Information Systems: An Overview End of Chapter Solutions Reviews and Discussions 1. What are three business applications for a smartphone? Three business applications for a smartphone are: • Email and Calendar Management: Smartphones allow users to access their email accounts and synchronize calendars, enabling efficient communication and schedule management while on the go. This is particularly useful for professionals who need to stay connected and organized, facilitating timely responses to messages and appointments. • Document Editing and Collaboration: Many smartphones offer applications for creating, editing, and sharing documents, spreadsheets, and presentations. These tools enable professionals to work on business-related tasks remotely, collaborate with colleagues in real-time, and access important files from anywhere, increasing productivity and flexibility in the workplace. • Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Several CRM software providers offer mobile applications that allow users to manage customer relationships, track sales activities, and access customer data on their smartphones. This enables sales representatives and customer service professionals to stay informed about client interactions, update records on the go, and respond promptly to customer inquiries, enhancing customer satisfaction and relationship management. 2. What are three examples of information technologies used in daily life? Three examples of information technologies used in daily life are: • Point-of-sale (POS) systems • Radio-frequency-identification (RFID) tags • Internet 3. What are the four main components of an MIS? The four main components of an MIS are: data, database, process, and information. 4. What are Michael Porter’s three strategies for competing in the marketplace? Give an example of a company that uses each strategy. • Overall cost leadership—Walmart • Differentiation—Apple • Focus—Abercrombie & Fitch 5. What are three examples of decisions supported by a PIS/HRIS? Three examples of decisions supported by a Personnel Information System (PIS) or Human Resources Information System (HRIS) are: • Recruitment and Selection: PIS/HRIS can support decisions related to recruitment and selection by providing data on the organization's workforce, including skills, qualifications, performance evaluations, and availability. HR professionals can use this information to identify talent gaps, analyze recruitment metrics, track applicant progress, and make informed decisions about hiring strategies, such as which candidates to interview or offer employment. • Performance Management: PIS/HRIS assists in decisions related to performance management by storing and analyzing employee performance data, including goals, objectives, feedback, evaluations, and training records. Managers can use this information to assess employee performance, identify areas for improvement, allocate resources for training and development, and make decisions about promotions, bonuses, or disciplinary actions based on objective performance metrics. • Compensation and Benefits: PIS/HRIS supports decisions regarding compensation and benefits by maintaining data on employee salaries, wages, benefits packages, and payroll information. HR professionals can use this data to conduct salary surveys, analyze compensation trends, evaluate the competitiveness of the organization's compensation packages, and make decisions about salary adjustments, bonuses, incentives, or changes to benefits offerings to •attract and retain talent effectively. 6. What are two examples of IT jobs that are in high demand? Two examples of IT jobs that are in high demand are: 1. Data Scientist: Data scientists are skilled professionals who analyze and interpret complex data to uncover insights and trends that can inform business decisions. With the increasing importance of data-driven decision-making in various industries, the demand for data scientists has surged. Their expertise in statistical analysis, machine learning, and data visualization is highly sought after by organizations looking to leverage big data to gain a competitive edge. 2. Cybersecurity Analyst: Cybersecurity analysts play a crucial role in protecting organizations from cyber threats and breaches by monitoring, detecting, and responding to security incidents. With the rise in cyber attacks and data breaches across industries, there is a growing demand for skilled cybersecurity professionals who can implement robust security measures, conduct risk assessments, develop incident response plans, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements to safeguard sensitive information and maintain the integrity of digital assets. 7. What are three examples of information technology used at Walmart? Three examples of information technology used at Walmart are: 1. Inventory Management Systems: Walmart employs sophisticated inventory management systems powered by information technology to track and manage its vast inventory across thousands of stores worldwide. These systems use real-time data to optimize inventory levels, minimize stockouts, and streamline replenishment processes. By leveraging advanced algorithms and predictive analytics, Walmart can anticipate demand, improve supply chain efficiency, and ensure shelves are stocked with the right products at the right time. 2. Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems: Walmart utilizes advanced POS systems equipped with barcode scanners, touchscreen interfaces, and integrated payment processing capabilities to facilitate smooth and efficient transactions at checkout counters. These systems capture sales data in real-time, providing valuable insights into customer purchasing behavior, product performance, and store performance metrics. By analyzing POS data, Walmart can make informed decisions regarding pricing, promotions, and inventory management to enhance the overall shopping experience and drive sales. 3. Supply Chain Management Systems: Walmart relies on robust supply chain management systems powered by information technology to orchestrate the movement of goods from suppliers to distribution centers to stores. These systems utilize cutting-edge technologies such as RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification), GPS (Global Positioning System), and advanced analytics to optimize logistics operations, minimize transportation costs, and improve delivery efficiency. By streamlining supply chain processes and fostering collaboration with suppliers and logistics partners, Walmart can maintain its reputation for offering customers high-quality products at competitive prices while maximizing operational efficiency and profitability. 8. Which are three examples of major computing trends that are already underway? Three examples of major computing trends that are already underway include: 1. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing involves the delivery of computing services over the internet, providing on-demand access to a shared pool of resources such as servers, storage, databases, and software applications. Organizations are increasingly adopting cloud computing to enhance scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness, allowing them to deploy and manage IT infrastructure and applications more efficiently. This trend is driving the shift away from traditional on-premises data centers towards cloud-based solutions, enabling businesses to leverage cloud platforms for a wide range of purposes, including data storage, application hosting, disaster recovery, and software development. 2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning: AI and machine learning technologies are revolutionizing various industries by enabling machines to analyze data, learn from patterns, and make intelligent decisions without human intervention. From virtual assistants and chatbots to predictive analytics and autonomous vehicles, AI-powered solutions are becoming increasingly prevalent, driving innovation and transforming business processes across sectors. Organizations are leveraging AI and machine learning to enhance customer experiences, optimize operations, improve decision-making, and unlock new revenue streams, fueling the rapid growth and adoption of these technologies worldwide. 3. Internet of Things (IoT): The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of interconnected devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity capabilities that enable them to collect, exchange, and analyze data autonomously. IoT technology is driving the proliferation of smart devices and connected systems in various domains, including smart homes, smart cities, healthcare, manufacturing, transportation, and agriculture. By leveraging IoT devices and data analytics, organizations can monitor and control physical assets remotely, automate processes, improve efficiency, and gain valuable insights to drive innovation and business growth. As IoT adoption continues to expand, the number of connected devices and the volume of data generated are expected to increase exponentially, shaping the future of computing and driving digital transformation across industries. Projects 1. Identify three applications of information systems at the college or the university that you are attending. Write a one-page paper that describes these three applications, and provide an example of the type of decisions that are being improved by each application. How are multiple choice and true false questions graded? Applications of Information Systems in Higher Education Information systems play a pivotal role in the functioning of colleges and universities, enhancing various aspects of administrative processes, academic activities, and student services. At our university, three prominent applications of information systems are evident, each contributing to streamlined operations and improved decision-making. 1) Student Information System (SIS): The Student Information System serves as a comprehensive database that manages student-related information such as enrollment, academic records, grades, and personal details. This system facilitates efficient decision-making by academic advisors, faculty members, and administrative staff. For example, when a student seeks academic guidance regarding course selection, advisors rely on the SIS to access the student's academic history, performance, and prerequisites. By analyzing this data, advisors can provide tailored recommendations to ensure students make informed decisions aligning with their academic goals. Additionally, administrators utilize the SIS to monitor enrollment trends, track student progress, and allocate resources effectively, thereby enhancing institutional planning and decision-making. 2) Learning Management System (LMS): The Learning Management System serves as a digital platform for course delivery, content management, and student engagement. Through the LMS, instructors deliver lectures, share course materials, assign assessments, and interact with students. One significant aspect where the LMS improves decision-making is in assessing student learning outcomes. For instance, when instructors administer quizzes or assignments through the LMS, the system automatically grades multiple choice and true/false questions. This automated grading feature not only saves instructors time but also ensures consistency and accuracy in assessment evaluation. By promptly accessing assessment results and analytics provided by the LMS, instructors can identify areas of strength and weakness in student comprehension, allowing them to adjust teaching strategies and interventions accordingly. 3) Financial Management System (FMS): The Financial Management System is crucial for managing budgetary allocations, financial transactions, and fiscal reporting within the university. This system enables financial administrators to monitor revenue streams, track expenditures, and generate comprehensive financial reports. An example of improved decision-making facilitated by the FMS is in budget allocation for departmental resources. When department heads request funds for various activities such as research projects or equipment purchases, financial administrators utilize the FMS to review historical spending patterns, assess available funds, and evaluate the proposed budget against institutional priorities. By leveraging data-driven insights provided by the FMS, administrators can make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, ensuring optimal utilization of financial resources to support academic and administrative initiatives effectively. In conclusion, information systems such as the Student Information System, Learning Management System, and Financial Management System are integral to the efficient functioning of colleges and universities. By facilitating data-driven decision-making across various domains, these systems enhance administrative processes, academic activities, and student services, ultimately contributing to the overall success and effectiveness of higher education institutions. 2. Grocery chains have been using information technologies for several decades. After reading the information presented in this chapter and other sources, write a one-page paper that describes three such technologies. What are two advantages of a POS system? Point-of-sale (POS) systems, radio-frequency-identification (RFID) tags, and automated inventory systems are just a few examples. One advantage is that a point-of-sale (POS) system speeds up service by reading the universal product codes (UPCs) on items in the shopping cart. This same system also manages store inventory, and some information systems can even reorder stock automatically. 3. RFID tags are being increasingly used by companies such as Macy’s, Walmart, and Home Depot. Identify an additional company that uses RFIDs and write a one-page paper that describes the company’s specific application of RFIDs. What are two differences between an RFID and a UPC system? Two key differences between RFID and UPC systems are: 1) Data Capacity and Read Range: RFID technology offers significantly greater data capacity and read range compared to UPC (Universal Product Code) systems. While UPCs are limited to storing static information encoded in a barcode, RFID tags can store a wealth of dynamic data, including unique product identifiers, batch numbers, expiration dates, and more. Moreover, RFID tags can be read from a distance without requiring line-of-sight, allowing for rapid and non-invasive inventory scanning across large areas. 2) Real-time Tracking and Visibility: Unlike UPC systems, which rely on manual scanning and barcode readers, RFID technology enables real-time tracking and visibility throughout the supply chain. With RFID tags embedded in products or packaging, companies like Amazon can track inventory movement, monitor stock levels, and identify potential bottlenecks in logistics operations instantaneously. This real-time visibility enhances supply chain agility, facilitates proactive decision-making, and improves overall operational efficiency. 4. After reading the information presented in this chapter and other sources, write a one-page paper that describes the ways two different companies use Michael Porter’s three strategies. How are information systems assisting these companies in implementing each strategy? How has Walmart (for the most part) become a cost leader? Utilizing Michael Porter's Strategies in Business: A Comparative Analysis Michael Porter's seminal work on competitive strategies provides a framework for companies to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Two companies that effectively employ Porter's strategies are Apple Inc. and Southwest Airlines, each leveraging information systems to implement these strategies in distinct ways. 1. Differentiation Strategy: Apple Inc. Apple is renowned for its relentless pursuit of product differentiation, offering innovative and aesthetically pleasing technology products that stand out in the market. Information systems play a pivotal role in supporting Apple's differentiation strategy through several means: • Product Design and Development: Apple utilizes information systems to gather market intelligence, analyze consumer preferences, and identify emerging trends. This data-driven approach informs the design and development of groundbreaking products such as the iPhone, iPad, and Macintosh computers, which are distinguished by their sleek design, user-friendly interface, and advanced features. • Brand Building and Marketing: Information systems enable Apple to cultivate a strong brand identity and effectively communicate its unique value proposition to consumers. Through digital marketing campaigns, social media engagement, and targeted advertising, Apple leverages information systems to create brand awareness, generate buzz, and position its products as premium offerings in the market. • Customer Experience: Apple's integrated ecosystem of hardware, software, and services is supported by information systems that enhance the customer experience. From seamless synchronization across devices to personalized customer support through the Apple Store app, information systems enable Apple to deliver exceptional user experiences that foster brand loyalty and drive repeat purchases. 2. Cost Leadership Strategy: Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines has carved out a niche in the airline industry by adopting a cost leadership strategy, offering affordable air travel without compromising on service quality. Information systems play a crucial role in enabling Southwest Airlines to achieve cost leadership through the following mechanisms: • Operational Efficiency: Southwest leverages information systems to optimize operational processes, streamline flight scheduling, and minimize turnaround times at airports. Automated systems for check-in, baggage handling, and flight management enhance efficiency, reduce labor costs, and contribute to Southwest's reputation for punctuality and reliability. • Fuel Hedging and Supply Chain Management: Information systems enable Southwest to monitor fuel prices, forecast demand, and implement strategic fuel hedging strategies to mitigate price volatility and minimize operating expenses. Additionally, efficient supply chain management systems facilitate procurement, inventory control, and cost-effective maintenance of aircraft, enabling Southwest to achieve economies of scale and cost advantages over competitors. • Lean Business Model: Southwest's lean business model relies on information systems for continuous improvement and cost reduction initiatives. By analyzing operational data, identifying areas for optimization, and implementing lean principles such as just-in-time inventory management and process automation, Southwest maintains a lean cost structure that enables it to offer competitive fares while remaining profitable. Walmart's Cost Leadership Strategy: Walmart has established itself as a cost leader in the retail industry through a combination of operational excellence, supply chain efficiency, and leveraging information systems: • Efficient Supply Chain Management: Walmart utilizes sophisticated information systems to optimize its supply chain, from inventory management and logistics to vendor relationships and distribution networks. By implementing advanced technologies such as RFID tagging, inventory tracking systems, and predictive analytics, Walmart minimizes inventory holding costs, reduces stockouts, and improves inventory turnover, thereby lowering overall operating expenses. • Economies of Scale: Walmart's expansive network of stores, combined with its centralized procurement and distribution infrastructure, allows it to achieve economies of scale in purchasing, transportation, and warehousing. Information systems facilitate centralized decision-making, bulk purchasing negotiations, and inventory replenishment strategies, enabling Walmart to secure favorable pricing from suppliers and pass on cost savings to customers through everyday low prices. • Data-Driven Decision-Making: Walmart harnesses the power of data and analytics to drive operational efficiencies and cost reductions across its business. By analyzing sales data, customer preferences, and market trends, Walmart can make data-driven decisions regarding product assortment, pricing strategies, promotional activities, and inventory management, ensuring optimal resource allocation and maximizing profitability. In conclusion, companies like Apple Inc., Southwest Airlines, and Walmart demonstrate the diverse applications of Michael Porter's strategies, with information systems serving as enablers for strategic implementation. Whether pursuing differentiation or cost leadership, these companies leverage information systems to enhance product innovation, operational efficiency, and competitive advantage in their respective industries. 5. After reading the information presented in this chapter and other sources, write a one-page paper that supports the claim that, in the future, computer criminals will become more sophisticated and that protecting personal information will become more difficult. How should individuals guard against this threat? The Growing Sophistication of Computer Criminals and the Imperative for Enhanced Personal Information Protection In an era marked by unprecedented technological advancement, the landscape of cybercrime continues to evolve at an alarming pace. As computer criminals leverage increasingly sophisticated tactics and exploit vulnerabilities in digital ecosystems, the protection of personal information is poised to become more challenging in the future. Several factors contribute to this trend, emphasizing the urgency for individuals to adopt proactive measures to safeguard their sensitive data. 1) Advancements in Technology: Rapid advancements in technology provide computer criminals with a vast arsenal of tools and techniques to orchestrate sophisticated cyberattacks. From AI-driven malware to blockchain-based ransomware, cybercriminals harness cutting-edge technologies to evade detection, bypass security measures, and infiltrate networks with alarming precision. As technology continues to evolve, cybercriminals will undoubtedly capitalize on emerging trends to launch more potent and insidious attacks, posing a significant threat to personal information security. 2) Proliferation of Data Breaches: The proliferation of data breaches underscores the pervasive nature of cyber threats and the susceptibility of organizations to security breaches. High-profile data breaches affecting millions of individuals have become commonplace, exposing sensitive personal information such as financial data, login credentials, and personally identifiable information (PII) to unauthorized access and exploitation. With cybercriminals constantly refining their tactics and targeting vulnerabilities across diverse sectors, the risk of personal information exposure is amplified, necessitating robust protective measures. 3) Expanding Attack Surface: The proliferation of interconnected devices and the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) significantly expand the attack surface for cybercriminals, presenting new avenues for exploitation and infiltration. From smart home devices to wearable technology and connected vehicles, the interconnected nature of IoT ecosystems introduces complex security challenges, as each device represents a potential entry point for malicious actors. As IoT adoption continues to soar, safeguarding personal information against cyber threats becomes increasingly complex and multifaceted. Guarding Against the Threat: Despite the escalating sophistication of computer criminals, individuals can take proactive steps to mitigate the risk of personal information compromise: • Strengthening Password Security: Adopting strong, unique passwords for each online account and utilizing password management tools can enhance resilience against unauthorized access and credential theft. • Implementing Multifactor Authentication (MFA): Enabling MFA adds an additional layer of security by requiring multiple forms of verification, such as a password and a temporary code sent to a mobile device, to access accounts. • Regular Software Updates and Patch Management: Keeping operating systems, applications, and security software up to date with the latest patches and updates helps mitigate vulnerabilities and reduces the risk of exploitation by cybercriminals. • Practicing Vigilance and Awareness: Remaining vigilant against phishing scams, suspicious emails, and fraudulent websites can help individuals avoid falling victim to social engineering tactics employed by cybercriminals to trick users into divulging sensitive information. • Employing Encryption and Secure Communication Channels: Utilizing encryption technologies and secure communication channels such as virtual private networks (VPNs) enhances data privacy and confidentiality, particularly when transmitting sensitive information over public networks. In conclusion, the escalating sophistication of computer criminals poses a formidable challenge to the protection of personal information in the digital age. By adopting proactive security measures, exercising vigilance, and embracing a cybersecurity mindset, individuals can bolster their defenses against evolving cyber threats and safeguard their personal information from exploitation and compromise. 6. Banks are promoting online banking to a broad range of customers. After reading the information presented in this chapter and other sources, write a one-page paper that lists three advantages and three disadvantages of online banking. Why are some customers reluctant to use online banking? What are two examples of popular apps that your own bank uses? Three advantages are: • Accessing customer service by e-mail around the clock • Viewing current and old transactions • Online mortgage applications Three disadvantages are: • Security issues • Privacy issues • Access issues Are You Ready to Move On? 1. Information literacy, is understanding the role of information in generating and using business intelligence. Answer: True 2. The information component of an information system is considered the input of the system. True or False? Answer: False 3. Michael Porter’s strategies for successfully competing in the marketplace include overall cost leadership, classification, and focus. Answer: False 4. Which of the following is not included in Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model? a. Cost leadership b. Supplier power c. Threat of new entrants d. Buyer power Answer: a 5. All of the following are among the goals of a financial information system (FIS) except: a. Monitoring cost trends b. Minimizing capital investment risks c. Sales forecasting d. Managing cash flows Answer: c 6. Which of the following is not among the major computing trends that are already underway? a. Ubiquitous computing b. The Internet of things (IoT) c. Context aware computing d. Increasing applications of PCs Answer: d Case Studies Case Study 1-1: Using Information Technologies at Federal Express 1. Is technology by itself enough to ensure high-quality customer service? While technology can certainly enhance customer service delivery, it is not sufficient on its own to ensure high-quality customer service. Effective customer service is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses various elements beyond technology. Here are several reasons why technology alone may not guarantee high-quality customer service: 1) Human Interaction: Technology cannot fully replace the value of human interaction in customer service. While automated systems and self-service options can handle routine inquiries and transactions efficiently, there are situations where customers require personalized assistance, empathy, and understanding that only a human agent can provide. Human touch is crucial for building rapport, resolving complex issues, and addressing emotional needs effectively. 2) Understanding Customer Needs: Technology can collect vast amounts of data about customer preferences, behaviors, and interactions, but it requires human interpretation and insight to derive meaningful conclusions and actionable insights. Understanding the nuances of customer needs, preferences, and pain points often requires empathy, intuition, and contextual understanding that technology alone may lack. 3) Flexibility and Adaptability: Customer service encounters can be dynamic and unpredictable, requiring flexibility and adaptability to accommodate unique situations and customer preferences. While technology can automate certain processes and standardize workflows, it may struggle to adapt to unforeseen circumstances or respond creatively to customer inquiries that fall outside predefined parameters. 4) Empowerment of Employees: High-quality customer service is not solely about satisfying customer demands but also about empowering employees to deliver exceptional experiences. Technology can support employee productivity and efficiency, but it must be accompanied by adequate training, support, and autonomy to enable employees to make informed decisions, exercise judgment, and address customer needs proactively. 5) Emotional Intelligence and Empathy: Technology lacks emotional intelligence and empathy, which are essential components of effective customer service. Customers often seek emotional support, reassurance, and understanding during interactions with service providers, particularly in sensitive or challenging situations. Empathetic communication and emotional connection foster trust, loyalty, and satisfaction, elements that technology alone may struggle to replicate. In summary, while technology can serve as a valuable enabler and augmenter of customer service efforts, it is only one component of a broader ecosystem that includes human interaction, understanding of customer needs, flexibility, employee empowerment, and emotional intelligence. To ensure high-quality customer service, organizations must strike a balance between leveraging technology and nurturing human-centric approaches that prioritize empathy, adaptability, and personalized engagement with customers. 2. What are Federal Express’s estimated annual savings from using information technology? Federal Express’s estimated annual savings are $57.56 million. 3. What are a couple of examples of information technologies used by Federal Express? The following are a few examples: • A comprehensive Web site, www.FedEx.com, where it assists customers and reduces costs • Ship Manager • Uses customer relationship management software called Clarify to improve customer service Case Study 1-2: Mobile Technology: A Key Player for Future Shopping 1. According to this case study, what is an upcoming key technology that will be used in retail stores to improve customer service? An upcoming key technology that will be used in retail stores to improve customer service is mobile technology. 2. What is the name of the device used by Ahold USA’s Stop & Shop retail stores? Scan It is the name of the device used by Ahold USA’s Stop & Shop retail stores. 3. What will be the role of smartphones in the future of shopping? The Future Role of Smartphones in Shopping Smartphones have already revolutionized the way people shop, offering convenience, accessibility, and personalized experiences. Looking ahead, smartphones are poised to play an even more significant role in shaping the future of shopping, driven by technological advancements and evolving consumer behaviors. Here are several ways in which smartphones will continue to impact the shopping landscape in the future: 1) Mobile Commerce (mCommerce) Dominance: As smartphone adoption continues to rise globally, mobile commerce is expected to become the dominant channel for online shopping. With the convenience of mobile apps and mobile-optimized websites, consumers can browse, compare prices, and make purchases anytime, anywhere, seamlessly integrating shopping into their daily lives. The future of shopping will see a surge in mCommerce transactions, with smartphones serving as the primary gateway to digital retail. 2) Enhanced In-Store Experiences: Smartphones will transform the in-store shopping experience, blurring the lines between online and offline retail. Retailers are increasingly leveraging technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and beacon technology to enhance in-store navigation, product discovery, and personalized promotions through smartphone apps. Consumers can use their smartphones to scan products, access detailed product information, and receive targeted recommendations based on their preferences and purchase history, creating immersive and interactive shopping experiences. 3) Contactless Payments and Digital Wallets: The future of shopping will witness a widespread adoption of contactless payments and digital wallets facilitated by smartphones. NFC (Near Field Communication) technology enables secure and convenient transactions by simply tapping or waving smartphones at payment terminals. As consumers prioritize safety and convenience, contactless payments will become the preferred payment method, eliminating the need for physical cash or cards. Additionally, digital wallets integrated into smartphone apps will centralize payment options, loyalty programs, and rewards, streamlining the checkout process and enhancing customer convenience. 4) Personalized and Contextual Shopping Experiences: Smartphones will enable retailers to deliver hyper-personalized and contextually relevant shopping experiences tailored to individual preferences, behaviors, and location. By leveraging data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and geolocation technology, retailers can send personalized notifications, offers, and recommendations to consumers' smartphones based on their browsing history, past purchases, and proximity to physical stores. These personalized interactions not only drive engagement and loyalty but also enhance the relevance and effectiveness of marketing efforts. 5) Social Commerce Integration: Social media platforms are increasingly integrating shopping functionalities directly into their apps, blurring the boundaries between social networking and eCommerce. In the future, smartphones will serve as powerful tools for social commerce, enabling users to discover, share, and purchase products seamlessly within their social feeds. Features such as shoppable posts, live shopping events, and influencer collaborations will enable brands to leverage the power of social media to drive sales and engagement directly through smartphones. In conclusion, smartphones will continue to redefine the future of shopping by enabling mobile commerce dominance, enhancing in-store experiences, facilitating contactless payments, delivering personalized interactions, and integrating social commerce functionalities. As smartphones become increasingly intertwined with every aspect of the shopping journey, retailers and brands must adapt to meet evolving consumer expectations and leverage technology to create seamless, immersive, and engaging shopping experiences both online and offline. Solution Manual for MIS Hossein Bidgoli 9781305632004, 9781337625999, 9781337625982, 9781337406925
Download
Close
Close
