CH-10 Physical Development in Middle Childhood – The World of Children : Exam Guide

Chapter 10 Physical Development in Middle Childhood 10.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The average 7-year-old is about A) 3 feet tall. B) 4 feet tall. C) 4 1/2 feet tall. D) 5 feet tall. Answer: B) 4 feet tall 2. If Sulan is an average 7-year-old, she weighs around A) 35 pounds. B) 45 pounds. C) 55 pounds. D) 65 pounds. Answer: C) 55 pounds. The average 7-year-old child weighs 55 pounds. 3. By the age of 11, the average child is almost A) 4 feet tall. B) 4 1/4 feet tall. C) 4 1/2 feet tall. D) 4 3/4 feet tall. Answer: D) 4 3/4 feet tall 4. Which of the following statements are true? A) Girls begin their adolescent growth spurt a little earlier than boys. B) At the age of 9, boys are bigger than girls. C) After age 14, there is a sex difference in the rate of physical growth. D) By the age of 14, girls are taller and heavier on average than boys. Answer: A) Girls begin their adolescent growth spurt a little earlier than boys. 5. The most common nutritional problem in the United States is A) malnutrition. B) being overweight. C) protein deficiency. D) carbohydrate deficiency. Answer: B) being overweight 6. A child with a body mass index (BMI) above what percentile is considered overweight? A) 50th B) 60th C) 75th D) between 85th and 95th Answer: D) between 85th and 95th 7. From the 1960s to 2002, the percentage of American children who were overweight A) doubled. B) tripled. C) quadrupled. D) declined. Answer: C) quadrupled 8. During childhood, obesity is especially serious among A) girls. B) boys. C) Caucasians. D) minorities. Answer: D) minorities 9. Which of the following is a cause of increasing obesity in American children? A) genetics alone B) environmental factors alone C) obese role models D) a mix of genetics and environmental factors Answer: D) a mix of genetics and environmental factors. A mix of genetic and environmental factors (nature and nurture) contribute to being overweight. 10. The National Center for Health Statistics (2011) reported that between 2007 and 2010, 69% of adults over age 20 were overweight. This means that A) obesity rates among adults are declining. B) adults have healthier eating habits than in earlier decades. C) children today have fewer positive role models for health and fitness. D) adults are exercising more than in earlier decades. Answer: C) children today have fewer positive role models for health and fitness. 11. While obesity has been increasing worldwide, experts estimate that ___________ has the highest prevalence of obesity of any developed nation. A) Canada B) the United States C) Great Britain D) Japan Answer: B) the United States 12. A child with a body mass index (BMI) above what percentile is considered obese? A) 50th B) 60th C) 75th D) 95th Answer: D) 95th 13. Children are more likely to be overweight when A) they have a high birth weight. B) their mother has diabetes. C) they have family members who are overweight. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above. High birth weight, maternal diabetes, and other family members are all associated with an increased risk of becoming overweight. 14. When both of a child's parents are obese, the child's chance of being overweight is increased A) by 10%. B) by 50%. C) 10 times. D) 100%. Answer: C) 10 times 15. Children in which type of families tend to eat fewer fruits and vegetables and have fewer opportunities for physical activity? A) poor families B) wealthy families C) educated families D) East Coast families Answer: A) poor families. Children in poor families tend to eat fewer fruits and vegetables and more foods with higher fat content, and they have fewer safe places to play outdoors and thus be physically active. 16. Which of the following is not a recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics? A) Set appropriate limits on children's food choices. B) Encourage more physical activity in children's play. C) Be a good role model. D) Put children on a diet at age 4. Answer: D) Put children on a diet at age 4. 17. Which of the following is true about brain growth during middle childhood? A) There is brain growth. B) There is a reduction in size or “shrinkage.” C) There is no change in brain size or growth. D) both A and B Answer: D) both A and B 18. Until what age are most areas of the cerebral cortex still growing? A) 5 years B) 10 years C) 14 years D) 18 years Answer: B) 10 years 19. Most of the growth in the brain during middle childhood is from A) growth in the blood vessels that spread through the brain. B) increases in glial cells. C) continued myelination of neurons. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above. Most of the gain in brain growth is due to growth in the blood vessels that spread through the brain, a gain in the number of glial cells that support the function of neurons, and continued myelination of the axons that make up the brain’s circuits. 20. Which of the following neural changes involves the growth of fatty tissues that cover the axons that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to other neurons? A) growth of glial cells B) myelination C) synaptic pruning D) synaptogenesis Answer: B) myelination 21. What causes brain circuits to become much more efficient in middle childhood? A) synaptogenesis B) growth in the temporal lobe C) increased numbers of neurons D) myelination. Answer: D) myelination. After myelin grows around an axon, it insulates the nerve impulse and speeds its action across the axon by as much as 100 times. 22. The first area to prune and become mature in middle childhood is the A) occipital lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) hypothalamus. D) amygdala. Answer: A) occipital lobe 23. _______________ reduces the “noise” in the brain so that the loss of connections between neurons is actually an important part of the maturation of the brain. A) Synaptogenesis B) Myelination C) Growth of glial cells D) Synaptic pruning Answer: D) Synaptic pruning 24. Between the ages of 7 and 11, pruning results in a 50% loss in the circuits in the brain that control A) vision. B) fine-motor movements. C) language comprehension. D) memory. Answer: B) fine-motor movements 25. The ______________, responsible for abstract reasoning and complex problem solving, is one of the last areas to mature and does not finish its prune-and-mature process until the end of adolescence. A) prefrontal cortex B) temporal cortex C) parietal cortex D) occipital cortex Answer: A) prefrontal cortex 26. While brain maturity helps us perform our important mental processes, _____________ provide the stimulation needed to prune the less efficient circuits. A) dominant genes B) learning disorders C) glial cells D) mental and physical exercises Answer: D) mental and physical exercises. Both mental and physical activity stimulate pathways in the brain and assist in the pruning process. 27. From the age of 2 until adolescence, plasticity A) gradually declines. B) remains stable. C) gradually increases. D) initially increases and then declines. Answer: A) gradually declines. From the age of 2 until adolescence, plasticity gradually declines.. 28. An adult who experiences head trauma and brain damage to the left hemisphere may lose a significant amount of language function. Is it likely that he or she will fully recover? A) Yes, because recovery should occur spontaneously as the brain repairs itself B) Yes, but only after a strong rehabilitation regimen C) Yes, because the adult brain maintains a high degree of neural plasticity D) No, because a full recovery is unlikely Answer: D) No, because a full recovery is unlikely. With a strong rehabilitation regimen, the injured person may be able to recoup some language function, but he or she will probably experience lifelong deficits such as slurred speech or trouble keeping track of complex sentence segments. 29. A child who experiences head trauma and brain damage to the left hemisphere may not experience lifelong language deficits because A) the brain remains flexible or malleable through childhood. B) neural plasticity allows lost functions to be recovered. C) the right hemisphere may take over the work of language specialization. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above. Because a child’s brain has a high degree of neural plasticity, a function that is lost due to trauma or damage may be recovered in another area or region of the brain. 30. Which neural systems need sensory input in the first months after birth because otherwise their neural circuits will quickly degenerate? A) the language centers of the brain B) the eyes and visual centers of the brain C) the areas that control movement D) the auditory pathways in the brain Answer: B) the eyes and visual centers of the brain. The eyes and visual centers of the brain need sensory input in the first months after birth, or their neural circuits will quickly degenerate. 31. Due to loss of plasticity, which aspect of language becomes difficult for a child older than 12 to learn? A) intonations and subtle speech sounds B) syntax C) vocabulary D) none of the above Answer: A) intonations and subtle speech sounds 32. Declining plasticity is associated with the ending of _________________, or windows of opportunity, that begin to close. A) middle childhood B) language development C) sensitive periods D) motor development Answer: C) sensitive periods. With declining plasticity, sensitive periods, or windows of opportunity, begin to close. 33. What kind of skills become more controlled and coordinated during middle childhood? A) fine-motor B) gross-motor C) BMI D) both A and B Answer: D) both A and B. Children develop and refine a number of motor skills during middle childhood, including throwing and catching, running, writing, and playing musical instruments. 34. Improvements in writing, artwork, and playing musical instruments are affected by the development of what kind of skills? A) motor B) rough-and-tumble C) sociodramatic D) prefrontal Answer: A) motor 35. Which of the following statements is false? A) Overall strength improves during middle childhood. B) Few differences between boys and girls are found in balance in middle childhood. C) Girls tend to be stronger than boys during the middle childhood years. D) Girls tend to be more flexible than boys during middle childhood. Answer: C) Girls tend to be stronger than boys during the middle childhood years. 36. With continued practice of physical skills, neural pathways A) prune more synapses. B) grow more synapses. C) lose myelination. D) become less efficient. Answer: B) grow more synapses. The neurons involved in physical skills are activated together, causing the connections among them to strengthen. 37. Bobby is a 10-year-old who enjoys playing handheld electronic games. In particular, his _________________ skills are developing as he learns to push the small buttons quickly and accurately. A) gross-motor B) language C) socioemotional D) fine-motor Answer: D) fine-motor. Playing handheld games requires a high degree of fine-motor coordination, including use of the fingers and timing of the movements. 38. Examples of fine-motor control include A) kicking a ball far. B) learning new strokes in swimming. C) reading fluently. D) controlling a paintbrush. Answer: D) controlling a paintbrush 39. Hobbies such as beading and similar craft materials improve A) gross motor skills. B) fine-motor skills. C) social skills. D) patience. Answer: B) fine-motor skills 40. One of the most striking developments in both gross- and fine-motor skills during middle childhood is increasing ________________ (e.g., using both arms and legs while swinging a bat). A) strength B) coordination of skill C) speed D) plasticity Answer: B) coordination of skill 41. Which of the following is not a benefit of regular exercise for children? A) weight control B) more positive moods C) improved IQ scores. D) higher self-esteem Answer: C) improved IQ scores. There is no association between exercise and IQ. 42. A nationally representative survey of 9- to 13-year-olds found that more than 60% had not _________________ in the week before the survey. A) taken a bath or shower B) spoken to their parents C) participated in any organized physical activity D) attended school Answer: C) participated in any organized physical activity 43. According to the Centers for Disease Control (2003), which of the following ethnic groups participates the most in free-time physical activity? A) African Americans B) Hispanics C) whites D) There are no differences across ethnic groups in free-time physical activity. Answer: D) There are no differences across ethnic groups in free-time physical activity. 44. Transportation problems are obstacles for physical activity for which group? A) middle-class families B) rural families C) Southern families D) low-income families Answer: D) low-income families 45. Which of the following factors makes it difficult for children to get physical activity? A) sedentary activities (e.g., television, video games, and so forth) B) the cost of participating in physical activities C) unsafe neighborhoods D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 46. In a national survey, girls reported significantly _______ free-time physical activity than boys A) less B) more C) the same amount of D) reduced Answer: A) less 47. Juanita takes karate lessons once a week. This is an example of A) rough-and-tumble play. B) organized sports. C) sociodramatic play. D) gender-stereotyped play. Answer: B) organized sports. Organized sports are sporting activities that are organized, coached, or in some manner supervised by adults. 48. Which of the following is not a benefit of children's participation in organized sports? A) improved coordination B) increased strength and endurance C) good sportsmanship D) better diet Answer: D) better diet. Sports participation also offers the opportunity to learn valuable social skills and values, such as teamwork and cooperation, taking turns, coping with failure, understanding the importance of following rules, and good sportsmanship. 49. Studies have found that participation in organized sports is associated with A) higher achievement test scores. B) lower rates of delinquency. C) decreased likelihood of using tobacco. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 50. Bianca is a member of her school's field hockey and soccer teams. Which of the following would be a typical benefit for her as a middle childhood girl? A) higher self-esteem B) more positive body image C) lower level of depression D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above. For girls, participation in organized sports is associated with higher levels of self-esteem, lower levels of depression, a more positive body image, and a higher level of psychological well-being. 51. While some studies have investigated the positive effects of organized sports using correlational designs, others have used experimental designs. Which type of study provides evidence that sports participation itself accounts for the positive relationship? A) correlational designs B) experimental designs C) both correlational an experimental designs D) neither type of study Answer: B) experimental designs. Because of random assignment, experiments are able to identify causal relations between variables. Some studies have used experimental designs and found that sports activity produces positive outcomes. 52. There are approximately ___________ sports-related injuries per year. A) 100,000 B) 1 million C) 3 million D) 100 million Answer: C) 3 million 53. Most of children's injuries in organized sports are A) serious. B) minor. C) life threatening. D) due to exercising in cold weather. Answer: B) minor 54. The rate of injuries in recent years can be due to A) better safety equipment. B) rules that restrict aggressive play. C) better training of coaches. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 55. Concerns in organized sports regarding the behavior and attitude of adults involved are A) putting increased pressure on children. B) pushing children to practice too hard. C) emphasizing the competitive aspect(s) of the sport. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 56. A recent concern associated with organized children's sports is A) out-of-control parents. B) increasing injuries. C) poor safety equipment. D) longer playing times. Answer: A) out-of-control parents 57. David is an excellent basketball player. His family hopes he will be able to get a basketball scholarship to college. This expectation A) shows that David is not typical of most athletes. B) leads to David's poor school grades. C) causes David to have too many injuries. D) puts pressure on David to practice too hard. Answer: D) puts pressure on David to practice too hard. As sports activities become more popular, some parents and coaches put increased pressure on children to play sports they are not developmentally ready for, to play too much, to practice too hard, to play with an injury, or simply to put too much emphasis on the competitive aspects of the sport and winning. 58. How many children under age 14 are treated in hospital emergency rooms each year for injuries? A) 5 million B) 8 million C) 20 million D) over 25 million Answer: B) 8 million 59. Which of the following is not one of the most common causes of childhood injuries treated in hospital emergency rooms? A) falls B) cuts C) poisoning D) bicycle accidents Answer: C) poisoning 60. The most common cause of accidental death in middle childhood is A) genetic abnormalities. B) illnesses such as the flu. C) child abuse. D) automobile accidents. Answer: D) automobile accidents 61. The majority of accident-related injuries for children occur A) in or around the home. B) on bicycles. C) at school. D) during organized sports. Answer: A) in or around the home 62. Amanda is 10. Her parents leave her home alone sometimes, and this puts her at risk for A) smoking marijuana. B) obesity. C) accidents in her home. D) poor motor development. Answer: C) accidents in her home. In the United States, 40% of children’s accidental deaths and 50% of their accident-related injuries occur in or around their homes. Being left home alone and unsupervised increases the chances that a child will have an accident. 63. Children should use a booster seat until they are at least A) 3 feet, 6 inches tall. B) 4 feet tall. C) 5 feet tall. D) 4 feet, 9 inches tall. Answer: D) 4 feet, 9 inches tall 64. If Danny is an average-sized boy, he should be in a car booster seat until he is A) 8. B) 11. C) 13. D) none of the above Answer: A) 8. Experts recommend that children use a booster seat until they are at least 8 years old or at least 4 feet, 9 inches tall. 65. When should children begin riding in front seats that have air bags? A) after age 2 B) after age 5 C) after age 8 D) never Answer: D) never. Children should never ride in front seats that have air bags 66. Half of the children who die in alcohol-related crashes were riding A) while drinking alcohol. B) while wearing a seat belt. C) with a driver who was drinking. D) while in a booster or car seat. Answer: C) with a driver who was drinking 67. Adults need to supervise children when crossing streets until about age A) 5. B) 7. C) 10. D) 12. Answer: C) 10. Most children under the age of 10 do not understand traffic safety and do not understand traffic signs and signals. Adults need to supervise children when crossing streets until they are sure the children have the skills and the maturity in judgment they need to stay safe. 68. Most bicyclists who are killed A) are not wearing helmets. B) are wearing helmets. C) are under age 7. D) do not understand traffic signs. Answer: A) are not wearing helmets 69. If Alicia is an average 10-year-old, we can expect that when she rides her bike, A) she wears a helmet. B) she does not wear a helmet. C) she cannot balance well. D) she rides very slowly. Answer: B) she does not wear a helmet. Wearing a helmet can reduce the risks of serious head and brain injuries by as much as 85%, but only about one-quarter of children wear helmets. 70. The Centers for Disease Control (2002) report that children believe A) it is not “cool” to wear a helmet. B) helmets are hot and uncomfortable. C) they will not be injured while riding a bike. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above. Children complain that it is not “cool” to wear helmets, that their friends don’t wear them, that helmets are too hot and uncomfortable, and that they don’t believe they will be injured on their bicycles. 71. Wearing a helmet can reduce the risks of head and brain injuries by as much as_____ percent. A) 40 B) 55 C) 70 D) 85 Answer: D) 85. Wearing a helmet can reduce the risks of head and brain injuries by as much as 85 percent. 72. Even though Jacob, a 10-year-old, is a competitive swimmer, he still needs adult supervision when he swims. In particular, he may A) lack the cognitive maturity to make sound judgments about how safe it is to swim. B) be embarrassed to call for help when he needs it. C) use swimming as a way to avoid doing homework. D) prefer swimming in safe and shallow water. Answer: A) lack the cognitive maturity to make sound judgments about how safe it is to swim 73. Which of the following guidelines should be enforced when young children are in or near water? A) They should always wear proper flotation devices when in boats or participating in water sports. B) They should be allowed to dive in shallow water. C) They should be allowed to decide for themselves when they are too tired to swim. D) They need not be supervised if they have basic swimming skills. Answer: A) They should always wear proper flotation devices when in boats or participating in water sports. 74. Nathan, seven-year-old and a proficient swimmer, is at the beach. Water safety tips recommend that A) it is safe to leave him by the water. B) he should be wearing floatation devices. C) he should be supervised at all times. D) both B and C Answer: D) both B and C 75. In "Career Focus: Meet a Pediatrician," Dr. Gephart says that bad health in children is related to A) gender. B) what part of the country the child lives in. C) socioeconomic status. D) all of the above. Answer: C) socioeconomic status 76. According to Dr. Gephart, _____________ is (are) among the biggest health and safety issues for children in the 10- to 14-year age range. A) suicide B) homicide C) chronic illness D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 77. To become a pediatrician, an individual must have a college degree and A) 4 years of medical school. B) 3 years of residency. C) a thorough knowledge of child development. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 78. Of all the victims of child maltreatment, what percentage suffers from sexual abuse? A) 2% B) 7% C) 20% D) 35% Answer: B) 7% 79. Which of the following is not one of the acts considered to be child sexual abuse? A) talking to a minor in a chat room B) fondling a child's genitals or breasts C) exposing a child to indecent acts D) involving a child in pornography Answer: A) talking to a minor in a chat room. Child sexual abuse involves fondling a child’s genitals or breasts, committing intercourse or other sexual acts with a child, exposing the child to indecent acts, or involving the child in pornography. 80. In a study of adults who had suffered child sexual abuse, 6% of the female victims reported that their abuser was A) a male. B) a family member. C) their employer. D) a female. Answer: D) a female 81. In which of the following groups does sexual abuse occur? A) ethnic B) geographic C) economic D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 82. What age group is child sexual abuse most common in? A) infants B) preschoolers C) middle childhood D) early elementary school aged Answer: C) middle childhood 83. Sexual abuse is most likely to be committed by A) a stranger. B) someone the child knows. C) a woman. D) none of the above Answer: B) someone the child knows 84. Which of the following is not a risk factor for child sexual abuse? A) physical unattractiveness B) conflict or domestic violence in the home C) parents who are separated or divorced D) early puberty Answer: A) physical unattractiveness 85. Which of the following teens is more likely to be sexually abused? A) males B) obese teens C) gay or lesbian teens D) girls who have good relationships with their families Answer: C) gay or lesbian teens 86. The risk for child sexual abuse is higher when A) parents and family members are not appropriate or supportive. B) there is a stepparent in the house. C) there is chaos in the home. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 87. Dina was sexually abused as a child. The effects on her A) will not be seen until adulthood. B) depend on the frequency of the abuse and the length of time she was abused. C) will be more negative if her abuser was a stranger. D) cannot be predicted. Answer: B) depend on the frequency of the abuse and the length of time she was abused. As with other forms of abuse, the effects of sexual abuse depend on the frequency of the abuse and the length of time over which it occurs. 88. Which of the following situations does not predict a more negative outcome of sexual abuse? A) the abuse starts at a later age B) there are frequent episodes C) physical force is involved D) penetration occurs Answer: A) the abuse starts at a later age. With child sexual abuse, the outcomes are more negative when the abuse begins at an earlier age, the episodes are frequent, physical force is involved, sexual penetration occurs, and the abuser is a close relative such as a father or stepfather. 89. Which of the following is not a sign of child sexual abuse? A) symptoms of chronic anxiety B) redness or swelling of the genital area C) acting in a seductive way D) curiosity about sex Answer: D) curiosity about sex. Curiosity about sex is a relatively normal phenomenon and is not an indication of sexual abuse in the absence of any other signs. 90. Eric’s gym teacher notices that he has become withdrawn and distrustful of adults, shows bizarre behaviors, and often refuses to participate in physical activities. Eric’s behavior may indicate that A) he has been sexually abused. B) he is developing autism. C) he has Down syndrome. D) he has an alcohol addiction. Answer: A) he has been sexually abused. Withdrawal, distrust of adults, bizarre behavior, and refusal to participate in physical activities are all signs of child sexual abuse. 91. Mr. Jones has been sexually abusing his stepdaughter. Which of the following would not be a typical behavior for him to exhibit? A) limiting his stepdaughter's contact with others B) acting secretive C) not acting protective of his stepdaughter around others D) acting jealous Answer: C) not acting protective of his stepdaughter around others. Excessive protectiveness of the abused child is a sign of child sexual abuse. 92. Which factor is associated with less severe outcomes of child sexual abuse? A) a single-parent household B) the abused child has a warm and supportive relationship with the mother C) the mother shows anger, jealousy, or indifference D) an unstable two-parent household Answer: B) the abused child has a warm and supportive relationship with the mother 93. Continued abuse can lead to high levels of A) brain damage. B) social interactions. C) stress hormones. D) cognitive development. Answer: C) stress hormones. Continued abuse wreaks havoc on the body in many ways and creates a state of chronic stress that results in abnormally high levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. 94. The neural networks of the brain, especially those involved in memory, can be damaged by A) the corpus callosum. B) removal of a child from an abusive situation. C) sensitization. D) high levels of cortisol. Answer: D) high levels of cortisol 95. Larissa was abused as a child, and as a young woman she now suffers from PTSD. Recent research suggests that an MRI scan of her brain is likely to reveal A) increased size in her frontal cortex. B) large lesions in her occipital lobes. C) a hippocampus that is significantly smaller than normal. D) all of the above Answer: C) a hippocampus that is significantly smaller than normal. MRI scans show that women who were abused as children and now suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have significantly smaller hippocampi than women who do not have PTSD or were not abused. 96. Patients with PTSD may _______________ negative stimuli. A) lose their ability to respond to B) overreact to C) have an unusual interest in D) show no reaction to Answer: B) overreact to 97. Chronic abuse leads to high levels of ____ in the body. A) adrenalin B) cortisol C) sex hormones D) neurotransmitters Answer: B) cortisol 98. The most often reported symptom in children and adolescents after sexual abuse is A) delayed sexual maturity. B) lower grades in school. C) delinquent behavior. D) depression. Answer: D) depression 99. Megan suffered from sexual abuse throughout her childhood. Which of the following is she least likely to experience? A) drug and alcohol abuse B) feelings of guilt and shame C) autism spectrum disorder D) posttraumatic stress disorder Answer: C) autism spectrum disorder. ASD is not caused by child sexual abuse. 100. A study of sexually abused preschoolers found that they A) were more aggressive toward their peers. B) engaged in more sexual kissing and used sexual words more often than their peers. C) reported lower appetites. D) did not differ from their peers on any of the behavioral measures. Answer: B) engaged in more sexual kissing and used sexual words more often than their peers. A troubling symptom often seen in abused children is an increase in sexual behavior. 101. Which of the following does child sexual abuse correlate with during adolescence? A) increased sexual activity B) teenage pregnancy C) prostitution D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above. There are a number of negative outcomes that correlate with sexual abuse in children, including increased sexual activity during adolescence, teenage pregnancy, and prostitution. 102. In "Surviving Child Sexual Abuse: One Survivor's Story." Dawn says that people have told her to A) share her experience with others. B) kill her stepfather. C) accept some of the responsibility for the abuse. D) "just get over it." Answer: D) "just get over it" 103. In "Surviving Child Sexual Abuse: One Survivor's Story," Dawn believes that A) adults need to know if they were abused as children. B) it is better not to know if you were abused. C) waiting until adulthood to start therapy is best. D) a person can forget about the abuse and go on with life. Answer: A) adults need to know if they were abused as children. 104. Children who require help beyond what is needed by their peers are classified as A) comorbid children. B) children with exceptional needs. C) developmentally psychopathic. D) none of the above Answer: B) children with exceptional needs 105. Maria is 11 years old and just started fifth grade. She is an excellent writer, enjoys music, and due to cerebral palsy, uses a wheelchair to get from place to place. Which aspect of her development qualifies her as a child with exceptional needs? A) her age B) her writing ability C) her love of music D) her illness and use of a wheelchair Answer: D) her illness and use of a wheelchair. Children with exceptional needs require extra help beyond what is needed by their peers. Exceptional needs may be due to medical, physical, emotional, or developmental difficulties. 106. The developmental psychopathology perspective includes the idea that a wide variety of factors influences both __________ and __________ paths of development. A) typical; atypical B) cognitive; socioemotional C) physical; psychological D) personal; cultural Answer: A) typical; atypical. The developmental psychopathology perspective emphasizes the idea that typical and atypical developmental patterns are related and are influenced by a wide variety of biological and environmental factors. 107. An important feature of the developmental psychopathology perspective is that the developmental outcome of any particular child is determined by the A) the child’s physical environment. B) the genotype the child inherits. C) the transactions that occur among both internal and external factors. D) the social interactions experienced by the child. Answer: C) the transactions that occur among both internal and external factors. Both typical and atypical development are influenced by a wide variety of biological and environmental factors. 108. Steven has both ADHD and a learning disability. This is an example of A) prevalence rates. B) Type 1 ADHD. C) the earliest stage of ADHD. D) comorbidity. Answer: D) comorbidity. Comorbidity is the situation in which an individual has more than one disorder or problem at the same time. 109. Having more than one disorder at once is referred to as________. A) comorbidity B) clustering C) transactions D) ADHD Answer: A) comorbidity 110. Up to ____________ of children with ADHD also have depression or some other type of anxiety, mood, or behavioral disorder. A) 10% B) 20% C) 50% D) 80% Answer: D) 80%. Comorbidity of ADHD with other disorders is relatively high. 111. Children with ADHD have difficulty with all of the following except A) intelligence. B) impulse control. C) activity levels. D) sustained attention. Answer: A) intelligence. Children with ADHD are excessively active, and they have difficulty sustaining attention and controlling impulses to a degree that is unusual for their developmental levels. 112. The signs of ADHD usually begin before the age of A) 2. B) 5. C) 7. D) 12. Answer: C) 7 113. Most children with ADHD go through how many phases in their development of the disorder? A) none B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: B) 2 114. Jason is almost 4 years old, and his parents notice that he is always moving, has difficulty being quiet, and seems to talk constantly. If he is diagnosed with ADHD, it is likely he is in the __________ stage of the disorder. A) first B) second C) third D) fourth Answer: A) first. During the first phase of ADHD, parents and caregivers notice signs of hyperactivity, usually by the time the child is 3 or 4 years of age. 115. Currently, clinicians recognize _____________ types of ADHD. A) two B) three C) four D) six Answer: C) four 116. Researchers estimate that the heritability for ADHD is as high as A) .59. B) .69. C) .79. D) .89. Answer: D) .89 117. Although the exact causes of ADHD are not known, it is believed to be related to A) genetics. B) bad parenting. C) abuse. D) psychological trauma. Answer: A) genetics. Most of the research points to a genetic component and problems with areas in the frontal lobes of the brain that are responsible for attention, organization and the inhibition and control of behavior. Researchers estimate that the heritability of ADHD is as high as .89 118. While there are many theories regarding the cause(s) of ADHD, some suspected causes have not held up to research scrutiny. Which of the following has not been supported conclusively as a cause of ADHD in scientific research? A) too much sugar B) food allergies C) bad parenting D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 119. _____________ share more ADHD symptoms than do fraternal twins. A) Identical twins B) Cousins C) Fathers and sons D) Non-twin siblings Answer: A) Identical twins. Because identical twins share 100% of their genes and ADHD is a highly heritable disorder, it is more likely that identical twins will share more ADHD symptoms. 120. Problems with the _______________ lobes, which are responsible for attention, organization, and inhibition and control of behavior, are associated with ADHD. A) occipital B) parietal C) frontal D) temporal Answer: C) frontal 121. By the time they are adolescents, about ________________ of children with ADHD have received some form of special education. A) 5% B) 10% C) 20% D) 40% Answer: D) 40% 122. Which of the following is more likely to occur in a family when a child has ADHD? A) There is less marital conflict. B) Parents tend to consume less alcohol. C) Mothers are more likely to be depressed. D) all of the above Answer: C) Mothers are more likely to be depressed. 123. Which of the following is true about adolescents with ADHD? A) About 90% get expelled from school. B) The majority do not go on to college. C) Two-thirds are retained at least one grade level. D) Less than 10% drop out of school. Answer: B) The majority do not go on to college. 124. What percentage of children with ADHD show improvement with stimulant medication? A) 10% B) 25% C) 80% D) 100% Answer: C) 80% 125. Treatment of ADHD is most effective when it combines medication with A) frequent punishment. B) organized sports. C) peer counseling. D) parent training and school interventions. Answer: D) parent training and school interventions 126. While as many as 8% of children have ADHD, ___________ of children actually take stimulant medications regularly for ADHD symptoms. A) 1% B) 4% C) 8% D) 15% Answer: B) 4% 127. Phonological disorder, stuttering, and expressive language disorder are all types of A) mental retardation. B) autism. C) communication disorders. D) learning disorders. Answer: C) communication disorders 128. Caitlin has trouble recognizing basic words, reverses letters, and does not decode words well. Her diagnosis would be A) reading disorder. B) writing disorder. C) phonological disorder. D) ADHD. Answer: A) reading disorder. The symptoms of reading disorder includes trouble recognizing basic words, letter reversals, trouble decoding words, and difficulties with reading comprehension, spelling, and writing. 129. Philip has trouble drawing and copying figures and difficulty with other fine-motor skills involving hand-eye coordination. Meanwhile, his large-motor skills are all normal. His diagnosis would be A) expressive language disorder. B) stuttering. C) mathematics disorder. D) writing disorder. Answer: D) writing disorder. The symptoms of writing disorder include problems with writing, drawing, copying, and other fine-motor skills involving fine-motor coordination. 130. Children with communication and learning disorders A) also have mental retardation. B) are easily diagnosed. C) become disabled from head injuries. D) are as intelligent as other children. Answer: D) are as intelligent as other children. An important prerequisite for diagnosis with communication or learning disorders is normal or above-normal intelligence. 131. What percentage of U.S. students is diagnosed with learning disorders? A) 1% B) 5% C) 10% D) 15% Answer: B) 5% 132. Children with this disorder have trouble recognizing numbers and symbols and understanding abstract concepts. A) reading disorder B) mathematics disorder C) ASD D) phonological disorder Answer: B) mathematics disorder. The symptoms of mathematics disorder include trouble recognizing numbers and symbols, memorizing basic math facts, aligning numbers, and understanding abstract concepts. 133. Communication and learning disorders are strongly influenced by ________________ and are related to abnormalities in how the brain functions. A) genetics B) the physical environment C) the social environment D) neither the environment nor genetics Answer: A) genetics 134. Children with stuttering, reading, and writing disorders show less than normal activity in the A) hypothalamus. B) hippocampus. C) parietal lobe. D) left half of the brain. Answer: D) left half of the brain 135. Stuttering and expressive language disorders often are outgrown by age A) 4. B) 6 or 7. C) 10. D) 12 or 13. Answer: B) 6 or 7 136. What disorder causes serious developmental delays and is characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication? A) learning disorders B) ADHD C) autism spectrum disorders D) sensitization disorder Answer: C) autism spectrum disorders 137. Children with autism spectrum disorders A) have outstanding mathematical abilities. B) are more likely to be girls. C) develop their illness after a vaccination. D) score low on IQ tests. Answer: D) score low on IQ tests. Children with ASDs tend to score low on IQ tests (in the range of mental retardation), but a small percentage show exceptional splinter skills. 138. ASD is referred to as a(n) ______________ because it can take forms that range from milder to more severe. A) developmental psychopathology B) attentional disorder C) spectrum disorder D) childhood disease Answer: C) spectrum disorder. Formerly called autism, ASD is a spectrum disorder, meaning that it can take forms ranging from milder (such as Asperger syndrome) to more severe (such as autistic disorder). 139. Matthew has autism spectrum disorder. Although he has difficulty communicating his basic needs, he can recite the dialogue from The Lion King from memory. This is called A) a splinter skill. B) echolalia. C) obsessive-compulsive behavior. D) hippocampal dysfunction. Answer: A) a splinter skill. Splinter skills include unusual or exceptional abilities, including memory, calculation, or drawing. 140. How many children worldwide are affected by ASDs? A) 10 out of 100 B) 5 out of 1,000 C) 1 out of 150 D) 50 out of 1,000 Answer: C) 1 out of 150 141. Adam has been diagnosed with ASD. He is likely to show all of the following behaviors except A) enjoying changes and new activities. B) frequently walking on his toes. C) demanding a certain order of activities. D) repeating the same behavior for long periods of time. Answer: A) enjoying changes and new activities. Children with ASDs are inflexible about their daily routines and become upset by changes such as a different bedtime, a new arrangement of furniture, or an attempt to take them shopping at a new store. 142. A deficit in speech and language for a child with ASD includes A) violent or otherwise intense tantrums. B) absorption in his or her own world. C) no use of two-word combinations by 2 years. D) unusual attachment to a particular toy or object. Answer: C) no use of two-word combinations by 2 years. 143. A deficit in social interaction for a child with ASD includes A) failure to follow instructions. B) an inability to explain what is wanted. C) not smiling in return when smiled at. D) repetition of the same behavior over and over. Answer: C) not smiling in return when smiled at. 144. _______________ is a mild form of ASD. A) Asperger syndrome B) Down syndrome C) Turner syndrome D) Klinefelter syndrome Answer: A) Asperger syndrome 145. _______________ is a severe form of ASD. A) ADHD B) Learning disorder C) Bipolar disorder D) Autistic disorder Answer: D) Autistic disorder 146. Although the exact cause of ASDs is unknown, they have been linked to A) immaturity in the limbic system. B) problems in the hippocampus. C) genetics. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 147. Which of the following is true about ASDs? A) The effectiveness of treatment varies depending on the severity of the disorder. B) They are four times more common in girls than boys. C) All children with ASD show exceptional splinter skills. D) Children with ASDs have excellent communication skills. Answer: A) The effectiveness of treatment varies depending on the severity of the disorder. 148. In the 1970s, the U.S. Congress passed the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). Afterward, the law was amended to require states to integrate children with disabilities into the mainstream classroom. What benefit does this mainstreaming offer children? A) Disabled children make friends and learn from nondisabled children. B) Disabled children experience the challenge and stimulation of a regular class. C) Nondisabled children learn about diversity and see how they can adapt. D) all of the above Answer: D) all of the above 10.2 True/False Questions 1. Compared to several decades ago, children today are less likely to walk to school and more likely to be involved in sedentary activities. Answer: True 2. Children have more positive role models for health and fitness today than in the past. Answer: False 3. A mix of genetic and environmental factors contributes to being overweight. Answer: True 4. By age 6, the child's brain is 50% of its adult size. Answer: False 5. After age 10, the brain actually shrinks in certain areas. Answer: True 6. Many of the hobbies children enjoy during middle childhood require increased fine-motor skills. Answer: True 7. Surveys have found ethnic differences in free-time activity. Answer: False 8. Girls are usually more active than boys at recess. Answer: False 9. Neurons involved in physical skills are repeatedly activated together and grow more synapses. Answer: True 10. Regular exercise raises self-esteem. Answer: True 11. Compared to other periods of childhood, middle childhood is a relatively safe time period. Answer: True 12. As children become more independent in middle childhood, they usually develop the skills to stay safe. Answer: False 13. The majority of child sexual abuse victims never report their abuse. Answer: True 14. The typical sexually abused child is a victim for less than 2 years. Answer: False 15. For any specific child, psychologists are not able to determine one single cause of mental illness. Answer: True 16. Approximately one half of all school-aged children meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Answer: False 17. Most children diagnosed with ADHD outgrow their symptoms by adulthood. Answer: False 18. In recent years, the number of children diagnosed with ASDs has increased. Answer: True 19. Research has proven a link between ASDs and childhood immunizations. Answer: False 10.3 Short Answer Questions 1. As shrinkage occurs in the brain, there are ________ in the functions controlled by those areas. Answer: improvements 2. One of the last areas of the brain to mature is the ________ cortex. Answer: prefrontal 3. Greater control over pencils, pens, and paintbrushes is an example of improved _____ control. Answer: fine-motor 4. Children tend to get progressively ________ exercise as they move from middle childhood through adolescence. Answer: less 5. ________ participation offers the opportunity to learn social skills and values. Answer: Sports 6. A sign of sexual abuse is if a child shows ________ sexual knowledge for his or her age. Answer: unusual 7. The effects of sexual abuse are ________ severe when the child is from a stable two-parent family. Answer: less 8. ________ is a stress hormone that may be elevated in children who have been abused. Answer: Cortisol 9. ADHD ________ be cured. Answer: cannot 10. A mild form of ASD is ______ syndrome. Answer: Asperger 11. Children with severe ASDs will require ________ care. Answer: lifelong 10.4 Essay Questions 1. Why are more children in the United States becoming obese? What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend to combat the problem? Answer: •More reliance placed on fast food and processed foods. • Children are getting less physical activity in school. • Children are less likely to walk to school. • Favorite hobbies and entertainment are sedentary. • The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends •offering nutritious meals and snacks. •setting limits on children's food choices. •limiting TV and video time to two hours per day. •encouraging more physical activity in free play and organized activities. •being a good role model for healthy eating and exercise. 2. How much physical activity does the average child get during the middle childhood years? What are some reasons they don't get more activity? Answer: •A survey of 9- to 13-year-olds found 60% had not participated in an organized physical activity in the week before the survey. •Why they aren't active? • difficulty incorporating physical activity int• daily life • increasing amount of time in sedentary activities • cost of participating in physical activities • transportation t• activities difficult for many families • lack of opportunities for physical activity • unsafe neighborhoods 3. Your brother Pat wants to get his son more involved in organized football. What could you tell Pat about the negative aspect of organized sports? Answer: •Football is the youth sport associated with the most injuries. •Some parents and coaches are putting too much pressure on young athletes. •Children may be encouraged to play with an injury. •There is too much emphasis on competition and winning. •Children may be pressured to practice too hard or play too much. •Adults involved with youth sports are becoming out of control and aggressive. 4. Who is most likely to be a victim of child sexual abuse? What are the typical signs? Describe the effects of sexual abuse. Answer: •Most likely victim • girls • middle childhood or adolescence children • children whose parents are separated, divorced, or remarried • socially isolated children • earlier-maturing children • children from homes where conflict or domestic violence occurs •Typical signs of abuse • difficulty walking or sitting • refusal to participate in physical activities • nightmares or bedwetting • anxiety symptoms • sudden change in appetite • redness/rash or swelling of genitals • new behavioral problems • depression, withdrawal, and/or mistrust of adults •Effects of sexual abuse • damage to parts of the brain from high levels of cortisol • sensitization • poor immune system • depression • drug and/or alcohol use • posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, eating disorder 5. What are the symptoms of ADHD? How is it treated? There are reports of a large percentage of American children having ADHD. Are the reports true? Answer: •Symptoms problems sustaining attention overactivity lack of impulse control difficulty concentrating easily distracted •Treatment stimulant medication behavior management program •Reports are not true; only about 4% to 6% of children have ADHD. 6. What is a learning disorder? What are the main subtypes? How are learning disorders caused? Answer: •Learning disorders are difficulties with specific skills such as reading, math, or writing despite average or higher intelligence. •Three main subtypes •Reading disorder is when the reading ability is substantially below the child's age, intelligence, and education. •Mathematics disorder involves trouble recognizing numbers and symbols, memorizing math facts, and understanding abstract concepts. •Writing disorder involves problems with writing, drawing, copying figures, and other fine-motor skills. •The exact cause of learning disorders is unknown. •The hypothesized causes include •genetics. •abnormalities in brain functioning. •disruptions in prenatal brain development. 7. Give three indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorder from each of the following categories: speech and language, social interactions, and behavior. Describe therapy for children with this disorder. Answer: •Speech and language •slow development •does not respond to name •does not follow directions •is not able to explain what she or he wants •sometimes seems not to hear, while at other times hearing seems normal •Social interactions •poor eye contact •does not smile when smiled at •does not wave goodbye •violent or intense temper tantrums •prefers to play alone •seems absorbed in own world •Behaviors •unusual attachment to toy or object •unusual need for certain order of activities •repeats behaviors •unusually active •walks on toes •Therapy for ASD focuses on •improving language. •teaching social skills. •helping child to learn behavior needed for school. 10.5 MyDevelopmentLab Questions 1. Briefly describe the episode of rough-and-tumble play that is presented in the video. Which aspects from the video are consistent with the textbook description of the phenomenon? Answer: A group of four boys are playing in a sandbox playground area. They appear to be wrestling with each other. One tackles another as if playing football. As the camera zooms in for a close-up view of two of the boys, they are smiling and seem to be enjoying themselves. This episode fits several aspects of rough-and-tumble play in middle childhood: (1) the boys are approximately 10- to 12-years-old; (2) they are male; (3) their type of play is physical and aggressive, but (4) as the textbook notes, it is done in a friendly and nonthreatening way. 2. Describe the aspects of piano playing that make it a fine-motor skill. What benefits are mentioned in the video, and how do they relate to the discussion of brain development in the textbook? Answer: Piano playing involves the coordinated use of both hands. It is a fine-motor skill because it uses the small muscles of the hand and requires careful timing of the finger movements. The video notes that learning to play the piano may involve the same brain circuits that are used for spatial/mathematical skills such as geometry and fractions. In particular, piano practice may help to build and strengthen connections in the brain, making it easier to learn spatial-processing skills. This claim is supported by the finding that children in the WI school district who took piano lessons scored 46% higher on spatial-reasoning tests than children who did not take lessons. 3. What are some of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? What treatments are typically used? How does the treatment described in the video differ from conventional approaches? Answer: Symptoms of ADHD include excessive activity, difficulty sustaining attention, and difficulty controlling impulses. Medical treatment of ADHD includes the use of stimulants such as Ritalin, which often lead to improvements in concentration, motor control, cooperation, and the ability to stay on task. Treatment may also include training for parents and teachers. In the video, the family interviewed has decided to use a combination of healthy foods and nutritional supplements in addition to a low dose of medication in order to treat the disorder. Test Bank for The World of Children Joan Littlefield Cook, Greg Cook 9780205953738