat into the country myth after the turbulent 1960s B. Cowboys became popular among North Americans C. Nashville became the centre of rock and roll D. The music reflected a population migration of Americans from the North back to the South Answer: A 2. What band worked with Bob Dylan in Woodstock, New York? A. Allman Brothers B. The Band C. Marshall Tucker Band D. Eagles Answer: B 3. What rockabilly and country star helped promote country rock in the late 1960s and early 1970s? A. Elvis Presley B. Buddy Holly C. Everly Brothers D. Johnny Cash Answer: D 4. What characterizes Southern rock? A. A loud mixture of blues and country B. Country guitar picking C. An absence of guitars D. Racist lyrics Answer: A 5. How did West Coast country rock differ from Southern rock? A. More folk based B. Less racist C. Centered around Los Angeles D. Mostly focused on Seattle Answer: A 6. What folk rock group turned to a country rock during this period? A. The Turtles B. Sonny and Cher C. Donovan D. The Byrds Answer: D 7. What characterized rock during the 1970s? A. It came mostly from Canada B. It merged with a variety of musical genres C. It focused on one type of music D. It came primarily from one region in the U.S. Answer: B 8. What major jazz artist merged jazz with an electric rock? A. Charlie Parker B. Thelonious Monk C. Miles Davis D. John Coltrane Answer: C 9. Who played a jazz-rock fusion in the early 1970s? A. Lighthouse B. Rush C. Procol Harum D. Elton John Answer: A 10. Who played in a classical-rock style? A. Yes B. Santana C. Chicago D. Weather Report Answer: A 11. Who had the longest selling record of all time, Dark Side of the Moon? A. Pink Floyd B. Crowbar C. Rush D. Genesis Answer: A 12. What themes did early 1970s singer/songwriters dwell upon? A. Divorce and failed relationships B. Good times C. Social protest D. Economic turbulence Answer: A 13. Who was Carole King? A. A major singer-songwriter B. A California-born rock star C. A former member of a girl group D. The wife of James Taylor Answer: A 14. Who is often referred to as Canada’s poet laureate? A. Neil Young B. Leonard Cohen C. Bruce Cockburn D. Joni Mitchell Answer: B 15. What are the four elements used to qualify a song as Canadian? A. Music, Artist, Producer, Lyrics (MAPL) B. Music, Accolades, Performance, Liability (MAPL) C. Manager, Artist, Producer, Lyrics (MAPL) D. Music, Artist, Performance, Lyrics (MAPL) Answer: D Chapter 13 The Era of Excess SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Define the major elements and reasons for the emergence of the “me generation.” Answer: Emergence of the "Me Generation": • Major Elements: The "Me Generation" refers to a cultural shift in the late 20th century where individualism, personal fulfillment, and self-expression became prominent values. • Reasons for Emergence: Factors include economic prosperity, social movements of the 1960s promoting personal freedom, and technological advancements fostering greater individual autonomy. This era emphasized self-discovery, materialism, and pursuit of personal happiness over collective societal goals. 2. How do drugs define certain rock eras? Pay special attention to the period from 1966 to 1978. Answer: Drugs in Rock Eras (1966-1978): • 1966-1978: Drugs played a significant role in shaping the music and culture of this period. In the late 1960s, psychedelics like LSD influenced psychedelic rock, characterized by surreal lyrics and experimental soundscapes (e.g., The Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"). • 1970s: Cocaine and heroin impacted artists and genres like punk rock (e.g., The Velvet Underground, Lou Reed) and disco (e.g., Studio 54 culture). Drug use often paralleled artistic experimentation and cultural rebellion, influencing both music and lifestyle choices. 3. Show the progress of gay rights during this period, and show how rock and roll reflected the movement. Answer: Progress of Gay Rights and Rock Reflections: • Progress: The 1970s saw increasing visibility and activism for LGBTQ+ rights, though challenges remained. • Reflection in Rock: Artists like David Bowie and Freddie Mercury of Queen challenged gender norms through flamboyant stage personas and lyrics that hinted at non-heteronormative identities. Their openness paved the way for greater acceptance and representation within rock music. 4. Explore the different images of sex in rock and roll, staring with the 50s and ending in 1978. Answer: Images of Sex in Rock and Roll (1950s-1978): • 1950s: Sexuality was often subdued and sanitized, reflecting conservative societal norms (e.g., Elvis Presley's pelvic gyrations). • 1960s-1970s: Rock increasingly explored themes of sexual liberation and identity. From the free love movement of the 1960s to the glam rock and disco of the 1970s, artists like David Bowie and Donna Summer challenged sexual taboos, celebrating sexual expression and diversity. 5. What did Elton John symbolize? Answer: Elton John's Symbolism: • Elton John symbolized flamboyance, musical virtuosity, and theatricality in rock. His elaborate costumes, piano skills, and emotive lyrics resonated with audiences, establishing him as a charismatic and influential figure in pop and rock music. 6. Compare and contrast the fashion of David Bowie and glitter rock with that of the rockabillies. Explain the reasons for the differences. Answer: Fashion of David Bowie and Glitter Rock vs. Rockabillies: • David Bowie and Glitter Rock: Embraced theatricality, gender fluidity, and avant-garde fashion. Bowie's personas like Ziggy Stardust challenged traditional masculinity, reflecting cultural shifts towards experimentation and individualism. • Rockabillies: Rooted in 1950s Americana, rockabillies favored vintage-inspired clothing, leather jackets, and pompadour hairstyles. Their fashion reflected nostalgia for a simpler era and rebellious spirit through music and style. 7. Compare and contrast the notion of the “performer and the fan” with Elvis, the Grateful Dead, and disco. Answer: Notion of the "Performer and the Fan": • Elvis: Created a dynamic where fans idolized him, embodying the rebellious spirit of youth culture in the 1950s. • Grateful Dead: Focused on community and improvisation, fostering a close bond between band and fans through live performances and communal gatherings. • Disco: Celebrated glamour, dance, and nightlife culture, blurring lines between performers and fans on dance floors. 8. Describe the musical style of Queen. Answer: Musical Style of Queen: • Queen blended rock, opera, and theatricality into a distinctive sound characterized by elaborate arrangements, multi-layered vocal harmonies, and virtuosic instrumentation. • Their songs often featured anthemic choruses and diverse musical influences, contributing to their enduring popularity and influence in rock music. 9. How did rock music change when it moved to stadium venues? Give concrete examples of stadium acts and the type of stage shows that they delivered. Answer: Rock Music in Stadium Venues: • Moving to stadiums expanded rock's audience reach and spectacle. Acts like The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin enhanced their stage shows with elaborate sets, lighting, and special effects to engage larger crowds. • Examples include The Who's explosive stage presence and Pink Floyd's immersive audiovisual experiences, setting new standards for stadium performances. 10. What influence did Don Kirshner have in stadium rock, and how else did he impact rock and roll? Answer: Don Kirshner's Influence in Stadium Rock and Beyond: • Impact: Kirshner played a crucial role in promoting rock acts through TV shows like "In Concert," broadening their exposure and commercial success. • Innovation: His keen eye for talent and strategic marketing helped shape the careers of artists like The Monkees and Neil Diamond, influencing rock's evolution from the 1960s onward 11. How did the funk music of George Clinton differ from that of James Brown? What other musical influences did he have? Answer: Difference between George Clinton and James Brown's Funk: • George Clinton: Known for pioneering psychedelic funk with his bands Parliament and Funkadelic. His music featured elaborate arrangements, surreal lyrics, and a blend of rock, funk, and R&B. • James Brown: Originator of traditional funk characterized by tight rhythms, prominent bass lines, and call-and-response vocals. His music emphasized groove, danceability, and social commentary through songs like "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine." Musical Influences of George Clinton: Clinton drew influences from psychedelic rock, soul, jazz, and electronic music, blending them into his funk compositions to create a unique and expansive sound. 12. What type of music presaged and set the groundwork for disco? Answer: Music that Presaged Disco: • Philadelphia Soul and Latin Soul: Both genres laid the groundwork for disco. Philadelphia Soul, characterized by lush orchestration and soulful vocals, influenced disco's arrangement style and production techniques. Latin Soul contributed rhythmic elements and percussive textures that became integral to disco's sound. 13. Explain the significance of the Gamble and Huff team. Answer: Significance of the Gamble and Huff Team: • Gamble and Huff: Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff were influential producers and songwriters who pioneered the Philadelphia Soul sound. They founded Philadelphia International Records, producing hits for artists like The O'Jays and Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes. Their lush orchestral arrangements and socially conscious lyrics defined the Philadelphia Soul genre and influenced disco music. 14. Explain the role of film in the dissemination of rock and roll in general and disco in particular. Answer: Role of Film in Dissemination of Rock and Roll and Disco: • Rock and Roll: Films like "Rock Around the Clock" (1956) and "The Girl Can't Help It" (1956) popularized rock and roll through their soundtracks, featuring performances by artists like Bill Haley & His Comets and Little Richard. • Disco: Films such as "Saturday Night Fever" (1977) played a crucial role in disco's mainstream success. The film's soundtrack, featuring songs by the Bee Gees and other disco artists, propelled disco music and dance culture into global popularity. 15. Explain the importance of dance in rock and roll, paying special attention to the 1970s. Answer: Importance of Dance in Rock and Roll, Especially in the 1970s: • 1970s: Dance became a central element of rock and roll performance and culture. Bands like The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin incorporated danceable rhythms into their music, encouraging audience participation and creating a sense of communal celebration at concerts. • Disco: Disco music, with its infectious beats and syncopated rhythms, was explicitly designed for dancing. Clubs like Studio 54 became iconic venues where dance culture flourished, influencing fashion, social behavior, and nightlife during the disco era. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What did Elton John represent? A. The transition from singer-songwriters to rock theatre B. The focus on gays in rock C. The re-emergence of the piano in rock D. The popularity of eye glasses for rock musicians Answer: A 2. To what does the “Me Generation” refer? A. Emphasis on social issues B. Focus on community C. The importance of the generation gap D. A focus on individual pleasure and success Answer: D 3. Who played an extravagant theatrical rock and roll? A. David Bowie B. James Taylor C. Santana D. Joni Mitchell Answer: A 4. What characteristics defined theatrical rock and roll? A. Wild costumes B. Acoustic instruments C. A macho attitude D. Acoustic rock Answer: A 5. What persona did David Bowie adopt on stage? A. Mr. Clean B. Ziggy Stardust C. The Quiet Professor D. The Wild Ram Answer: B 6. Who pioneered arena rock during the 1970s? A. Kansas B. Elvis Presley C. Carly Simon D. Motorhead Answer: A 7. Who played a space-age funk music? A. David Bowie B. Iggy Pop C. George Clinton D. Donna Summer Answer: C 8. Where did disco originate? A. New York City clubs B. San Francisco clubs C. Toronto clubs D. New Orleans clubs Answer: A 9. Who became a disco star? A. The club goers who danced to the music B. Elton John C. David Bowie D. Queen Answer: A 10. Who recorded well-known disco songs? A. Mott the Hoople B. Lou Reed C. Donna Summer D. Iggy Pop Answer: C 11. What characterized disco? A. Dancing B. Live performers C. Marijuana D. Alcohol Answer: A 12. What happened to the record business in the 1970s? A. Consolidation to a few companies B. Slow growth C. Recession D. Consolidation into one company Answer: A 13. Which of the following bands was not an art-pop band? A. Kansas B. Triumph C. The Travellers D. Styx Answer: C 14. Which of the following performers is not considered excessive? A. Elton John B. David Bowie C. Gene Simmons D. None of the Above Answer: D (throughout chapter) 15. Queen’s “Bohemian Rhapsody” is described as A. Operatic heavy metal B. Hard-core punk C. A poor attempt at a musical ballad D. The band’s swan song Answer: A Chapter 14 Punk Rock SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Explore the concept of race and punk rock, comparing the British and American versions of the music. Answer: Race and Punk Rock (British vs. American): • British Punk: Initially emerged as a response to economic hardships and social discontent among working-class youth. Bands like The Sex Pistols and The Clash addressed issues of class struggle and urban decay but were predominantly white, reflecting the demographic of their surroundings. • American Punk: Similarly fueled by social discontent and disillusionment with mainstream culture. Bands like The Ramones and Dead Kennedys incorporated diverse musical influences but faced criticism for predominantly white membership, despite being rooted in racially diverse urban environments like New York and Los Angeles. 2. Compare/contrast disco and punk; look at the differences between the two (examples: fashion and dances), and highlight the reasons for these differences. Answer: Comparison/Contrast of Disco and Punk: • Fashion: Disco embraced glamor and excess with flashy outfits, sequins, and platform shoes, symbolizing escapism and nightlife culture. Punk fashion was characterized by DIY aesthetics, torn clothing, safety pins, and hairstyles like mohawks, symbolizing rebellion and anti-establishment attitudes. • Dances: Disco featured synchronized and choreographed dance moves like the hustle and the YMCA dance, emphasizing social dancing and community. Punk rejected formal dance styles, preferring energetic pogoing and slam dancing at concerts, reflecting spontaneity and anarchic spirit. 3. Identify the reasons for the development of punk on both sides of the Atlantic. Answer: Reasons for Development of Punk on Both Sides of the Atlantic: • British Punk: Reacted against economic recession, unemployment, and social inequality in 1970s Britain. Bands sought to challenge mainstream music industry norms and express frustration through raw, aggressive music. • American Punk: Emerged from dissatisfaction with corporate rock and disillusionment with the American Dream. Bands aimed to reclaim rock music's rawness and authenticity, emphasizing DIY ethics and community-based music scenes. 4. Compare/contrast the subcultures of British and North American punk. Answer: Subcultures of British and North American Punk: • British Punk: Embraced anarchism, anti-establishment sentiments, and critiques of British society. Fashion included ripped clothing, provocative slogans, and political symbolism. • North American Punk: Incorporated diverse influences from garage rock to surf music, fostering regional scenes in cities like New York and Los Angeles. Subcultures varied from art-punk to hardcore, with DIY ethos and independent record labels playing central roles. 5. Define the do-it-yourself attitude of punk and show how it differed from the late 1960s and early 1970s. Answer: Do-It-Yourself Attitude of Punk vs. Late 1960s/Early 1970s: • Punk: Emphasized self-production of music, zines, and art without reliance on major record labels or commercial platforms. DIY ethos empowered bands and fans to create their own cultural expressions, challenging corporate control of mainstream music. • Late 1960s/Early 1970s: Saw increasing commercialization of rock music and emphasis on studio perfectionism. Bands relied on major labels for production, distribution, and promotion, limiting artistic independence and cultural diversity. 6. Why did the New Wave replace punk rock? Answer: • New Wave: Evolved from punk but embraced synthesizers, electronic music, and polished production. New Wave appealed to broader audiences with its blend of punk's energy and pop sensibilities, influencing mainstream music in the early 1980s. 7. What did the interest of British punk in reggae symbolize? Answer: Interest of British Punk in Reggae: • Symbolized solidarity with marginalized communities and opposition to racial discrimination. Bands like The Clash incorporated reggae rhythms and themes of social justice into their music, fostering cross-cultural dialogue and challenging racial stereotypes. 8. How were leftist politics manifested in punk rock? Answer: Manifestation of Leftist Politics in Punk Rock: • Lyrics: Addressed social issues such as class inequality, racism, and political corruption. Bands like The Dead Kennedys and Crass critiqued capitalist exploitation and authoritarianism through provocative lyrics and anti-establishment messages. • Activism: Engaged in grassroots activism, benefit concerts, and DIY organizing to promote social justice and community empowerment, reflecting punk's commitment to political change and alternative social structures. 9. What club in New York City hired many of the New York punks and what importance did its location have? Answer: Club in New York City for New York Punks and Its Importance: • Club: CBGB (Country, Bluegrass, and Blues) in Manhattan's East Village. • Importance: CBGB became the epicenter of the New York punk rock scene in the mid-1970s. Its location in the East Village, an economically depressed area at the time, provided a gritty backdrop that resonated with the rebellious and anti-establishment ethos of punk culture. CBGB provided a platform for bands like the Ramones, Blondie, and Talking Heads to launch their careers and develop their distinctive styles. 10. How did the Ramones fit in the New York punk scene? Answer: The Ramones in the New York Punk Scene: • The Ramones were central figures in the New York punk scene, known for their fast-paced, stripped-down music and iconic fashion (leather jackets, torn jeans, and bowl haircuts). They epitomized the DIY spirit of punk, influencing generations of musicians with their energetic live performances and straightforward, irreverent lyrics. The Ramones' impact extended beyond music, shaping the visual and cultural aesthetics of punk rock globally. 11. What impact did Malcolm McLaren have and what similarities did he have with Brian Epstein and Col. Tom Parker? Answer: Impact of Malcolm McLaren and Similarities with Brian Epstein and Col. Tom Parker: • Malcolm McLaren: McLaren was a key figure in the British punk scene as the manager of the Sex Pistols. He played a crucial role in shaping the band's image and provoking controversy with provocative marketing strategies. Similar to Brian Epstein (The Beatles' manager) and Col. Tom Parker (Elvis Presley's manager), McLaren understood the importance of image, media manipulation, and controversy in generating publicity and commercial success for his artists. However, McLaren's approach was more anarchic and confrontational, reflecting the punk ethos of challenging societal norms. 12. How did the poster and album cover art of British punk capture the punk spirit? Answer: Poster and Album Cover Art of British Punk: • Capture of Punk Spirit: British punk's poster and album cover art often featured DIY aesthetics, collage techniques, and provocative imagery. Artists like Jamie Reid, known for his work with the Sex Pistols, used bold typography, political slogans, and cut-and-paste techniques to visually express punk's anti-establishment and anti-authoritarian messages. The art captured the raw, rebellious spirit of punk, challenging conventional design norms and reflecting the DIY ethos of the movement. 13. What was Rock Against Racism? Answer: Rock Against Racism: • Purpose: Rock Against Racism (RAR) was a political and cultural movement in the late 1970s Britain that aimed to combat racism through music and activism. • Importance: RAR organized concerts, protests, and cultural events featuring punk and reggae bands to promote racial harmony and oppose the rise of far-right groups like the National Front. It brought together diverse communities and artists, using music as a powerful tool for social change and solidarity against racism. 14. Explain the importance of independent record labels on British and North American punk. Answer: Importance of Independent Record Labels in British and North American Punk: • British Punk: Independent labels like Stiff Records and Rough Trade played a crucial role in nurturing punk bands and releasing their music. These labels provided creative freedom, support for DIY ethos, and platforms for bands to challenge mainstream music industry norms. • North American Punk: Labels such as SST Records (founded by Black Flag's Greg Ginn) and Dischord Records (founded by Minor Threat's Ian MacKaye) were pivotal in the U.S. punk scene. They promoted local bands, released influential albums, and maintained ethical practices, influencing the DIY punk ethic and shaping alternative music scenes. 15. Explain the National Front and its place in punk rock. Answer: National Front and Its Place in Punk Rock: • National Front: A far-right political organization in Britain advocating nationalist and anti-immigrant policies. • Impact on Punk: The National Front's rise in the late 1970s sparked opposition from punk bands and fans who rejected racism and fascism. Punk lyrics, performances, and movements like Rock Against Racism directly challenged the National Front's ideology, promoting inclusivity, anti-racism, and social justice within the punk community. 16. What did the emergence of PiL have on punk? Answer: Emergence of PiL (Public Image Ltd.) on Punk: • PiL: Formed by John Lydon (formerly Johnny Rotten of the Sex Pistols), PiL transitioned punk into post-punk and experimental rock territory. They embraced diverse musical influences, including dub reggae and avant-garde sounds, while maintaining punk's confrontational attitude and DIY ethos. PiL's innovative approach expanded the boundaries of punk, influencing alternative music genres and demonstrating punk's capacity for artistic evolution and experimentation. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Where did North American punk originate? A. San Francisco B. New York City C. Boston D. Toronto Answer: B 2. What characterized American punk? A. Exclusively male dominated B. Started by lower-class youths C. Literary based D. Focused on social issues Answer: C 3. What somewhat atypical American punk band helped to inspire both Canadian and British punk? A. Ramones B. Patti Smith C. Richard Hell D. Talking Heads Answer: A 4. Who was Malcolm McLaren? A. Manager of Kiss B. Manager of David Bowie C. Manager of the Sex Pistols D. Owner of a British record shop Answer: C 5. What helped cause British punk? A. A poor British economy B. The birth of the British computer industry C. British legislation D. The British military draft Answer: A 6. What style of poster art accompanied British punk? A. Updated psychedelic art B. Cut-and-paste, ransom-note art C. Medieval art D. Andy Warhol-type art Answer: B 7. Who followed the Sex Pistols as British punks? A. Clash B. Talking Heads C. The Viletones D. The Cure Answer: A 8. To what did Rock Against Racism refer? A. A British punk band B. A movement among British punkers to combat racism C. A rock festival held in London in 1975 D. Rock musicians who united against racist British punkers Answer: B 9. What Jamaican music predated reggae? A. Ska B. Skiffle C. Jah music D. Blues Answer: A 10. What helped popularize British punk? A. Independent record companies B. Major record companies C. Current rock stars like Linda Ronstadt D. The British government Answer: A 11. Why did British punk decline? A. Sex Pistols went commercial B. The punk fashion became mainstream C. The British government outlawed punk D. The Clash were jailed Answer: B 12. What band did Johnny Rotten establish after the Sex Pistols? A. PiL B. Cure C. Joy Division D. The Police Answer: A 13. What characterized bands such as Joy Division? A. Gloomy lyrics B. Snappy sound C. Upbeat melodies D. Outrageous outfits Answer: A 14. Who played British new wave music? A. The Police B. Siouxsie and the Banshees C. The Cure D. Buzzcocks Answer: A 15. What was the name of Canada’s first punk club? A. The New Yorker Theatre B. The Crash ’n’ Burn C. CBGB’s D. The Roundhouse Answer: B Chapter 15 I Want My MTV SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Explore the notion of gender on MTV, identifying any changes to the approach of the channel. Answer: Gender on MTV: • Initially, MTV primarily featured male artists and perpetuated gender stereotypes in music videos. Over time, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, there was a gradual shift with more female artists gaining visibility. This change was influenced by societal shifts towards gender equality and advocacy from feminist groups for better representation on the channel. 2. What were the musical influences of the New Romantics? Answer: Musical Influences of the New Romantics: • The New Romantics drew influences from various genres such as glam rock, punk rock, electronic music, and disco. They embraced flamboyant fashion, synthesized sounds, and theatrical performances, creating a distinct visual and musical style that challenged traditional gender norms and explored themes of romanticism and individuality. 3. Compare and contrast the Mods and the New Romantics. Answer: Mods vs. New Romantics: • Mods: Emerged in the 1960s with a focus on clean-cut fashion, R&B music, and scooters. They represented a working-class youth culture with a preference for soul music and sharp attire. • New Romantics: Flourished in the early 1980s with a more extravagant and flamboyant style influenced by glam rock and electronic music. They embraced androgynous fashion, makeup, and synthesized sounds, promoting a sense of romanticism and individual expression. 4. Examine the connection between the growth of video games and music stations like MTV and MuchMusic. Answer: Connection Between Video Games and Music Stations: • The growth of video games and music television stations like MTV and MuchMusic occurred simultaneously in the 1980s. Both mediums appealed to young audiences and shared technological advancements. Video games, with their soundtracks and graphics, mirrored the visual and auditory appeal of music videos, influencing pop culture and youth entertainment trends. 5. Show how the synthesizer changed rock and roll. Answer: Impact of the Synthesizer on Rock and Roll: • The synthesizer revolutionized rock and roll by introducing new sonic possibilities. It allowed musicians to create electronic sounds, layer textures, and experiment with music production. This innovation expanded the genre's boundaries, paving the way for electronic rock, new wave, and synth-pop in the late 1970s and 1980s. 6. How did the synthesizer connect to the do-it-yourself punk culture? Answer: Synthesizer and DIY Punk Culture: • The synthesizer aligned with the DIY ethos of punk culture by offering an affordable and accessible tool for experimental music production. Punk bands embraced synthesizers to challenge mainstream music conventions, create unique sounds, and express socio-political commentary, further diversifying punk's sonic palette. 7. Why did electro-pop artists become the first successful acts on MTV? Answer: Success of Electro-Pop Artists on MTV: • Electro-pop artists were early successes on MTV due to their visually striking music videos and catchy synthesized sounds. Acts like Depeche Mode, Duran Duran, and Gary Numan utilized MTV's platform to showcase their innovative visuals and appeal to a growing audience interested in electronic music and fashion-forward aesthetics. 8. Trace the musical development of Michael Jackson and list the reasons for the mega- success of Michael Jackson with Thriller in 1982. Answer: Musical Development of Michael Jackson and Thriller's Success: • Michael Jackson's musical journey evolved from child star in the Jackson 5 to a solo artist who fused pop, R&B, funk, and dance influences. His album "Thriller" (1982) achieved mega-success due to its groundbreaking music videos, memorable dance routines, innovative production by Quincy Jones, and Jackson's charismatic performances, solidifying his status as the "King of Pop." 9. Examine the importance of the sale of merchandise for the success of Michael Jackson, the Beatles, and Elvis. Answer: Importance of Merchandise Sales for Michael Jackson, Beatles, and Elvis: • Merchandise sales played a significant role in the success of Michael Jackson, the Beatles, and Elvis by expanding their brands beyond music. Items like albums, concert tickets, clothing lines, and memorabilia contributed to their cultural influence, financial success, and enduring popularity among fans worldwide. 10. Why did Michael Jackson sell more records than Elvis? Answer: • Michael Jackson's record-breaking sales were attributed to several factors including his global appeal, innovative music videos, cross-genre versatility, and strategic marketing. He leveraged emerging platforms like MTV to reach diverse audiences and maintain relevance, surpassing Elvis Presley's sales figures in an era of increased media exposure and globalized music consumption. 11. Examine the role of race in the success of Michael Jackson. Did he represent a boon or a liability for civil rights? Answer: Role of Race in the Success of Michael Jackson: • Michael Jackson's success played a complex role in terms of race relations. As a black artist, he broke down racial barriers in the music industry by achieving unprecedented crossover appeal. His talent, charisma, and innovative music videos helped him transcend racial stereotypes and reach a global audience. Jackson's success symbolized a boon for civil rights by showcasing black excellence in popular culture and influencing diverse audiences worldwide. 12. How did the metal of Van Halen differ from the music and image of early metal pioneers such as Black Sabbath? Answer: Differences Between Van Halen and Early Metal Pioneers like Black Sabbath: • Black Sabbath: Originated in the late 1960s, Black Sabbath pioneered heavy metal with dark themes, dense guitar riffs, and a gloomy aesthetic. Their music often explored occult and supernatural themes, characterized by slow tempos and a foreboding atmosphere. • Van Halen: Emerged in the late 1970s, Van Halen revolutionized metal with a high-energy, virtuosic guitar style, driven by Eddie Van Halen's innovative tapping technique. They infused metal with elements of hard rock, incorporating catchy melodies, party-oriented lyrics, and a more upbeat, party-friendly image compared to Black Sabbath's darker tones. 13. What musical influences did the pop metal bands cite as important? Answer: Musical Influences Cited by Pop Metal Bands: • Pop metal bands drew influences from various genres including hard rock, glam rock, pop, and punk. They cited bands like Kiss, Aerosmith, Queen, and Cheap Trick as important influences. These bands contributed to pop metal's melodic hooks, flashy guitar solos, and catchy choruses, appealing to a broad audience with their polished production and radio-friendly sound. 14. Show the importance of changing demographics in the success of music stations like MTV and MuchMusic. Answer: Importance of Changing Demographics in Music Stations' Success: • Changing demographics, including a younger audience with disposable income and diverse musical tastes, played a crucial role in the success of music stations like MTV and MuchMusic in the 1980s. These stations catered to the visual preferences of youth culture by airing music videos that enhanced the listener experience. By adapting programming to reflect evolving trends and demographic shifts, MTV and MuchMusic capitalized on youth culture's influence, shaping music trends and artists' careers. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. When did MTV first start? A. 1984 B. 1981 C. 1979 D. 1988 Answer: B 2. How did MTV differ from traditional television? A. Long videos B. Geared to the post-baby boom generation C. Focused on punk D. Featured primarily African-American artists Answer: B 3. Who did the New Romantics idolize? A. Beatles B. Roxy Music C. Velvet Underground D. Jefferson Airplane Answer: B 4. What instrument became popular with the New Romantics? A. Sequencer B. Synthesizer C. Clarinet D. Bass Answer: B 5. Who played in the New Romantic style? A. Whitney Houston B. Gary Numan C. Van Halen D. Michael Jackson Answer: B 6. Who became popular through MTV? A. Black Flag B. Duran Duran C. PiL D. Roxy Music Answer: B 7. What record label signed the Jackson 5? A. Chess B. Motown C. Sony D. Warner Brothers Answer: B 8. Why did the album Thriller become such a hit? A. The cover art B. MTV C. D.J. payola D. Fred Astaire’s dance routines Answer: B 9. Who used the Michael Jackson/Motown style for success? A. Boy George B. Nirvana C. Green Day D. U2 Answer: A 10. What type of music did Madonna listen to as a youth? A. Blues B. Motown C. Cool jazz D. Punk Answer: B 11. Who sang soul-pop in the mid-1980s? A. Whitney Houston B. Mötley Crüe C. Adam Ant D. Police Answer: A 12. What describes the music of Van Halen? A. Motown influence B. Blues-based sound C. Pop hooks D. Raw sound Answer: C 13. Who played pop metal? A. Def Leppard B. Motorhead C. Venom D. Immortal Answer: A 14. What year did MuchMusic first air? A. 1981 B. 1982 C. 1983 D. 1984 Answer: D 15. What was the first music video aired on MuchMusic? A. Michael Jackson’s “Beat It” B. Michael Jackson’s “Thriller” C. Rush’s “The Enemy Within” D. Rush’s “Distant Early Warning” Answer: C Test Bank for Rockin' in Time: A Social History of Rock and Roll David P. Szatmary, Lynsay Ripley 9780205964802
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