CH-11-12 The Changing Family – Social Problems: A Down-to-Earth Approach : Exam Guide

This Document Contains Chapters 11 to 12 Chapter 11: The Changing Family MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Approximately __________ children in the United States are in day care. A) 1 million B) 2 million C) 4 million D) 5 million Answer: D 2. The moving of work to factories, the increase of formal education and a lower birthrate are all associated with which era? A) The Scientific Revolution B) The Industrial Revolution C) The Feminist Revolution D) The Quiet Revolution Answer: B 3. In the 1800s, almost everyone lived __________. A) in suburbs B) in cities C) on farms D) as migrants Answer: C 4. The moving of women from doing work in the home to doing paid labor outside of the home brings a lot of changes to families. This is known as the __________. A) Scientific Revolution B) Industrial Revolution C) Feminist Revolution D) Quiet Revolution Answer: D 5. Since 1970, divorce rates in the United States have __________. A) declined B) remained the same C) increased D) fluctuated constantly Answer: C 6. In the United States, the lowest number of single-parent households is found in the __________. A) West B) East C) South D) North Answer: D 7. As a parent, Carol is excessively lenient. She fails to give her children solid boundaries. This illustrates __________. A) social institution B) defective discipline C) a liberation army D) sexual revolution Answer: B 8. Michael is a single-parent father. He is excessively controlling of his children and expects absolute obedience. This illustrates __________. A) social institution B) defective discipline C) a liberation army D) sexual revolution Answer: B 9. Koroun is the 14-year-old son of Davinia. Davinia has a new boyfriend who does not like having Koroun around. To keep the relationship with her boyfriend intact, Davinia asks her son to leave the house. Koroun is __________. A) a pushout B) extended family C) nuclear family D) a pedophile Answer: A 10. Dr. Zsembik is sexually attracted to children. He takes every opportunity that he can get to fondle his young patients. Dr. Zsembik is a(n) __________. A) pushout B) extended family C) nuclear family D) pedophile Answer: D 11. The person whose earnings are the primary source of support for all dependents is called the __________. A) pedophile B) pushout C) breadwinner D) cohabitor Answer: C 12. The person who stays home and takes care of the house and home is known as the __________. A) homemaker B) breadwinner C) pushover D) sexual revolution Answer: A 13. The basis of marriage for most Americans is __________. A) economic security B) children C) love D) sex Answer: C 14. In two-paycheck families in the United States, __________. A) wives spend more time doing household chores than husbands B) husbands and wives spend an equal amount of time doing household chores C) husbands spend more time doing household chores than wives D) children do the bulk of the housework Answer: A 15. Stephanie is a single parent. Her three children depend on her earnings as their primary source of support. As such, Stephanie is the __________. A) pedophile B) pushout C) breadwinner D) cohabitor Answer: C 16. Until about 1940, U.S. children “became adults” when they graduated from the __________. A) fifth grade B) sixth grade C) seventh grade D) eighth grade Answer: D 17. Because people’s expectations place a heavy burden on marriage, marriage is a(n) __________. A) sexual revolution B) overloaded institution C) defective discipline D) extended family Answer: B 18. Functionalists suggest that changes in the traditional functions of family have __________. A) weakened the family unit B) strengthened the family unit C) not impacted the family unit D) eliminated the family unit Answer: A 19. Paul and India just had their first baby. As such, these two have created a __________. A) nuclear family B) extended family C) family of orientation D) family of procreation Answer: D 20. Mr. Lucas tells his grandchildren that when he was their age, his idea of fun involved sleigh rides, hay rides, and card games with his family. Mr. Lucas’ ideas of fun illustrate which of the following functions of family? A) Socialization B) Reproduction C) Economic production D) Recreation Answer: D 21. Carl was raised in a home with his mother, his father, and his sister. These people make up Carl’s __________. A) social institution B) extended family C) family of orientation D) family of procreation Answer: C 22. Elizabeth is conducting a study on engaged women to determine how they expect marriage to impact their lives. Elizabeth’s study is in line with __________. A) symbolic interactionism B) functionalism C) conflict theory D) feminist theory Answer: A 23. Megan is in an unhappy marriage. She knows that if she leaves her husband, she can afford to maintain the same standard of living because she runs a successful physical therapy firm. Megan’s consideration of a life without her husband illustrates __________. A) perception of alternatives B) the sexual revolution C) defective discipline D) incompatibility Answer: A 24. Tyrone and his wife, Henrietta, believe they are just “too different” to stay together because they can no longer “get along.” This couple is experiencing __________. A) perception of alternatives B) the sexual revolution C) defective discipline D) incompatibility Answer: D 25. Belinda’s research focuses on how women’s involvement in the workforce impacts the parent-child relationship. This research is in line with __________. A) symbolic interactionism B) functionalism C) conflict theory D) feminist theory Answer: B 26. In the 1960s, there was a drastic relaxation in the general standards of sexual behavior. This reflects a __________. A) sexual revolution B) perception of alternatives C) reproductive labor D) liberation army Answer: A 27. Juanita hates the idea of marriage. She believes that men use marriage to control, dominate, and exploit women. Juanita’s views are most in line with __________. A) symbolic interactionism B) functionalism C) conflict theory D) feminist theory Answer: C 28. Darren is an ad executive and works 60 hours a week. His stay-at-home wife, Samantha, cooks his meals, cleans and irons his clothes, and hosts dinner parties for him in an effort to help him do well as the breadwinner. These things that Samantha does for her husband are examples of __________. A) reproductive labor B) second shift C) modernity D) cohabitation Answer: A 29. Compared to the 1970s, today’s brides and grooms are __________. A) younger B) the same age C) older D) less well educated Answer: C 30. The highest rates of violence are found among ___________. A) blue-collar workers B) white-collar workers C) people with more education D) people over age 30 Answer: A 31. When children learn from their parents that violence is a way to solve problems, it is called __________. A) the social heredity of violence B) false consciousness C) defective discipline D) intimate partner violence Answer: A 32. Which of the following is true of intimate partner violence? A) Wives are more likely than husbands to attack their spouses. B) Husbands and wives are about equally likely to attack one another. C) Husbands are more likely than wives to attack their spouses. D) Wives are more violent than husbands. Answer: B 33. The lowest rates of violence occur in homes where __________. A) children are present B) couples do not drink C) one person is an alcoholic D) household income is above average Answer: B 34. The most common long-term effect of marital rape is __________. A) the woman having difficulty getting pregnant B) the woman being unable to continue working C) the woman’s inability to trust intimate relationships D) the woman feeling despair Answer: C 35. To soften the stigma of being child-free, many couples discuss __________. A) a mythical child B) incompatibility C) pushouts D) the second shift Answer: A 36. Victor and Hope are not married. They live together in a sexual relationship. Victor and Hope are involved in __________. A) cohabitation B) incompatibility C) false consciousness D) defective discipline Answer: A 37. The process of becoming permanently child-free involves __________. A) two stages B) three stages C) four stages D) five stages Answer: C 38. The most prevalent form of marital rape is __________. A) perverted B) defective C) non-battering D) battering Answer: D 39. Leonard slaps his wife when he is unhappy with her cooking. This is an example of __________. A) cohabitation B) intimate partner violence C) defective discipline D) a pushout Answer: B 40. Morgan lives in a home with her grandparents, aunts, uncles, and parents. This reflects a(n) __________. A) family of procreation B) family of orientation C) nuclear family D) extended family Answer: D 41. Homer lives with his wife, Marge, and his children Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. They represent a(n) __________. A) family of procreation B) family of orientation C) nuclear family D) extended family Answer: C 42. Keva and her husband, Shumphert, are postponing the decision to have a baby until they buy a house. Which stage in the development of a permanent child-free life does this reflect? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fourth Answer: A 43. Bailey and her husband, Lonnie, believe they will have a baby sometime in the future, when they are more financially stable. Which stage in the development of a permanent child-free life does this reflect? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fourth Answer: B 44. Toya and her husband, Lorenzo, think they might want to remain child-free. Which stage in the development of a permanent child-free life does this reflect? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fourth Answer: C 45. Sanchez and Rosa view being child-free as a permanent state. Which stage in the development of a permanent child-free life does this reflect? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fourth Answer: D 46. Allison and Bob have chosen not to have any children because they feel their careers are more important. According to sociologists, they are known as __________. A) a childless couple B) a child-free couple C) an indecisive couple D) a defective couple Answer: B 47. Walter grew up in a household in which he saw his father physically abuse his mother. Now that Walter is a married adult, he physically abuses his wife. This illustrates the __________. A) social heredity of violence B) false consciousness C) defective discipline D) intimate partner violence Answer: A 48. Sharon’s husband, Albert, has been raping her for six years, an act during which he gets sexually aroused. What type of marital rape does this represent? A) Perverted B) Non-battering C) Defective D) Battering Answer: A 49. Ralph believes that if people changed their attitudes about sleeping with children, incest would no longer be an issue. Ralph’s beliefs are in line with __________. A) the Pushout Army B) the Pedophile Liberation Army C) the Reproductive Labor Army D) the False Consciousness Army Answer: B 50. Christopher Lasch says we are on a road that leads to __________. A) a downfall in the American family B) a therapeutic society C) nowhere D) incompatibility Answer: B FILL IN THE BLANK 51. Children who have been shoved out by parents who no longer want them are called __________. Answer: pushouts 52. Excessive leniency and excessive control are forms of __________. Answer: defective discipline 53. Symbolic interactionists consider __________ an essential first step in making divorce possible. Answer: perception of alternatives 54. __________ examine what people expect from social institutions like marriage. Answer: Symbolic interactionists 55. __________ stress that marriage and family roles reflect basic social inequality that exists among men and women. Answer: Conflict theorists 56. __________ refers to physical, emotional, and sexual abuse within a relationship. Answer: Intimate partner violence 57. With __________ rape, the husband is sexually aroused by the violence. Answer: perverted 58. Parents and their biological children are known as a(n) __________. Answer: nuclear family 59. In Middletown, the idea that family has declined is a(n) __________. Answer: sociological myth 60. __________ is the disorientation we experience when our familiar world is transformed. A) Pushout B) Defective discipline C) Cohabitation D) Future shock Answer: D TRUE/FALSE 61. Today, children in the United States are considered economic assets. Answer: False 62. Most children in the United States currently live with both of their parents. Answer: True 63. Most babies born in the United States are born to single parents. Answer: False 64. Children in single-parent households are more likely to face defective discipline. Answer: True 65. In the United States, most non-resident fathers remain involved in their children’s lives. Answer: False 66. The number of runaway children in the United States is unknown. Answer: True 67. It used to be difficult to get a divorce. Answer: True 68. Today, women are less dependent on mates for financial security than in the past. Answer: True 69. Most elderly people in the United States live in nursing homes. Answer: False 70. Future shock has affected generations of families. Answer: True SHORT ANSWER 71. Compare and contrast the family of orientation and the family of procreation. Answer: • Family of Orientation: The family one is born into and raised by, influencing early socialization and values. • Family of Procreation: The family formed through marriage or partnership, including children, and involving new roles and responsibilities. Comparison: Both involve significant social bonds and influence individual identity. Contrast: Family of orientation is based on birth and early socialization, while family of procreation is formed through choice and focuses on new familial roles. 72. Explain why marriage is considered an overloaded institution. Answer: Marriage is considered overloaded because it serves multiple roles: legal status, emotional support, economic partnership, cultural significance, parental roles, and personal fulfillment. This diversity of functions can lead to varied expectations and pressures on individuals and couples. 73. Explain why an increasing number of people choose to cohabit instead of marry. Answer: An increasing number of people choose to cohabit instead of marry due to flexibility, economic advantages, changing social norms accepting cohabitation, the opportunity to test compatibility before marriage, personal preference for relationship commitment without legal ties, and concerns about divorce rates. 74. Discuss the four-stage process of a permanent child-free life. Answer: The four-stage process of choosing a permanent child-free life involves: 1. Decision: Making a deliberate choice not to have children. 2. Social Navigation: Managing societal expectations and pressures. 3. Lifestyle Establishment: Pursuing fulfilling activities and goals aligned with personal values. 4. Reaffirmation and Adjustment: Continuously affirming the decision and adapting to life stages without children. This process reflects a deliberate and personal journey toward embracing a child-free lifestyle, navigating social expectations, and prioritizing personal fulfillment and autonomy. 75. Explain the social heredity of violence. Answer: The social heredity of violence refers to how violent behaviors are learned and passed down through socialization rather than genetics. It involves learning through observation, social norms that may condone violence, institutional influences like media, and interpersonal dynamics such as abusive relationships. ESSAY 76. Explain how the Industrial Revolution impacted the family. How are we still feeling those effects today? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Describe what the Industrial Revolution was and when it happened. • Note the major effects on the family (e.g., work moving to factories, lower birthrates, etc.). • Expand analysis to contemporary families. Sample Answer: The Industrial Revolution profoundly impacted the family structure and dynamics: 1. Impact on Family Structure: • Geographical Mobility: Industrialization led to urbanization and factory work, causing families to relocate from rural areas to cities. This disrupted extended family networks and changed living arrangements. • Division of Labor: The shift from agrarian to industrial economies resulted in a separation of home and work. Men typically worked outside the home, while women and children were often left to manage household duties. • Economic Changes: Families became more dependent on wages earned from factory labor, altering traditional economic roles within households. 2. Social Effects: • Child Labor: Industrialization increased child labor as children were employed in factories, impacting family dynamics and childhood experiences. • Gender Roles: The separation of home and work reinforced gender roles, with men as primary earners and women responsible for domestic duties. 3. Modern Implications: • Nuclear Family Structure: The Industrial Revolution accelerated the shift toward nuclear family structures focused on parents and children, rather than extended family units. • Work-Life Balance: The division of labor and economic dependency on wages shaped contemporary expectations for work-life balance and gender roles in dual-income households. • Urbanization: Industrialization spurred urban growth, shaping modern urban centers and influencing social and economic policies. In summary, the Industrial Revolution reshaped family structures, roles, and economic dependencies, laying the groundwork for modern family dynamics and societal norms that continue to influence us today. 77. Explain how society’s expectations that a person will find true love breeds disappointment. How does love operate as a symbol? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Articulate the evolution of love-based marriage. • Explain how the standard of love-based marriage can lead to disappointment. • Apply symbolic interactionist theory to the evolution of love as a symbol for marriage. Sample Answer: Society's expectations of finding true love can breed disappointment by creating unrealistic romantic ideals that may not align with reality. Love operates as a symbol by representing deep emotional fulfillment, companionship, and personal validation. This symbolic value can lead individuals to seek perfection in relationships, often setting them up for disappointment when real-life experiences don't match idealized expectations. 78. Discuss changes in marital roles over the last 50 years. Use functionalism to show how this impacts marital dissatisfaction. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline traditional family roles. • Outline modern family roles where they have changed in important ways. • Articulate the functionalist viewpoint, paying particular attention to division of labor and role certainty. • Analyze the shift in roles from the functionalist perspective. Sample Answer: Over the last 50 years, marital roles have evolved significantly: 1. Gender Equality: There has been a shift towards more equal sharing of household responsibilities and decision-making between spouses. 2. Dual-Income Households: Both partners increasingly contribute financially, altering traditional economic roles. 3. Parenting Dynamics: Fathers are more involved in childcare and household duties, challenging traditional gender roles. Functionalism shows that these changes can impact marital dissatisfaction: • Role Strain: Conflicting expectations and new roles can lead to stress and dissatisfaction if spouses struggle to adjust to shared responsibilities. • Unmet Expectations: Changes in roles may not align with traditional norms, causing disappointment if one partner feels their contributions or needs are undervalued. • Conflict Resolution: Adjusting to new roles requires effective communication and negotiation skills, impacting marital satisfaction if not managed well. In summary, while evolving marital roles reflect societal progress towards equality, challenges in role adjustment can contribute to marital dissatisfaction if not effectively addressed. 79. Explain male domination in marriage. What are the major elements? How is this power sustained? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Document the domination of males in marriage. • Discuss the aspects of this domination (e.g., traditional roles, disciplinarians, etc.). • Use conflict theory to discuss how this power is sustained. Sample Answer: Male domination in marriage refers to a historical and cultural phenomenon where men traditionally hold more power and authority within the marital relationship. Key elements include: 1. Decision-Making Authority: Men historically had primary control over major decisions affecting the family, such as finances, children's education, and household matters. 2. Economic Control: Men typically were the primary breadwinners, controlling financial resources and economic decisions. 3. Social and Legal Norms: Traditional norms and laws often supported male dominance, reinforcing gender roles and expectations. This power is sustained through: • Cultural Norms: Society's expectations and beliefs about gender roles reinforce male dominance. • Economic Control: Men's role as primary earners often translates into greater control over financial resources. • Socialization: From childhood, both men and women are socialized into accepting and perpetuating these roles. In contemporary times, efforts towards gender equality have challenged these dynamics, but remnants of male domination can still influence marital dynamics and decision-making processes. 80. Discuss the labels used to describe couples without children and explain the implications of the labels. Use symbolic interaction to analyze the effects of these labels. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline the various labels used to describe couples without children. • Discuss the effects of those labels. Who gives them and who gets them? • Apply symbolic interactionism to assess the effects of these labels. Sample Answer: Labels such as "childless" and "childfree" are used to describe couples without children. "Childless" implies a lack or deficit, potentially carrying negative connotations of incompleteness or unfulfilled expectations. In contrast, "childfree" conveys a proactive choice to remain without children, emphasizing autonomy and freedom. Symbolic interactionism suggests that these labels can influence how individuals perceive themselves and are perceived by others, shaping identity and social interactions. "Childfree" may empower individuals, while "childless" could imply societal expectations or pressures. Chapter 12: Urbanization and Population MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Most of the world’s population __________. A) is migratory B) lives in cities C) lives in rural areas D) lives in suburbs Answer: B 2. It is predicted that by 2025, there will be how many megacities? A) 15 B) 18 C) 23 D) 29 Answer: D 3. The movement of masses of people to cities, known as __________, creates unique problems never before dealt with on a global scale. A) urban crisis B) urban homesteading C) urban sprawl D) urbanization Answer: D 4. Erica’s research focuses on the social process whereby cities grow. The focus is on __________. A) urbanization B) demographic transition C) disinvestment D) laterization Answer: A 5. Bob’s research focuses on drug dealers and their impact on urban flight. He is studying __________. A) urban crisis B) urban homesteading C) urban sprawl D) urbanization Answer: A 6. __________ explains the tendency of any town or city to expand radially from its central business district. A) Gentrification theory B) The demographic transition C) Concentric zone theory D) Redlining Answer: C 7. In his research, Elijah Anderson found a group of men who were decent and hardworking. They were known as the __________. A) hoodlums B) gentlemen C) regulars D) wine heads Answer: C 8. How many areas are there in a city? A) Two B) Three C) Four D) Five Answer: D 9. The research approach used by symbolic interactionists studying urban life that involves not imposing one’s own values or views on others is often called __________. A) disinvestment B) gemeinschaft C) gesellschaft D) the Chicago School of Sociology Answer: D 10. The __________ occurs when one group moves into an area already occupied by people who have different characteristics. A) green revolution B) invasion–succession cycle C) demographic transition D) precipitating incident Answer: B 11. Taisha lives in the urban slums. According to Burgess, she lives in __________. A) Zone 1 B) Zone 2 C) Zone 3 D) Zone 4 Answer: B 12. In Dallas, Texas, most of the car dealerships are clustered together in specific areas. This illustrates __________. A) zones of functional specialties B) concentric zones C) edge cities D) enterprise zones Answer: A 13. Hadassah’s research examines how the urban poor in India perceive their own life satisfaction in comparison with others. This research is in line with __________. A) conflict theory B) symbolic interactionism C) functionalism D) feminist theory Answer: B 14. Violet believes that cities have declined because of policies developed by business owners. Violet’s beliefs are in line with __________. A) conflict theory B) symbolic interactionism C) functionalism D) feminist theory Answer: A 15. __________ suggest that the poor are oppressed by leaders who pursue their own political and economic interests. A) Conflict theorists B) Symbolic interactionists C) Functionalists D) Feminist theorists Answer: A 16. __________ stress that the privileged run the cities and make the decisions that keep their power intact. A) Conflict theorists B) Symbolic interactionists C) Functionalists D) Feminist theorists Answer: A 17. Which sociologist found six main values of belonging to a gang? A) Albert Cohen B) Walter Miller C) Ruth Horowitz D) Elijah Anderson Answer: B 18. The cities facing the most decline in their regional rest ratification are in the __________. A) Midwest B) West C) Northeast D) South Answer: C 19. The feeling of belonging to __________ involves a sense that others care what happens to us and that we can depend on the people around us. A) a town B) alienation C) a community D) windrows Answer: C 20. The destitute and the emotionally disturbed living in the city are often referred to as the __________. A) poor B) trapped C) deprived D) ethnic villagers Answer: C 21. __________ have affiliates in most major cities and are involved in theft and murder. A) Road ragers B) Torches C) Sunbelts D) Super gangs Answer: D 22. Since moving to New York City from a small town in Mississippi, Ellie has lived in isolation and fear. This illustrates __________. A) laterization B) alienation C) community D) windrows Answer: B 23. Cretia Mae has lived in a rural area for her entire life. She says that she loves the country life because she has neighbors who care about her and on whom she can depend. This suggests that Cretia Mae appreciates __________. A) laterization B) alienation C) community D) windrows Answer: C 24. Helen is a professional who lives and works in Manhattan. She enjoys the arts and entertainment opportunities that are offered by living in a city. She represents the __________. A) suburbanites B) upper class C) professionals D) cosmopolites Answer: D 25. Bob is an elderly man who has no family. He can’t afford to move out of the city. He represents the __________. A) mentally ill B) trapped C) downtrodden D) disheveled Answer: B 26. Los Angeles is trying to encourage businesses to relocate in some of the poorer sections of town. The city is establishing __________. A) empowerment zones B) concentric zones C) redline zones D) precipitating zones Answer: A 27. __________ occurs when more affluent people move into an area and rehabilitate its buildings. A) Disinvestment B) Urban sprawl C) Gentrification D) Redlining Answer: C 28. The number of deaths per 1,000 people is called __________. A) the death rate B) a population pyramid C) infanticide D) carrying capacity Answer: A 29. A(n) __________ occurs when growth doubles during equal intervals of time. A) population pyramid B) exponential growth curve C) demographic transition D) green revolution Answer: B 30. Thomas Malthus argued that __________. A) both the population and the food supply increase geometrically B) the population increases geometrically and the food supply increases arithmetically C) both the population and the food supply increase arithmetically D) the population increases arithmetically and the food supply increases geometrically Answer: B 31. __________ occurs when there is a failure to produce enough children to replace people who die. A) Population shrinkage B) Indexing C) Demographic transition D) Laterization Answer: A 32. The stage of the demographic transition that consists of a fairly stable population in which high death rates are offset by high birthrates is called __________. A) Stage I B) Stage II C) Stage III D) Stage IV Answer: A 33. The stage of the demographic transition in which the population is stabilized as people bring birthrates in line with lower death rates is called __________. A) Stage I B) Stage II C) Stage III D) Stage IV Answer: C 34. In the second stage of the demographic transition __________. A) there will be a large number of young people B) there will be an equal number of young people and old people C) there will be a large number of old people D) most people will be elderly Answer: A 35. Freda’s research focuses on the composition and growth of the human population. Freda’s research explores __________. A) gentrification B) laterization C) urbanization D) demography Answer: D 36. Which of the following is true regarding the availability of food? A) Less food is available per person now than in the past. B) The same amount of food is available now as was in the past. C) More food is available per person now than in the past. D) It is impossible to measure the amount of food in the world. Answer: C 37. Starvation in Africa is typically due to __________. A) drought B) civil war C) both a and b D) overpopulation Answer: C 38. Seeing things from another person’s perspective is called __________. A) indexing B) taking the role of the other C) gemeinschaft D) gesellschaft Answer: B 39. Mexico is in Stage 2 of the demographic transition. The country’s age structure can be represented by __________. A) a demographic transition map B) a population bar chart C) a population pyramid D) a demographic chart Answer: C 40. The controlling of food production to control food prices is called __________. A) a political machine B) food politics C) disinvestment D) Agri companies Answer: B 41. When Western medicine and public sanitation were exported to the Least Industrialized Nations, it caused a surge in their populations that outstripped their food supplies and resulted in malnutrition, mass starvation, and political unrest. This illustrates __________. A) indexing B) a latent function C) a latent dysfunction D) alienation Answer: C 42. __________ suggest that war, natural disasters, disease, and famine hold the world’s population in check, ensuring that humans do not outstrip their food supply. A) Conflict theorists B) Symbolic interactionists C) Functionalists D) Feminist theorists Answer: C 43. __________ is achieved when couples average about two children each. A) A replacement level B) Zero population growth C) Population shrinkage D) A population pyramid Answer: B 44. As human populations continue to grow, such as in Africa, they will outpace the food supply. This is the belief of the __________. A) new eternally optimistic B) New Malthusians C) Anti-Malthusians D) green revolution Answer: B 45. Dr. Kunjufu believes that food production is just another tool used by the wealthy to exploit the poor. His ideas are in line with __________. A) conflict theory B) symbolic interactionism C) functionalism D) feminist theory Answer: A 46. Which of the following policies would the Anti-Malthusians promote? A) Encourage teenagers to experiment sexually. B) Require a license to have children. C) Encourage more families including homosexual families. D) Encourage women to go to college and graduate school. Answer: A 47. Which of the following policies would the New Malthusians promote? A) Reduce the age of consent to have sex B) Encourage infanticide C) Discourage the education of women D) Make birth control illegal Answer: B 48. In __________, bioengineering will produce pest-resistant plants that produce their own fertilizers. A) a biotech society B) laterization C) indexing D) the green revolution Answer: A 49. We have designer animals and corn that makes its own insecticide. This is an example of our emerging __________. A) laterization B) futuristic society C) biotech society D) green revolution Answer: C 50. Jeff owns a farm where he raises cattle. In recent years, he has begun looking toward solutions for getting his animals to produce more milk and meat. Rather than doing classic animal husbandry, Jeff is turning to genetic options to produce superior cattle. These animals are called __________. A) designer animals B) futuristic animals C) biotech animals D) modified cattle Answer: A FILL IN THE BLANK 51. When a city’s population hits 10 million, it’s known as a __________. Answer: megacity 52. The term __________ refers to a cluster of interrelated urban problems. Answer: urban crisis 53. According to Burgess, the better apartment buildings, residential hotels, single-family dwellings, and gated communities where the wealthy live are in __________. Answer: Zone 4 54. According to Burgess, the commuter zone of suburbs and satellite cities are in __________. Answer: Zone 5 55. A shift in a region’s population, wealth, and power is __________. Answer: regional rest ratification 56. __________ refers to the professionals, artists, and entertainers who are attracted to living in the city. Answer: The cosmopolites 57. The stage of the demographic transition that involves a population surge because of a decline in death rates is called __________. Answer: Stage 2 58. The stage of the demographic transition that involves a failure to produce enough children to replace people who die is called __________. Answer: Stage 4 59. __________ illustrate the age structures of a given country. Answer: Population pyramids 60. Gene-spliced farm animals that produce more meat and milk are called __________ animals. Answer: designer TRUE/FALSE 61. Most of the world’s largest cities are in the Least Industrialized Nations. Answer: True 62. City life increases rates of social problems. Answer: True 63. The majority of girl gangs play supportive roles to boy gangs. Answer: True 64. Replacing buildings does not cure urban problems. Answer: True 65. In gentrification, the pattern is for poor blacks to move into an area of the city occupied by other poor blacks. Answer: False 66. During most of its history, Europe was in Stage 1 of the demographic transition. Answer: True 67. European countries are worried about not having enough babies. Answer: True 68. Malthus believed that population growth would outpace the food supply. Answer: True 69. The increase in the world’s population is coming primarily from the most industrialized nations. Answer: False 70. In our emerging biotech society, bioengineering will produce pest-resistant plants that produce their own fertilizers. Answer: True SHORT ANSWER 71. Explain Burgess’s model of concentric zones. Answer: Burgess's model of concentric zones, developed in 1925, divides urban areas into five concentric zones: 1. Central Business District (CBD): The core of the city, where commercial activities and major transportation converge. 2. Zone of Transition: Surrounds the CBD, characterized by deteriorating housing and industry. It's a zone in transition from residential to industrial or commercial use. 3. Zone of Working-Class Homes: Contains modest, older housing occupied by the working class, farther from the CBD. 4. Zone of Better Residences: Suburban area with newer homes, inhabited by middle-class families. 5. Commuter Zone: Outermost ring, where wealthier residents live and commute to the city for work. This model illustrates how cities grow outward from a central core, with each zone experiencing distinct socio-economic characteristics. 72. Identify the five types of urban dwellers who live in the city according to Gans. Answer: Herbert Gans identified five types of urban dwellers in the city: 1. Cosmopolites: Affluent professionals who value urban amenities and cultural diversity. 2. Unmarried and childless: Young singles and couples who enjoy the city's social scene and convenience. 3. Ethnic villagers: Immigrants and ethnic minorities who maintain close-knit communities within the city. 4. Deprived: Lower-income residents who struggle with poverty and limited opportunities. 5. Trapped: Residents who are unable to leave due to financial constraints or other barriers. 73. Discuss the general principles of enterprise zones. Answer: Enterprise zones are designated areas aimed at stimulating economic growth and job creation through various incentives and policies. Key principles include: 1. Tax Incentives: Reduced taxes or tax credits for businesses operating within the zone, encouraging investment. 2. Regulatory Flexibility: Streamlined regulations and permits to facilitate business establishment and operations. 3. Infrastructure Development: Public investments in infrastructure like transportation and utilities to support business activities. 4. Job Creation: Focus on generating employment opportunities, especially for disadvantaged or unemployed individuals. 5. Partnerships: Collaboration between government, businesses, and community organizations to promote economic development. Enterprise zones are designed to revitalize economically distressed areas by attracting businesses, fostering entrepreneurship, and ultimately improving local socio-economic conditions. 74. According to Gans, what is needed to do a better job of educating the poor? Answer: According to Herbert Gans, to better educate the poor, it is essential to provide: • Access to quality schools with adequate resources and facilities. • Supportive environments that address socio-economic challenges and promote learning. • Programs that engage parents and the community in educational initiatives. 75. Briefly contrast the main ideas of the New Malthusian and Anti-Malthusian approaches to population growth. Answer: The New Malthusian approach emphasizes that population growth will outpace available resources, leading to social and environmental problems. It supports policies like birth control and family planning to manage population size. In contrast, the Anti-Malthusian approach believes that technological advancements and economic development can sustainably support population growth. It advocates for improving resource management, promoting innovation, and addressing socio-economic inequalities rather than limiting population growth through control measures. ESSAY 76. Explain the urban crisis in the United States. How do the theories help us to consider solutions to the urban crisis? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline what makes an urban crisis. • Explain what the urban crisis looks like in the United States. • Use the three dominant theories to articulate solutions. Sample Answer: The urban crisis in the United States refers to challenges faced by cities, including issues like poverty, crime, inadequate housing, racial segregation, and economic decline. Theories like urban ecology, urban political economy, and human ecology help understand these problems by examining factors such as urban growth, social inequality, and government policies. Solutions often involve urban renewal projects, affordable housing initiatives, community development programs, and policies addressing economic disparities and racial segregation. Integrating these theories guides efforts towards sustainable urban development and equitable growth. 77. Discuss Elijah Anderson’s study on street life. How does it compare to William Foote Whyte’s study? What do we learn from the two studies? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline Elijah Anderson’s study. • Outline William Foote Whyte’s study. • Analyze the similarities and differences. • Sum up what we learn about city life from the two studies combined. Sample Answer: Elijah Anderson's study on street life, particularly in "Code of the Street," focuses on how residents in disadvantaged urban areas develop a code of behavior to navigate their surroundings. Anderson explores the dynamics of respect, violence, and survival strategies within these communities. In comparison, William Foote Whyte's study in "Street Corner Society" examines the social organization and interactions among young men in an Italian-American neighborhood, highlighting the roles, norms, and networks that shape their lives. Both studies emphasize the importance of understanding the informal social structures and codes that govern behavior in urban settings. They reveal insights into how individuals adapt to and interact within their environments, providing valuable sociological perspectives on urban life and community dynamics. 78. Discuss the substitute values of gang members. What does Walter Miller’s research tell us about gang values? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain what substitute values are. • Articulate the norms of gang life. • Identify how these norms coalesce around specific substitute values. • Draw on Walter Miller’s research to support above positions. Sample Answer: Walter Miller's research on gang values, as outlined in his work "Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency," identifies six substitute values that are prominent among gang members: 1. Trouble: A tendency to seek out situations where conflict and risk-taking are prevalent. 2. Toughness: Emphasis on physical and emotional resilience as a measure of strength and respect. 3. Smartness: Street smarts and savvy in navigating the urban environment. 4. Excitement: Preference for activities and experiences that provide immediate gratification and adrenaline. 5. Fate: A fatalistic outlook that accepts and rationalizes the challenges and setbacks encountered in life. 6. Autonomy: Independence and self-reliance, often in defiance of authority and societal norms. Miller's research suggests that these values arise from the social and economic conditions of lower-class communities, where gangs provide a sense of identity, belonging, and protection amidst poverty and social exclusion. Understanding these substitute values helps illuminate the motivations and behaviors of gang members within their cultural context. 79. Explain why the poor have so many children in the Least Industrialized Nations. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline the economic pressures that make large families desirable in the Least Industrialized Nations. • Outline the social pressures that compel people to want large families in these nations. • Use a theory (e.g., functionalism) to explain why these desires exist. Sample Answer: In Least Industrialized Nations, several factors contribute to why the poor often have more children: 1. Economic Security: Children are seen as a form of economic security and support in old age, especially in societies without robust social safety nets. 2. Labor Contribution: Children contribute to household income through labor, particularly in agricultural or informal sectors where family labor is essential. 3. Cultural Norms: Societal expectations and cultural norms often encourage larger families, viewing children as a source of status or fulfillment. 4. High Infant Mortality: High infant mortality rates lead families to have more children as a survival strategy, ensuring some offspring reach adulthood. 5. Lack of Access to Contraception: Limited access to contraception and family planning services restricts the ability to control family size. 6. Gender Roles: Traditional gender roles may influence decisions about family size, with women having limited autonomy in reproductive choices. These factors combine to create conditions where larger families are common among the poor in Least Industrialized Nations, despite the challenges they may pose in terms of economic strain and resource allocation. 80. Compare the policy implications for population growth offered by the Anti-Malthusians compared to the New Malthusians. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline the Anti-Malthusian approach. • Outline the New Malthusian approach. • Analyze how each of these influences social policy. Sample Answer: The Anti-Malthusians and New Malthusians offer contrasting policy implications regarding population growth: 1. Anti-Malthusians: • Emphasize technological advancements and economic development as solutions to accommodate population growth. • Advocate for improving education, healthcare, and infrastructure to enhance productivity and resource efficiency. • Promote policies that support human capital development and empowerment, believing that innovation and progress can sustainably support a growing population. 2. New Malthusians: • Highlight the limitations of resources and environmental degradation caused by population growth. • Recommend policies focused on birth control, family planning, and population stabilization. • Stress the importance of sustainable resource management and conservation to mitigate the negative impacts of overpopulation on the environment and society. These approaches reflect differing views on the relationship between population growth, resources, and development, influencing policies aimed at addressing global demographic challenges. Test Bank for Social Problems: A Down-to-Earth Approach James M. Henslin 9780205968848, 9781292039862, 9780205965120, 9780205004164, 9780135164709