This Document Contains Chapters 11 to 12 Chapter 11 Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood True / False Questions 1. Growth during middle childhood increases considerably. FALSE 2. Girls retain less fatty tissue than boys during middle childhood, a characteristic that will persist through adulthood. FALSE 3. Primary teeth begin to fall out at about age 6 and are replaced by permanent teeth at a rate of about four teeth per year for the next 5 years. TRUE 4. In many counties in the United States, drinking water is fluoridated as a matter of public health. TRUE 5. During middle childhood, there is an increase in the density of gray matter, which is closely packed neuronal bodies, in certain regions of the cerebral cortex. FALSE 6. In the frontal lobes gray matter peaks at age 11 in girls and age 12 in boys. TRUE 7. White matter density steadily decreases during middle childhood. FALSE 8. Schoolchildren need, on average, 2,400 calories every day—more for older children and less for younger ones. TRUE 9. As children grow older, pressures and opportunities for unhealthy eating decrease. FALSE 10. Persistent snoring, at least 3 times per week, may indicate a child has sleep-disordered breathing. TRUE 11. Surgical removal of adenoids and tonsils in children with SDB has been found to worsen neurobehavioral deficits and reduce quality of life. FALSE 12. Motor skills stop improving in middle childhood. FALSE 13. Rough-and-tumble play stops in middle childhood. FALSE 14. Obesity has become a major health issue for children worldwide. TRUE 15. The adverse health effects of being overweight for children are different from those faced by adults. FALSE 16. The causes of the asthma explosion are uncertain, but there is likely to be a genetic predisposition. TRUE 17. Adherence to ancient beliefs about illness is common in many parts of the no industrialized world, but it is not limited to them. TRUE 18. Neurobiological deficits, such as weak stress-regulating mechanisms, may fail to warn children to restrain themselves from dangerous or risky behavior. TRUE 19. Although separation anxiety is normal in infancy, it is cause for concern when it persists in older children. TRUE 20. The exact causes of childhood depression are unknown. TRUE Multiple Choice Questions 21. Although individual growth in middle childhood varies widely, one typical difference between school-age boys and school-age girls is that A. boys are nearly a head taller than girls. B. girls are nearly a head taller than boys. C. girls weigh less than boys throughout this period. D. girls retain more fatty tissue than boys do. 22. Which of the following best describes children's height gain during middle childhood? A. Children's height typically increases about 6 inches a year until age 9, after which it remains stable until puberty. B. Children generally grow about 5 inches from the age of 6 until the adolescent growth spurt begins. C. School-age children grow an average of about 2 to 3 inches a year between ages 6 and 11. D. School-age children grow an average of about 4 to 5 inches a year between ages 6 and 11. 23. The primary teeth begin to fall out at around age _____ and are replaced by permanent teeth. A. 4 B. 3 C. 6 D. 8 24. Sally's primary teeth have been falling out at a rate of about four each year. This process will probably continue until she is about _____ years old. A. 15 B. 13 C. 11 D. 8 25. A technique designed to prevent decay on the rough, chewing surfaces of children's teeth involves the use of A. adhesive sealants. B. fluoride treatments. C. abrasive cleaning products. D. tooth sanding. 26. Brain imaging techniques have identified that during middle childhood there is a A. decrease in white matter. B. thinning of the temporal and frontal lobes. C. loss in the density of gray matter. D. thickening in the rear portion of the frontal and parietal cortex. 27. _____ refers to closely packed neuronal bodies, in certain regions of the cerebral cortex. A. Gray matter B. White matter C. Axons or nerve fibers D. Substantia nigra 28. Brain development in middle childhood indicates that there is a loss in the density of gray matter. This process reflects A. the myelination of neural connections. B. the decrease in axons or nerve fibers. C. the thinning of the temporal and frontal lobes. D. the pruning of unused dendrites. 29. The parietal lobes deal with _____ understanding. A. olfactory B. emotional C. motor D. spatial 30. The _____ handles higher-order functions, such as thinking. A. parietal lobe B. frontal lobe C. temporal lobe D. occipital lobe 31. The caudate is a part of the _____. A. medulla oblongata B. basal ganglia C. pons D. substantia nigra 32. The basal ganglia are involved in _____. A. spatial understanding B. vision C. controlling movement D. understanding language 33. During middle childhood, there is loss of density in gray matter in the brain. This is balanced by A. the pruning of unused dendrites. B. an increase in fatty tissue. C. demyelination of neural connections. D. an increase in nerve fibers. 34. Changes in the density of the white matter in the corpus callosum may also underlie the advances seen in _____ during late childhood. A. fine motor control B. language skills C. spatial understanding D. IQ 35. During middle childhood, school children need on average about _____ calories a day to maintain growth and activity levels. A. 1,200 B. 1,600 C. 2,000 D. 2,400 36. All of the following are contributing factors to children's unhealthy eating habits except A. school vending machines. B. changes in food labeling and daily allowance recommendations. C. television and other advertisements for low-nutrition snacks. D. family influences like socioeconomic status and eating habits at home. 37. Many children do not eat breakfast and get at least _____ of their calories from snacks. A. one-fourth B. one-third C. half D. two-third 38. Sleep needs decline from about _____ hours a day at age five to a little more than _____ hours a day by age nine. A. 8; 7 B. 9; 8 C. 10; 9 D. 11; 10 39. Which of the following is a common sleep problem during middle childhood? A. Anorexia nervosa B. Narcolepsy C. Insomnia D. Sleep paralysis 40. Persistent snoring, at least 3 times per week, may indicate a child has _____, a condition that has been linked to behavioral and learning difficulties. A. narcolepsy B. sleep-disordered breathing C. sleep paralysis D. nocturia 41. Which of the following is a severe form of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB)? A. Insomnia B. Sleep paralysis C. Delayed sleep-phase disorder D. Obstructive sleep apnea 42. Which of the following is true of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)? A. It is a severe form of insomnia. B. Its primary symptom is resistance to going to bed. C. It can be treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. D. It occurs more during middle childhood because children are allowed to set their own bedtimes. 43. Vigorous play that involves wrestling, kicking, tumbling, grappling, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming is referred to as A. rough-and-tumble play. B. parallel play. C. evolutionary play. D. fantasy play. 44. Jonathan and Priscilla study in the second grade. During recess they race around trying to catch each other. They often have physical fights, which involve a lot of shouting and laughing. This sort of behavior is called A. organized sports. B. evolutionary play. C. dominance assertion. D. rough-and-tumble play. 45. Most parents can probably tell you that rough-and-tumble play reaches its peak during A. infancy. B. early childhood. C. middle childhood. D. early adulthood. 46. Which of the following is true of physical play? A. Rough-and-tumble play refers to playing games with rules. B. Rough-and-tumble play is unique to humans. C. Six- to 9-year-olds need less flexible rules while playing organized sports. D. Six- to 9-year-olds need shorter instruction time while playing organized sports. 47. Boys spend twice as much time participating in team sports as girls do, and the disparity widens as children grow. Overall, 9-13 year olds' participation in organized sports is about _____%. A. 26 B. 38 C. 17 D. 78 48. Research has substantiated which of the following statements about childhood obesity? A. Adoption studies suggest that heredity is not an important factor in obesity. B. As children get older, activity levels decrease significantly. C. A positive correlation exists between activity level and weight gain. D. Television viewing has been shown to be unrelated to weight gain. 49. Children who watch _____ hours of television a day are 4.6 times as likely to be overweight as those who watch no more than 2 hours daily. A. 3 B. 2.5 C. 4 D. 5 50. Which of the following is true for overweight children? A. Prevention of weight gain is difficult, more costly, and less effective than treating overweight children. B. Children are less likely to be overweight if they have overweight parents or other relatives. C. Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors remain same among children in various ethnic groups. D. The adverse health effects of being overweight for children are similar to those faced by adults. 51. _____ is one of the prime results of rising obesity rates among children. A. Childhood diabetes B. Asthma C. Nerve impairments D. Schizophrenia 52. Jason has a cold. His pediatrician tells his mother that the cold will probably last for two days. Given the short-term nature of Jason's illness, we would say that he suffers from a(n) _____ medical condition. A. chronic B. acute C. transitional D. age-related 53. Chronic medical conditions refer to A. infections and warts. B. occasional, short-term illnesses. C. recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions. D. diseases for which there are no known cures. 54. Agnes, who is 8 years old, was diagnosed with an eating disorder three years ago. She has been undergoing psychotherapy and medical treatment for the past three years. Her condition is referred to as a(n) _____ medical condition. A. chronic B. acute C. degenerative D. idiopathic 55. According to a nationwide survey of 200,000 households, approximately _____% of children have or are at risk for chronic medical conditions. A. 6 B. 12 C. 18 D. 25 56. _____ is a chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. A. Hypertension B. A panic attack C. Asthma D. Insomnia 57. Which of the following statements about asthma is correct? A. It is an acute medical condition that lasts for a short period. B. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood. C. It is an allergy-based respiratory disease. D. It is now widely regarded as a neurological condition. 58. _____ is the result of an insulin deficiency that occurs when insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed. A. Type 1 diabetes B. Asthma C. Hypertension D. Stuttering 59. _____ is characterized by insulin resistance and used to be found mainly in overweight and older adults. A. Type 1 diabetes B. Asthma C. Hypertension D. Type 2 diabetes 60. Which of the following statements is true of Type 2 diabetes? A. It results from an insulin deficiency that occurs when insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed. B. It is characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. C. It accounts for almost all diabetes in children under age 10. D. It is characterized by insulin resistance. 61. Which of the following is a treatment for Type 2 diabetes? A. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy B. Surgically removing adenoids and tonsils C. Glucose-lowering medication D. Antipsychotic medications 62. Which of the following is true of hypertension? A. It a form of anxiety disorder. B. It is now widely regarded as a neurological condition. C. It is extremely rare amongst among ethnic minorities. D. It is also referred to as high blood pressure. 63. Which of the following terms refers to involuntary audible or silent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables? A. Stuttering B. Apnea C. Echopraxia D. Asthma 64. Which of the following is true of persistent developmental stuttering? A. It is especially noticeable in short sentences and at the end of a word or a phrase. B. It is unaffected by parental reactions. C. It does not have any known cure. D. It involves voluntary audible or silent repetition of sounds. 65. _____ is (are) the leading cause of death among school-age U.S. children. A. AIDS B. Type 1 diabetes C. Accidents D. Genetic disorders 66. Children typically outgrow temper tantrums and disobedient, disregardful, argumentative, hostile, or deliberately annoying behaviors by middle childhood. When such a pattern of behavior persists after age 8, children may be diagnosed with _____. A. school phobia B. oppositional defiant disorder C. separation anxiety D. antisocial personality disorder 67. Justin, a 9-year-old boy, has been given detention several times within the last eight months for unruly and disruptive behavior. His teachers have reported that he often talks back and is rude toward them. He disobeys his parents and frequently fights with his siblings. Justin does not have any friends at school, since other children are put off by his short temper. He is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. A. oppositional defiant disorder B. school phobia C. generalized anxiety disorder D. pervasive developmental disorder 68. Which of the following is NOT a typical behavior of children with oppositional defiant disorder? A. Going beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior. B. Popularity with peers. C. Frequent loss of temper. D. Fighting, snatching things, and hostility toward authority. 69. A diagnosis for oppositional defiant disorder can be made only if the symptoms have been present for at least _____. A. eight months B. one year C. six months D. two years 70. Which of the following disorders involves repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others? A. Pervasive developmental disorder B. Oppositional defiant disorder C. Social phobia D. Conduct disorder 71. Which of the following is a symptom of conduct disorder? A. Vandalism of school property B. Unrealistic fear of going to school C. Extreme apathy D. Frequent thoughts about suicide 72. Louie studies in the 6th grade. He often steals money from his parents to buy cigarettes. For the past six months, he has been lying to his parents and missing his classes. He often bullies smaller children in his neighborhood and gets into physical fights with classmates. He has been caught shoplifting recently and has been sent to the school counseling center. Louie is most likely to be diagnosed as having _____. A. obsessive-compulsive disorder B. separation anxiety C. school phobia D. conduct disorder 73. Which of the following is an anxiety disorder? A. Conduct disorder B. School phobia C. Oppositional defiant disorder D. Dyslexia 74. True school phobia is usually more closely related to _____. A. oppositional defiant disorder B. eating disorders C. separation anxiety disorder D. conduct disorder 75. Martin is 10 years old. Since the death of his grandmother six months ago, he has been reluctant to be away from his mother. He finds it difficult to sleep at night without his mother next to him. Martin refuses to stay over at any of his friend's houses. While he is at school he worries that his mother might not be there when he goes home. Martin is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders? A. Separation anxiety disorder B. ADHD C. Oppositional defiant disorder D. Dependent personality disorder 76. Separation anxiety disorder involves excessive anxiety for at least _____ concerning separation from home or from attachment figures. A. 8 weeks B. 6 months C. 4 weeks D. 9 months 77. Which of the following is true of separation anxiety disorder? A. Its symptoms consist of externalizing behavior. B. It is a disorder that occurs primarily in infants. C. It involves excessive anxiety for at least 9 weeks concerning separation from home. D. It may develop spontaneously or after a stressful event. 78. Social phobia affects roughly _____% of children. A. 15 B. 2 C. 5 D. 10 79. Which of the following is a symptom of social phobia? A. Extreme fear of speaking in class B. Vandalizing school property C. Snatching things from other children D. Constant hand-washing 80. Children with generalized anxiety disorder _____. A. are unconcerned with meeting others' expectations B. tend to be self-assured C. worry about everything D. rarely seek approval 81. Which of the following is the primary characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder? A. It involves worry that is not focused on any specific aspect of the individual's life. B. It involves repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that often are irrational fears. C. It involves extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations. D. It involves excessive anxiety for at least 4 weeks concerning separation from home or from attachment figures. 82. Claire asks her friends to ring her doorbell only three times. She refuses to open the door unless the doorbell is rung exactly three times. She also taps the floor five times before leaving her house. Claire believes that if she does not follow these routines she will become contaminated. Claire is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. A. generalized anxiety disorder B. childhood depression C. obsessive-compulsive disorder D. separation anxiety 83. Which of the following is NOT true of anxiety disorders? A. School phobia may be a type of separation anxiety disorder. B. Anxiety disorders tend to run in families. C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a manifestation of anxiety. D. Anxiety disorders are more common among boys than girls. 84. Since her parents had a divorce, Jenny a 13-year-old girl, has been feeling that her life is meaningless. She has lost a lot of weight over the past 3 months. For the past few months she has been feeling extremely tired and listless. She does not find anything interesting and has no desire to eat. She is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. A. generalized anxiety disorder B. childhood depression C. obsessive-compulsive disorder D. panic disorder 85. Which of the following is indicative of childhood depression? A. Excessive concern of meeting own expectations to perfection B. Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations C. Worry that is not focused on anything specific D. Frequent thoughts about death or suicide 86. Which of the following is true of childhood depression? A. It is an anxiety disorder. B. It involves normal, temporary sadness. C. It involves feelings of worthlessness and a prolonged sense of friendlessness. D. It involves compulsive behaviors, such as constant hand-washing. 87. When children have limited verbal and conceptual skills or have suffered emotional trauma, _____ can help them describe what is troubling them without putting their feelings into words. A. logo therapy B. art therapy C. psychoanalytic therapy D. solution-focused therapy 88. Joshua, an 8-year-old boy, has been diagnosed with conduct disorder. He has been going to a child psychologist for the past few months. Joshua's psychologist has advised his parents to reward him whenever he is obedient and does what has been asked of him. This technique is most likely to be a part of _____ therapy. A. drug B. play C. art D. behavior 89. Matt had been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa a year ago after a suicide attempt. He is currently taking antidepressants. This indicates that he is undergoing _____. A. behavior modification B. drug therapy C. psychotherapy D. cognitive therapy 90. _____ is a form of therapy that is based on the principles of learning theory. A. Drug therapy B. Psychoanalytic therapy C. Behavior therapy D. Freudian therapy 91. Which of the following therapies seeks to change negative thoughts through gradual exposure, modeling, rewards, or positive self-talk? A. Cognitive behavioral therapy B. Drug therapy C. Logo therapy D. Psychoanalytical therapy 92. Lenny, a 10-year-old girl, is diagnosed with childhood depression. Her parents take her to Dr. Sandra Hoover who specializes in childhood depression and anxiety disorders. Dr. Sandra asks the girl to write down her thoughts when she feels sad or tearful. Later, she asks Lenny to talk to herself in a positive way whenever she gets those negative thoughts. The therapy used by Dr. Sandra is most likely to be categorized as _____. A. psychoanalytical therapy B. drug therapy C. logo therapy D. cognitive behavioral therapy 93. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to treat _____. A. anxiety disorders B. stuttering C. obstructive sleep apnea D. asthma Essay Questions 94. Describe the changes in height and weight during middle childhood. Answer: Growth during middle childhood slows considerably. Although the changes may not be obvious day-by-day, they add up to a startling difference between 6-year-olds, who are still small children, and 11-year-olds, many of whom are now beginning to resemble adults. Children grow about 2 to 3 inches each year between ages 6 and 11 and approximately double their weight during that period. Girls retain somewhat more fatty tissue than boys, a characteristic that will persist through adulthood. 95. Obesity has become a national crisis in the United States. Describe the lifestyle that seems to be causing this crisis. Answer: As children grow older, pressures and opportunities for unhealthy eating increase. Many children do not eat breakfast, or eat it hurriedly, and get at least one-third of their calories from snacks, including sweetened beverages. School cafeterias and vending machines frequently offer unhealthy foods. Children frequently eat out, often at fast-food restaurants. The media strongly influence children's food choices, and not for the better. For example, commercials that focus on fast-food restaurants and the enticing toys they often offer are common during children's programming hours. Socioeconomic status can be a factor in unhealthy eating as well because healthy, fresh food is often more expensive than highly processed, high-calorie food with low nutrient content. 96. What is rough-and-tumble play? What are its adaptive benefits? Answer: About 10 percent of school children's free play in the early grades consists of rough-and-tumble play, vigorous play that involves wrestling, kicking, tumbling, grappling, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming. This kind of play may look like fighting but is done amiably among friends. Rough-and-tumble play peaks in middle childhood and then drops to about 5 percent at age 11. Rough-and-tumble play appears to be universal in humans and in most mammals. From an evolutionary standpoint, rough-and-tumble play has important adaptive benefits: It hones skeletal and muscle development, offers safe practice for hunting and fighting skills, and channels aggression and competition. By age 11, it often becomes a way to establish dominance within the peer group. 97. Define the meaning of both acute and chronic childhood medical conditions. Give several examples of each. Answer: Acute medical conditions, such as infections and warts are occasional, short-term conditions are common in childhood. Six or seven bouts a year with colds, flu, or viruses are typical as germs pass among children at school or at play. Chronic medical conditions are long-lasting or recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions requiring special health services. The most prevalent chronic medical conditions for this age group include asthma, diabetes, hypertension, and stuttering. Asthma is a chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-age children. More than 185,000 children in the United States have diabetes. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or both. Stuttering is involuntary audible or silent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables. It usually begins between ages 2 and 5. By fifth grade, it is 4 times more common in boys than in girls. Five percent of children stutter for a period of 6 months or more, but three-quarters of these recover by late childhood, leaving about 1 percent with a long-term problem. 98. Briefly describe oppositional defiant disorder, school phobia, and childhood depression. What kinds of psychological treatments are available to families who suffer with mental illness? Answer: While many people believe young children do not experience mental health issues, in reality, they can suffer from a variety of disruptive conduct disorders, anxiety disorders, and depression. Children typically outgrow temper tantrums and defiant, argumentative, hostile, or deliberately annoying behaviors by middle childhood. When such a pattern of behavior persists after age 8, children, usually boys, may be diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), a pattern of excessive defiance, disobedience, and hostility toward adult authority figures lasting at least 6 months. Children with ODD constantly fight, argue, lose their temper, snatch things, blame others, are angry and resentful, have few friends, are in constant trouble in school, and test the limits of adults' patience. Children with school phobia have an unrealistic fear of going to school. Some children have realistic reasons to fear going to school: a sarcastic teacher, overly demanding work, or a bully in the schoolyard. In such cases, the environment may need changing, not the child. However, true school phobia may be more closely related to either separation anxiety disorder or social phobia. Separation anxiety disorder is a condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached. Social phobia refers to an extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations. Childhood depression is a disorder of mood that goes beyond normal, temporary sadness. Symptoms include inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, crying, sleep problems, weight change, physical complaints, feelings of worthlessness, a prolonged sense of friendlessness, or frequent thoughts about death or suicide. Psychological treatment for emotional disturbances can take several forms, and must be adjusted to the child's developmental level. When children have limited verbal and conceptual skills or have suffered emotional trauma, art therapy can help them describe what is troubling them without putting their feelings into words. Likewise, in play therapy, a child plays freely while a therapist occasionally comments, asks questions, or makes suggestions. Play therapy has proven effective with a variety of emotional, cognitive, and social problems, especially when consultation with parents or other close family members is part of the process. Other forms of therapy include individual psychotherapy, family therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and drug therapy, which can be used as per the goals and objectives of the treatment. Chapter 12 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood True / False Questions 1. In the stage of concrete operations, children can think logically because they can take multiple aspects of a situation into account. TRUE 2. Seriation is the ability to infer a relationship between two objects from the relationship between each of them and a third object. FALSE 3. "My dog barks. So does Terry's dog and Melissa's dog. So it looks as if all dogs bark." This is an example of deductive reasoning. FALSE 4. The existence of decalage is a major problem for the integrity of Piaget's theory. TRUE 5. The increasing capacity for selective attention is believed to be due to neurological maturation. TRUE 6. The capacity of a child's working memory can directly affect his or her academic success. TRUE 7. The efficiency of working memory stems from improvements in processing speed and storage capacity. TRUE 8. Children with low working memory struggle with structured learning activities and have difficulty following lengthy instructions. TRUE 9. The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children is a test for ages 6 through 16 which measures verbal and performance abilities. FALSE 10. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is an individual test for ages 3 to 18 which evaluates cognitive abilities in children with diverse needs, such as autism, hearing impairments, and language disorders. FALSE 11. The experiential element of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence is the analytic aspect of intelligence. FALSE 12. Both heredity and environment influence intelligence. TRUE 13. In children of average IQ, the prefrontal cortex peaks in thickness by age 8 and then gradually thins as unneeded connections are pruned. TRUE 14. Culture-relevant tests are those that take into account the adaptive tasks that confront children in particular cultures. TRUE 15. During the early school years, children often use subordinate clauses while, older children use more active voice. FALSE 16. Girls tend to use more controlling statements and utter more negative interactions while boys phrase their remarks in a more tentative, conciliatory manner. FALSE 17. The phonetic approach is based on the belief that children can learn to read and write naturally, just as they learn to speak. FALSE 18. Girls tend to do better in school than boys. TRUE 19. Dyslexia is a chronic condition usually marked by persistent inattention, distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of activity at the wrong time and in the wrong place, such as the classroom. FALSE 20. Gifted children tend to grow up in enriched family environments with much intellectual or artistic stimulation. TRUE Multiple Choice Questions 21. In his cognitive theory of development, Piaget demonstrated that children at about age 7 enter the _____ stage of development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. preoperational D. concrete operational 22. Aaron, an 8-year old, wanted to join tennis classes. When his father drove past a local sports complex, Aaron asked his father if he could take tennis coaching from there. He also added that since the place is close to their house, it will not take too long for him to get there. Which of the following advances of the concrete operational stage is depicted in Aaron's understanding of the location of this local tennis club in relation to his house? A. Horizontal décalage B. Categorization C. Conservation D. Spatial reasoning 23. Mohammad has arranged a selection of blue paints from darkest to lightest shade. Piaget would say that Mohammad is demonstrating A. centration. B. seriation. C. transitive inference. D. horizontal décalage. 24. The ability to arrange items according to one or more relevant dimensions is called A. seriation. B. centration. C. causation. D. conservation. 25. The ability to understand the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship between each of them to a third is called A. centration. B. transitive inference. C. seriation. D. conservation. 26. Patty knows that Tysen, her friend from school, is taller than she is. She also knows that she is taller than her new friend Joseph, whom she met at summer camp. Without seeing the two of them together, Patty realizes that Tysen is taller than Joseph. Piaget would say that this conclusion drawn by Patty demonstrates A. centration. B. conservation. C. horizontal décalage. D. transitive inference. 27. _____ is an understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts. A. Class inclusion B. Transitive inference C. Centration D. Horizontal décalage 28. For years Tommy and his younger brother, Billy argued every night at dinner over who was to get the bigger tumbler, even though both tumblers held 12 ounces of liquid. One tumbler was tall and thin, and the other was short and wide, and each boy always wanted to have the "bigger" tumbler for himself. One evening, to the delight of his parents, Tommy said to his mother, "Let Billy have the taller tumbler. I know they both hold the same amount." According to Piaget, this event is indicative of the _____ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preconventional C. preoperational D. concrete operations 29. Starting with observations about particular members of a class and then drawing general conclusions is called A. inductive reasoning. B. horizontal décalage. C. class inclusion. D. transitive inference. 30. Catrina can arrange a group of sticks in order from the shortest to the longest and can insert a stick of an intermediate size into the proper place. This activity specifically demonstrates Catrina's achievement in A. conservation and horizontal décalage. B. seriation and transitive inference. C. animism and spatial relationship. D. number and mathematics. 31. Moving from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member of the class is called A. transitive inference. B. class inclusion. C. deductive reasoning. D. horizontal décalage. 32. Roberto says, "All dogs bark. Spot is a dog. Therefore, Spot barks." This is an example of A. conservation. B. transitive inference. C. spatial thinking. D. deductive reasoning. 33. Children can solve problems involving conservation of substance by about age _____. A. 3 or 4 B. 7 or 8 C. 5 or 6 D. 2 or 3 34. Carmella knows that a given amount of spaghetti remains the same whether the spaghetti is in long strands or broken into short pieces. This awareness on Carmella's part shows that she has acquired the ability of A. conservation. B. centration. C. compensation. D. categorization. 35. Molly, an 8-year old, is shown a measuring cup full of cornmeal, which is then poured out onto a countertop and spread around. She is asked whether the spread-out cornmeal is the same as, or different from, the cornmeal when it was in the cup. Molly says, "It's just the same cornmeal." In Piaget's terminology, Molly understands the principle of A. identity. B. reversibility. C. décalage. D. seriation. 36. Eight-year-old Lucas is shown a ball of brown clay, which is then rolled out into a large, flat disk. He is asked whether the disk contains the same amount of clay. "It's the same amount," Lucas says, "because I could just make it into a ball again." In Piaget's terminology, Lucas understands the principle of A. reversibility. B. transitivity. C. seriation. D. décalage. 37. _____ is the ability to consider more than one relevant aspect of a situation at the same time. A. Seriation B. Décalage C. Elaboration D. Decentering 38. _____ explains why children master different types of conservation problems at different ages. A. Inductive reasoning B. Categorization C. Transitive inference D. Horizontal décalage 39. According to Piaget, which of the following is responsible for the operation of the horizontal décalage? A. Increased ability to decenter B. Highly concrete nature of thinking C. Increased ability to manipulate abstract information from the environment D. Increased ability to understand spatial relationships 40. By age _____ many children can count in their heads. A. 2 B. 7 C. 4 D. 3 41. _____ function refers to conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems. A. Executive B. Normative C. Prescriptive D. Behavioral 42. The _____ enables planning, judgment, and decision making and shows significant development during concrete operational period. A. prefrontal cortex B. corpus callosum C. cingulate gyrus D. spinal cord 43. _____ refers to the ability to deliberately direct one's attention and shut out distractions. A. Joint attention B. Divided attention C. Alternating attention D. Selective attention 44. Children with low _____ struggle with structured learning activities and have difficulty following lengthy instructions. A. non-declarative memory B. working memory C. metamemory D. autobiographical memory 45. _____ refers to knowledge about the processes of memory. A. Working memory B. Sensory memory C. Episodic memory D. Metamemory 46. Which of the following is a feature of metamemory that is commonly seen in third graders and not in kindergartners and first-graders? A. Knowing that people remember better if they study longer B. Knowing that people forget things with time C. Knowing that some things are easier to remember than others D. Knowing that relearning something is easier than learning it the first time 47. Once Rita reached her middle childhood, spelling tests became easier. She seemed to understand more about how her memory worked and prepared for her spelling tests in a way that she could recall the spellings more effectively. This shows that in middle childhood A. metamemory advances. B. working memory declines. C. metamemory operates in a rudimentary fashion in most children. D. metamemory functions well but only among bright children. 48. Jimmy is trying to learn his phone number and address. He tells his mother, "Maybe if I say it to myself a hundred times, I will be able to remember it." Jimmy is demonstrating that he is beginning to appreciate his A. protomemory. B. metamemory. C. sensory memory. D. episodic memory. 49. The _____ is the most widely used intelligence test for school-age children today. A. Otis-Lennon School Ability Test B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children C. Otis-Wechsler Intelligence Scale D. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 50. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children provides three scores. Which of the following is NOT one of these measures? A. Physical ability B. Verbal ability C. Performance ability D. Total intelligence score 51. Which of the following is a nontraditional individual intelligence test designed to provide fair assessments of minority children and children with disabilities? A. Otis-Lennon School Ability Test B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children C. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children D. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 52. Tests based on Vygotsky's theory that emphasize potential rather than past learning are known as _____. A. achievement tests B. cognitive tests C. dynamic tests D. power tests 53. In a dynamic test, the difference between the items a child can answer alone and the items the child can answer with help is the child's _____. A. reciprocal dynamic assessment B. zone of proximal development C. differential aptitude index D. comprehensive cognitive ability 54. _____ tests do not measure a child's native ability, they _____ intelligence from what children already know. A. Intelligence quotient; infer B. Intelligence quotient; assume C. Aptitude; estimate D. Aptitude; reassert 55. One problem with administering IQ tests to school-age children is that A. these tests have not been standardized. B. IQ scores seem unrelated to school performance. C. these tests may be culturally biased. D. these tests lack validity. 56. A(n) _____ test determines how much you could know. A. aptitude B. 360-degree C. attitude D. achievement 57. A(n) _____ test determines how much you currently know. A. personality B. attitude C. aptitude D. achievement 58. IQ tests focus almost entirely on _____. A. academic skills B. creative insight C. self-knowledge D. common sense 59. Mrs. Howard has set up different stations in her classroom for the children's lessons. Each station emphasizes a different way of learning such as music, body movements, and interpersonal exercises. This approach represents the application of A. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. B. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. C. Kauffman's Assessment Battery. D. Wechsler's Intelligence Scale. 60. Which of the following is not part of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences? A. Intrapersonal intelligence B. Interpersonal intelligence C. Musical intelligence D. Intuitive intelligence 61. Which of the following is the ninth type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner in 1999? A. Intrapersonal intelligence B. Existential intelligence C. Musical intelligence D. Divergent intelligence 62. Omar is a remarkable gymnast, hoping for a spot on the Olympic Team. According to Gardner, Omar would score high on _____ intelligence. A. body-kinesthetic B. intrapersonal C. interpersonal D. musical 63. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic elements of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? A. Componential element B. Experiential element C. Contextual element D. Naturalist element 64. The _____ is the analytic aspect of intelligence which encompasses information-processing skills and tells people how to solve problems, how to monitor solutions, and how to evaluate the results. A. naturalistic element B. componential element C. experiential element D. contextual element 65. The _____ allows people to compare new information with what they already know and to come up with new ways of putting facts together. A. naturalistic element B. componential element C. experiential element D. contextual element 66. The _____ determines how people deal with their environment and represents their ability to size up a situation and decide what to do, adapt to it, change it, or get out of it. A. naturalistic element B. componential element C. experiential element D. contextual element 67. The major area of linguistic growth in middle childhood is in A. symbolic function. B. private speech abilities. C. telegraphic speech functions. D. pragmatics. 68. The process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory is called A. fast-mapping. B. decoding. C. encrypting. D. storing. 69. Reading that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words is called the _____ approach. A. whole-language B. phonetic C. word analysis D. metamemory 70. The _____ approach is based on the belief that children can learn to read and write naturally, just as they learn to speak. A. whole-language B. phonetic C. word analysis D. metamemory 71. Postponing kindergarten entrance for age-eligible children to give them an extra year of development is known as _____. A. redshirting B. blacklisting C. fast mapping D. blueprinting 72. Hanna is a student who is high in self-efficacy. Which of the following statements about her is false? A. Hanna is likely to set challenging goals. B. Hanna believes that she regulates her learning. C. Hanna learns, but it is mostly because of her teachers. D. Hanna tries hard and persists despite difficulties. 73. Comparing genders in relation to school performance, girls have been found to A. show an advantage on spatial tasks. B. do better in science and math tests. C. be more likely to repeat grades. D. outperform boys in national reading. 74. Children who do well in school generally have parents who A. discipline their children through corporal punishments. B. become close friends with the child's teacher. C. become actively involved in their education. D. use extrinsic motivation exclusively. 75. Boys tend to outperform girls in A. national reading. B. writing assessments. C. spatial tasks. D. timed vocabulary tests. 76. The federal _____ of 2001 is a sweeping educational reform emphasizing accountability, parental school choice options, expanded local control and flexibility, and standardized yearly testing of progress objectives. A. No Child Left Behind Act B. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act C. Free Appropriate Public Education Act D. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act 77. _____ is the automatic advancement of children from one grade to another even if they do not meet academic standards for the grade they are leaving. A. Culture-fair advancement B. Redshirting C. Social promotion D. Acceleration 78. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of having computers in the classroom? A. Computers open up new possibilities for individualized instruction. B. Computers and early training offer opportunities for developing independent research skills. C. Computers require students to learn to critically evaluate the information they find online. D. Access to large amounts of information allows students to critically evaluate the information they find. 79. Bilingual education A. is a system of teaching non-English-speaking children in their native language while they learn English and later switching to all-English instruction. B. is an approach to teaching reading in a way that emphasizes decoding unfamiliar words. C. is an approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues. D. is an approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English. 80. Sergio speaks Spanish but is learning English skills as well. While he is in the process of learning a new language, he is being taught the concepts of his lessons in Spanish so that he can understand them without getting too far behind academically. Which of the following terms would best describe this? A. Bilingual education B. Colloquial learning C. English immersion D. Spanish immersion 81. English-immersion approach A. is a system of teaching non-English-speaking children in their native language while they learn English and later switching to all-English instruction. B. is an approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding unfamiliar words. C. is an approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues. D. is an approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English. 82. Intellectual disability is indicated by an IQ of _____, coupled with a deficiency in age-appropriate adaptive behavior, such as communication, social skills, and self-care, appearing before age 18. A. 100- 110 B. 130 or more C. 70 or less D. 80-90 83. Which of the following ranges of IQ scores represents borderline intellectual disability? A. 90-110 B. 65-70 C. 85-90 D. 70-85 84. Which of the following is true of children with learning disabilities? A. They may have higher-than-average intelligence. B. They have distorted vision and hearing. C. They easily process sensory information. D. They tend to be more task-oriented than children without learning disabilities. 85. According to research, dyslexia A. affects more girls than boys. B. lacks an apparent genetic basis. C. represents a language processing disorder. D. occurs most rarely of all the learning disabilities. 86. The most commonly diagnosed learning disability is A. autism. B. dyslexia. C. mental retardation. D. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 87. Nick's third-grade teacher observes that he is impulsive, persistently inattentive, distracted, and has a low tolerance for frustration. She has also noted that Nick has the ability to make his classmates laugh with his highly intelligent jokes and cartoons. Which of the following is the most probable explanation for Nick's lack of attention and focus in class? A. Dyslexia B. ADHD C. Poor parenting D. Severe mental retardation 88. The incidence of ADHD among school-age children worldwide is A. 20 to 30%. B. 2 to 11%. C. 32 to 43%. D. 15 to 20%. 89. Recent research on ADHD suggests that A. children with ADHD demonstrate superior executive functioning. B. children with ADHD have brain damage. C. contextual factors are often ignored in diagnosing ADHD. D. boys are twice as likely as girls to have ADHD. 90. Gifted children have an IQ of _____. A. 70-80 B. 90-100 C. C.110-120 D. 130 or more 91. _____ is an approach to educating the gifted that broadens and deepens knowledge and skills through extra activities, projects, field trips, or mentoring. A. Inclusion B. Acceleration C. Enrichment D. Fortification 92. _____ uses early school entrance, grade skipping, placement in fast-paced classes, or advanced courses for highly gifted children. A. Inclusion B. Acceleration C. Social promotion D. Redshirting 93. Thinking aimed at finding a single correct answer to a problem is referred to as _____. A. convergent thinking B. multidimensional thinking C. parallel processing D. divergent thinking 94. Kristie is participating in an art competition titled "Green Earth" as a part of the World Environment Day initiative in her school. She has been provided with some old magazines, color paper, scraps of colored cloth, play dough and paints as materials and she has to combine these to depict her vision of the "Green Earth" in an hour's time. This problem tests Kristie's abilities in the area of A. convergent thinking. B. fast-mapping. C. serial processing. D. divergent thinking. Essay Questions 95. Explain categorization with suitable examples. Answer: Categorization includes such relatively sophisticated abilities as seriation, transitive inference, and class inclusion, all of which improve gradually between early and middle childhood. Children show they understand seriation when they can arrange objects in a series according to one or more dimensions, such as length (shortest to longest) or color (lightest to darkest). By 7 or 8, children can grasp the relationships among a group of sticks on sight and arrange them in order of size. Transitive inference is the ability to infer a relationship between two objects from the relationship between each of them and a third object. For example, if a > b, and b > c, then a > c. Catherine is shown three sticks: a yellow one, a green one, and a blue one. She is shown that the yellow stick is longer than the green one, and the green one is longer than the blue. Without physically comparing the yellow and blue sticks, she immediately says the yellow one is longer than the blue one. Class inclusion is the ability to see the relationship between a whole and its parts. Piaget (1964) showed preoperational children a bunch of 10 flowers—7 roses and 3 carnations—and asked whether there were more roses or more flowers. The children tended to say there were more roses because they were comparing the roses with the carnations rather than with the whole bunch. Not until age 7 or 8, and sometimes not even then, do children consistently reason that roses are a subclass of flowers and thus there cannot be more roses than flowers. 96. Write a note on working memory and metamemory. Answer: The efficiency of working memory increases greatly in middle childhood, a development that stems from improvements in processing speed and storage capacity. Because working memory is necessary for storing information while other material is being mentally manipulated, the capacity of a child's working memory can directly affect his or her academic success. Children with low working memory struggle with structured learning activities and have difficulty following lengthy instructions. Estimates are that as many as 10 percent of school-age children suffered from low working memory. Between ages 5 and 7, the brain's frontal lobes undergo significant development and reorganization. These changes may make possible improved metamemory, knowledge about the processes of memory. From kindergarten through fifth grade, children advance steadily in understanding memory. Kindergartners and first graders know that people remember better if they study longer, that people forget things with time, and that relearning something is easier than learning it for the first time. By third grade, children know that some people remember better than others and that some things are easier to remember than others. 97. Describe the second edition of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-II) and dynamic tests. Answer: The second edition of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-II) (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2003), an individual test for ages 3 to 18, evaluates cognitive abilities in children with diverse needs, such as autism, hearing impairments, and language disorders, and from varying cultural and linguistic backgrounds. It has subtests that minimize verbal instructions and responses as well as items with limited cultural content. Dynamic tests based on Vygotsky's theories emphasize potential rather than present achievement. Dynamic tests contain items up to 2 years above a child's current level of competence. Examiners help the child when necessary by asking leading questions, giving examples or demonstrations, and offering feedback; thus the test itself is a learning situation. The difference between the items a child can answer alone and the items the child can answer with help is the child's zone of proximal development (ZPD). 98. Explain Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. Answer: Sternberg's (1985, 2004) triarchic theory of intelligence identifies three elements, or aspects, of intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual. The componential element is the analytic aspect of intelligence; it encompasses information-processing skills. It tells people how to solve problems, how to monitor solutions, and how to evaluate the results. Conventional IQ tests commonly test this aspect of intelligence. The experiential element is insightful or creative; it determines how people approach novel or familiar tasks. It allows people to compare new information with what they already know and to come up with new ways of putting facts together—in other words, to think originally. A creative-verbal test might ask children to solve deductive reasoning problems that start with factually false premises. The contextual element is practical; it determines how people deal with their environment. It is the ability to size up a situation and decide what to do: adapt to it, change it, or get out of it. A test of practical-quantitative intelligence might be to solve an everyday math problem about buying tickets to a ball game or following a recipe for making cookies. 99. Write a note on the influence of gender and parenting practices on the academic achievements of children. Answer: Girls tend to do better in school than boys. They receive higher marks, on average, in every subject, are less likely to repeat grades, have fewer school problems, outperform boys in national reading and writing assessments, and tend to do better than boys on timed tests. On the other hand, boys do significantly better than girls on science and math tests that are not closely related to material taught in school, and they tend to show an advantage on spatial tasks. Gender differences tend to become more prominent in high school. A combination of several factors, including early experience, biological differences, and cultural expectations may help explain these differences. Parents of achieving children create an environment for learning. They provide a place to study and to keep books and supplies; they set times for meals, sleep, and homework; they monitor how much television their children watch and what their children do after school; and they show interest in their children's lives by talking with them about school and being involved in school activities. Children whose parents are involved in their schools do better in school. Test Bank for Child M-Series: From Birth to Adolescence Gabriela Martorell 9780078035517
Download
Close
Close
