This Document Contains Chapters 1 to 2 Chapter 1 Science and Marine Biology 1. What percentage of the surface of the Earth is covered by seawater? A. 46% B. 55% C. 64% D. 71% E. 83% Answer: D. 71% 2. Oceans are important in all but the following ways: A. solar-powered engines that drive weather patterns. B. provide a substantial amount of the world's food supply. C. marine organisms are important for scientific research. D. a direct source of fresh water for arid lands. E. a source of industrial and medicinal materials. Answer: D. a direct source of fresh water for arid lands. 3. Oceanography is best described as the study of: A. the living organisms that inhabit the sea. B. the oceans and all of their phenomena. C. the oceans and living organisms. D. the chemical make up of the oceans. E. the interactions of marine organisms with their environment. Answer: B. the oceans and all of their phenomena. 4. Marine biology is the study of: A. the living organisms that inhabit the sea. B. the oceans and their phenomena. C. the oceans and living organisms. D. the chemical make up of the oceans. E. biogeochemical processes. Answer: A. the living organisms that inhabit the sea. 5. The most complete scientific picture of the oceans comes from: A. thorough oceanographic studies. B. thorough marine biology studies. C. combining oceanography and marine biology information. D. having ocean usage policies. E. the popular media. Answer: C. combining oceanography and marine biology information. 6. Knowledge of the ocean can come from all except: A. robotics. B. ocean law. C. deep submersibles. D. SCUBA studies. E. dredging the sea floor. Answer: B. ocean law. 7. The earliest recorded direct studies of marine biology are attributed to: A. the Greeks. B. the Catholic Church. C. Arabian philosophers. D. Micronesian mariners. E. the Chinese. Answer: A. the Greeks. 8. The following marine biologist was aboard the HMS Beagle in 1831: A. Edward Forbes. B. Charles Wyville Thomson. C. Alexander Agassiz. D. Charles Darwin. E. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Answer: D. Charles Darwin. 9. Charles Darwin's observations while aboard the HMS Beagle led eventually to the: A. idea that life started on land. B. theory that life's origin was in fresh water. C. theory of natural selection. D. re-birth of marine biology. E. idea that life could not survive in the deep sea. Answer: C. theory of natural selection. 10. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection based on data he collected during: A. the Beagle expedition. B. the Challenger expedition. C. the observations of Agassiz. D. Alvin's dives. E. his time spent on the rocky coastline of England. Answer: A. the Beagle expedition. 11. Darwin produced a well-respected monograph on: A. mussels. B. sea lizards. C. Galapagos turtles. D. barnacles. E. marine fossils. Answer: D. barnacles. 12. To Edward Forbes is attributed the idea that: A. life could not survive in the deep ocean. B. life occurs throughout the ocean depths. C. continents drift upon the Earth’s mantel. D. the mid-Atlantic rift ridge is a result of continental drift. E. “dead zones” occur in oxygen-depleted coastal waters. Answer: A. life could not survive in the deep ocean. 13. That the deep sea could not support life was proven wrong when: A. Alvin was able to explore the ocean depths. B. the observations from the Challenger expedition were reported. C. organisms were discovered while repairing the transatlantic telegraph cable. D. the development and use of robotic submersibles began. E. living organisms were found in the Gulf of Mexico dead zone. Answer: C. organisms were discovered while repairing the transatlantic telegraph cable. 14. Modern oceanography and marine biology were attributed to: A. the voyage of the Beagle. B. the discoveries of Alvin. C. the laying of the transatlantic telegraph cable. D. expeditions of Alexander Agassiz. E. the Challenger expedition. Answer: E. the Challenger expedition. 15. The chief scientist on the HMS Challenger expedition was: A. Charles Darwin. B. Victor Hensen. C. Alexander Aggasiz. D. Charles Wyville Thomas. E. Edward Forbes. Answer: D. Charles Wyville Thomas. 16. The preeminent American naturalist of the late 1800s was: A. Charles Darwin. B. Charles Wyville Thomson. C. Victor Hensen. D. Alexander Agassiz. E. Edward Forbes. Answer: D. Alexander Agassiz. 17. To Alexander Agassiz are attributed the following theories except: A. colors of organisms were related to the absorption of different wavelengths of light at different depths. B. that the Caribbean and Pacific Oceans were once connected. C. that atolls sit atop sinking mountains. D. None of these. E. All of these. Answer: C. that atolls sit atop sinking mountains. 18. The phrase "Study nature, not books" is attributed to: A. Louis Agassiz. B. Alexander Agassiz. C. Charles Darwin. D. Charles Wyville Thomson. E. Aristotle. Answer: A. Louis Agassiz. 19. The first marine biology laboratory was: A. the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. B. the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole. C. the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Research. D. the Friday Harbor Laboratories. E. the Duke University Marine Laboratory. Answer: B. the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole. 20. The first United States Marine Biological Laboratory was started by: A. Charles Wyville Thomson. B. Sir Alistair Hardy. C. Charles Darwin. D. Louis Agassiz. E. Alexander Agassiz. Answer: D. Louis Agassiz. 21. Which United States marine science center is on the Pacific Coast? A. Scripps Institute of Oceanography. B. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. C. Duke University Marine Laboratory. D. Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. E. None of these. Answer: A. Scripps Institute of Oceanography. 22. Important United States marine laboratories on the Atlantic Coast include all except: A. Woods Hole Marine Biology Laboratory. B. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. C. Duke University Marine Laboratory. D. Friday Harbor Laboratory. E. Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Answer: D. Friday Harbor Laboratory. 23. The classic book The Open Sea: Its Natural History was written by: A. Fridtjof Nanson. B. Sir Alistair Hardy. C. Alexander Agassiz. D. Charles Wyville Thomson. E. Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Answer: B. Sir Alistair Hardy. 24. An early marine biology expedition to the North Pole was led by: A. Sir Alistair Hardy. B. Alexander Agassiz. C. Fridtjof Nanson. D. Charles Wyville Thomson. E. Robert Peary. Answer: C. Fridtjof Nanson. 25. An early marine biology expedition to study Antarctic whales was led by: A. Sir Alistair Hardy. B. Alexander Agassiz. C. Fridtjof Nanson. D. Charles Wyville Thomson. E. Louis Agassiz. Answer: A. Sir Alistair Hardy. 26. El Niño/Southern Oscillation refers to changes in atmospheric pressure in the: A. Pacific Ocean. B. Atlantic Ocean. C. Indian Ocean. D. Southern Ocean. E. Antarctic Ocean. Answer: A. Pacific Ocean. 27. The scientific method can be best described as: A. implementing an experiment. B. inductive and deductive reasoning. C. collecting data from the laboratory. D. a set of procedures for learning about the world. E. a rigid set of procedures that cannot be deviated from. Answer: D. a set of procedures for learning about the world. 28. A marine biologist observes that Mako sharks, flying fish, and salmon leap out of the water. An example of induction from these observations is: A. only some fishes can leap out of the water. B. all fishes leap out of the water. C. fishes leap out of the water to escape from predators. D. leaping out of water is often used in feeding. E. these fish must be closely related. Answer: B. all fishes leap out of the water. 29. The first step in the scientific process is: A. setting up a laboratory. B. conducting experiments. C. making observations. D. inducing a testable hypothesis. E. using deductive reasoning. Answer: C. making observations. 30. For a scientific theory to enjoy broad acceptance by the scientific community it must: A. be based on numerous observations. B. have one or more hypotheses that have been tested and accepted. C. be supported by an important scientist. D. both a and b. E. both b and c. Answer: D. both a and b. 31. A scientific investigation follows an orderly progression of steps-select the correct path. A. Test hypothesis, collect and interpret data, determine conclusions. B. Make observations, formulate hypothesis, test hypothesis. C. Make observations, formulate hypothesis, test hypothesis, collect and interpret data, draw conclusions. D. Consult literature, test hypothesis, collect data, interpret data, draw conclusions. E. Make observations, consult literature, interpret data, formulate and test hypothesis. Answer: C. Make observations, formulate hypothesis, test hypothesis, collect and interpret data, draw conclusions. 32. The thinking process of proposing a general explanation from individual observations is called: A. scientific method. B. deductive reasoning. C. logical reasoning. D. inductive reasoning. E. logical-positivist reasoning. Answer: D. inductive reasoning. 33. The thinking process of drawing specific statements from a general principle or idea is called: A. scientific method. B. deductive reasoning. C. inductive reasoning. D. logical reasoning. E. logical-positivist reasoning. Answer: B. deductive reasoning. 34. The orderly pattern of gathering and analyzing information to understand how the natural world works is called: A. scientific method. B. logical reasoning. C. deductive reasoning. D. inductive reasoning. E. theory formation. Answer: A. scientific method. 35. J. H. Connell proposed that competition occurred between barnacle species; he based that on: A. the observed distribution of the species and environmental measurements. B. laboratory tests he had concluded. C. a conversation with other scientists. D. the observation that they were in the rocky intertidal. E. laboratory observations of their fighting behavior. Answer: A. the observed distribution of the species and environmental measurements. 36. Ivan Valiela's hypothesis that the growth of salt marsh grass is limited by nitrogen availability was: A. disproved by the growth of larger and taller grass in his control (nitrogen-fertilized) plots. B. disproved by the growth of larger and taller grass in his experimental (nitrogen-fertilized) plots. C. supported by the growth of larger and taller grass in his experimental (nitrogen-fertilized) plots. D. supported by the growth of larger and taller grass in his control (nitrogen-fertilized) plots. E. unsupported by a poor experimental design. Answer: C. supported by the growth of larger and taller grass in his experimental (nitrogen-fertilized) plots. 37. Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by a controlled experiment? A. Biological interactions between barnacle species are responsible for their distribution patterns. B. Night-feeding fishes rely on their sense of smell to locate prey. C. The growth of salt marsh grass is limited by nitrogen availability. D. Certain humpback whale behaviors are important for attracting a mate. E. Goldfish prefer to eat brightly-colored foods. Answer: D. Certain humpback whale behaviors are important for attracting a mate. 38. The oceans cover less than half of the Earth’s surface. Answer: False 39. Ocean productivity is the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of organisms this food supports. Answer: True 40. Marine organisms are excellent models for studying basic biology principals. Answer: True 41. Aristotle developed one of the first taxonomical classification schemes. Answer: True 42. Among other discoveries, Lamarck was the first to explain the phenomenon of atolls. Answer: False 43. Today it is generally believed that animals cannot live below the lit regions of the ocean. Answer: False 44. Fridtjof Nansen contributed greatly to our knowledge of the Arctic regions. Answer: True 45. Match the exploration with the person it is most closely associated with. 1. Alexander Agassiz voyage of the Beagle 2. Charles Darwin Challenger expedition 3. Charles Wyville Thomson American-led marine biology expeditions 4. Fridtjof Nansen expedition to the North Pole Answer: 46. Match the marine biology institute with the state where it located. 1. California Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole 2. Massachusetts Scripps Institute of Oceanography 3. Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories 4. Florida Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Answer: 47. Match the description with the corresponding term. 1. Inductive reasoning proposing general explanations from a few observations 2. Scientific method proposing specific explanations from a general principle 3. Deductive reasoning an orderly pattern of gathering and analyzing information Answer: 48. Match the description with the most closely associated term. 1. Inductive reasoning two types of organisms are physically separated 2. Deductive reasoning species interaction causes observed distribution patterns 3. Observation two species are in competition Answer: 49. Match the description with its most closely associated experimental component. 1. Control set variable being altered 2. Experimental set a trial that contains the experimental variable 3. Experimental variable a trial without the experimental variable Answer: 50. Match the description with its most closely associated term. 1. Hypothesis using controlled experiments to test hypothesis 2. Not science using observation to test hypothesis 3. Experimental science non-observable or testable hypothesis 4. Observational science an explanation for a body of observations over time 5. Theory an explanation for a particular observed event Answer: 51. Describe at least three direct and indirect ways in which the oceans influence the lives of humans. Answer: The oceans influence and give rise to the Earth’s weather patterns; change the shape of coastlines; provide humans with food, medicines, and recreation; and are an important field of study within the basic sciences. 52. Define the following terms: • Oceanography • Marine Biology • Ocean Productivity • Plankton Answer: Oceanography is the study of the oceans and their phenomena. Marine biology is the study of living marine organisms and their interactions with other marine organisms and the physical environment. Ocean productivity is the amount of food marine organisms can produce and the number and the number of organisms the oceans can support. Plankton are organisms that live in the pelagic realm that are not capable of substantial horizontal movement. 53. State at least two factors which contributed to increased exploration of the oceans in the 18th and 19th centuries? Answer: The development of better sailing ships, navigational instruments, and charts. 54. Describe the first obtained evidence for the existence of life in the deeper reaches of the ocean. Answer: The recovery of transatlantic telegraph cables from the seafloor, which showed evidence of encrusting and fouling organisms. 55. Describe the modern techniques for studying marine biology and the dissemination of information about marine biology. Answer: Aspects of ROVs, submersibles, SCUBA diving. Satellites can now study the oceans remotely as can deep-sea submersibles and underwater stations. Information can now be circulated about new findings via the Internet. 56. People often use the term "theory" in a variety of ways, but to a scientist a theory is a valid explanation of how the world works. Briefly describe the important features of a scientifically based theory. Answer: A scientific theory is based on numerous observations, hypotheses that have been tested repeatedly, and a majority of scientists agreeing with the it because the best available science supports it. A theory is subject to rejection if enough evidence accumulates against it. 57. Give an example of how J.H. Connell utilized inductive and deductive reasoning that has been used in marine biology. Answer: When J. H. Connell observed that two types of barnacles were in groups forming definite zones, he used induction to hypothesize that biological interactions between species caused the distribution patterns. He then deduced that two species of barnacles were restricted to their particular zone by biological interactions. Chapter 2--Fundamentals of Ecology 1. Ecology is: A. a type of life style. B. the study of the interaction of organisms and their environment. C. a place where organisms live. D. what happens when a predator consumes a prey item. E. the study of the physical environment in an ecosystem. Answer: B. the study of the interaction of organisms and their environment. 2. The biosphere A. is located in the Northern Hemisphere. B. contains organisms with similar needs. C. has environmental conditions of similar temperature, pressure, and salinity. D. supports all of life on earth. E. is restricted to the continents. Answer: D. supports all of life on earth. 3. Organisms that live under similar environmental conditions and location, and interact directly or indirectly are part of the same: A. ecosystem. B. biosystem. C. abiotic habitat. D. biotic habitat. E. population. Answer: A. ecosystem. 4. An example of abiotic factors influencing marine organisms is: A. predation. B. competition for food. C. parasitism. D. salinity. E. bacterial disease. Answer: D. salinity. 5. Habitat refers to where an organism: A. lives. B. feeds. C. reproduces. D. forages. E. All of the above. Answer: E. All of the above. 6. The habitat of a species has A. both abiotic and biotic factors. B. neither biotic or abiotic factors. C. biotic factors. D. abiotic factors. Answer: A. both abiotic and biotic factors. 7. Habitat complexity can support A. complex life histories. B. increased biodiversity. C. higher productivity. D. more different species in an area. E. All of the above. Answer: E. All of the above. 8. An environment would be considered harsh to an organism if: A. it would be difficult for the individual to maintain homeostasis. B. the temperatures are extreme. C. salinity varies. D. pressure gradients are large. E. light levels are low. Answer: A. it would be difficult for the individual to maintain homeostasis. 9. Regions above or below the optimal range of an environmental variable are called: A. zones of stress. B. tolerance zones. C. optimal range areas. D. None of the above. E. b and c only. Answer: A. zones of stress. 10. A population growth pattern that reaches a certain level is described with a(n) A. logarithmic equation. B. exponential equation. C. logistic equation. D. J -shaped curve. E. quadratic equation. Answer: C. logistic equation. 11. You start to culture a petri dish of marine bacteria. Each day, the number of visible colonies growing on the agar surface increases in this fashion: 2, 4, 16, 32, 64, 128. This growth pattern is best described as A. logarithmic. B. logistic. C. exponential. D. quadratic. Answer: C. exponential. 12. The most important marine photosynthetic organisms are: A. kelp. B. seagrasses. C. macroalgae. D. phytoplankton. E. giant kelps. Answer: D. phytoplankton. 13. Animals that obtain their body heat from internal metabolism are called: A. ectotherms. B. poikilotherms. C. endotherms. D. osmoconformers. E. osmoregulators. Answer: C. endotherms. 14. An organism that maintains a constant body temperature is termed: A. an endotherm. B. an ectotherm. C. a poikiotherm. D. cold blooded. E. an osmoconformer. Answer: A. an endotherm. 15. An organism whose temperature is similar to its surroundings is called a(n) A. endotherm. B. poikiotherm. C. ectotherm. D. warm blooded organism. E. osmoregulator. Answer: C. ectotherm. 16. A particular sea bird has a Type 1 survival curve, and older female birds produce more eggs than younger birds. What is an evolutionary strategy of these birds? A. young birds reach maturity rapidly B. reproduction is delayed C. birds reach maturity slowly D. both a and b E. both b and c Answer: E. both b and c 17. The amount of dissolved salts in water determines the: A. temperature. B. luminosity. C. salinity. D. clarity. E. turbidity. Answer: C. salinity. 18. The movement of water across a membrane in response to a gradient of solute concentration is called: A. salinity. B. osmosis. C. solubility. D. diffusion. E. pressure. Answer: B. osmosis. 19. An atmosphere of pressure, in psi, equals: A. 15. B. 14.7. C. 15.7 D. 16.5. E. 16.7 Answer: B. 14.7. 20. The pressure of the oceans increases by one atmosphere for every ____ meter increase in depth. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20 E. 25 Answer: B. 10 21. At what depth would water pressure be 4 times greater than atmospheric pressure at the surface? A. 10 meters B. 20 meters C. 30 meters D. 40 meters E. 50 meters Answer: D. 40 meters 22. In the carbon cycle, animals play a fundamental role by: A. decreasing the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide. B. increasing the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide as a result of respiration. C. increasing the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide as a result of photosynthesis. D. decreasing the amount of plant biomass. E. decreasing it as a result of photosynthesis. Answer: B. increasing the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide as a result of respiration. 23. An important inorganic nutrient needed by marine photosynthetic organisms is: A. glucose. B. amino acids. C. lipids. D. nitrates. E. carbohydrates. Answer: D. nitrates. 24. Oxygen during the early development of the atmosphere was: A. common. B. rare. C. important for photosynthesis. D. about the same as now. E. created from the cooling of hot lava. Answer: B. rare. 25. Those organisms that thrive in an environment free of oxygen are called A. phytoplankton. B. zooplankton. C. nekton. D. anaerobes. E. aerobic. Answer: D. anaerobes. 26. Anaerobic organisms thrive: A. in oxygen-free environments. B. where oxygen is abundant. C. where carbon dioxide is abundant. D. in surface waters of the ocean. E. in the middle of the water column. Answer: A. in oxygen-free environments. 27. Metabolic wastes are: A. the byproduct of metabolism. B. unused nutrients during metabolism. C. re-used by the organism. D. unimportant to community metabolism. Answer: A. the byproduct of metabolism. 28. Waste products of metabolism tend to accumulate in: A. open ocean areas. B. coastal waters. C. small enclosed bodies of water. D. fast circulating water. E. major oceani currents. Answer: C. small enclosed bodies of water. 29. When two different species require the same resources we may observe A. intraspecific competition. B. resource partitioning. C. interspecific competition. D. predation. E. symbiosis/parasitism. Answer: C. interspecific competition. 30. ____ is when one organism successfully outcompetes another organism and excludes it from a particular area or niche. A. Predation B. Resource partitioning C. Parasitism D. Competitive exclusion E. Commensalism Answer: D. Competitive exclusion 31. The niche of the species is best described as: A. the biological relationships of the species in the ecosystem. B. the behavior of a species in the ecosystem. C. the sum of the abiotic factors required or tolerated by the species. D. the occupation (needs and role) of the species in the ecosystem. E. the location where the species resides. Answer: D. the occupation (needs and role) of the species in the ecosystem. 32. The process of subdividing a niche into smaller niches is called: A. resource partitioning. B. interspecific competition. C. commensalism. D. mutualism. E. symbiosis. Answer: A. resource partitioning. 33. Members of the same species living in the same area and interacting are: A. a community. B. a population. C. an ecosystem. D. a biosphere. E. a biome. Answer: B. a population. 34. Predators that prevent the population of their prey from exploding and thus outcompeting their prey are called: A. regulators. B. herbivores. C. keystone predators. D. omnivores. E. decomposers. Answer: C. keystone predators. 35. A species whose effect on biological diversity is disproportionate to their own abundance is termed: A. predator. B. keystone. C. carnivore. D. producer. E. herbivore. Answer: B. keystone. 36. The symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont benefits from the relationship but the host is neither harmed nor benefited is called: A. mutualism. B. parasitism. C. commensalism. D. competition. E. niche interactivity. Answer: C. commensalism. 37. An example of mutualism is: A. remora fish attached to or following a shark. B. cleaner shrimp removing parasites from a fish. C. tapeworm living in the digestive system of a fish. D. hagfish feeding off a whale killed by an Orca. E. interactions between the barnacle species Semibalanus and Chthamalus Answer: B. cleaner shrimp removing parasites from a fish. 38. The following are main points of the example of the Amphipod and Sea Butterfly except: A. Fish are confused by the amphipods. B. A new form of symbiosis was observed. C. A “kidnapping” behavior was observed. D. An example of chemical defense was seen E. The scientific method was utilized. Answer: A. Fish are confused by the amphipods. 39. Communities of organisms are made up of: A. populations of different species. B. different habitats. C. two or more populations of the same species. D. ecosystems. E. interacting niches. Answer: A. populations of different species. 40. Organisms that live in the intertidal must deal with: A. pressure changes. B. desiccation. C. temperature extremes. D. b and c only. E. a amd b only. Answer: D. b and c only. 41. The pelagic zone comprises the: A. ocean bottom. B. lit area of the ocean. C. dark area of the ocean. D. water column. E. intertidal zone. Answer: D. water column. 42. Estuaries are an example of: A. communities. B. populations. C. ecosystems. D. the benthic division. E. pelagic systems. Answer: C. ecosystems. 43. The primary source of energy for primary production is: A. high temperatures. B. sunlight. C. hydrogen bonds. D. glucose. E. carbohydrates. Answer: B. sunlight. 44. Chemosynthetic organisms use the energy from ____ to produce organic molecules. A. the sun B. chemical reactions C. the water D. other organisms. E. glucose Answer: B. chemical reactions 45. The proper order of predator-prey relationships is A. herbivore-producer-carnivore. B. carnivore-producer-herbivore. C. herbivore-carnivore-producer. D. producer-herbivore-carnivore. E. carnivore-herbivore-producer. Answer: D. producer-herbivore-carnivore. 46. ____ are good examples of consumers. A. Omnivores B. Detritivores C. Herbivores D. Carnivores. E. All of the above. Answer: E. All of the above. 47. With each change in trophic level we can expect a ____% transfer of biomass. A. 5 B. 10 C. 25 D. 50 E. 20 Answer: B. 10 48. How much biomass of krill (in kg) is needed to produce 1,000 kg of whale? A. 100 B. 2,000 C. 10,000 D. 50,000 E. 100,000 Answer: C. 10,000 49. On average, only about ____ percent of the energy available at one trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level. A. 1 B. 5 C. 10 D. 90 E. 50 Answer: C. 10 50. When nutrients are limited, they do all the following except: A. reduce metabolism. B. decrease growth rates. C. affect growth form. D. immobilize an organism. E. cause algal blooms. Answer: E. cause algal blooms. 51. Important nutrients for photosynthesis include: A. nitrogen and phosphate. B. phosphate and oxygen. C. nitrogen and oxygen. D. calcium and oxygen. E. glucose and oxygen. Answer: A. nitrogen and phosphate. 52. Nutrients are reintroduced into the upper reaches of the oceans from deeper areas by the process of: A. upwelling. B. downwelling. C. excretion by animals. D. sinking of dead organisms. E. attachment to fecal pellets. Answer: A. upwelling. 53. The process of increasing nutrients is termed: A. photosynthesis. B. community metabolism. C. eutrophication. D. putrification. E. oligotropism. Answer: C. eutrophication. 54. Eutrophication can lead to A. an algal bloom. B. fish congregations. C. decreased water clarity. D. slow plant growth rates. E. a and c only. Answer: E. a and c only. 55. You are a resource manager of a large eutrophic lake. After stopping the source of nutrients from entering the lake, what further steps could you do to imporve the water quality? A. introduce phytoplankton-consuming fish. B. introduce freshwater sponges into the lake. C. introduce aquatic plants into the habitat. D. introduce carnivorous fish into the lake. Answer: A. introduce phytoplankton-consuming fish. 56. An organism's niche can be described in terms of abiotic and biotic factors. Answer: True 57. Homeostasis is the maintenance by organisms of a balanced state of internal conditions. Answer: True 58. The only importance of sunlight in the marine environment is to provide energy for photosynthesis. Answer: False 59. Desiccation is the process of drying out due to the effects of sunlight and wind. Answer: True 60. Solutes are the liquid in which solid substances are dissolved. Answer: False 61. Gases such as oxygen dissolve more readily in cool water than in warm water. Answer: True 62. The two main sources of oxygen in the sea are photosynthesis and transfer from the atmosphere. Answer: True 63. The relationship between a predator and its prey is within the realm of interspecific competition. Answer: False 64. Interspecific competition is competition occurring between individuals of the same species. Answer: False 65. The relationship between the clownfish and the sea anemone it is associated with is an example of mutualism. Answer: True 66. Infaunal organisms live in the water column. Answer: False 67. The abyssal zone is one of the zones of the pelagic division. Answer: False 68. Producers can be photosynthetic or chemosynthetic. Answer: True 69. Heterotrophic organisms cannot make their own food. Answer: True 70. The hydrological cycle involves the biogeochemical cycling of water on the planet. Answer: True 71. Decomposers play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen. Answer: True 72. Match the word with the word it is most closely associated with. 1. plant carnivore 2. grazer producer 3. predator herbivore Answer: 73. Match each term to a similar term. 1. first-order consumer autotroph 2. producer herbivore 3. second-order consumer carnivore Answer: 74. Match the net movement of water to the type of solution. 1. hypertonic solution none 2. hypotonic solution into cell 3. isotonic solution out of cell Answer: 75. Match the type of organism to a role. 1. herbivorous zooplankton DOM producer 2. bacteria primary producer 3. worms first-order consumer 4. phytoplankton detritivores Answer: 76. Match the types of competition with a brief description. 1. Competitive Exclusion Between members of different species 2. Interspecific Competition Among members of a single species 3. Intraspecific Competition Local extirpation of a species Answer: 77. Match the type of population growth characteristic with the term. 1. Bloom Exponential growth 2. Carrying Capacity Logistic Answer: 78. Link the words. 1. Salinity Water movement 2. Osmosis Twilight zone 3. Photosynthesis Limiting nutrient 4. Nitrogen Solute concentration Answer: 79. Link areas of the Ocean with the associated terms. 1. Neritic Zone Primary Production 2. Intertidal Zone Near Shore 3. Oceanic Zone Open Ocean 4. Photic Zone Desiccation/Exposure Answer: 80. Match the chemical with the cycle. 1. H2O Carbon 2. NH3 Nitrogen 3. CO2 Hydrologic Answer: 81. Match phrases with the terms to form the biological hierarchy. 1. Community Populations of species in a area 2. Population Mussels on a rocky shore 3. Ecosystem Sum of biotic processes interacting in a large area with similar abiotic factors Answer: 82. The movement of water is critical to life. Discuss how the movements of ocean water (both horizontal and vertical) affects climate and coastal productivity. Answer: The movement of water through currents and the hydrologic cycles distributes the sun's energy across the globe, facilitates the nutrient cycle bringing nutrients from terrestrial origin to the ocean, brings food, removes waste, and enables the distribution of larvae. The sun's energy is not equally distributed across the globe with most heating occurring in the tropics. Large ocean currents can warm northern areas. Nutrients tend to get trapped in deep ocean water layers. With deep nutrient-rich water being brought to the sunlit surface productivity is increased leading to more abundant life. 83. If the intensity of sunlight at the surface of the ocean was very high, where in the water column would you expect to see the highest concentration of dissolved oxygen in the sea? Why? Answer: Because intense sunlight can destroy pigments and depress photosynthetic rates, one would expect the highest dissolved oxygen concentration to occur below the surface in deeper water. 84. Describe the major biotic and abiotic components of marine ecosystems and how they affect energy and trophic dynamics. Answer: Marine ecosystems are comprised of abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) factors that interact as a system. Major abiotic factors include salinity, temperature, pressure, nutrients, and sunlight. Major biotic factors include the autotrophs who are self nourishing through photosynthesis; the heterotrophs who consume autotrophes or other heterotrophes; and the detritivores who are responsible for much of the recycling of inorganic material. The amount of energy and number of trophic levels are determined by the amount of sunlight, nutrients, and energy conversion in the food web. 85. Using the definition of habitat and microhabitat, describe a marine habitat that you are familiar with and describe a microhabitat within that larger habitat. Answer: The textbook uses the example of a sandy beach habitat and its associated meiofaunal microhabitat. Another example would be an estuarine habitat and the surface of the mud at the bottom of the estuary as one of the estuarine microhabitats. 86. Think of a marine organism that you are familiar with and describe all aspects of its niche, including both biotic and abiotic characteristics of the niche. Answer: An example could be a coral polyp. Its niche is that of a builder of coral reefs in tropical and subtropical areas. It is a voracious predator of planktonic organisms, but at the same time it is involved in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae. Polyps are limited in their distribution by the amount of sunlight in the water and the temperature of the water. In addition, they are preyed upon by coral-eating fishes and echinoderms and succumb to various diseases. 87. Describe two roles that sunlight plays in the marine environment. Answer: Sunlight is the primary source of energy that is captured by photosynthetic organisms. These organisms, in turn, become food for other organisms. Solar energy is also important due to the warming effect it has on the planet. Light from the sun is used by animals in the marine environment for visually detecting their surroundings and as a cue for determining which way is up. If very intense, the visible and ultraviolet components of sunlight can cause severe damage to both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms in the marine environment. 88. Why do endotherms need to be well insulated from the external environment? Answer: Endotherms maintain body temperatures that are much higher than the surrounding environment. As a result, heat tends to flow out of these animals in order to establish an equilibrium with the external environment. Having insulation slows down the process of heat loss in these animals. 89. Describe the difference in temperature range between small bodies of water and open ocean areas. What adaptations do you expect to see in the animals living in either body of water? Answer: Small bodies of water are subject to extreme ranges of temperature because heat can be gained or lost fairly quickly. In the open ocean temperature ranges are much narrower. As a result, animals living in areas having large temperature ranges will tend to be adapted for these changes. Animals living in the open ocean will be intolerant to significant changes in the ambient temperature. 90. Osmo-conforming animals, such as the spider crab, that live in the open ocean show little ability to withstand large variations in salinity, while coastal animals, such as the closely related fiddler crab, show great ability to withstand large salinity changes. Explain why this is the case, considering the relevant abiotic features of both habitats. Answer: In the open ocean where the spider crab lives, salinity does not change drastically. Therefore, these animals do not need adaptations that allow them to withstand salinity changes. The fiddler crab lives in muddy coastal estuarine areas where salinity fluctuates greatly. These animals have adaptations that allow them to survive in hyposaline or hypersaline waters. 91. Barnacles and mussels compete with each other for space on the rocky intertidal. What type of interaction exists between these two species? If you knew that mussels are capable of occupying all available space in the rocky intertidal then what would happen to the barnacles? What keeps mussels from crowding out barnacles throughout the entire intertidal zone? Answer: Mussels and barnacles show interspecific competition for space in the rocky intertidal. If mussels were unhampered, they would eliminate the barnacles from the intertidal in what is called competitive exclusion. Mussels don't completely eliminate barnacles because predators keep mussel populations within narrow limits, and because mussels are relatively intolerant to exposure, so barnacles can occupy the upper reaches of the intertidal. 92. What is the difference between the rocky intertidal community and the rocky intertidal ecosystem? Answer: A community is an assemblage of populations of different species, whereas an ecosystem is the community and the physical environment in which they live. 93. Explain why the number of trophic levels in a given ecosystem is limited. Answer: This is because energy is transferred from one level to the next with very low efficiency. As a result, energy loss prevents significant energy transfer at the highest trophic levels. The loss of energy with each transfer also explains why the collective biomass of successively higher trophic levels decreases. Test Bank for Introduction to Marine Biology George Karleskint, Richard Turner, James Small 9780495561972, 9780534420727
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