This Document Contains Chapters 1 to 6 Chapter 01: Understanding Politics Chapter 01 Multiple Choice Questions 1. In the debate over climate change, poorer countries have often argued that ________. a. richer countries are responsible for most of the emissions b. climate change is not caused by human activity c. overcoming poverty is less important than protecting the environment d. corporations should continue to receive subsidies for fossil fuel development Answer: a. richer countries are responsible for most of the emissions 2. As discussed in this chapter, one of the key obstacles to finding political agreement on climate change is _________ thinking. a. long-term b. short-term c. deep d. reverse Answer: b. short-term 3. In exchange for help in marketing themselves as 'green', forestry companies have promised to ________. a. support government regulations b. preserve parts of the boreal forest c. reduce raw log exports d. pay more in taxes Answer: b. preserve parts of the boreal forest 4. In the analysis of politics, 'power' is defined as the ability to ________. a. achieve unity rather than diversity b. reduce the levels of violence c. affect the behaviour of others d. change governmental institutions Answer: c. affect the behaviour of others 5. The authors of the text prefer one definition of 'politics' over others. Which one of the following definitions do the authors of the textbook prefer? a. the art and science of government b. relationships of mutual gain c. making collective decisions for a community d. individualistic pursuit of power Answer: c. making collective decisions for a community 6. The text discusses four ways in which power can be exercised. For example, power that uses fear or threats of harm is termed _____________. a. coercion. b. persuasion c. bargaining d. authority Answer: a. coercion. 7. As defined in the text, 'persuasion' means _________. a. getting people to act against their own desires or interests b. using fear or threat of harm to achieve objectives c. accepting the right of others to make decisions on their behalf d. using information either truthfully or manipulatively to change behaviour. Answer: d. using information either truthfully or manipulatively to change behaviour. 8. 'People power' refers to the ability of ordinary or disadvantaged people to challenge the powerful through determined and skilful action. The successful use of 'people power' occurred when the ________. a. people demonstrated against the dictatorial Marcos government of the Philippines in 1986 b. us senators from small states were able to challenge the majority opinion of the American people c. government of China suppressed student-led demands for democratization in 1989 d. governments failed to agree to firm targets for greenhouse gas emissions in Copenhagen in 2009 Answer: a. people demonstrated against the dictatorial Marcos government of the Philippines in 1986 9. The 'tragedy of the commons' may be solved by ________. a. encouraging people to have larger families b. creating trust and discussion among the community c. encouraging free riders to use the commons d. building roads around the commons for public use Answer: b. creating trust and discussion among the community 10. According to the text, 'authority' is defined as the right to exercise power that is ________. a. actively resisted b. rational and predictable c. based on the threat of force d. accepted as legitimate Answer: d. accepted as legitimate 11. According to the German sociologist Max Weber, there are three main forms of authority. Which among the following is included as one of these forms? a. powerful b. traditional c. identifiable d. intellectual Answer: b. traditional 12. Charismatic authority is based on ________. a. personal qualities of a leader b. legal rules and procedures c. tradition and custom d. processes of election Answer: a. personal qualities of a leader 13. While coercion is based on the use of force, legitimacy is based on ________. a. security b. intelligence c. belief d. amendment Answer: c. belief 14. Which statement describes charismatic authority? a. "Political leaders must follow the same rules as everybody else." b. "Political leaders are born, not made" c. "Power flows from the barrel of a gun " d. "Power is corrupt " Answer: b. "Political leaders are born, not made" 15. An individualist perspective on society argues that humans _______________. a. are naturally harmonious in their interaction with others b. act primarily in their own interests when making decisions c. pursue the common good even if it conflicts with their own interests d. follow strong authoritarian individuals Answer: b. act primarily in their own interests when making decisions 16. 'Behaviouralism' seeks to understand peoples' political behavior by using quantitative methods like surveys. The goal is to develop a scientific approach that is ________. a. adaptable b. normative c. value-free d. predictable Answer: c. value-free 17. According to the text, there is a 'third face' of power that is often ignored, involving the ability to ________. a. change government personnel b. use force to achieve political goals c. affect the dominant ideas of society d. gain votes by using inducements Answer: c. affect the dominant ideas of society 18. The pluralist perspective asserts that ________. a. power is highly concentrated in a few hands b. governments are highly split between different levels c. groups tend to share similar values and goals in a political community d. a wide variety of groups have the ability to influence the government Answer: d. a wide variety of groups have the ability to influence the government 19. An individualist perspective argues that the common good will be achieved when ________. a. every person is free to pursue their own interests b. the law is made according to a rational process c. communities are globally organized d. power is concentrated in the hands of few Answer: a. every person is free to pursue their own interests 20. In The Republic, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato argued that the common good might be achieved by placing governing power in the hands of a ________. a. wealthy educated upper class b. few elected representatives c. philosopher-king d. group of aristocratic families Answer: c. philosopher-king Chapter 01 True/False Questions 1. Efforts by environmental groups to influence Home Depot using product boycotts do not constitute political activities. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 2. Power necessarily means that one individual or group is able to control and manipulate another. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 3. Power can be exercised by 'non-decisions', for example when groups are able to control the political agenda. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 4. Power can be thought of in a positive way as the power to achieve worthwhile collective goals. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 5. Legal-rational forms of authority are based on the personal qualities of a leader. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 6. The pluralist perspective on politics assumes that all actors have an equal amount of political power. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 7. The individualist perspective is less concerned about the good of the community as a whole than the collectivist perspective. a. True b. False Answer: a. True Chapter 01 Short Answer Questions 1. Describe three key forms of authority as a form of power. Answer: Authority takes three key forms: 1. Charismatic authority is based on the personal qualities of a leader; 2. Traditional authority is based on customs; 3. Legal-rational authority is based on legal rules and procedures 2. Describe at least one way in which power can be thought of as positive. Answer: We can think about power in a positive way as the power to achieve worthwhile collective goals, like economic development, security and environmental protection. 3. What is meant by the political agenda? Answer: The political agenda consists of the issues that are considered important and given priority in political deliberation. 4. What is the free rider problem? Answer: The free rider problem results from voluntary collective action when an individual can enjoy the benefits of group action without contributing. 5. What is one important benefit enjoyed by governments that are widely perceived as legitimate by their citizens? Answer: Governments that enjoy legitimacy spend fewer resources to persuade or coerce the population to obey its laws and maintain order. A government whose rule is considered legitimate can rely more on authority than on coercion to get people to obey the laws it adopts. Chapter 01 Short Essay Questions 1. Discuss three ways in which the tragedy of the commons can be solved. Use at least one example. Answer: In the tragedy of the commons, for example, a group of herders will overuse a pasture because individual herders are able to free ride on the contributions of others. The tragedy of the commons can be solved by privatizing the commons and charging a fee to use it, by imposing coercion on the users of the commons, or by using collective management based on common identity. 2. In this chapter, three ways of analysing power are described, termed the 'three faces of power'. For example, the 'first face of power' involves directly affecting decisions. What is a key feature of the 'second face' of power? Answer: The 'second face of power' involves exercising power through non-decisions, and by shaping the political agenda. In other words, this 'face of power' involves the ability to control which issues are given priority and attention in decision making. 3. How can the common good be achieved, from an individualistic perspective on politics? Answer: An individualistic perspective on politics argues that when individuals are free to pursue their own interests (in other words, when they act selfishly) then the best interests of the community will result. Chapter 02: The Nation-State and Globalization Chapter 02 Multiple Choice Questions 1. In 2006 in Spain, the region of Catalonia voted in a referendum to have the region recognized as a(n) ________. a. ethnic group b. nationality c. zone d. town Answer: b. nationality 2. A _______ is defined in this chapter as "an independent, self-governing political community" with binding rules. a. government b. region c. state d. constitution Answer: c. state 3. Which one of the following best describes a state? a. an independent, self-governing political unit b. a temporary government of a country c. a voluntary political organization d. a subordinate political unit within a country Answer: a. an independent, self-governing political unit 4. According to the text, 'sovereignty' has two dimensions. In one dimension, 'sovereignty' means a(n) ________. a. highest authority within a territory b. form of political integration c. strong degree of interconnection d. ability to wage war Answer: a. highest authority within a territory 5. The Peace of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years War in 1648 established that states were ________. a. never to wage war again b. legally required to respect human rights c. able to invade each other d. the supreme authorities within their territories Answer: d. the supreme authorities within their territories 6. According to the text a 'failed state' is one in which governments cannot, among other things, ________. a. belong to the UN b. pass exams c. form coalitions d. enforce laws Answer: d. enforce laws 7. Which of the following is an example of a failed state? a. People's Republic of China b. Somalia c. Grenada d. Libya Answer: b. Somalia 8. This country has been without an effective government since 1991, and is plagued with widespread violence, corruption, and insecurity. a. Somalia b. Catalonia c. India d. Tibet Answer: a. Somalia 9. A central principle of international law is that ________. a. small states should be subordinate to larger, more powerful states b. a country that has lost a war gives up its right to self-government c. wealthy countries should direct the development of poorer countries d. states should not interfere in the affairs of other states Answer: d. states should not interfere in the affairs of other states 10. In 2001, the Canadian-sponsored International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) concluded that ________. a. states had the right to invade other states if they were attacked b. the responsibility to protect people justified international action c. the United Nations could not interfere in states sovereignty d. individuals had the right to subvert their own state Answer: b. the responsibility to protect people justified international action 11. A national identity can develop among people located in a particular territory who share common characteristics, these characteristic can include, for example ________. a. language b. class c. family ties d. migration Answer: a. language 12. According to the text, Canada was formed principally from three founding peoples. Which of the following is one of those founding peoples? a. Provincial governors b. American revolutionaries c. French colonists d. Asian immigrants Answer: c. French colonists 13. Civic nationalism is based primarily on a common ________. a. ancestry b. cultural tradition c. language d. political history Answer: d. political history 14. ________ is the idea that a country's permanent residents are full members of the political community with certain duties and rights. a. Culture b. Identity c. Politics d. Citizenship Answer: d. Citizenship 15. Globalization is often seen as resulting in ________. a. reducing the power of corporations b. reducing the dependence upon markets and trade c. decreasing the importance of sovereign states d. discouraging the assertion of ethnic and regional identities Answer: c. decreasing the importance of sovereign states 16. Financial globalization means that capital ________. a. is more easily taxed b. can flow instantly between countries c. is more closely tied to labour d. can be more easily saved Answer: b. can flow instantly between countries 17. Which of the following is not considered to be an advantage of economic globalization? a. efficiency b. access to money c. high wages d. wider variety of goods Answer: c. high wages 18. Which of the following is an example of regionalization? a. the European Union b. the US housing crisis c. the Great Depression d. growth of McDonald's Answer: a. the European Union 19. Which of the following sets of countries did not sign the international treaty banning anti-personal land mines? a. United States, Russia, China b. Zimbabwe, Venezuela, Sudan c. United Kingdom, United States, China d. Russia, Afghanistan, Cambodia Answer: a. United States, Russia, China 20. The increasing number of immigrants, "guest workers," and refugees with different religious, cultural, and ethnic or racial characteristics in many countries has contributed to ________. a. multiple identities b. regionalization c. political globalization d. state sovereignty Answer: a. multiple identities Chapter 02 True/False Questions 1. A motion passed by the Canadian Parliament in 2006 recognizing the Québécois as a 'nation' nevertheless had no legal effect. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 2. A substantial majority of Quebeckers favour the creation of an independent Quebec nation-state a. True b. False Answer: b. False 3. The sovereignty of states is an absolute right in international relations. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 4. Xenophobia means fear or hatred of other nationalities. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 5. There is no global free market in labour. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 6. The flow of cultural communication outward from Western countries is substantially lower than the flow in the reverse direction. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 7. Binational and multinational states are inevitably failures. a. True b. False Answer: b. False Chapter 02 Short Answer Questions 1. What is the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) for understanding the modern state? Answer: It established the principle of state sovereignty: that the states and their monarchs had supreme authority within the territory they governed. 2. Describe at least three ways in which nationalism can be considered a positive. Answer: Nationalism can be positive when it 1. encourages people to challenge domination and exploitation 2. maintains diversity in the world, and 3. encourages solidarity. 3. What is the definition of a 'nation-state'? Answer: A nation-state is composed of a group of people who have a sense of common identity and who typically believe they should be self-governing, together with a single national identity within one state. Alternative: A state with a strong unified single language, culture and identity. 4. How does ethnic nationalism differ from civic nationalism? Answer: Ethnic nationalism views ancestry and the historic cultural traditions associated with a particular ethnic group as the basis for a nation. Civic nationalism views shared political values and political history as the basis for a nation. 5. What is differentiated citizenship? Answer: Granting different citizenship rights to certain groups because of their particular circumstances Chapter 02 Short Essay Questions 1. How does a state differ from a government? Answer: State refers to a more extensive and permanent expression of the political community while a government is a set of institutions that makes decisions and oversees their implementation on behalf of the state for a particular period of time. 2. Discuss at least 2 reasons why it is more difficult to support the common good in a multinational or binational state than in a state with a single nation. Answer: It is more difficult to support the common good in a multinational or binational state because: 1. the good of each nation needs to be taken into account to maintain the legitimacy of the state; and 2. nationalism has led to discrimination or oppression against those within a country who are not viewed as part of the nation. 3. Discuss at least 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of economic globalization. Answer: The advantages of economic globalization are: 1. efficiency, access to money, lower consumer process and wider variety of goods. The disadvantages of economic globalization are: global inequality, concentration of power, weakening of labour, challenges to the welfare state and increased risk of global economic crises. Chapter 03: Freedom, Equality, and Democracy Chapter 03 Multiple Choice Questions 1. The Supreme Court of BC recently heard a case involving Winston Blackmore and William Oter, residents of Bountiful, BC, and members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The central issue in the case was whether ________. a. individuals are free to hold strong religious beliefs b. the law against polygamy violates freedom of religion c. isolated communities should be subject to the laws of the country d. men should be allowed to have multiple wives if women are not Answer: b. the law against polygamy violates freedom of religion 2. Freedom or liberty is often defined as the ability to _______. a. act as one wants without interference, restraints, or coercion b. create a sovereign set of laws that protect individual choices c. have no taxation without representation d. prevent harm to others Answer: a. act as one wants without interference, restraints, or coercion 3. The case of a Nazi demonstration in Skokie, in Chicago, illustrates the issues raised by ________. a. democratic representation b. personal religious belief c. group rights d. freedom of expression Answer: d. freedom of expression 4. According to John Locke, an agreement to establish government to protect life, liberty and property is termed a ________. a. mutual aid b. political treaty c. social contract d. legal pact Answer: c. social contract 5. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both agreed that, prior to government, people were essentially free in the state of ________. a. restraint b. community c. nature d. sovereignty Answer: c. nature 6. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke disagreed over whether there was a natural right to ________. a. freedom b. property c. equality d. security Answer: a. freedom 7. The view that humans seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain and that government should act to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number is termed ________. a. libertarianism b. liberalism c. utilitarianism d. reactionism Answer: c. utilitarianism 8. Some are critical of high levels of freedom, arguing that it tends to produce ________. a. reaction b. dominance c. development d. self-indulgence Answer: d. self-indulgence 9. Mill argued that liberty was good for society as well as for the individual since ________. a. people responded to their baser instincts b. competition will improve ideas over time c. collectivism is better than individualism d. constraints on liberty reduce conflicts Answer: b. competition will improve ideas over time 10. Which among the following is an argument in support of legalizing prostitution? a. legal prostitution fosters immoral behaviour b. prostitution can undermine marriages c. laws against prostitution reduce the security of workers d. prostitution can lead to the exploitation of women and children Answer: c. laws against prostitution reduce the security of workers 11. If there are no absolute moral standards and no social consensus on morality, then logically ________. a. individuals should be free to follow cruel or barbaric practices b. immoral behavior should be strongly restricted c. the imposition of a particular view of morality is undesirable d. the state should allow absolute enjoyment of freedom Answer: c. the imposition of a particular view of morality is undesirable 12. According to the text, ________ are often considered to be opposing values. a. morality and utilitarianism b. liberty and fraternity c. morality and values d. freedom and order Answer: d. freedom and order 13. The absence of physical and legal restraints on our actions is termed ________ freedom. a. relative b. neutral c. negative d. positive Answer: c. negative 14. ________ argued that the common good is best achieved by allowing individuals to pursue their own economic self-interest. a. Adam Smith b. T. H. Green c. Winston Blackmore d. Thucydides Answer: a. Adam Smith 15. Equality of ________ means everyone has the equal right to vote, to seek public office, and to voice one's opinions. a. opportunity b. property c. outcome d. political rights Answer: d. political rights 16. According to John Stuart Mill, the idea that those with an education should have more than one vote is termed ________. a. democratic participation b. equality of opportunity c. plural voting d. electoral distribution Answer: c. plural voting 17. ________ policies are designed to increase the proportion of persons from disadvantaged or under-represented groups in various positions. a. Affirmative action b. Libertarian c. Individual equality d. Economic rights Answer: a. Affirmative action 18. Plato and Aristotle offered three main answers to the question Who rules? These included: the one, the many or the ________. a. few b. party c. council d. court Answer: a. few 19. Deliberative democracy is different from plebiscitary democracy because it ________. a. gives citizens extra opportunities to vote b. involves citizens in governing through discussion c. involves the use of referendums, initiatives and recalls d. reduces rather than increases social diversity Answer: b. involves citizens in governing through discussion 20. The 'No HST' campaign in BC was an example of a(n) ________. a. initiative b. election c. Citizen's Assembly d. oligarchy Answer: a. initiative Chapter 03 True/False Questions 1. Although prostitution technically is not illegal in Canada, almost all activity related to prostitution is illegal. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 2. Unlike the rights to life and liberty, the right to property can apply to all persons. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 3. In the US, the Supreme Court rejected law school admission policies that give preference to racial minorities but upheld the use of quotas based on race. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 4. Aristotle viewed democracy as a perverted form of government in which the poor, being the majority, governed in their own interests by taking away the property of the rich. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 5. Unlike representative democracy, direct democracy involves the free competition of candidates and political parties to elect representatives to a legislative body. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 6. Plebiscites and referendums procedures allow citizens to remove representatives from office. a. True b. False Answer: b. False Chapter 03 Short Answer Questions 1. What two key political thinkers were advocates of utilitarianism? Answer: The two key political thinkers who advocated utilitarianism were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. 2. What are two key forms of freedom? Answer: Two key forms of freedom are negative and positive freedom. 3. Explain the difference between negative and positive freedom. Answer: While negative freedom involves the absence of physical and legal restraints on the actions of individuals, positive freedom involves the capacity to do something worth doing or enjoying. 4. What are three main types of equality discussed in the text? Answer: The three main types of equality are: equality of opportunity, equality of outcome, and equal rights. 5. What are two places in the modern world where citizens still meet to discuss issues in a direct fashion, similar to the ancient Athenians? Answer: Direct democracy in this fashion is still practiced in some New England towns and small Swiss cantons... 6. What is meant by direct democracy? Answer: Direct democracy is a system in which citizens make the governing decisions. Chapter 03 Short Essay Questions 1. Discuss at least 2 arguments in favour and 2 arguments against affirmative action. Answer: Affirmative action policies are designed to increase the proportion of people from underrepresented or disadvantaged groups in certain professions. It is justified by: 1. the historically unequal treatment of some groups and fears that membership in a group will create barriers to equality, and 2. affirmative action programs may increase the amount of diversity in the workforce. Affirmative action sometimes creates a backlash as people from non-disadvantaged groups claim it is discriminatory, and limits equality of opportunity. Those hired under such programs may also fear being viewed as unqualified. 2. Discuss at least 2 examples of society's efforts to regulate immoral behaviour. What questions are raised by these cases with regard to the balance between freedom , democracy and equality? Answer: In the chapter, several examples are used to illustrate society's efforts to regulate immoral behavior: the case of polygamy, the case of prostitution, the case of banning unhealthy foods, and the case of Nazis demonstrations in Skokie. All of these cases challenge society to determine what limits on freedom should be imposed. They all raise questions about the balance between freedom and democracy, for example: Is the government justified in banning a practice that many people consider abhorrent or undesirable? Should freedom of religion, or freedom of expression, override equality or democracy? 3. What are 3 common criticisms of liberal, representative democracy? Answer: Liberal, representative democracy is viewed by some as not providing a fully democratic political system. In particular, some argue that citizens should be given a more direct ability to make or ratify decisions through mechanisms of plebiscitary or deliberative democracy. As well, some groups may be underrepresented in decision-making. Chapter 04: Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, and Fascism Chapter 04 Multiple Choice Questions 1. ________ led the Bolshevick (communist) party in overthrowing the provisional government of Russia. a. Karl Marx b. Joseph Stalin c. Vladimir Lenin d. Friedrich Engels Answer: c. Vladimir Lenin 2. In the text, 'ideology' is defined as a package of interrelated ideas that _______. a. shape the study of political science b. inspire and affect political action c. form a collective group d. result in authoritarian regimes Answer: b. inspire and affect political action 3. Democratic socialism has been closely associated with the labour movement and with political parties such as the Canadian ________. a. Representation Party b. New Democratic Party c. Bolshevick Party d. Communist Party Answer: b. New Democratic Party 4. The Enlightenment included the idea that ________. a. human reason could be used to make the world better b. religious beliefs were important in understanding the world c. traditional authority needed to be reinforced d. progress was an unrealistic dream for humanity Answer: a. human reason could be used to make the world better 5. Which of the following is not a key aspect of Fascism? a. people motivated by emotion b. radical changes are undesirable c. subordinate individual to the state d. people motivated by heroic virtues Answer: b. radical changes are undesirable 6. Which one of the following perspectives advocated the adoption of a laissez-faire system? a. conservatism b. socialism c. communism d. classical liberalism Answer: d. classical liberalism 7. According to the text, the ________ is associated with the pursuit of greater social and economic equality. a. top b. bottom c. left d. right Answer: c. left 8. This is the idea that people should be subject to known, predictable, and impartial rules of conduct. a. rule of law b. rule of thumb c. ideology d. conservatism Answer: a. rule of law 9. Neo-liberals and ________ both believe in a limited state and maximal role for the market. a. Classical liberals b. Marxists c. Nationalists d. Reform liberals Answer: a. Classical liberals 10. Margaret Thatcher was a prominent member of a movement known as the 'New Right'. A member of this group is likely to value __________. a. individual freedom and social equality to the same degree (equally) b. individual freedom more than social equality c. individual freedom less than social equality d. neither individual freedom nor social equality Answer: b. individual freedom more than social equality 11. The New Right is a reaction to the ________. a. Holocaust b. Enlightenment c. Welfare state d. Rule of law Answer: c. Welfare state 12. Conservative thinkers like Edmund Burke argued that ________. a. governing decisions should be based on abstract principles derived from reason b. political power should be in the hands of the people c. legislators should act according to the opinions of those they represent d. society should respect the wisdom of traditional customs and practices Answer: d. society should respect the wisdom of traditional customs and practices 13. In the perspective of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, historical development can best be understood in terms of the ________. a. gradual progress of humanity b. way society is organized to produce material goods c. struggle between authority and liberty d. moral decline of society Answer: b. way society is organized to produce material goods 14. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels believed that ________. a. business and labour should try to reach compromises for the good of society b. a coercive state will always be necessary to maintain order in society c. human beings are basically self-interested and competitive in nature d. the working class would eventually overthrow the capitalist system Answer: d. the working class would eventually overthrow the capitalist system 15. Democratic socialists generally ________. a. want strict limits on political rights and freedoms b. reject the principle of the rule of law c. favour democratic control of the economy d. reject the idea that wealth should be transferred from the rich to the poor Answer: c. favour democratic control of the economy 16. According to Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, in a communist society ________. a. everyone would be free to take from society what they needed b. a strong, coercive state would be needed c. selfishness and competitiveness would prevail d. society would be organized along class lines Answer: a. everyone would be free to take from society what they needed 17. The ideal of a world based on voluntary cooperation among a network of local communities is characteristic of which of the following perspectives? a. reform liberalism b. socialist anarchism c. conservatism d. democratic socialism Answer: b. socialist anarchism 18. In which country did a neo-fascist party (the Jobbik Party) win 16.7 percent of the vote in 2010 parliamentary elections? a. Germany b. Italy c. Hungary d. Russia Answer: c. Hungary 19. The ideas of social Darwinism are most closely associated with which of the following perspectives? a. reform liberalism b. communism c. democratic socialism d. fascism Answer: d. fascism 20. ________ is usually viewed as being on the left of the left-right spectrum. a. Classical liberalism b. Communism c. Radicalism d. Fascism Answer: b. Communism Chapter 04 True/False Questions 1. Political parties sometimes modify or ignore the ideological principles upon which they are based. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 2. Classical liberals argue that one of the proper roles of government is to maintain order. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 3. Fascism follows the ideas of the Enlightenment. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 4. Marxism views the world in terms of class conflict. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 5. Marx and Engels believed that in a communist society, the need for a coercive state would diminish or disappear. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 6. Democratic socialists believe that change should be brought about by revolutionary means. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 7. Fascists believe that inequality is natural. a. True b. False Answer: a. True Chapter 04 Short Answer Questions 1. Why is ideology often viewed negatively? Answer: Ideological thinking can be simplistic, provide distorted views of reality, and can be used to justify the unjustifiable. 2. What is the Rule of Law? Answer: The Rule of Law is the idea that government should act in accordance with established laws and that all persons should be equally subject to the law. 3. In the liberal view, religion is a private matter based on the conscience of the individual. According to this, what should government strive to avoid doing? Answer: In the liberal view, in order to promote tolerance, government should not promote any particular religion, and laws should not be based on any particular religious perspective. 4. What is a 'laissez faire' economic system? Answer: A 'laissez faire' system is an economic system (advocated by Adam Smith) in which workers, consumers, and privately owned businesses freely interact in the marketplace with little government interference. 5. Why do reform liberals favour the promotion of equality of opportunity? Answer: Reform liberals favour equality of opportunity more than classical liberals because they believe that individuals should be able to compete on a more equal basis and to be rewarded according to merit. Chapter 04 Short Essay Questions 1. Discuss at least 2 examples in which ideology is used to "justify the unjustifiable." Answer: In the text, 2 examples are used to illustrate the negative side of ideology, when it is used to justify the unjustifiable. One of these is the extermination of European Jews by the Nazis during World War II, and another is Pol Pot's mass murder of educated city residents in Cambodia in the 1970s. 2. How does reform liberalism differ from classical liberalism? Answer: Reform liberalism sees the desirability of a greater role for government, particularly in aiding the disadvantaged than classical liberalism. The basic liberal value of freedom is viewed by classical liberals as the absence of restraints, particularly those imposed by government. Reform liberals, by contrast, see government as potentially playing a positive role in ensuring freedom for all by removing social and economic obstacles that can hinder individual development. 3. What are the basic features of the New Right Movement? Answer: The New Right movement is a perspective that combines, in various ways, the promotion of free-market capitalism and limited government and traditional cultural and moral values. As a movement, it comprises: 1. Reaction to the welfare state 2. Reaction to the New Left 3. Reaction to identity politics 4. Reaction to the declining moral values 5. Promotion of Western values world-wide Chapter 05: Newer Perspectives: Feminism and Environmentalism Chapter 05 Multiple Choice Questions 1. The protests at the Miss America contest in 1968 concerned ________. a. discrimination against non-white contestants b. the use of baby seal fur in the contestants' outfits c. discrimination against lesbian women d. the treatment of women as sexual objects Answer: d. the treatment of women as sexual objects 2. Which ideological perspective depicts all societies as characterized by patriarchy? a. liberalism b. conservatism c. feminism d. Marxism Answer: c. feminism 3. In the view of Mary Woolstonecraft, women ________. a. naturally take the role to bear and raise children b. are naturally more emotional than men c. are just as rational as men d. should have a different set of rights than men Answer: c. are just as rational as men 4. In the text, three main varieties of feminism are discussed. Which among the following is included among these types? a. radical b. democratic c. religious d. libertarian Answer: a. radical 5. Liberal feminists advocate ________. a. equal opportunities for women b. a more co-operative system c. changes to the education system d. a smaller role for government Answer: a. equal opportunities for women 6. While liberal feminism focuses on equality of rights, socialist feminism focuses on the __________ a. exploitation of women as unpaid labour b. high prevalence of divorce in capitalist societies c. need for women to have the vote d. inequality of abilities Answer: a. exploitation of women as unpaid labour 7. This perspective views the oppression of women as the oldest, most pervasive, and most deeply entrenched form of oppression, and is associated with criticism of the Miss America protest in the 1960s. a. radical feminism b. right feminism c. new feminism d. communism Answer: a. radical feminism 8. Socialist feminists advocate overcoming the ________. a. lack of female business leaders b. sexual division of labour c. need for group rights d. political party system Answer: b. sexual division of labour 9. Radical feminists criticize socialist feminists for focusing too much on ________. a. legalism b. customs c. patriarchy d. capitalism Answer: d. capitalism 10. The argument that "the personal is political" is associated with which of the following perspectives? a. neo-liberalism b. neo-conservatism c. liberal feminism d. radical feminism Answer: d. radical feminism 11. Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring, raised awareness of ________. a. the silencing of the voice of women in politics b. the devastation of nuclear war c. the right to life movement d. the use of synthetic pesticides Answer: d. the use of synthetic pesticides 12. "Anthropocentrism", by definition, refers to a belief in ________. a. human well-being b. the inherent value of the environment c. the need for economic growth d. living in harmony with nature Answer: a. human well-being 13. Which among the following are included among the 'six guiding principles' agreed by an international meeting of Green parties? a. revolutionary change b. participatory democracy c. technological development d. ecocentrism Answer: b. participatory democracy 14. The 'doomsday scenario' of accelerating population growth and declining resources is associated with the ________. a. Anthropocentrists b. Green Parties c. Limits to Growth d. Reform Environmentalists Answer: c. Limits to Growth 15. The World Commission on Environment and Development argued that ________. a. small decentralized communities are more sustainable and participatory b. authoritarian governments may be needed to institute environmental laws c. pollution would likely diminish and resources remain abundant for future generations d. sustainability and social justice should be integrated in political decision making Answer: d. sustainability and social justice should be integrated in political decision making 16. A perspective that views social, economic and political relationships of hierarchy and domination as the cause of both human and environmental problems is called ________. a. Social ecology b. Ecofeminism c. Deep ecology d. Reform Environmentalism Answer: a. Social ecology 17. Which of the following is not a version of environmentalism? a. Deep ecology b. Ecofeminism c. Liberationism d. Social ecology Answer: c. Liberationism 18. As discussed in the text, the concept of 'sustainable development' has two main components. Which among the following is included among them? a. development involves a trade-off between nature and humanity b. international agreement on environmental goals requires money c. economics is not sustainable in its present form d. development is needed to meet the needs of the poor Answer: d. development is needed to meet the needs of the poor 19. The 'ecological footprint' is a way of ________. a. measuring humanity's impact on the environment b. tracking the effects of climate change on different species c. shifting economic activity away from the use of fossil fuels d. judging how technology increases pollution Answer: a. measuring humanity's impact on the environment 20. The view that private owners of farms, forests, or fishing areas are more likely to manage their resources sustainably than government is termed ________. a. deep ecology b. social ecology c. free-market environmentalism d. sustainable development Answer: c. free-market environmentalism Chapter 05 True/False Questions 1. John Stuart Mill in The Subjection of Women argued that women should be subordinate to men because they lack the capacity for rational thinking. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 2. Socialist feminism sees the capitalist system as a major obstacle to equality for women. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 3. Liberal feminism has not at all been successful. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 4. Most feminists believe that male-female differences are a result of inherent biological differences. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 5. The World Commission on Environment and Development and the Limits to Growth Report were both arguing the same thing. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 6. Canada has reduced its emission of greenhouse gases since the Earth Summit in 1992. a. True b. False Answer: b. False Chapter 05 Short Answer Questions 1. What are three major versions of contemporary feminist ideology? Answer: Liberal feminism, socialist feminism, and radical feminism. 2. For socialist feminists, what two main systems are viewed as the source of domination of women? Answer: Socialist feminists point to the male-dominated character of society (patriarchy) and the capitalist system as sources of women's' domination. 3. Why are some feminists critical of the notion that women share a common identity? Answer: Because of the diversity of women's experiences, various groups of women may experience oppression not only because of their gender but also because of the race, class, sexual orientation, etc. 4. What is the key difference between anthropocentrism and ecocentrism? Answer: Anthropocentrism focuses on human well-being, while ecocentrism views nature as having its own intrinsic value. 5. What are six guiding principles agreed upon by a meeting of Green party members from around the world? Answer: The six 'guiding principles" for a sustainable world are: ecological wisdom, social justice, participatory democracy, nonviolence, sustainability, and respect for diversity 6. How do reform environmentalists view the relationship between the economy and the environment? Answer: Reform environmentalism does not view economic growth and environmental protection as necessarily incompatible. Industry can become more profitable by incorporating environmental technologies and adopting environmental policies. Chapter 05 Short Essay Questions 1. How do feminists view the causes and desirability of gender differences? Answer: Feminists generally view male-female differences as socially created and imposed rather than a result of biological differences. Although feminists generally want to be liberated from socially created roles, they nevertheless often argue that female values that are based on the different experiences of women should be affirmed, celebrated, and given greater importance. 2. Describe at least three main differences between 'male values' and 'female values' from the perspective of feminists. Answer: From the perspective of feminists, 'male values' tend to be those that emphasize competition, aggression, and rationality. 'Female values', which tend to be undervalued in male-dominated societies, emphasize nurturing, caring, co-operation, emotion, and spirituality (based on their experiences as women). 3. The goal of radical feminism is 'liberation'. Describe the meaning of liberation in this sense. Answer: From the perspective of radical feminists, Marxists, and others critical of colonialism, Liberation goes beyond the concept of freedom that is at the core of the liberal ideology. Liberation involves freeing the human potential that has been stifled by the organization and values of society. Oppression warps the personality of the oppressed, particularly by forcing them to adopt the values of the oppressor. Indeed, from this point of view, those in the oppressor groups are also deprived of an authentic human existence by being expected to take the dominant role. Chapter 06: Political Culture, Political Participation, and Political Socialization Chapter 06 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Samuel Huntington's main argument is that the main lines of conflict in the future will be ________________. a. differences in civilizational cultures b. loss of arable land and potable water c. environmental disasters and their effects d. inequality between rich and poor Answer: a. differences in civilizational cultures 2. According to Huntington, a 'clash of civilizations' means _________. a. future conflicts will occur along cultural fault lines b. civilizations may be more likely to choose a nuclear option c. globalization will reduce the importance of religion d. there will be no more proxy wars in the global South Answer: a. future conflicts will occur along cultural fault lines 3. In the text, political culture is said to include the __________ beliefs, and orientations that are widely held within a political community. a. stereotypes b. values c. ethnicities d. conflicts Answer: b. values 4. Louis Hartz argues that _______. a. Western Europe has a conservative political culture b. liberalism represents a synthesis of conservative and socialist perspectives c. liberal political culture is dominant in North America d. Canada is more liberal than the United States. Answer: c. liberal political culture is dominant in North America 5. Seymour Martin Lipset argues that the political cultures of Canada and the United States are different because of their different ________. a. geographies b. histories c. families d. militaries Answer: b. histories 6. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba (1963) classified political culture in terms of three basic types. Which among the following is included as one of these types? a. parochial b. individual c. ideological d. racial Answer: a. parochial 7. As discussed in the text, in a subject political culture, people may have an awareness of politics abut they are less ________. a. deferential to authority b. knowledgeable about politics c. focused on materialism d. active in affecting politics Answer: d. active in affecting politics 8. Almond and Verba argue that the best political culture for a democracy is a/an ________ one. a. ideological b. objective c. subject d. mixed Answer: d. mixed 9. Almond and Verba argue that a participatory political culture is not the best one for democracy because it ________. a. contributes to instability b. creates passivity c. reduces awareness d. moderates diversity Answer: a. contributes to instability 10. According to the World Values Survey, most people ________. a. believe it is important to live in a democracy b. have a high level of trust in government c. have confidence in their political leaders d. feel that governments are responsive to the people Answer: a. believe it is important to live in a democracy 11. The attitude that individuals can have an impact on political decisions and that government is responsive to what people want is termed ________. a. awareness b. trust c. deference d. efficacy Answer: d. efficacy 12. Voter turnout tends to be higher ________. a. in countries with single-member plurality electoral systems b. in countries with proportional representation electoral systems c. where a number of referendums and initiatives are also on the ballot d. where advance registration is required to cast a ballot Answer: b. in countries with proportional representation electoral systems 13. Robert Putnam argues that the vitality of democracy is dependent upon the ________. a. commitment of elites to democratic principles b. strength of the education system c. involvement of citizens in civic association d. holding of referendums on all important issues Answer: c. involvement of citizens in civic association 14. Which one of the following is least likely to vote? a. women b. young people c. university graduates d. older persons Answer: b. young people 15. Young people tend to have the ___________ levels of voting turnout. a. lowest b. highest c. most predictable d. most volatile Answer: a. lowest 16. Compared to those middle-aged or older, young persons in Canada ________. a. are more interested in politics b. have more political knowledge c. are less likely to feel a moral obligation to vote d. have a more cynical outlook on politics Answer: c. are less likely to feel a moral obligation to vote 17. The text describes several agents of political socialization. Which of the following is among them? a. citizens b. unions c. doctors d. workers Answer: b. unions 18. Which among the following are identified in the text with postmaterialist values? a. physical security b. a good job c. a beautiful environment d. legal rights Answer: c. a beautiful environment 19. The text describes a trend in the Western world toward a postmaterialist political culture. This trend means that people are more concerned with _________. a. self-expression than with physical and economic security b. economic security than physical security c. law and order than with social and welfare issues d. national security than individual rights Answer: a. self-expression than with physical and economic security 20. Ronald Inglehart's postmaterialist theory suggests that ________. a. political socialization is largely unsuccessful b. people generally adopt the same values and value priorities as their parents c. political socialization is affected by the conditions present when a person is young d. the mass media have a major influence on political values and value priorities Answer: c. political socialization is affected by the conditions present when a person is young Chapter 06 True/False Questions 1. Survey research has found that Canadians, on the whole, have become less deferential to authority than Americans. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 2. Almond and Verba believe that a participant political culture is the best form for democracy. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 3. Most Canadians would fail the test of basic knowledge about Canada that immigrants need to pass to become citizens. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 4. In Canada, membership in most types of voluntary organizations has increased. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 5. Public confidence in government and political leaders has declined in most advanced democratic countries. a. True b. False Answer: a. True 6. The majority of citizens in Canada now have postmaterialist values. a. True b. False Answer: b. False 7. Turnout in Canadian elections has generally declined in the past two decades. a. True b. False Answer: a. True Chapter 06 Short Answer Questions 1. What does Samuel P. Huntington think will become the leading source of international conflict? Answer: Cultural conflicts which he describes as the clash of civilizations. 2. Describe the generational effect on voter turnout rates. Answer: The effect on attitudes and behaviour of the views of different generations that persist throughout the life cycle. In other words, the lower voter turnout among recent generations has continued even as those generations age. 3. What is meant by political efficacy? Answer: The attitude that individuals can have an impact on political decisions and that government is responsive to what people want. 4. Describe at least 5 examples of agents of political socialization? Answer: Family, peer groups, the educational system, the mass media, religious organizations, the military, unions and the workplace. 5. What is meant by political socialization? Answer: Political socialization is the processes by which the values, attitudes, and beliefs of the political culture are transmitted to members of the political community. Chapter 06 Short Essay Questions 1. Describe at least 3 characteristics of Russell Dalton's 'new style of citizen politics'. Answer: The 'new style of citizen politics' includes greater citizen activism, the questioning of authority, the development of new political parties and new social movements, the raising of new types of issues (such as issues related to the environment and gender equality), and the development of more liberal social values (for example, greater acceptance of homosexual rights). As well, it is argued that the significance of traditional political divisions ("cleavages") based on class, religion, and ethnicity has been declining. Likewise, the strength of individual and group attachments to particular political parties has generally tended to diminish. 2. Why do critics question Seymour Martin Lipset's analysis of the differences in the Canadian and American political cultures? Answer: Critics have questioned whether Canadians are still more conservative than Americans, noting that Canadians have become less deferential to authority, are now more liberal in their views on social and moral issues, and generally more willing to support equalitarian policies than Americans. 3. How does Louis Hartz explain the ideological differences between European societies and the countries colonized by the European powers? Answer: In countries colonized by Europeans, only part of the mother country's political culture was carried to new lands. Thus they tend to be fragments of the more diverse political cultures of Western Europe. Test Bank for Politics, Power and the Common Good: An Introduction to Political Science Eric Mintz, Osvaldo Croci, David Close 9780131384774, 9780134286884
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