This Document Contains Chapters 1 to 5 Chapter 1 The Blues, Rock-and-Roll, and Racism SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Why did many of the electric blues musicians congregate around Chicago? Answer: Many electric blues musicians congregated around Chicago due to the Great Migration, where African Americans moved from the rural South to urban centres in the North, like Chicago, seeking better economic opportunities and escaping racial segregation. Chicago had a vibrant music scene and offered more venues and recording opportunities for blues musicians. 2. What social trends make the emergence of rock and roll possible during the mid-1950s? Answer: The emergence of rock and roll during the mid-1950s was made possible by several social trends: • The rise of a post-war teenage demographic with disposable income and a desire for distinct cultural identity. • The influence of African American music styles like rhythm and blues and the crossover appeal to white audiences. • The advent of television and radio, which helped popularize new music styles. • A cultural shift towards challenging traditional norms and embracing rebellion and individualism. 3. Name four independent companies that helped promote rock and roll. Answer: Four independent companies that helped promote rock and roll are: • Sun Records • Chess Records • Atlantic Records • Specialty Records 4. What technologies initially helped promulgate rock music? Answer: Technologies that initially helped promulgate rock music include: • The electric guitar and amplification systems, which allowed for a louder and more energetic sound. • The 45 RPM single, which made it easier and more affordable to distribute hit songs. • Radio, especially the emergence of disc jockeys who played rock and roll music. • Television, with shows like "American Bandstand" that showcased rock and roll performers to a wide audience. 5. Distinguish several similarities and differences between the country blues and rock and roll. Answer: Similarities between Country Blues and Rock and Roll: • Both genres are rooted in African American musical traditions. • Both often use similar chord progressions, particularly the 12-bar blues structure. • Themes of personal struggle, love, and hardship are common in both genres. Differences: • Country blues typically features solo performances with acoustic guitar, while rock and roll is characterized by electric instruments and a full band setup. • Country blues has a more raw, improvised feel, whereas rock and roll often has a more polished, energetic, and fast-paced sound. • Rock and roll incorporates elements from other genres such as rhythm and blues, country, and pop, leading to a more diverse sound. 6. What did some of the owners of small independent record labels have in common with the artists on their rosters? Answer: Some owners of small independent record labels shared a deep passion for music and a willingness to take risks on unknown or unconventional artists, much like the artists themselves. They often had a hands-on approach and a personal connection to the music, fostering close relationships with their artists and being actively involved in the production and promotion process. 7. How did early rock and roll help racially integrate America? Answer: Early rock and roll helped racially integrate America by bringing together diverse musical influences and appealing to both black and white audiences. Integrated bands and crossover hits challenged segregationist norms and provided a common cultural ground where racial boundaries were blurred, paving the way for greater social integration. 8. What motivated the backlash against early rock and roll? Answer: The backlash against early rock and roll was motivated by: • Perceived threats to traditional social norms and values, especially among conservative groups. • Concerns about the influence of rock and roll on youth behavior and morality. • Racial prejudices, as rock and roll was heavily influenced by African American music and culture. • Resistance from established music industry entities who felt threatened by the rise of independent labels and new musical styles. 9. What impact did African music have on the blues and then rock and roll? Answer: African music had a significant impact on the blues through the incorporation of call-and-response patterns, rhythmic complexity, and expressive vocal techniques. These elements were foundational in shaping the blues sound. As blues evolved into rock and roll, these African musical influences continued to be felt, contributing to the genre's rhythmic drive, emotional intensity, and innovative musical expressions. 10. Name three of the major Chicago blues artists of the 1950s. Answer: Three major Chicago blues artists of the 1950s are: • Muddy Waters • Howlin' Wolf • Little Walter 11. How did Alan Freed help promote rock and roll? Answer: Alan Freed helped promote rock and roll by: • Popularizing the term "rock and roll" and using it to describe the new music genre. • Hosting radio shows where he played rock and roll records, reaching a wide, racially diverse audience. • Organizing and promoting rock and roll concerts and tours, helping to bring the music to live audiences. 12. Name some of the prominent crooners of the 1950s who disliked rock and roll and give some reasons why they disliked it. Answer: Some prominent crooners of the 1950s who disliked rock and roll include: • Frank Sinatra • Tony Bennett • Perry Como Reasons for their dislike: • They viewed rock and roll as a threat to the sophisticated, polished style of traditional pop music. • They felt that rock and roll's raw energy and youthful rebellion were vulgar and lacking in musicality. • They were concerned about the cultural and social impact of rock and roll on young people. 13. What lesson was learned with the story of Arthur Big Boy Crudup? Answer: The story of Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup, who wrote songs like "That's All Right (Mama)" that were later popularized by Elvis Presley, taught the lesson that many early rock and roll and blues artists were exploited and did not receive fair compensation or recognition for their contributions to the music industry. 14. What did Pat Boone symbolize? Answer: Pat Boone symbolized the mainstream commercialization of rock and roll. He was known for recording sanitized, pop-friendly versions of R&B and rock and roll songs, making them more palatable to a white, middle-class audience and thus helping to bridge the gap between black music and white listeners. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Who travelled from Mississippi to Chicago? A. Muddy Waters B. Chuck Berry C. Little Richard D. Leonard Chess Answer: A 2. Who played in the Mississippi country blues style? A. Chuck Berry B. Little Walter C. Son House D. Bo Diddley Answer: C 3. When did Muddy Waters move to Chicago? A. 1933 B. 1943 C. 1953 D. 1963 Answer: B 4. What was an independent record company during the 1960s? A. Chess Records B. RCA Records C. Capitol Records D. Epic Records Answer: A 5. To what city did masses of African Americans migrate from the South? A. Chicago B. New York City C. New Orleans D. Boston Answer: A 6. Why did African Americans migrate from the South to the North? A. For a better life B. To play music C. To escape a food shortage D. To get cooler weather Answer: A 7. How was R & B was popularized? A. Sympathetic disc jockeys on the radio B. Television shows C. LP records D. Major record companies Answer: A 8. What blues artist started his career as the host of a radio show? A. B.B. King B. Elmore James C. John Lee Hooker D. Muddy Waters Answer: A 9. What elements of African music ended up in the blues? A. Emphasis on rhythm B. Emphasis on melody C. Focus on the saxophone D. Emphasis on the piano Answer: A 10. Why did the white backlash against early rock and rollers such as Chuck Berry occur? A. Fear of intermarriage between blacks and whites B. Fear of unemployment C. Fear of a housing shortage D. Fear of psychological damage to teens Answer: A 11. What was the real name of Howlin’ Wolf? A. Chester Burnett B. Robert Johnson C. Walter Jacobs D. McKinley Morganfield Answer: A 12. Who played in the Chicago blues style? A. Muddy Waters B. Big Bill Broonzy C. Robert Johnson D. Lester Melrose Answer: A 13. What Canadian disc jockey promoted R&B? A. Red Robinson B. Alan Freed C. Ed Beach D. B.B.King Answer: A 14. A cover record refers to the same song with a different? A. melody B. album cover C. artist D. publisher Answer: C 15. Why did Muddy Waters switch from an acoustic to an electric guitar? A. To be heard over the noise of the city B. To get a better tone C. To play chords more easily D. To record his music more easily Answer: A Chapter 2 Elvis and Rockabilly SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Name three rockabilly artists on Sun Records. Answer: Three rockabilly artists on Sun Records are: • Elvis Presley • Johnny Cash • Jerry Lee Lewis 2. Name four rockabilly artists not on Sun Records. Answer: Four rockabilly artists not on Sun Records are: • Buddy Holly • Gene Vincent • Eddie Cochran • Carl Perkins 3. Describe the social backgrounds of most rockabilly stars. Answer: The social backgrounds of most rockabilly stars typically included: • Coming from working-class or lower-middle-class families. • Growing up in the Southern United States. • Experiencing rural or small-town life, which often included exposure to country, blues, and gospel music. 4. What types of music did Elvis listen to and merge for the rockabilly sound? Why did he choose these genres of music? Answer: Elvis listened to and merged the following types of music for the rockabilly sound: • Country (or "hillbilly" music), which provided a straightforward, twangy sound. • Blues, which added emotional depth and rhythmic intensity. • Gospel, which contributed passionate vocal delivery and harmonies. • Rhythm and blues, which brought a driving beat and energetic feel. Why he chose these genres: • Elvis was influenced by the diverse musical environment of the South. • These genres resonated with his personal experiences and cultural background. • He sought to create a unique sound that blended the raw emotion of blues with the accessibility of country and the infectious energy of rhythm and blues. 5. Analyze the concept of the juvenile delinquent and how it contributed to the growth of rock and roll. Answer: The concept of the juvenile delinquent contributed to the growth of rock and roll by: • Creating a cultural identity for teenagers who were rebelling against the conformity and conservatism of the 1950s. • Associating rock and roll with youthful rebellion, freedom, and non-conformity, making it appealing to the teenage demographic. • Amplifying the music's allure through media coverage that often portrayed rock and roll as a dangerous influence, which paradoxically increased its popularity among youth eager to defy societal norms. 6. How and why did Sam Phillips create a new sound with Elvis Presley? Answer: • How: Sam Phillips encouraged Elvis to blend different musical styles, leading to the creation of rockabilly. They recorded songs that combined elements of blues, country, and gospel, with a raw and energetic feel. The use of slap back echo on Elvis's voice and a driving rhythm section helped define the sound. • Why: Phillips believed that merging black and white musical styles would create a sound that appealed to a broader audience, breaking racial barriers in music. He saw Elvis as the perfect artist to bridge these genres and reach both black and white listeners. 7. How did the concept of race relate to the popularity of Elvis and the rockabillies? Answer: • Elvis and the rockabillies popularized music that originated in African American communities, bringing it to mainstream white audiences. This crossover appeal was significant during a time of racial segregation. • Elvis, a white artist with a sound and style heavily influenced by black music, was more acceptable to white audiences and radio stations, helping to spread the genre more widely. 8. What role did Tom Parker have with the creation of Elvis as an icon? Answer: • Tom Parker, Elvis's manager, played a crucial role in shaping Elvis's career and public image. He orchestrated major recording deals, TV appearances, and film roles that boosted Elvis's visibility and popularity. • Parker's marketing strategies, including extensive merchandising and managing Elvis's public persona, helped cement Elvis as a cultural icon. 9. Compare and contrast Elvis and Bill Haley. Why did Elvis become so much more popular than Haley? Answer: • Similarities: Both were pioneers in rock and roll and brought the genre to mainstream audiences. They combined elements of R&B and country to create their music. • Differences: Elvis had a more charismatic stage presence, a distinctive voice, and sex appeal that resonated strongly with young audiences. He also had a broader range of musical influences and was marketed more effectively. • Why Elvis became more popular: Elvis's appeal to the youth, his dynamic performances, and Tom Parker's strategic management helped him achieve greater popularity and enduring fame compared to Bill Haley, whose career was shorter-lived. 10. Why was the concept of the rebel so important to rock and roll? Does it still have the same importance? Answer: • Importance: The rebel image was crucial to rock and roll's identity, representing youthful defiance, freedom, and non-conformity. It resonated with teenagers who were pushing against the conservative values of the 1950s. • Current relevance: The rebel image continues to be important in rock and other music genres, symbolizing resistance and individuality. While the specifics may have evolved, the core idea of challenging the status quo remains relevant in contemporary music culture. 11. Analyze the importance of a national market to the popularity of Elvis Presley. Answer: Importance of a national market to the popularity of Elvis Presley: • The national market allowed Elvis's music to reach a wide audience across the United States, transcending regional boundaries. • National television appearances (e.g., "The Ed Sullivan Show") and widespread radio play helped boost his visibility and popularity. • A national market enabled the mass production and distribution of his records, making his music accessible to a larger audience. • It facilitated extensive touring, which helped build a loyal fan base and further cement his status as a national icon. 12. What role did radio play in the emergence of Elvis and rock and roll? Answer: Role of radio in the emergence of Elvis and rock and roll: • Radio was a key medium for promoting Elvis's music, playing his songs to a wide audience. • Disc jockeys, particularly those on influential stations, helped popularize rock and roll by frequently playing Elvis's records. • Radio shows featuring live performances and interviews helped connect Elvis with his audience and build his fan base. • Radio broke down racial barriers by playing music from both black and white artists, contributing to the crossover appeal of rock and roll. 13. What type of people reacted negatively to Elvis, and why did they do so? Answer: Types of people who reacted negatively to Elvis and their reasons: • Conservative adults and parents: They saw his music and performance style as vulgar, sexually suggestive, and a bad influence on youth. • Religious groups: Some viewed his music and dance moves as immoral and corrupting. • Established musicians and critics: They often dismissed rock and roll as simplistic and lacking in musical sophistication. • Racially prejudiced individuals: They opposed Elvis because his music was heavily influenced by African American culture and they feared its impact on racial integration. 14. How and why did the music of Elvis Presley change over a ten-year period? Answer: • Early Years (mid-1950s): His music was characterized by a raw, energetic rockabilly sound with strong influences from blues, country, and gospel. • Late 1950s: He began incorporating more pop elements, achieving a smoother, more polished sound. His time in the army (1958-1960) also influenced his musical direction. • 1960s: Elvis shifted towards a broader variety of styles, including ballads, movie soundtracks, and more polished pop songs. His music became more mainstream and commercially oriented. • Late 1960s to Early 1970s: He made a comeback with a return to his rock and roll roots, incorporating elements of soul and funk. This period also saw more personal and mature themes in his music. Reasons for the change: • His desire to reach a wider audience and maintain commercial success. • Influences from his military service, personal life, and changing cultural trends. • Guidance from his manager, Tom Parker, who sought to maximize Elvis's commercial appeal. • The need to adapt to the evolving music industry and audience tastes over the decade. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. How did Elvis discover black R & B music as a youth? A. From his father B. On late-night radio C. At juke joints D. At dances Answer: B 2. What types of economic backgrounds did the rockabillies experience as youths? A. Lower class B. Middle class C. Upper class D. Upper-middle class Answer: A 3. Who was a major rockabilly artist? A. Jerry Lee Lewis B. Chuck Berry C. Arthur Crudup D. Little Richard Answer: A 4. Who managed Elvis Presley? A. Colonel Tom Parker B. Hank Saperstein C. Roy Orbison D. Leonard Melrose Answer: A 5. Why did Elvis first become so popular nationally? A. Television appearances B. His stage appearance C. Promotion of Sun Records D. Film appearances Answer: A 6. Who represented a juvenile delinquent to adults in the 1950s? A. Sam Phillips B. James Dean C. Bill Haley D. Paul Newman in Hud Answer: B 7. What rockabilly star came from Lubbock, Texas? A. Buddy Holly B. Roy Orbison C. Elvis Presley D. Jerry Lee Lewis Answer: A 8. What record label signed rockabilly Wanda Jackson in 1956? A. Sun Records B. Decca Records C. Capitol Records D. Cadence Records Answer: C 9. What television show first featured Elvis? A. Stage Show by Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey B. The Ed Sullivan Show C. The Milton Berle Show D. The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Answer: A 10. What rockabilly act became known for the song “Blue Suede Shoes”? A. The Everly Brothers B. Carl Perkins C. Johnny Cash D. Gene Vincent Answer: B 11. Who was a member of the Sun Records Million Dollar Quartet? A. Elvis B. Gene Vincent C. Buddy Holly D. Sam Phillips Answer: A 12. What is considered the first rock and roll song ever recorded by a woman? A. “Blue Suede Shoes” B. “Let’s Have a Party” C. “Hound Dog” D. “You Can’t Have My Love” Answer: B 13. Which rockabilly artist was born in Arkansas, U.S. but later moved to Ontario, Canada? A. Elvis Presley B. Carl Perkins C. Ronnie Hawkins D. Wanda Jackson Answer: C 14. With what rockabilly artist did the Band first play? A. Johnny Cash B. Bob Dylan C. Elvis Presley D. Ronnie Hawkins Answer: D 15. Besides the United States, what was the only other country Elvis Presley toured? A. England B. Canada C. France D. Japan Answer: B Chapter 3 The Teen Market: From Bandstand to Girl Groups SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Describe several reasons for the expansion of rock and roll during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Answer: Several reasons for the expansion of rock and roll during the late 1950s and early 1960s: • Increased media exposure: Television shows like "American Bandstand" and radio programs played a significant role in promoting rock and roll to a wide audience. • Youth market: A growing teenage demographic with disposable income was eager to spend on music and entertainment that resonated with their experiences and desires for rebellion and individuality. • Technological advancements: Improvements in recording technology, mass production of records, and affordable record players made music more accessible. • Cross-cultural influences: Integration of musical styles from different cultures (e.g., African American blues, gospel, and rhythm and blues) enriched the rock and roll sound and broadened its appeal. • Marketing and promotion: Record labels and managers like Dick Clark actively promoted rock and roll artists and teen idols, making them household names. 2. Why did the early rock and rollers disappear from the scene during this period? Answer: Reasons early rock and rollers disappeared from the scene during this period: • Military service: Artists like Elvis Presley were drafted into the military, temporarily halting their careers. • Legal issues and scandals: Figures like Chuck Berry and Jerry Lee Lewis faced legal problems and personal scandals that affected their public image and careers. • Tragic events: Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper died in a plane crash in 1959, a significant loss to the rock and roll community. • Musical shifts: The music industry began focusing more on safer, more commercially viable teen idols, leading to a shift away from the rawer sound of early rock and roll. 3. Explain the importance of television in the promotion of teen idols. Answer: Importance of television in the promotion of teen idols: • Television provided a visual platform for artists to reach a vast audience, helping to build their image and fan base. • Shows like "American Bandstand" showcased teen idols, allowing them to perform and connect with young viewers. • Television helped standardize and disseminate new dance moves, fashion, and cultural trends associated with rock and roll. 4. Name four teen idols promoted by Dick Clark. Answer: Four teen idols promoted by Dick Clark: • Frankie Avalon • Fabian • Bobby Rydell • Paul Anka 5. Explain the youth culture that Dick Clark tried to create, and compare it with the rockabilly image. Answer: Youth culture that Dick Clark tried to create, and comparison with the rockabilly image: • Dick Clark's youth culture: He promoted a clean-cut, wholesome image of teen idols who were seen as more acceptable to mainstream, middle-class American families. The focus was on good looks, charm, and catchy, pop-oriented music. • Rockabilly image: Rockabilly artists often had a rebellious, raw, and edgy style, with influences from country and blues. Their image was more associated with youthful defiance, leather jackets, and a rougher, more energetic sound. Comparison: While Dick Clark's teen idols represented a more sanitized, commercially friendly version of youth culture, rockabilly artists embodied a grittier, more rebellious spirit. 6. Name three dances that became famous on American Bandstand. Answer: Three dances that became famous on American Bandstand: • The Twist • The Mashed Potato • The Pony 7. Evaluate the impact of the Payola investigations and suggest three reasons for it. Answer: Impact of the Payola investigations and three reasons for it: • Impact: The Payola investigations exposed the practice of record companies bribing DJs to play certain records, leading to significant changes in the music industry. This resulted in stricter regulations and the downfall of many influential DJs. It also shifted power from individual DJs to larger corporate control over playlists and music promotion. Reasons for the investigations: • Government and industry pressure: The investigations were partly driven by a desire to curb corruption and ensure fair competition within the music industry. • Cultural backlash: There was a moral panic around rock and roll's influence on youth, and Payola was seen as a way to control and limit this influence. • Corporate consolidation: Larger record companies used the investigations to eliminate competition from smaller, independent labels that relied heavily on Payola to promote their records. 8. Analyze the impact of the girl groups on gender in rock and roll. Answer: Impact of the girl groups on gender in rock and roll: • Empowerment: Girl groups provided a platform for young women to express their experiences, emotions, and perspectives, contributing to a greater representation of female voices in music. • Challenge to norms: They challenged traditional gender roles by showcasing women as confident, independent, and influential figures in the music industry. • Commercial success: The commercial success of girl groups demonstrated that female performers could achieve significant popularity and impact, paving the way for future female artists. 9. Explain doo-wop music and the reasons for its development. Answer: • Explanation: Doo-wop is a genre of rhythm and blues music characterized by vocal harmonies, simple beats, and catchy melodies. It often features a lead vocalist with background singers who provide harmonic support, using nonsense syllables (e.g., "doo-wop") as part of the vocal arrangement. Reasons for development: • Urban environments: Doo-wop emerged in urban areas, particularly among African American communities, where street-corner singing groups formed as a popular social activity. • Economic accessibility: It required minimal instrumentation, making it accessible for young, aspiring musicians who could create complex harmonies with their voices alone. • Cultural expression: Doo-wop provided a means for young people to express their emotions, dreams, and experiences, often focusing on themes of love and romance. 10. What impact did the Brill building writers have on the concept of race and gender in rock and roll? Answer: Impact of the Brill Building writers on race and gender in rock and roll: • Inclusivity: The Brill Building writers, including prominent female and African American songwriters, contributed to a more diverse and inclusive music industry. • Gender roles: Female songwriters like Carole King and Cynthia Weil brought new perspectives on relationships and gender dynamics, challenging traditional norms. • Cross-racial collaboration: The collaborative environment of the Brill Building fostered a blending of musical influences from different racial backgrounds, helping to break down racial barriers in the music industry. 11. Compare and contrast Dick Clark with Don Kirshner and identify their respective influences on rock and roll. Answer: • Dick Clark: • Role: Host of "American Bandstand," a TV show that promoted new music and dance trends. • Influence: Helped popularize rock and roll among mainstream audiences and promoted teen idols, contributing to the commercialization and widespread acceptance of the genre. • Don Kirshner: • Role: Music publisher and producer associated with the Brill Building. • Influence: Fostered the careers of numerous songwriters and artists, shaping the sound of early 1960s pop and rock music. He also helped create successful acts like The Monkees, integrating TV and music. Comparison: While Clark focused on promoting music through television and creating a youth culture around rock and roll, Kirshner concentrated on the production and songwriting side, influencing the industry's creative output. 12. What was the “dream” promoted by the girl group image? Answer: • The girl group image promoted the "dream" of youthful romance, idealized love, and emotional experiences that resonated with teenage girls. It portrayed a fantasy of perfect relationships and personal fulfillment through love, reflecting the hopes and aspirations of young women during that era. This image also offered a sense of empowerment and validation for their feelings and experiences. 13. Describe Phil Spector’s “Wall of Sound” and explain how the sound fit well with the music of the time. Answer: Phil Spector’s “Wall of Sound” and its fit with the music of the time: • Wall of Sound: Phil Spector's "Wall of Sound" was a production technique characterized by dense, layered arrangements that created a rich, full sound. This was achieved by recording multiple instruments in unison, using reverb, and carefully balancing the mix to create a powerful and immersive listening experience. • Fit with the music of the time: The Wall of Sound fit well with the early 1960s music scene because it amplified the emotional intensity and dramatic effect of pop songs, making them more captivating and radio-friendly. It complemented the girl group sound by enhancing the vocal harmonies and adding a sense of grandeur to their music. 14. Name four prominent girl groups. Answer: Four prominent girl groups: • The Supremes • The Ronettes • The Shirelles • The Crystals 15. Why was the concept of songwriting partnerships in the Brill Building important to the girl group sound and how did it show a change in gender within rock and roll? Answer: Importance of songwriting partnerships in the Brill Building to the girl group sound and gender change in rock and roll: • Importance: Songwriting partnerships in the Brill Building, such as Gerry Goffin and Carole King, and Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, were crucial to the girl group sound. These teams crafted catchy, relatable songs that resonated with the teenage audience and provided the foundation for many girl group hits. • Change in gender: The success of female songwriters like Carole King and Ellie Greenwich showcased women's increasing influence in the music industry. This shift allowed for more authentic female perspectives in the lyrics and themes of rock and roll, challenging the male-dominated industry and paving the way for future female artists and songwriters. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Why did Elvis Presley disappear from the public eye after 1958? A. He died in a plane crash B. He quit the music business C. He wanted privacy D. He was drafted Answer: D 2. Why did teen idols appear during the later 1950s and early 1960s? A. They appealed to older adults B. Teens had money to spend C. They had a wilder act than the rockabillies D. Major record companies promoted them Answer: B 3. Who was promoted by Dick Clark? A. Elvis Presley B. Little Richard C. Fabian D. Hank Ballard Answer: C 4. What television show did Dick Clark create? A. American Bandstand B. Jukebox Jury C. Ready, Steady, Go! D. Ed Sullivan Show Answer: A 5. What dance craze started on Dick Clark’s show? A. The Twist B. The Run Around C. The Foot Stomp D. The Hand Jive Answer: A 6. Payola refers to A. Disc Jockeys playing music on the radio for money B. Large record company profits C. Disc jockeys making large salaries D. The takeover of rock and roll by large record companies Answer: A 7. Doo Wop groups A. Merged R & B and classical music B. Started on street corners C. Began in the American South D. Usually played guitars Answer: B 8. Who was Don Kirshner? A. He started Aldon Music B. He managed many girl groups C. He managed Frankie Avalon D. He partnered with Phil Spector on Red Bird records Answer: A 9. Who was a girl group during the early 1960s? A. Ronettes B. Ravens C. Teenagers D. Olympics Answer: A 10. Who first sang “The Twist”? A. Chubby Checker B. Hank Ballard C. Fabian D. Chuck Berry Answer: B 11. What song launched Paul Anka’s career? A. “Diana” B. “My Way” C. “Lonely Boy” D. “Puppy Love” Answer: A 12. Who wrote the lyrics to the Frank Sinatra standard “My Way”? A. Fabian B. Carole King C. Dick Clark D. Paul Anka Answer: D 13. Which of the following was not a doo-wop group from Toronto? A. The Four Lads B. The Diamonds C. The Penguins D. The Crew-Cuts Answer: C 14. Which of the following best describes the dancers featured on American Bandstand? A. Clean-cut B. Raunchy C. Eccentric D. Flamboyant Answer: A 15. Doo-wop originated on the streets of which North American city? A. Toronto B. Vancouver C. Chicago D. New York City Answer: D Chapter 4 Surfboards and Hot Rods: California, Here We Come SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Why did the Beach Boys become so popular during the early 1960s? Answer: Reasons for the Beach Boys' popularity during the early 1960s: • Distinctive sound: Their harmonies and surf-inspired music stood out, offering a fresh, upbeat alternative to the prevailing rock and roll and girl group sounds. • Lyrics and themes: Songs about surfing, cars, and California lifestyle resonated with youth culture, capturing the carefree spirit and optimism of the era. • Musical talent: Brian Wilson's innovative production techniques and songwriting skills helped create enduring hits that showcased their musical versatility and appeal. 2. Why did Southern California become such a desired destination during the early 1960s? Answer: Reasons why Southern California became a desired destination during the early 1960s: • Climate and lifestyle: Southern California offered a warm climate and outdoor lifestyle, attracting people seeking leisure, recreation, and relaxation. • Cultural influence: The region became synonymous with surf culture, popularized through music, movies, and media. • Economic opportunities: Growth in industries like aerospace, entertainment, and tourism created jobs and economic prosperity, drawing people to the area. • Media portrayal: Hollywood and television depicted Southern California as a glamorous and aspirational place to live, influencing perceptions and migration. 3. Compare and contrast the image of women in the girl group culture and the Beach Boy surf music culture. Answer: Comparison and contrast of women in girl group culture and Beach Boys surf music culture: • Girl group culture: Often portrayed women in a supportive, harmonious role, singing about romance, heartbreak, and relationships from a female perspective. They embodied a polished, choreographed image. • Beach Boys surf music culture: Emphasized male camaraderie and the Southern California lifestyle centered around surfing, cars, and fun in the sun. Women were often depicted as romantic interests or symbols of beach culture, supporting the band's carefree and adventurous image. 4. Name three surf groups besides the Beach Boys and Jan and Dean. Answer: Three surf groups besides the Beach Boys and Jan and Dean: • The Surfaris • The Chantays • The Ventures 5. What iconic places or products emerged from Southern California to define the surf culture of the early 1960s? Answer: Iconic places or products from Southern California defining surf culture in the early 1960s: • Locations: Malibu, Huntington Beach, and other coastal areas known for surfing. • Products: Surfboards made by Hobie Alter and Gordon "Grubby" Clark, embodying the innovation and craftsmanship of California surf culture. • Fashion: Beachwear and casual clothing influenced by the surf scene, including board shorts, Hawaiian shirts, and sunglasses. • Music and movies: Soundtracks and films like "Endless Summer" and "Gidget" that celebrated surf culture and its laid-back lifestyle. 6. Identify several unique aspects of the surf culture. Answer: Unique aspects of surf culture: • Emphasis on surfing: Central to the culture, with a focus on skill, camaraderie, and connection to nature. • California lifestyle: Celebrated beachside living, outdoor activities, and a relaxed attitude. • Fashion: Iconic styles such as board shorts, bikinis, Hawaiian shirts, and flip-flops. • Music: Surf rock soundtracks that captured the energy and spirit of surfing. • Symbols: Surfboards, woodies (cars), and palm trees as visual symbols of the culture. 7. What characterized the sound of surf music? Answer: Characteristics of surf music: • Instrumentation: Typically featured electric guitars with a clean, reverb-heavy sound, often using tremolo and rapid picking techniques. • Melody: Upbeat and energetic, often reflecting the excitement and rhythm of surfing. • Themes: Lyrics often centered around surfing, cars, romance, and the California lifestyle. • Harmonies: Vocal harmonies were common, influenced by doo-wop and pop music styles of the time. 8. What impact did the Beach Boys’ father have on their success? Answer: Impact of the Beach Boys’ father on their success: • Murry Wilson, the Beach Boys' father, acted as their first manager and played a significant role in shaping their early career. • He pushed the band to excel musically and professionally, encouraging Brian Wilson’s songwriting and production skills. • However, his controlling nature and conflicts with the band led to tensions and his eventual removal as manager, although his early influence was crucial to their development. 9. Identify several aspects of the car culture in Southern California during the mid-1960s. Answer: Aspects of car culture in Southern California during the mid-1960s: • Customization: Car enthusiasts often modified their vehicles with unique paint jobs, lowered suspensions, and powerful engines. • Drag racing: Popular activity on Southern California's streets and specialized tracks, reflecting a love of speed and competition. • Car clubs: Groups formed around specific car models or interests, fostering community and camaraderie. • Cultural impact: Cars became symbols of personal identity, freedom, and status, influencing fashion, music, and youth culture. 10. Compare and contrast the concept of youth rebellion with the rockabillies and the Beach Boys and explain any differences. Answer: Comparison and contrast of youth rebellion between rockabillies and the Beach Boys: • Rockabillies: Rebelled against post-war conformity and societal norms through music, fashion (e.g., leather jackets, greased hair), and attitudes of defiance. • Beach Boys: Represented rebellion through a carefree and adventurous lifestyle, celebrating surfing, cars, and Southern California's outdoor culture. Differences: • Rockabillies were more associated with urban settings and a gritty, working-class aesthetic, while the Beach Boys embodied a sunnier, beachside rebellion. • The Beach Boys' rebellion was often more commercialized and embraced by mainstream audiences, whereas rockabillies were seen as outsiders challenging societal expectations. 11. Compare and contrast the concept of leisure between the Chicago blues and the surf rock. Answer: Comparison and contrast of leisure between Chicago blues and surf rock: • Chicago blues: Leisure activities often centered around nightlife, including clubs and juke joints where blues musicians performed. Leisure was more focused on music and socializing in urban environments. • Surf rock: Leisure revolved around outdoor activities such as surfing, beach parties, and cruising in cars along the California coast. It emphasized a relaxed, sun-drenched lifestyle connected to nature and the ocean. Differences: • Chicago blues leisure was more urban and centered on nighttime activities, reflecting a different pace and environment compared to the outdoor, daytime leisure associated with surf rock. • Surf rock leisure had a more laid-back, carefree vibe, while Chicago blues often reflected the realities and struggles of urban life through its music and leisure activities. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What state epitomized success and growth during the early 1960s? A. California B. Washington C. New York D. Texas Answer: A 2. When did Disneyland first open? A. 1955 B. 1957 C. 1963 D. 1966 Answer: A 3. Who started surf music? A. Beach Boys B. Dick Dale C. Jan and Dean D. Surfriders Answer: B 4. Where did many surfers listen to early surf music? A. Rendezvous Ballroom B. The Orpheum C. The Apollo Ballroom D. CBGBs Answer: A 5. What movie helped start the surf culture in Southern California? A. Hud B. Jailhouse Rock C. Frankie and Johnny Get Surfboards D. Gidget Answer: D 6. Who wrote the music to the song “Surfin’ USA”? A. Beach Boys B. Chuck Berry C. Jan and Dean D. Bo Diddley Answer: B 7. What did the Beach Boys promote in their songs? A. Rebellion B. Surfing C. Pets D. Social protest Answer: B 8. What was a favourite car of the hot rod culture? A. Chevy Impala B. Volvo C. G.T.O. D. Lamborghini Answer: C 9. Who sang about hot rods and the car culture in their songs? A. Jan and Dean B. The Crystals C. The Chantays D. The Ventures Answer: A 10. Why did the car culture develop among teens on the West Coast during the early 1960s? A. Teens had money to buy expensive cars B. The price of cars decreased C. Cars became more fuel efficient D. Many new highways were built in California Answer: D 11. Who was tagged “Poet of the Strip”? A. A music publisher named Hite Morgan B. A Los Angeles disc jockey named Roger Christian C. A teenager named Richard Monsour D. An executive secretary of the U.S. Surfing Association named Bill Cooper Answer: B 12. Which of the following artists/groups did not play surf music? A. The Chiffons B. Jan and Dean C. Dick Dale and the Del-Tones D. The Beach Boys Answer: A 13. Which of the following is not a song by the Beach Boys? A. “I Get Around” B. “California Girls” C. “Fun, Fun, Fun” D. “Ride the Wild Surf” Answer: D 14. What was another aspect of California that was glorified by surfer groups? A. Waterskiing B. The automobile C. Cocaine D. Fishing Answer: B Chapter 5 The New Frontier SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Explain the connection between the Civil Rights movement and Dylan folk in 1964. Answer: Connection between the Civil Rights movement and Dylan folk in 1964: • Bob Dylan's folk music during this period often addressed social justice issues, including racial inequality and civil rights. • Songs like "Blowin' in the Wind" became anthems for the Civil Rights movement, resonating with activists and supporters due to their powerful lyrics and messages of equality. • Dylan's music helped amplify the movement's goals and ideals, providing a soundtrack that inspired and mobilized individuals to action. 2. What role did gender play in the folk rock movement of the early 1960s? Answer: Role of gender in the folk rock movement of the early 1960s: • Gender roles in folk rock were traditional, with men often taking prominent roles as songwriters, performers, and leaders within the movement. • Women, such as Joan Baez, Judy Collins, and others, also played significant roles as performers and activists, using their music to advocate for social change. • However, gender dynamics were still largely hierarchical, with men typically receiving more recognition and opportunities within the music industry. 3. How has music been used for American political protest in the 20th century? Answer: Use of music for American political protest in the 20th century: • Music has been a powerful tool for political protest, addressing issues such as civil rights, war, labor rights, and social justice. • During the Civil Rights movement, songs like "We Shall Overcome" and "The Times They Are a-Changin'" became rallying cries for activists, providing unity and strength. • In the anti-war movement of the 1960s and 1970s, artists like Bob Dylan, Neil Young, and Joni Mitchell used their music to criticize U.S. foreign policy and advocate for peace. • Music continues to be used in protests against various injustices, serving as a means of expression, solidarity, and mobilization for social and political change. 4. Name two political folk artists before Bob Dylan. Answer: Political folk artists before Bob Dylan: • Pete Seeger • Woody Guthrie 5. Besides civil rights, what did the folk rockers protest against? Answer: Other causes protested by folk rockers besides civil rights: • Anti-war sentiments, particularly during the Vietnam War era. • Environmental conservation and activism. • Labor rights and workers' rights movements. • Opposition to nuclear weapons and nuclear testing. 6. Name three major folk rock artists in addition to Bob Dylan and Joan Baez. Answer: Three major folk rock artists in addition to Bob Dylan and Joan Baez: • The Byrds • Simon & Garfunkel • Crosby, Stills, Nash (& Young) 7. Compare and contrast the artists of the early 1960s folk revival (e.g. the Kingston Trio) with Bob Dylan. Answer: Comparison and contrast of artists in the early 1960s folk revival with Bob Dylan: • Early 1960s folk revival artists (e.g., The Kingston Trio): • Emphasized traditional folk songs and vocal harmony. • Often performed in a more polished, commercially accessible style. • Less focused on personal songwriting and social commentary. • Bob Dylan: • Pioneered the use of folk music as a vehicle for personal expression and social critique. • Introduced original songwriting with poetic lyrics that addressed contemporary issues. • Adopted a more raw, emotive vocal style that contrasted with the smoother sound of traditional folk revival groups. Contrast: Dylan's music was more introspective, experimental, and politically charged compared to the more mainstream appeal and traditional approach of early folk revival artists. 8. Name three different tactics that people in the American South used to protest against racial discrimination. Answer: Tactics used in the American South to protest against racial discrimination: • Boycotts: Economic protests against segregated businesses and institutions. • Sit-ins: Nonviolent protests where demonstrators occupied spaces such as lunch counters to challenge segregation policies. • Legal challenges: Filing lawsuits and legal actions to challenge discriminatory laws and practices in courts. These tactics were part of broader strategies employed during the Civil Rights movement to dismantle racial segregation and achieve equality under the law. 9. What was the Quiet Revolution? Answer: Quiet Revolution: • The Quiet Revolution refers to a period of rapid social and political change in Quebec, Canada, during the 1960s. • It involved a transformation from a conservative, traditional society to a more secular, modern, and politically active society. • Key aspects included secularization, modernization of institutions, and a push for social justice, education reform, and cultural identity. 10. Give two examples of the importance of Martin Luther King, Jr. in the civil rights movement from 1961 to 1963. Answer: Importance of Martin Luther King, Jr. in the civil rights movement from 1961 to 1963: • Albany Movement (1961-1962): King's leadership in Albany, Georgia, helped organize protests against segregation and voter registration barriers, highlighting nonviolent resistance tactics. • Birmingham Campaign (1963): King's leadership in Birmingham, Alabama, drew national attention to racial injustices through marches and nonviolent direct actions, leading to significant desegregation efforts and changes in local policies. 11. Describe the childhood backgrounds of Bob Dylan and Joan Baez and connect their backgrounds with their civil right activism. Answer: Childhood backgrounds of Bob Dylan and Joan Baez and their civil rights activism: • Bob Dylan: Raised in Hibbing, Minnesota, Dylan's childhood was influenced by Jewish heritage and exposure to folk and blues music. His awareness of social issues and empathy for marginalized communities informed his later activism through music. • Joan Baez: Born in Staten Island, New York, and raised in California, Baez's childhood in a Quaker family instilled values of pacifism and social justice. Her experiences with racial discrimination and empathy for oppressed communities shaped her commitment to civil rights activism. 12. Compare the appearances of Elvis and Bob Dylan on the Ed Sullivan Show. Answer: Comparison of Elvis and Bob Dylan appearances on the Ed Sullivan Show: • Elvis Presley: Appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show multiple times, often performing in a controlled, mainstream-friendly style that showcased his charisma and stage presence. His performances helped catapult him to national fame and acceptance. • Bob Dylan: Made a controversial appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1963, where he performed his song "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues." Sullivan censored some of Dylan's lyrics, reflecting the tension between Dylan's countercultural image and mainstream expectations. 13. Compare the importance and roles of Col. Tom Parker and Albert Grossman. Answer: Importance and roles of Col. Tom Parker and Albert Grossman: • Col. Tom Parker (Elvis Presley's manager): Known for his shrewd negotiation skills and promotional strategies, Parker played a pivotal role in Elvis's career, securing lucrative deals and managing his image to maximize commercial success. • Albert Grossman (Bob Dylan's manager): Grossman was a visionary manager who prioritized Dylan's artistic integrity and independence. He negotiated advantageous deals and fostered Dylan's growth as a songwriter and performer, shaping his transition from folk to rock music. 14. Characterize the differences between Dylan’s music before and after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Answer: Differences in Dylan’s music before and after the assassination of John F. Kennedy: • Before: Dylan's early music focused on personal introspection, social commentary, and protest against societal injustices. His songs often addressed civil rights, nuclear disarmament, and broader political issues with poetic lyrics and folk music influences. • After: Following Kennedy's assassination in 1963, Dylan's music evolved to include more introspective and introspective themes, exploring personal and existential concerns. His sound shifted towards electric instrumentation and rock influences, marking a departure from his earlier acoustic folk style. 15. What historic event happened at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival? Answer: Historic event at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival: • At the 1965 Newport Folk Festival, Bob Dylan famously went electric during his performance, marking a significant shift in his musical style from acoustic folk to electric rock. • This event symbolized Dylan's evolution as an artist and sparked debates about the direction of folk music and its intersection with rock and roll. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Who provides an early example of social protest through music? A. Joe Hill B. Limelighters C. New Christy Minstrels D. The Kingston Trio Answer: A 2. Who was a member of the Weavers? A. Pete Seeger B. Joan Baez C. Arlo Guthrie D. Bob Dylan Answer: A 3. Which province was home to the Quiet Revolution? A. Quebec B. Ontario C. Manitoba D. Alberta Answer: A 4. What was a common tactic among civil rights activists during the early 1960s? A. The sit-in B. Violent confrontation C. Bombing of government buildings D. Kidnapping of government officials Answer: A 5. Who championed the civil rights movement? A. President John F. Kennedy B. Kingston Trio C. George Wallace D. Dave Guard Answer: A 6. Who is an example of a chansonnier from Quebec? A. Pete Seeger B. Buffy Sainte-Marie C. Gilles Vigneault D. Bob Dylan Answer: C 7. Who was Bob Dylan? A. A Jewish youth from Hibbing, Minnesota B. A former cowhand from Oklahoma C. A wayward youth who hoboed around the U.S. D. An avid fan of Little Richard Answer: A 8. Who first popularized the folk social protest movement during the early 1960s? A. Bob Dylan B. James Forman C. Martin Luther King, Jr. D. Joe Hill Answer: A 9. What Bob Dylan song tells the tale of a murdered 14-year old African American? A. “The Ballad of Emmett Till” B. “Masters of War” C. “John Birch Society Blues” D. “A Pawn in their Game” Answer: A 10. Who was Joan Baez? A. Part of a girl group in the early 1960s B. Daughter of an astronomer C. Bob Dylan’s step sister D. A civil rights activist Answer: D 11. Who was a singer-songwriter in the early 1960s folk movement? A. Phil Ochs B. Berry Gordy, Jr. C. Nick Reynolds D. Bob Shane Answer: A 12. Who wrote the song “Universal Soldier”? A. Donovan B. Buffy Sainte-Marie C. Joan Baez D. Roger McGuinn Answer: B 13. Where did Dylan first perform with an electric guitar? A. Newport Folk Festival 1965 B. Newport Folk Festival 1964 C. Woodstock Festival D. At Gerde’s Folk club in New York City Answer: A 14. Who was a sixties folk rock act? A. Byrds B. Insect Trust C. Loading Zone D. The Folkniks Answer: A 15. Who was Albert Grossman? A. Owned the Apollo folk club B. Managed Bob Dylan and Gordon Lightfoot C. Managed Joan Baez and Pete Seeger D. Played guitar for the Byrds Answer: B Test Bank for Rockin' in Time: A Social History of Rock and Roll David P. Szatmary, Lynsay Ripley 9780205964802
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