NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2022 /
2025) Rasmussen
1. What are the functions of the kidneys?
Answer: Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood
filtration; activate vitamin D
2. What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
Answer: dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased
stream
3. What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
Answer: ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
4. What is type 2 diabetes characterized as?
Answer: peripheral tissue insulin resistance
5. What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease?
Answer: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxietyhyperthyroidism
6. What processes occur during fasting?
Answer: glucogenesis; glycogenesis
7. What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes?
Answer: adipose/ fat
8. What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
Answer: myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
9. What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
Answer: Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
10. What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism?
Answer: fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
11. What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism?
Answer: numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
12. What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis?
Answer: fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
13. What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation?
Answer: negative feedback loop
14. What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Answer: Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating
hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
15. What is diabetes insipidus?
Answer: a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
16. clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus
Answer: polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
17. clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome?
Answer: • Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo"
hump on the back and pendulous abdomen.
• Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks
• Individual bruises easily and wound healing is poor
• Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric
disturbance
• Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
18. clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism
Answer: • Weakness.
• Fatigue.
• Cold intolerance.
• Constipation.
• Weight gain.
• Depression.
• Joint or muscle pain.
• Brittle fingernails.
19. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism
Answer: • fatigue.
• lethargy.
• sensitivity to cold.
• depression.
• muscle weakness.
20. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism
Answer: hypertension and hypokalemia
21. clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism
Answer: • High blood pressure.
• Low level of potassium in the blood.
• Feeling tired all the time.
• Headache.
• Muscle weakness.
• Numbness.
22. What is myxedema?
Answer: severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema
23. What are the causes of hypothyroidism?
Answer: • Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells
• after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism
• head or neck radiation for cancer
• iodine deficiency
24. What are the three p's in diabetes?
Answer: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
25. What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders?
Answer: Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the
hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the
pituitary gland.
26. What is the cause of Cushing syndrome?
Answer: Excessive corticosteroids
27. What is acute gastritis?
Answer: Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa
28. What is chronic gastritis?
Answer: Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia.
This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune.
29. What causes gastritis?
Answer: Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs
[aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance)
Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to
infection with H. pylori
30. What is amenorrhea?
Answer: absence of menstruation
31. What is metrorrhagia?
Answer: bleeding between periods
32. What is dysmenorrhea?
Answer: painful periods
33. Costal vertebral angle (CVA)
Answer: angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax,
overlying the kidney; percuss for kidney tenderness
34. What causes flank pain?
Answer: kidney stones
35. When is enuresis abnormal?
Answer: after age 5
36. People with polycystic kidney disease should do what?
Answer: increase fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly
37. What is polyuria?
Answer: frequent urination
38. Female Mutilation
Answer: risks for uti, trouble urinating
39. What hormone causes bleeding during menopause?
Answer: estrogen
40. Where does exchange occur in the kidneys?
Answer: As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the
water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid
from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule become urine.
41. What increases the risk for bladder cancer?
Answer: smoking
42. What is the kidney filtration path?
Answer: Bowmans capsule > proximal tubule > loop of henle > distal tubule
43. What causes increase in glumerial filtration?
Answer: increase capillary hydrostatic pressure
44. What is cystitis?
Answer: inflammation of the urinary bladder; UTI, painful burning, itching,
45. What is a hydrocele?
Answer: Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis
46. What are the symptoms of prositis?
Answer: pain, fever, trouble urinating, trouble with urine retention
47. What is renal colic?
Answer: kidney stone related pain
48. What is the bacteria associated with syphilis?
Answer: anaerobic spirochetes
49. What are complications of syphilis?
Answer: vascular problems, cardiovascular, aortic stenosis, inflamed aorta, aorta necrosis, brain
aneurysm, blindness, numbness, tingly, loopyness
50. What end periods?
Answer: anorexia, menopause, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, adenomas and carcinomas
51. When is RAS activated?
Answer: low BP
52. Treatment for herpes
Answer: Acyclovir, sitz bath, dry heat
53. symptoms of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Answer: dark urine
54. What causes acromegaly?
Answer: excessive GH during adulthood
55. Primary hypothyroidism levels
Answer: low T4, high TSH
56. Secondary hypothyroidism levels
Answer: low T3, T4 and TSH
57. What is gigantism?
Answer: hypersecretion of GH in children
58. What is diabetes insipidus?
Answer: a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
59. What is SIADH?
Answer: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone; too much sodium secretion
60. What is the tumor of the adrenal gland?
Answer: Pheochromocytoma
61. Acromegaly/Gigantism
Answer: coarse facial features, deepening of voice, increased ring or shoe size
62. Graves disease
Answer: unexplained weight loss, goiter, bulging eyes
63. Myexdema coma is associated with hyperthyroidism
Answer: false
64. Patient with dysmenorrhea
Answer: assess pain in pelvic area and upper thighs
65. What is the sign of acute prostatitis?
Answer: tender prostate
66. CVA is pain is another description for flank pain?
Answer: True
67. A client has flank pain of 6 on a scale from 0-10. This flank pain is likely because of what
reason?
Answer: possible pyelonephritis, with inflammation and stretching of renal caps
68. Which is indicative of secondary hypothyroidism?
Answer: Low TSH and LOW T3/T4
69. What is indicative of primary hypothyroidism?
Answer: High TSH and Low T3/T4
70. What are the two stress hormones that increase glucose production in the liver?
Answer: • Corticosteroids
• catecholamines
71. A client presents with right lower abdominal pain and occasional diarrhea. This is likely?
Answer: Appendicitis
72. A female arrives at the clinic complaining of bleeding between menstrual periods. The nurse
identifies this as?
Answer: Metrorrhagia
73. A good explanation for myxedema in thyroid deficiency is?
Answer: Lack of thyroid hormone contributes to non- pitting edema
74. An example of a genetic defect in young children with cystitis is?
Answer: Vesicoureteral reflux
75. Diabetes insipidus is caused from?
Answer: too little ADH production
76. Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is often a cause of?
Answer: peptic ulcer disease
77. In response to a respiratory infection and a high fever, the kidney tubules maintain a normal
ph of body fluids by?
Answer: secreting acids and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions
78. Metabolic acidosis develops with bilateral kidney disease for what reason?
Answer: tubule exchanges are impaired
79. The client has gallstones obstructing the cystic duct. What would the nurse anticipate in the
assessment of the client?
Answer: severe upper right quadrant pain
80. The glomerular filtration will increase by which of the following?
Answer: increase hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
81. Cardinal signs of pheochromocytoma?
Answer: hypertension
82. The nurse expects which of the following in an assessment of a client with ketoacidosis?
Answer: deep fast respirations and lethargy
83. The nurse is aware that cushings syndrome is caused by which of the following?
Answer: hypercortisolism
84. What causes Hirschsprung Disease?
Answer: inadequate innervation of the colon
85. What would the nurse expect to assess in a client with Addisons disease?
Answer: severe fatigue, muscle joint pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, darkening areas of
the skin
86. Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus?
Answer: severe renal colic
87. What are the clinical manifestations of appendicitis?
Answer: right lower abdominal pain, nausea and occasionally diarrhea
88. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?
Answer: overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria; overexposure to antibiotics
89. What is the nonpharmacologic treatment for pseudocolitis?
Answer: fecal transplant, colectomy, antibiotics
90. What is the cause of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)?
Answer: bacteria spread from person to person; bacteria penetrates the stomach mucous lining
and generates substances to neutralize stomach acids
91. What are the clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma?
Answer: No early signs; later signs are anorexia weight loss and GI bleeding
92. What causes gastroenteritis due to Salmonella?
Answer: Raw or under cooked chicken or eggs
93. What are complications of a perforated gallbladder?
Answer: Sepsis infection
94. What causes jaundice?
Answer: Increased serum bilirubin over 2.5 mg/dL
95. What disease is associated with jaundice?
Answer: Cirrhosis of the liver; hepatitis
96. What is dysphasia?
Answer: difficulty swallowing
97. What is occult blood?
Answer: Blood that is not visible to the naked eye
98. What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid?
Answer: Alcohol
99. What causes greenish-yellow emesis?
Answer: Bile
100. What is the most frequent location of peptic ulcers?
Answer: proximal duodenum
101. What types of hepatitis increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?
Answer: Hep B and C
102. What are the clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis?
Answer: inflammation of the stomach lining and anorexia from not eating
103. What types of things put a patient at risk for developing acute gastritis?
Answer: lactose intolerance, regular use of pain relievers, stress, excessive alcohol use
104. What are the clinical manifestations of acute gastritis?
Answer: GI distress, bloat, , nausea, vomiting, anorexia from not eating, postprandial discomfort
105. What is the cause of hiatal hernia?
Answer: Increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as ascites, pregnancy, obesity, chronic
straining or coughing
106. What is the cause of a rigid abdomen in peritonitis?
Answer: inflamed peritoneum
107. What is cryptorchidism?
Answer: undescended testes
108. What are complications of cryptorchidism?
Answer: infertility and cancer
109. What are the clinical manifestations of acute prostatitis?
Answer: dysuria, frequency, urgency, painful prostate
110. What is a complication of removing too much fluid during dialysis?
Answer: hemodialysis, low BP
111. What would you monitor while removing fluid during dialysis?
Answer: BP
112. What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis?
Answer: CVA tenderness, fever, chills, N/V, anorexia which increases fever induced dehydration
113. Individuals with HPV are at risk for developing what disease?
Answer: Cervical cancer
114. What is enuresis?
Answer: bed wetting
115. What is stress incontinence?
Answer: Leakage with increased abdominal pressure, effort, exertion, sneezing, or coughing
116. What is micturition?
Answer: urination
117. What is overflow incontinence?
Answer: Leakage due to inability of the bladder to empty itself correctly (thus causing bladder
to fill up to max capacity) caused by a urethral blockage
118. What is a genetic defect in young children with cystitis?
Answer: vesicoureteral reflux; back flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and renal pelvis
119. How do kidney tubules maintain a normal pH in response to fever and respiratory infection?
Answer: secrete acid and reabsorb bicards
120. Why does metabolic acidosis occur?
Answer: • excessive production of fixed acids;
• DKA
• lactic acidosis
• low flow states
• loss of buffers, like loss of bicarb from GIT or
• inability of kidney to eliminate acids; ie. renal failure
121. What is the serum marker ordered when screening from prostate cancer?
Answer: PSA- Prostate specific antigen
122. What are complications of hydronephrosis?
Answer: ischemia and necrosis; swelling and build-up of fluid in the kidney; back flow, swelling
pressure
123. What is the cause of increased glomerular filtration rate?
Answer: increase in the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
124. What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?
Answer: E. coli; ascending UTI
125. What are the risk factors for developing chronic renal failure?
Answer: too much NSAIDs, chronic kidney disease; diabetes type 1; hypertension
