CH-11-12 Marine Reptiles and Birds – Introduction to Marine Biology : Exam Guide

This Document Contains Chapters 11 to 12 Chapter 11--Marine Reptiles and Birds 1. All the following are adaptations of reptiles both on land and in the ocean except: A. improved circulatory system over the fishes. B. very efficient kidneys. C. scale-covered skin without glands. D. dark bodies. E. None of these. Answer: D. dark bodies. 2. Which of the following is not generally considered to have contributed to the success of reptiles on land and in the sea? A. Amniotic egg. B. Skin covered by scales. C. Specialized copulatory organs. D. Ventral nerve cord. E. Efficient kidneys. Answer: D. Ventral nerve cord. 3. The amniotic egg evolved _______________ years ago. A. 1 billion B. 650 million C. 340 million D. 240 million E. 25 million Answer: C. 340 million 4. The chorion of amniotic eggs functions in: A. supply of food. B. removal of wastes. C. gas exchange. D. protection of the egg. E. absorbing toxins. Answer: C. gas exchange. 5. Which sea turtle can tolerate cold temperatures? A. Leatherback. B. Kemp's ridley. C. Green. D. Hawksbill. E. Loggerhead. Answer: A. Leatherback. 6. In marine turtles, excess salts are removed by: A. salt glands in the tongue. B. salt glands above the eyes. C. concentrated urine. D. salt glands on the skin. E. salt glands in the nose. Answer: B. salt glands above the eyes. 7. Which turtle has a diet of seagrass? A. Kemp's ridley. B. Leatherback. C. Hawksbill. D. Green sea turtle. E. Loggerhead. Answer: D. Green sea turtle. 8. All of the following are major points of the article Endangered Sea Turtles except: A. Leatherback population in Pacific may go extinct before 2010. B. TED nets decreased turtle drowning rate. C. Records show declining numbers of turtles returning to nest on Central American beaches. D. All countries now use TEDs to fish for shrimp. E. None of these Answer: D. All countries now use TEDs to fish for shrimp. 9. Which sea turtle has a diet of jellyfish? A. Hawksbill. B. Leatherback. C. Green sea turtle. D. Flatback sea turtle. E. Blue sea turtle Answer: B. Leatherback. 10. Sea turtle social behavior is primarily: A. small family groups. B. formation of hunting groups. C. solitary. D. schooling. E. harems. Answer: C. solitary. 11. The crocodile best adapted to a marine lifestyle is: A. the Asian saltwater crocodile. B. the American crocodile. C. the alligator. D. the Nile crocodile. E. the caiman. Answer: A. the Asian saltwater crocodile. 12. In marine crocodiles excess salts are removed by: A. salt glands in the tongue. B. salt glands above the eyes. C. concentrated urine. D. salt glands on the skin. E. salt glands in the nose. Answer: A. salt glands in the tongue. 13. A marine reptile found only on the Galapagos Islands is: A. the sea snake. B. the marine crocodile. C. the marine iguana. D. the flatback sea turtle. E. the Galapagos skink. Answer: C. the marine iguana. 14. An adaptation of the marine iguana for cold water is: A. increased metabolism. B. blubber to keep heat in. C. dark skin to absorb the sun's heating radiation. D. increased metabolism and dark skin to absorb the sun's heating radiation. E. blubber to keep heat in and dark skin to absorb the sun's heating radiation. Answer: C. dark skin to absorb the sun's heating radiation. 15. Marine iguanas feed mostly on: A. mussels. B. epibenthic invertebrates. C. small fish. D. algae. E. infaunal invertebrates. Answer: D. algae. 16. All of the following are adaptations of sea snakes to a marine existence except: A. trachea acting as accessory lung. B. gas exchange across their skin. C. oviparous reproduction. D. lower metabolic rate during submergence. E. flattened paddle tail. Answer: C. oviparous reproduction. 17. Sea snakes usually feed on: A. algae. B. jellyfish. C. infaunal invertebrates. D. small fishes. E. epibenthic invertebrates. Answer: D. small fishes. 18. Which is not a unique adaptation of sea snakes for marine life? A. Nostrils high on the head. B. Reduced or absent scales. C. Laterally compressed tail. D. Loss of limbs. E. None of these. Answer: D. Loss of limbs. 19. The birds are: A. stenotherms. B. eurytherms. C. homeotherms. D. poikilotherms. E. ectotherms. Answer: C. homeotherms. 20. In marine birds, excess salts are removed by: A. salt glands in the tongue. B. salt glands above the eyes. C. concentrated urine. D. salt glands on the skin. E. salt glands in the mouth. Answer: B. salt glands above the eyes. 21. Tubenoses include: A. pelicans. B. gulls. C. terns. D. albatrosses. E. puffins. Answer: D. albatrosses. 22. The oystercatcher is a member of the: A. gulls. B. tubenoses. C. shorebirds. D. pelicans. E. albatrosses. Answer: C. shorebirds. 23. A common short, plump, shore bird with a worldwide distribution is the: A. turnstone. B. pelican. C. avocet. D. plover. E. puffin. Answer: D. plover. 24. The heron is a stalking bird with the following characteristics: A. skinny legs, long necks, pincer type bill. B. flightless, plump body, parrot-like beak. C. plump body, pigeon-like beak. D. short neck, upturned bill. E. shovel-shaped bill, plump body, webbed feet. Answer: A. skinny legs, long necks, pincer type bill. 25. A seabird that has adapted very well to humans is the: A. gull. B. tern. C. frigate bird. D. penguin. E. puffin. Answer: A. gull. 26. The seabirds with an ecological role similar to land-based hawks, falcons, and vultures are the: A. gulls and terns. B. skuas and jaegers. C. avocets and sandpipers. D. curlews and turnstones. E. eiders and puffins. Answer: B. skuas and jaegers. 27. Birds that prey by attracting small fish and shrimp to the surface are called: A. plovers. B. turnstones. C. skimmers. D. curlews. E. sandpipers. Answer: C. skimmers. 28. Birds that are known to eat the chicks of other birds and even their own chicks are: A. avocets. B. terns. C. curlews. D. gulls. E. penguins. Answer: D. gulls. 29. Birds that have long narrow bills used for eating bivalves and other invertebrates are: A. gulls. B. pelicans. C. shore birds. D. tubenoses. E. skuas and jaegers. Answer: C. shore birds. 30. Gulls feed mostly by: A. capturing small fish. B. eating algae. C. probing for small prey in the mud. D. scavenging. E. dive bombing onto schools of fish Answer: D. scavenging. 31. Herons and egrets are members of the: A. gulls. B. tubenoses. C. shorebirds. D. pelicans. E. duck family. Answer: C. shorebirds. 32. Terns, skuas, and jaegers are all members of the _______________ group. A. gull B. pelican C. tubenose D. penguin E. shorebird Answer: A. gull 33. The ecological equivalent of penguins in the Northern Hemisphere is: A. the heron. B. the auk. C. the skimmer. D. the black-necked stilt. E. the tern. Answer: B. the auk. 34. The alcid species hunted to extinction was the: A. common auk. B. great puffin. C. common murre. D. great auk. E. great skua. Answer: D. great auk. 35. The stomach of which one of the following birds contains a gland that produces a foul smelling, yellow colored oil? A. Pelicans. B. Gulls. C. Terns. D. Albatrosses. E. Oystercatcher. Answer: D. Albatrosses. 36. A structure found within penguins that is used for storing food for feeding the young is called the: A. crop. B. salt gland. C. gular pouch. D. amnion. E. cloaca. Answer: A. crop. 37. Birds that spend most of their time aloft at sea are: A. skuas. B. gulls. C. albatrosses. D. pelicans. E. puffins. Answer: C. albatrosses. 38. Birds in which the lower bill protrudes much farther than the upper bill are: A. jaegers. B. skimmers. C. puffins. D. penguins. E. herons. Answer: B. skimmers. 39. Birds that catch their prey by plunge diving into the water from the air are: A. skimmers. B. cormorants. C. terns. D. penguins. E. avocets. Answer: C. terns. 40. Birds that pursue their prey underwater are: A. gulls. B. pelicans. C. penguins. D. stilts. E. plovers. Answer: C. penguins. 41. Buoyancy in pelicans is achieved by: A. subcutaneous air sacs. B. fatty tissue. C. low-density tissues. D. long feathery appendages. E. storing wax and oils. Answer: A. subcutaneous air sacs. 42. In general, birds increase the chance their young will survive by: A. providing parental care of the young. B. selecting nesting sites away from predators. C. being oviparous. D. providing parental care of the young and selecting nesting sites away from predators. E. selecting nesting sites away from predators and being oviparous. Answer: D. providing parental care of the young and selecting nesting sites away from predators. 43. Birds that crash into the water and scoop up fish in the gular pouch are called: A. stilts. B. tubenoses. C. pelicans. D. albatross. E. skimmers. Answer: C. pelicans. 44. Birds that dive into the water from a height of 18 to 30 meters are called: A. pelicans. B. albatross. C. tubenoses. D. boobies. E. puffins. Answer: D. boobies. 45. A very agile seabird used in Japan to help catch fish is called: A. a stilt. B. a albatross. C. a cormorant. D. a gull. E. an oystercatcher. Answer: C. a cormorant. 46. A bird with no oil to protect its feathers from water, that soars for hours at sea, is called: A. a frigatebird. B. an albatross. C. a gull. D. a petrel. E. a sea duck. Answer: A. a frigatebird. 47. Frigatebirds have been observed to pirate food by: A. perching on feeding pelicans and then stealing fish. B. beating and jostling boobies in flight, forcing them to regurgitate their food - then seizing it. C. preying on other birds. D. perching on feeding pelicans and then stealing fish and beating and jostling boobies in flight, forcing them to regurgitate their food - then seizing it. E. beating and jostling boobies in flight, forcing them to regurgitate their food - then seizing it and preying on other birds. Answer: D. perching on feeding pelicans and then stealing fish and beating and jostling boobies in flight, forcing them to regurgitate their food - then seizing it. 48. The bird with the largest wings, also a marine bird, is called the: A. frigate bird. B. pelican. C. albatross. D. gull. E. cormorant. Answer: C. albatross. 49. An interesting feeding behavior of the Wilson's storm petrel is: A. plunging to great depths into the ocean in search of food. B. using their feet to paddle just below the water's surface so they appear to be walking on the surface. C. catching a clam and then dropping it over rocks to break it up. D. stealing eggs from nesting birds while the parents are sitting on the eggs. E. skimming over the water surface with its beak partially immersed. Answer: B. using their feet to paddle just below the water's surface so they appear to be walking on the surface. 50. The birds that are most highly adapted to marine life are the: A. tubenoses. B. gulls. C. penguins. D. pelicans. E. sandpipers. Answer: C. penguins. 51. Penguins are preyed on by: A. leopard seals and killer whales. B. narwhales. C. sperm whales. D. jaegers. E. frigate birds. Answer: A. leopard seals and killer whales. 52. In reptiles, the circulatory system of the lungs is nearly completely separate from the circulatory system of the rest of the body. Answer: True 53. Reptiles are very efficient in conserving water during excretion. Answer: True 54. Marine turtles mate at sea but lay their eggs on land. Answer: True 55. Sea snakes are valued for their exotic skins. Answer: True 56. Birds are considered homeothermic. Answer: True 57. Seabirds produce concentrated urine to remove salts from their bodies. Answer: False 58. The tube-nose of tubenoses may be used as a means of enhancing their ability to smell, or to discern strength of air currents. Answer: True 59. Penguins are only found in the Northern Hemisphere. Answer: False 60. Most seabirds are ovoviviparous. Answer: False 61. In emperor penguins, the mother incubates the egg during the Antarctic winter while the father roams in search of food. Answer: False 62. Match the words with those they are most closely associated with. 1. Chorion gas exchange 2. Amnion disposal of waste 3. Allantois embryo containing sac Answer 63. Match the food preference with the species. 1. Loggerhead Sea Turtle jellyfish 2. Leatherback Sea Turtle seagrasses 3. Hawksbill Sea Turtle conches, clams, crabs 4. Green Sea Turtle sponges Answer: 64. Match the distribution with the type of reptile. 1. Sea Turtles coastlines in Australia, India, Asia 2. Sea Snakes worldwide in tropics and subtropics 3. Marine Iguana galapagos Islands 4. Saltwater Crocodile tropical Indo-Pacific Answer: 65. Match the nesting site characteristic with the most closely associated bird group. 1. Gulls nest away from shore 2. Tubenoses nest close to shore 3. Shorebird protected areas on land Answer: 66. Match the birds with their primary diet. 1. Frigatebirds fish and squid 2. Penguins fish, jellyfish, and squid 3. Pelicans krill and fish Answer: 67. Match the food preference with the species. 1. Leatherback Sea Turtle sponges 2. Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle invertebrates and fish 3. Flatback Sea Turtle invertebrates and seaweeds 4. Hawksbill jellyfish Answer: 68. Match the feature with the most closely associated animals. 1. Turtles plastron 2. Pelicans four-chambered heart 3. Birds lost limbs 4. Snakes gular pouch Answer: 69. Match the reproductive characteristic with the most closely associated animal group. 1. Sea Turtles nest builder on land 2. Saltwater Crocodile buries eggs in beach sand 3. Sea Snakes all but three species are viviparous at sea Answer: 70. Match the feeding strategy with the seabird. 1. Pelicans surface plunging 2. Frigate Birds aerial pursuit 3. Cormorants pursuit diving underwater with feet as propulsion 4. Puffins pursuit diving underwater with wings as propulsion Answer: 71. Match the feeding strategy with the seabird. 1. Gulls surface plunging 2. Jaeger pursuit diving with wings 3. Boobies clam dropping 4. Penguins aerial pursuit and robbing other birds Answer: 72. What reproductive characteristics allowed the formation of an egg with a leathery shell? Answer: In order to form such eggs, fertilization must take place before the leathery case of reptilian and avian eggs is laid down. The evolution of copulatory organs that allowed internal fertilization allowed the development of such an egg. 73. Contrast how turtles and crocodiles rid themselves of salts obtained through their diets. Answer: Marine reptiles are equipped with salt glands, which remove excess salts. In turtles, these glands are above the eyes and can secrete a concentrated salt solution which ends up bathing the eyes. This removes excess body salts; the tears cleanse the eyes. The marine crocodile's salt removal glands are on their tongues. 74. What are 3 human activities that negatively affect sea turtle survival? Answer: Sea turtle populations have been declining around the world due to various activities of humans around the world. In the past and still today turtles are hunted for their meat and their shells. Turtles are indirectly caught by fishing nets intended for other species. Invariably they drown. The most severe human effect on turtles is destruction of their nesting sites by development of coastal areas. 75. Outline at least 3 of the causes that have led to endangered species listing of all the sea turtles. Answer: On land at nesting sites, beach erosion and modification of beaches by humans have destroyed nesting sites. Humans and domestic animals in conjunction with natural predators feed on eggs. Lights from development confuse hatchlings, leading them away from the ocean, and thus subjecting them to greater predator mortality. At sea many are caught in fisherpersons' nets and drown. Adult sea turtles remain a human food item. Marine pollution in the form of plastic is confused with jellyfish, consumed, and blocks the digestive system, leading to starvation. 76. Many sea snakes have adapted to a completely marine existence. What are 3 adaptations of sea snakes that have allowed this lifestyle? Answer: Sea snakes are adapted to a marine existence by being ovoviviparous. They no longer have to deposit their eggs in terrestrial environments. Sea snakes are also capable of long-term submergence because they have large lung capacity allowing them to stay under longer. The trachea of sea snakes is also adapted to absorb oxygen, and sea snakes can absorb oxygen across their skin. Finally, sea snakes are capable of lowering their metabolic rates during a dive as a means of conserving oxygen. 77. What are 3 adaptations of penguins for living in the sea? Answer: Penguins are unique flightless birds that are more at home in the water than on land. These birds have wings adapted for swimming under water as if in flight. They use their feet as steering devices and they have torpedo-shaped bodies that allow efficient swimming. Penguins are capable of withstanding the cold water around them because of a thick layer of fat under their skin, which acts as insulation. 78. Reptiles and birds differ from amphibians in that they lack a free larval stage. What adaptation allowed the elimination of this stage? Answer: The development of an amniotic egg made the need for a free living larval form unnecessary. These egg types contain amniotic fluid, which protects developing embryos and keeps them moist. These eggs are also supplied with generous amounts of yolk for nourishing the embryos until they grow and hatch at an advanced stage. 79. Describe 2 adaptations of sea turtles that allow them to live in the marine environment. How are these turtles different from land turtles? Answer: First, sea turtles have modified paddle-shaped limbs that allow these animals to swim efficiently. Sea turtles also have a lighter and smaller shell than terrestrial turtles, which makes them more buoyant and less encumbered. Sea turtles, unlike terrestrial turtles, cannot retract their heads inside their shells. 80. Describe at least 2 ways that marine iguanas differ from the green iguanas of South American forests. Answer: Marine iguanas differ from terrestrial green iguanas by having adaptations that allow them to survive in the cold waters around the Galapagos Islands. These include having very dark bodies for absorbance of heat energy to raise their internal temperatures, having blunt snouts that are ideally suited for feeding on algae on the rocks, and possessing laterally flattened tails for more efficient swimming. 81. Compare the worldwide distribution of seabirds to that of marine reptiles. Which is more widely distributed at all latitudes? Why do you think this is so? Answer: Seabirds are definitely more widely distributed than any of the marine reptiles. Seabirds can be found in arctic and Antarctic regions and everywhere in between. Marine reptiles, on the other hand, are limited to the warm temperatures of tropical and subtropical waters. The main reason for these different distributions is the fact that reptiles are poikilothermic and are limited to warm areas for metabolic reasons. Birds are homeothermic, which means they can regulate their internal body temperatures. 82. Penguins and alcids are ecological equivalents. Describe what is meant by ecological equivalency and explain why you think it may arise. Answer: Ecological equivalency is when two different species occupy the same ecological niche in two different areas that share similar environmental characteristics. It results when the two species evolve independently to look like each other because of nearly identical evolutionary selective factors. In the case of penguins and alcids, they both live in cold subpolar areas. They share a number of similar features such as awkward movement on land and efficient underwater swimming in pursuit of similar prey. 83. List 4 of the most common seabird feeding methods and give examples of birds that utilize each method. Answer: Probing and picking for epifaunal or infaunal invertebrates (many shore birds, such as curlews, sandpipers, and plovers) • Spear fishing for small fishes (herons and egrets) • Skimming the surface of the water (black skimmers) • Robbers of other birds' food (jaegers, frigate birds) • Underwater pursuers (alcids, penguins) • Plunge divers (brown pelicans, terns) • Cooperative scoop feeders (American white pelicans) 84. The diversity of birds is reflected in their feeding mechanisms and locations. Shorebirds, for example, include birds with different length and shape of beaks, length of legs, and food and shore location preference. Describe an evolutionary process that could lead to the observed diversity. Answer: The birds have been able to share the food resources of the shoreline by specialization. This is an example of resource partitioning [described in chapter 2] that results from competitive pressures. The birds have evolved specialized features, including bill shapes, which enable each bird species to more efficiently (relative to the others) feed on a particular shoreline animal. Different leg lengths enable some birds to wade deeper in the water while others are restricted to areas above the water line. Chapter 12--Marine Mammals 1. All marine mammals: A. are faster swimmers compared to other marine animals. B. have lungs modified to breathe underwater. C. are aggressive in obtaining food. D. are intelligent compared to other marine animals. E. have baleen. Answer: D. are intelligent compared to other marine animals. 2. All the following are characteristics of marine mammals except: A. mammary glands. B. gills. C. a placenta. D. being homeothermic. E. None of these. Answer: B. gills. 3. Marine mammals, because of the energy demands of being homeothermic, expend about _______________ times as much energy as other marine organisms. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20 E. 25 Answer: B. 10 4. Sea otters are protected from the cold by having: A. thick blubber. B. thick fur. C. waxy fur. D. fatty tissue. E. thick skin. Answer: B. thick fur. 5. Sea otters consume nearly __________________% of their body weight per day. A. 10 B. 25 C. 30 D. 40 E. 50 Answer: B. 25 6. Sea lions and seals belong to the suborder: A. Carnivora. B. Sirenia. C. Cetacea. D. Pinnipedia. E. Odontoceti. Answer: D. Pinnipedia. 7. Pinnipeds molt A. in the ocean. B. on shore. C. in the winter. D. throughout the year. E. They do not molt. Answer: B. on shore. 8. Pinniped means: A. clawed footed. B. flipper footed. C. feather footed. D. paddle footed. E. split footed. Answer: C. feather footed. 9. In eared seals, the main propulsive force for swimming is produced by the: A. forelimbs. B. hindlimbs. C. undulations of the body. D. tail. E. caudal fin. Answer: A. forelimbs. 10. True seals' characteristics include: A. lack of external ear. B. swimming with forelimbs. C. swimming with hind limbs. D. lack of external ear and swimming with hind limbs. E. lack of external ear and swimming with forelimbs. Answer: D. lack of external ear and swimming with hind limbs. 11. The Otariidae characteristics include: A. external ears. B. swimming with hind limbs. C. swimming with forelimbs. D. external ears and swimming with hind limbs. E. external ears and swimming with fore limbs. Answer: D. external ears and swimming with hind limbs. 12. Which of the following species is endangered? A. California sea lion. B. Northern fur seal C. Steller's sea lion. D. California sea lion and Northern fur seal. E. Northern fur seal and Steller's sea lion. Answer: C. Steller's sea lion. 13. All the following are all major points of the article Where Have the Steller’s Sea Lions Gone except which? A. Some biologists thought commercial fishing was culprit. B. Killer whales may play a role in pinniped population regulation. C. Scientific views undergo revision with new data and findings. D. Scientists often come to contradictory conclusions when examining the same phenomenon. E. Steller’s sea lions decimated the salmon population in Alaska. Answer: E. Steller’s sea lions decimated the salmon population in Alaska. 14. Which pinniped can use its hind limbs to walk on land? A. Guadalupe fur seal. B. Steller's sea lion. C. Leopard seal. D. Elephant seal. E. Harbor seal. Answer: B. Steller's sea lion. 15. The deepest diving pinnipeds are the: A. sea lions. B. harbor seals. C. Weddell seals. D. elephant seals. E. Steller’s sea lion. Answer: D. elephant seals. 16. Known for the ability to dive deep, the _______________ has set a record of 1530 m. A. harbor seal B. Weddel seal C. Steller's sea lion D. leopard seal E. northern elephant seal Answer: E. northern elephant seal 17. Male animals that mate with and control more than one female at a time are called: A. hermaphroditic. B. heterogenous. C. polygynous. D. androgynous. E. monogamous. Answer: C. polygynous. 18. Most pinnipeds mate: A. every two years. B. every four years. C. once in their lifetime. D. annually. E. every three years. Answer: D. annually. 19. The leopard seal's primary predator is called the: A. sperm whale. B. polar bear. C. killer whale. D. salt water crocodile. E. Weddel seal. Answer: C. killer whale. 20. The _______________ feeds on penguins and other seals. A. Guadalupe fur seal B. elephant seal C. Steller's sea lion D. leopard seal E. harbor seal Answer: D. leopard seal 21. The structure used to amplify an elephant seal bull's roar is a(n): A. inflated proboscis. B. hallow tusk used as a horn. C. sirenaphores. D. blowhole. E. melon. Answer: A. inflated proboscis. 22. The entertaining seals of marine attraction parks are: A. sea lions. B. harbor seals. C. elephant seals. D. fur seals. E. harp seals. Answer: A. sea lions. 23. Manatees and dugongs belong to the order: A. Pinnipedia. B. Cetacea. C. Carnivora. D. Sirenia. E. Fissipedia. Answer: D. Sirenia. 24. The sirenians: A. rest on shore. B. bear young on land. C. are completely aquatic. D. are fish eaters. E. don’t have blubber since they live in tropical water. Answer: C. are completely aquatic. 25. The following are all differences between manatees and dugongs except: A. fresh and seawater habitat for manatees, dugongs only live in seawater. B. dugongs have a larger head. C. dugongs have a shorter flipper. D. manatees' forelimbs form flippers, dugongs' do not. E. None of these. Answer: D. manatees' forelimbs form flippers, dugongs' do not. 26. The following are all similarities between manatees and dugongs and whales except: A. streamlined, practically hairless bodies. B. forelimbs modified to form flippers. C. tail flukes. D. consume macrophytes. E. None of these. Answer: D. consume macrophytes. 27. Manatees are mostly found in: A. cold polar waters. B. Antarctica. C. tropical estuaries. D. temperate coastal areas. E. Eastern Pacific Ocean. Answer: C. tropical estuaries. 28. The greatest threat to the Florida manatees is: A. loss of habitat. B. human predation. C. being mauled or killed by boats. D. stranding in thermal plumes of power plants. E. disease from urban runoff. Answer: C. being mauled or killed by boats. 29. Manatees feed mostly on: A. small fishes. B. benthic invertebrates. C. plankton. D. aquatic plants. E. other marine mammals. Answer: D. aquatic plants. 30. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises all belong to the order: A. Sirenia. B. Cetacea. C. Carnivora. D. Pinnipedia. E. Fissipedia. Answer: B. Cetacea. 31. Those marine mammals most adapted to a marine existence are the: A. pinnipeds. B. sirenians. C. cetaceans. D. sea otters. E. None of these. Answer: C. cetaceans. 32. It is believed that cetaceans evolved from: A. a terrestrial mammal. B. a pinniped. C. fishes. D. polychaetes. E. dinosaurs. Answer: A. a terrestrial mammal. 33. Through evolution, the hindlimbs of cetaceans have been modified, eventually becoming: A. flippers. B. tail. C. non-existent. D. flukes. E. enlarged. Answer: C. non-existent. 34. To reduce drag whales have eliminated: A. external ears. B. pectoral fins. C. external appendages. D. mammary glands. E. flukes. Answer: A. external ears. 35. The absence of sweat glands in cetaceans aids in: A. maintaining body heat. B. conserving water. C. increasing internal salinity. D. reducing drag. E. swimming efficiency. Answer: B. conserving water. 36. Adaptations for deep diving in cetaceans include all the following except: A. expelling air from the lungs. B. large lungs with large number of air sacs. C. rib cage that can collapse. D. sonar for detecting the depth. E. high red blood cell count. Answer: D. sonar for detecting the depth. 37. Adaptations for deep diving in cetaceans include all the following except: A. large amount of hemoglobin. B. large amount of tri-glycosides. C. lowered sensitivity to lactic acid. D. high levels of myglobin. E. decreased metabolism. Answer: B. large amount of tri-glycosides. 38. Myoglobin is a protein found in the muscles of cetaceans that: A. stores energy. B. stores oxygen. C. maintains buoyancy. D. maintains heat. E. stores ATP. Answer: B. stores oxygen. 39. The milk of cetaceans is very rich in: A. fat. B. protein. C. carbohydrates. D. cellulose. E. DNA. Answer: A. fat. 40. Baleen plates are composed of: A. calcium carbonate. B. cellulose. C. keratin. D. chitin. E. silica. Answer: C. keratin. 41. The food of most baleen whales consists of: A. benthic invertebrates. B. nektonic fishes. C. algae. D. plankton. E. detritus. Answer: D. plankton. 42. Bubble nets for confusing and trapping plankton are produced by: A. gray whales. B. humpback whales. C. minke whales. D. sperm whales. E. dolphins. Answer: B. humpback whales. 43. Fin whales feed mostly on: A. benthic invertebrates. B. nektonic fishes. C. algae. D. krill. E. detritus. Answer: D. krill. 44. The largest of all the whales is the: A. sperm whale. B. sei whale. C. humpback whale. D. blue whale. E. megalodon. Answer: D. blue whale. 45. Breaching is the name given to the activity of whales when they: A. mate. B. jump out of the water. C. capture their food. D. migrate long distances. E. give birth. Answer: B. jump out of the water. 46. Spy hopping is a term given to whales when they: A. jump out of the water. B. partially get their body out of the water. C. capture their food. D. mate. E. play in groups. Answer: B. partially get their body out of the water. 47. Spy hopping behavior is thought to be for: A. mating. B. observing objects other than whales on the surface. C. capturing their food. D. attracting a mate. E. communicating with podmates. Answer: B. observing objects other than whales on the surface. 48. Tail cocking behavior in whales is thought to be for: A. killing prey. B. attracting mates. C. aggression. D. preparation for a dive. E. dislodging parasites. Answer: C. aggression. 49. A group of whales is called a: A. harem. B. pod. C. covey. D. herd. E. bevy. Answer: B. pod. 50. The only population of humpback whales that is showing recovery from the effects of whaling is the: A. North Pacific population. B. North Atlantic population. C. Maui population. D. Southern Hemisphere population. E. Southern Pacific population. Answer: B. North Atlantic population. 51. Which whale is not a rorqual? A. Blue whale. B. Fin whale. C. Humpback whale. D. Right whale. E. Killer whale. Answer: D. Right whale. 52. A whale that floated when harpooned was called a(n) ______________. A. orca B. right whale C. blue whale D. fin whale E. sperm whale Answer: B. right whale 53. All of the following are members of suborder Odontoceti, except: A. dolphins. B. sperm whales. C. narwhales. D. gray whales. E. orcas. Answer: D. gray whales. 54. All of the following are members of suborder Mysticeti, except: A. humpback whales. B. right whales. C. orcas. D. blue whales. E. fin whales. Answer: C. orcas. 55. The baleen whale which carries the most barnacles is the: A. right whale. B. sperm whale. C. gray whale. D. orca. E. blue whale. Answer: C. gray whale. 56. The melon of dolphins and other toothed whales is used for: A. storage of food. B. protecting the brain. C. focusing sound pulses. D. receiving sound pulses. E. producing sounds. Answer: C. focusing sound pulses. 57. One of the most favored food items of sperm whales is: A. giant squid. B. penguins. C. plankton. D. seals. E. smaller cetaceans. Answer: A. giant squid. 58. Ambergris comes from the ______________. A. right whale B. sperm whale C. gray whale D. orca E. blue whale Answer: B. sperm whale 59. The only cetaceans known to feed on warm-blooded animals are the: A. sperm whales. B. bottlenose dolphins. C. killer whales. D. porpoises. E. minke whales. Answer: C. killer whales. 60. Pinnipeds have to come ashore to give birth. Answer: True 61. True seals rely on their hindlimbs for forward swimming propulsion. Answer: True 62. In eared seals, the hindlimbs can rotate at right angles to the body and can be used for walking on land. Answer: True 63. Sea lions have shorter lactation periods than true seals. Answer: False 64. Unlike pinnipeds, sirenians are completely free from the terrestrial environment. Answer: True 65. Manatees form pair bonds that last even after mating. Answer: True 66. The cetacean body is covered with fine hairs. Answer: False 67. Cetaceans lack sweat glands in their skin. Answer: True 68. Gray whales spend the winter months in the Bering Sea where they mate and give birth. Answer: False 69. Vision in toothed whales is very strong. Answer: False 70. Toothed whales use low frequency clicks to make out the outline of potential prey. Answer: True 71. The spermaceti of sperm whales is composed of waxy and oily materials. Answer: True 72. Ambergris is produced by dolphins. Answer: False 73. Dolphins have a beak whereas porpoises have a rounded blunt head. Answer: True 74. Match the food with the most closely associated whale. 1. Sperm Whale crabs, cuttlefish, flounder, and halibut 2. Blue Whale squid 3. Beluga Whale krill 75. Match the food with the closely associated predator. 1. Dugong sea urchins 2. Walruses fish 3. Sea Otter crustaceans, mollusc,s and echinoderms 4. Eared Seals water plants 76. Match the food item with the animal that consumes it. 1. Sirenians fish, squid 2. Baleen Whales plankton 3. Toothed Whales vegetation Answer: 77. Match the location with the species. 1. Dungong dugon southeastern United States 2. Trichechus inunguis Africa 3. Trichechus manatus South America 4. Trichechus senegalensis Indo-pacific Answer: 78. Match the population characteristic with the species. 1. Steller's Sea Cow extinct 2. Western Pacific Gray Whale endangered 3. Northern Manatee population size 1.8 million 4. Sperm whale population size less than 100 Answer: 79. Match the insulation with the closely associated animal. 1. Whales blubber 2. Sea Lion fur 3. Sea Otter fur and fat Answer: 80. Match the prey detection method with the most closely associated animal. 1. Walruses echolocation 2. Dolphins eyesight 3. Seals bristles Answer: 81. Match the possible importance of a whale behavior with its most closely associated behavior. 1. Spy Hopping looking around 2. Breaching establishing dominance 3. Slapping marking position Answer: 82. Match the possible importance of a whale behavior with its most closely associated behavior. 1. Tail Slapping marking a position 2. Flipper Flapping aggressive behavior 3. Tail Cocking unknown Answer: 83. Match the purpose with the mechanism it is most closely associated with. 1. Baleen plates filter feed 2. Strong sonar pulse trap prey near surface 3. Bubble net locate prey Answer: 84. List the three major groups of pinnipeds and outline the anatomical differences between them. Answer: The pinnipeds families include Otaridae (eared seals), Phocidae (true seals), and Odobenidae (walruses). In the eared seals external ears are present and the hind limbs of these pinnipeds rotate at right angles to the body, which facilitates walking on land. In the true seals and walruses, there are no external ears. True seals are also not capable of rotating their hind limbs forward so these animals are rather clumsy on land. Walruses are the largest of the three pinnipeds and have tusks. 85. Describe at least 3 physiological adaptations in pinnipeds that enable them to dive deep. Answer: They exhale before diving, slow their metabolism by 20% and reduce heart rate. Blood is redistributed to vital organs such as the brain and heart to maintain their essential functions. The other organs do not need to fully function on a dive. 86. You are the aquarium keeper at a large oceanarium. The facility acquires a manatee, and you are charged with its care. Explain what you would feed it. Answer: Sirens feed exclusively on vegetation growing underwater, such as seagrasses. Fresh green produce such as spinach, lettuce, etc. could supplement its diet. 87. Describe the feeding behavior of humpback whales. Why do they employ this type of food capture method? Answer: Humpback whales feed on small schools of fishes and invertebrates. They feed by first circling the school from below while blowing a screen of bubbles around their food as a trap. Next they come up through the tube of bubbles they have created with mouths open and consume the food. This method of food capture concentrates the prey. 88. List the 3 major groups of baleen whales and give their major features. Answer: The three major groups of baleen whales are the right whales, rorquals, and the gray whales. Right whales are characterized by having no dorsal fins and no pleats or grooves on their lower jaw. Rorquals have dorsal fins and grooves on their lower jaw that aid in the expansion of the mouth for feeding purposes. Gray whales lack grooves and a distinct dorsal fin but have a dorsal bump toward the rear third of the body. 89. Why must sea otters consume 25% of their body weight in food every day? Answer: This is most likely the result of the necessity of maintaining a high metabolic rate in these warm-blooded animals that live in relatively cold waters. 90. What reproductive benefit is obtained by the polygynous sexual habits of many marine mammals, such as elephant seals? Answer: In nature, reproductive output is usually limited by the availability of eggs produced by the females. Males produce many millions of sperm and can thus fertilize numerous females without effort. Having one dominant male fertilizing numerous females ensures that only the fittest males transfer their genes to the next generation. Those males that successfully obtain and defend a harem of females are thought to be genetically fit. 91. Explain why phocids, especially ones living in polar areas, generally have very short lactation periods compared to eared seals. Answer: Many phocids live in polar waters, where the ice floes tend to break and crack. As a result the mothers want to ensure that the young develop as quickly as possible in order for them to enter the water as soon as possible. Another reason is that the mothers cannot sustain extended periods of lactation because they could eventually lose too much body fat. 92. Compare sirenians and cetaceans, describing 4 ways that they are similar. Answer: Sirenians share many similar characteristics such as reduced body hair, disappearance of hindlimbs, possession of tail flukes, possession of flippers, and a completely aquatic existence. 93. Describe the fossil and embryological evidence for the terrestrial origins of cetaceans. Answer: Fossil records show massive animals, with four limbs, that resemble modern day whales. Other evidence is observed in modern cetaceans. First, the embryos of whales, like all mammals, have four limbs. The hindlimbs eventually disappear during the development of the embryo and all that remains is an obsolete pelvic girdle. The embryos of whales also show a normal mammalian nostril arrangement, but this does not persist, as the nostrils migrate to the dorsal side of the animals to become the blow holes. 94. Describe at least 3 adaptations of modern whales adapted for a completely aquatic existence. Answer: First and foremost is the overall shape of the cetacean body. It is shaped like that of a fish, which implies that this shape is ideally suited for aquatic habitats. The nostrils of whales, which are called blow holes, occupy the dorsal surface of the animals, making it much easier to breathe without having to lift the head completely out of the water. Whales are also covered by a thick layer of blubber in order to minimize heat loss and maximize buoyancy in cold waters. The ears of whales are blocked by wax to minimize possible damage from the marine environment and to eliminate any compressible air passages. These ears are also internal, which could eliminate possible drag effects. Finally, the whale circulatory system is designed to minimize heat loss by incorporating a heat exchange mechanism in the appendages. 95. Explain the unique purpose of baleen plates. What trophic position do baleen whales occupy, and what advantage is it to the baleen whales to consume the diet they do? Answer: The baleen replaced teeth and consists of keratin fibers fused together. They function to strain plankton, mainly krill, on which the whales feed from the sea. Krill feed on phytoplankton. As a secondary level consumer the baleen whales have access to ten or more times the energy and organic material available to the toothed whales who may be feeding at the third to sixth tropic level. This enables them to be the largest animals. Test Bank for Introduction to Marine Biology George Karleskint, Richard Turner, James Small 9780495561972, 9780534420727