CH-16-18 Government and the Economy – Sociology in Modules : Book Guide

This Document Contains Chapters 16 to 18 Chapter 16 Government and the Economy ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Describe the three basic sources of power in any political system. Answer: The three basic sources of power in any political system are: • Traditional Power: Derived from long-standing customs, traditions, and historical precedents. For example, monarchies often operate on traditional power where authority is inherited and respected due to historical continuity. • Charismatic Power: Comes from the personal appeal and extraordinary qualities of a leader who inspires devotion and loyalty. Charismatic leaders, such as Nelson Mandela or Martin Luther King Jr., wield power through their personal magnetism and vision. • Rational-Legal Power: Based on established laws and rules, this power is exercised by leaders elected or appointed according to legal procedures. Modern democracies exemplify rational-legal power, where authority is derived from legal frameworks and formal institutions. 2. Briefly describe the three ideal types of authority presented by Max Weber. Answer: • Traditional Authority: Based on established beliefs and practices. Leaders are followed because their authority is rooted in traditions and customs. For instance, a king or tribal chief whose position is justified by lineage and historical precedent. • Charismatic Authority: Founded on the personal qualities and extraordinary capabilities of a leader who is perceived as having a unique or divine gift. This type of authority is often temporary and relies on the leader’s ability to inspire and mobilize followers. • Rational-Legal Authority: Derived from legal rules and regulations. Leaders hold power due to their roles within a structured system, such as elected officials in a democracy or bureaucratic officials whose authority is defined by legal norms and procedures. 3. In what way is the interactionist perspective interested in charismatic authority? Answer: The interactionist perspective focuses on how charismatic authority is constructed and maintained through social interactions. It examines how charismatic leaders communicate their vision, influence followers, and create a sense of shared purpose. Interactionists are interested in how charisma is perceived and validated by followers through their interactions and how it shapes group dynamics and organizational behavior. 4. Compare and contrast the five different types of government. Answer: • Democracy: Power resides with the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives. Examples include the United States and Switzerland, where elections determine leaders and policies. • Republic: A form of democracy where the country is considered a "public matter" and officials are elected as representatives of the people. The United States is a republic where elected officials manage the state's affairs. • Monarchy: A government led by a king, queen, or emperor. In absolute monarchies like Saudi Arabia, the monarch holds all governing power, while in constitutional monarchies like the United Kingdom, the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution or laws. • Oligarchy: Power is concentrated in the hands of a small, privileged group. Examples include Russia, where political power is often held by a network of influential elites or oligarchs. • Totalitarianism: A central authority controls all aspects of life, often through coercion and repression. North Korea is an example, with the government exerting total control over political, social, and economic life. 5. Define the five main types of government, giving examples of each. Answer: • Democracy: A system where power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives. Example: The United States, where citizens vote for their leaders and laws. • Republic: A form of democracy with elected officials representing the people, often with an emphasis on rule of law and constitutionalism. Example: France, where the President and Parliament are elected by the people. • Monarchy: A government led by a king or queen, with authority often inherited. Example: The United Kingdom, where the monarchy is symbolic, with real political power held by Parliament. • Oligarchy: Power is held by a small, elite group. Example: Russia, where political and economic power is concentrated among a few wealthy and influential individuals. • Totalitarianism: A regime that seeks to control every aspect of public and private life. Example: North Korea, where the government maintains strict control over all aspects of society and governance. 6. Explain the key difference between contemporary monarchies and monarchies of the past. Answer: The key difference is the extent of power held by the monarch. In contemporary constitutional monarchies, like the United Kingdom or Sweden, the monarch serves a largely ceremonial role with limited political power, as governance is carried out by elected officials and a constitution. In contrast, historical absolute monarchies, such as those in pre-revolutionary France or Tsarist Russia, gave the monarch nearly complete control over the state and its affairs, with little to no checks on their authority. 7. Is the United States a democracy, a representative democracy, or an oligarchy? Explain. Answer: The United States is primarily a representative democracy. In this system, citizens elect officials to represent their interests and make decisions on their behalf. The democratic framework allows for broad participation in elections and governance through voting and public discourse. However, some critics argue that elements of oligarchy exist in the U.S., as power can be concentrated among a relatively small group of wealthy individuals and corporate interests who influence politics through lobbying and campaign contributions. Despite these criticisms, the fundamental structure of the U.S. government remains that of a representative democracy, where elected representatives govern based on the will of the people. 8. Discuss political participation and apathy from a global perspective. Answer: Globally, political participation varies significantly. In democratic nations, such as those in Western Europe or North America, citizens often engage actively in elections, civic organizations, and public debates. However, in many regions with authoritarian regimes or limited democratic practices, political participation may be restricted or dangerous, leading to lower engagement. Political apathy can stem from disenchantment with political systems, lack of trust in politicians, or feelings of powerlessness. For example, low voter turnout in some democracies may reflect disillusionment with the political process or belief that individual votes have little impact on outcomes. 9. What roles have women traditionally played in politics? Answer: Traditionally, women’s roles in politics have been limited by societal norms and legal restrictions. Historically, women were often excluded from formal political roles and decision-making positions. In many cultures, their involvement was typically limited to informal influence, such as through family roles or social activism. However, as societal attitudes have evolved, women have increasingly taken on formal political roles, including as elected officials, legislators, and heads of state. For example, figures like Margaret Thatcher, Indira Gandhi, and Hillary Clinton have made significant impacts in political spheres, reflecting broader changes in women’s roles in politics. 10. What are the main patterns of political participation by racial and ethnic minorities? Answer: Racial and ethnic minorities often face unique patterns of political participation. Historically, these groups have encountered systemic barriers to voting and political engagement, such as discriminatory laws or practices. In the U.S., for example, African Americans faced significant obstacles such as literacy tests and poll taxes. Despite progress, disparities in participation rates persist. However, racial and ethnic minorities have also been instrumental in mobilizing for civil rights, advocating for policy changes, and increasing their political representation. For instance, the increased political activism of Latino and Black communities has led to greater representation and influence in recent elections. 11. Why do young people tend not to vote? Answer: Young people often have lower voter turnout due to a combination of factors, including a lack of interest or knowledge about the political process, feelings of disenfranchisement, and the perception that their vote has little impact. Additionally, practical barriers such as frequent moves, busy schedules, and registration issues can also contribute. Many young people may not yet have developed strong political identities or connections to the issues, leading to lower levels of engagement. Efforts to increase youth voter participation focus on education, outreach, and making voting more accessible. 12. Distinguish between the two basic views of the power structure in the United States. Answer: The two basic views of the power structure in the U.S. are the pluralist and elitist perspectives. The pluralist view suggests that power is distributed among various interest groups and organizations, with no single group dominating. It emphasizes the role of democratic processes and competition among groups in shaping policy. In contrast, the elitist view posits that power is concentrated in the hands of a small, elite group of individuals or organizations who wield significant influence over political decisions and policies. This perspective highlights the impact of economic and social inequalities on political power. 13. What is the relationship between Mills’s theory of power and the views of Karl Marx? Answer: C. Wright Mills’s theory of power, known as the power elite theory, aligns with Karl Marx’s views in that both see power as concentrated among a small, influential group. Mills argued that a cohesive elite group, comprising leaders from the military, political, and economic spheres, holds the real power and makes major decisions that affect society. Similarly, Marx viewed power as concentrated in the hands of the capitalist class, who control the means of production and exploit the working class. Both theories emphasize the unequal distribution of power and the influence of a privileged few over broader societal outcomes. 14. What did C. Wright Mills mean by the power elite? Answer: C. Wright Mills’s concept of the power elite refers to a small, cohesive group of individuals who hold significant power and influence across the political, economic, and military spheres. According to Mills, this elite group operates collectively, often behind the scenes, to shape major policy decisions and control societal outcomes. The power elite consists of top leaders from these sectors who have substantial influence over both national and international affairs. Mills argued that this concentration of power undermines democratic processes by limiting the influence of ordinary citizens and reducing transparency in decision-making. 15. What were C. Wright Mills’s conclusions in the Power Elite? Answer: In "The Power Elite," C. Wright Mills concluded that a small, cohesive group of individuals in the military, political, and economic sectors wields disproportionate power and influence over societal decisions. Mills argued that this elite group operates behind the scenes, making key decisions that shape national and international policies. He believed that this concentration of power undermines democratic processes by diminishing the influence of ordinary citizens and limiting transparency. Mills contended that the power elite’s dominance erodes genuine democratic participation and perpetuates a system where decisions benefit a narrow segment of society rather than the public at large. 16. What were G. William Domhoff’s conclusions concerning a national power structure? Answer: G. William Domhoff, in his work on the American power structure, concluded that a dominant economic elite holds significant control over national policies and political decisions. He argued that this elite, composed of wealthy individuals and corporate leaders, exerts influence through various institutions, including think tanks, policy networks, and social clubs. Domhoff’s research highlighted the interlocking directorates among major corporations and their impact on shaping policy agendas. He suggested that power in the U.S. is concentrated among a small group of affluent individuals and organizations, who use their resources to maintain their status and influence political outcomes. 17. How do Domhoff’s and Mills’s views of the ruling elite differ? How are they similar? Answer: Domhoff’s and Mills’s views on the ruling elite share similarities but also have key differences. Both scholars agree that a small, influential group holds significant power over political and economic decisions. Mills’s view focuses on the cohesion and collective action of the power elite across military, political, and economic spheres, emphasizing their unified control over decision-making. Domhoff’s perspective, however, is more focused on the economic elite’s control and the way economic power translates into political influence through institutional networks. The similarity lies in their recognition of concentrated power, while the difference is in Mills’s broader, more integrative approach compared to Domhoff’s focus on economic domination. 18. How did Robert Dahl view the political system in the United States? Answer: Robert Dahl viewed the U.S. political system through the lens of pluralism, arguing that political power is distributed among a diverse range of interest groups and organizations rather than being concentrated in the hands of a single elite. Dahl believed that democratic governance involves competition among these groups, with policies emerging from negotiation and compromise among various interests. He argued that this pluralistic structure ensures a degree of inclusiveness and responsiveness in the political system, as different groups can influence decision-making processes and hold policymakers accountable. 19. Explain whether the elite or pluralist model best explains political power in your hometown. Answer: The applicability of the elite or pluralist model to political power in a hometown depends on the specific context of that locality. If your hometown exhibits signs of concentrated influence among a small group of affluent individuals or entities that dominate local decision-making and policy-setting, then the elite model may offer a better explanation. Conversely, if political power appears to be distributed among various local interest groups, with active participation and influence from a broad spectrum of residents, then the pluralist model would be more fitting. For a nuanced analysis, you would need to consider the distribution of power, the role of various groups, and the mechanisms through which decisions are made in your community. 20. Discuss the sociological perspective on war and peace. Answer: From a sociological perspective, war and peace are complex phenomena influenced by a range of social, economic, and political factors. Conflict theorists view war as a result of competing interests and power struggles among different groups or nations, often driven by economic gain and political dominance. They argue that war can perpetuate inequality and serve the interests of the powerful. Functionalists, on the other hand, see war as a mechanism that can contribute to social cohesion and stability by uniting people against a common enemy and reinforcing societal norms and values. Meanwhile, interactionists focus on the personal and symbolic meanings of war and peace, exploring how individual experiences and societal narratives shape and are shaped by these events. The sociological perspective on peace emphasizes the importance of addressing root causes of conflict, such as inequality and injustice, and promoting diplomatic and cooperative solutions. 21. Discuss political activism on the Internet—what is cyberactivism? Answer: Cyberactivism refers to the use of digital technologies, including social media platforms, blogs, and online petitions, to advocate for social, political, or environmental causes. It enables activists to mobilize support, raise awareness, and coordinate actions on a global scale. The Internet provides tools for grassroots organization, allowing movements to reach a wide audience quickly and efficiently. Examples include the Arab Spring, where social media played a crucial role in organizing protests, and various environmental and human rights campaigns that leverage online platforms for advocacy and fundraising. Cyberactivism can be both empowering, by amplifying marginalized voices, and challenging, due to issues like digital surveillance and misinformation. Overall, it represents a significant shift in how political activism is conducted in the digital age. 22. What is terrorism and what role do the media play in terrorism? Answer: Terrorism is the use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, to achieve political or ideological goals. It often involves acts designed to create fear, disrupt societies, and coerce governments or populations into conceding to specific demands. The media play a significant role in terrorism by providing terrorists with a platform to broadcast their messages, demands, and acts of violence to a wide audience. Coverage of terrorist attacks can amplify their psychological impact and influence public perception. Media attention can also shape political responses and policy decisions, sometimes leading to increased security measures or changes in foreign policy. The interaction between terrorism and media creates a complex dynamic where media coverage can both challenge and inadvertently support the aims of terrorist groups. 23. Describe how microfinancing started, and analyze this process briefly through two of the different sociological perspectives. Answer: Microfinancing began with the work of Dr. Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh, who developed the concept of providing small loans to impoverished individuals without requiring traditional collateral. The goal was to empower people in developing countries to start or expand small businesses and improve their economic conditions. From a functionalist perspective, microfinancing supports social stability and development by fostering economic self-sufficiency and integrating marginalized individuals into the broader economy. It contributes to social cohesion by addressing poverty and creating opportunities for economic advancement. Conflict theorists, however, might argue that while microfinancing can provide immediate relief, it does not fundamentally address systemic inequalities and power imbalances in the global economic system. They may view it as a partial solution that might not alter the underlying structures of economic disparity. 24. Why is microfinancing a social policy issue? Answer: Microfinancing is a social policy issue because it intersects with broader debates about poverty alleviation, economic development, and social equity. As a tool for addressing financial exclusion, microfinancing aims to provide economic opportunities to marginalized groups, particularly in developing countries. However, it raises questions about its effectiveness in promoting long-term economic stability and social change. Concerns include the sustainability of microfinance institutions, the potential for over-indebtedness among borrowers, and the broader impact on economic inequality. Policymakers must consider how microfinancing fits into larger strategies for economic development, social welfare, and empowerment. The discussion around microfinancing reflects ongoing debates about the role of financial tools in addressing complex social and economic issues. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. Discuss how multinational corporations moving into undeveloped foreign nations could be considered both beneficial and harmful to a developing nation’s political structure. Answer: Multinational corporations (MNCs) can boost a developing nation's economy by creating jobs and stimulating growth. However, they may also undermine political stability by exerting significant influence over local governments, potentially leading to corruption and a loss of sovereignty. For example, MNCs might pressure governments to enact favorable policies, which can exacerbate social inequalities and weaken democratic institutions. 2. Define the three types of authority as developed by Max Weber. Which type of authority do you think would be the most efficient form of power? Give examples to support your answer. Answer: Max Weber identified three types of authority: traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational. Traditional authority is based on long-standing customs, charismatic authority derives from an individual's extraordinary personal qualities, and legal-rational authority is based on formal rules and laws. Legal-rational authority is often considered the most efficient because it is systematic and impersonal, ensuring consistency and predictability in governance, as seen in bureaucratic institutions. 3. Discuss why men dominate political offices when women are often the greatest voting majority. Why would women seemingly not vote for their own kind? Answer: Despite being a majority in voting demographics, women may not dominate political offices due to systemic barriers such as gender bias, unequal access to resources, and lack of representation in leadership roles. Additionally, women may face internalized biases or strategic voting considerations that lead them to support candidates based on broader policy issues rather than gender alone. 4. Discuss how current United States foreign policy toward Iraq and foreign terrorism could be considered evidence supporting the elite model of power structure. Give examples to support your answer. Answer: The elite model of power suggests that a small, privileged group holds substantial influence over major decisions. U.S. foreign policy towards Iraq and terrorism, including decisions to invade Iraq and conduct surveillance, can be seen as driven by elite interests in security and economic gains, rather than by broad democratic consensus. This aligns with the idea that a small elite shapes policy to serve their interests. 5. Discuss why certain political candidates may refuse to acknowledge that the war with Iraq was based on issues of wealth. Discuss the significance that developing a political false consciousness regarding patriotism might have on public opinion. Answer: Political candidates may avoid acknowledging wealth-driven motives for the Iraq war to maintain a patriotic narrative and avoid backlash. Promoting a false consciousness of patriotism can unify public opinion and distract from economic motivations, thus gaining broader support and minimizing dissent, as seen in the rallying of public sentiment around national security. STUDENT RESEARCH AND ASSIGNMENTS 1. Political Activism among Hispanics: What is the nature of political activity among the many Hispanic groups in the United States? See F. Chris Garcia, Angelo Falcon, and Rodolfo de la Garza, “Ethnicity and Politics: Evidence From the Latino National Political Survey,” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 18 (May 1996): 91–103. There are several other relevant articles in the same issue. 2. Japanese Power Elite: See Albrecht Rothacher. The Japanese Power Elite. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. VIDEO RESOURCES Balance of Power: Political Participation (Insight Media, 2005, 30 minutes). This video considers how social stratification influences political participation. Bill Moyers Journal: Politics, the Media, and the Economy (Insight Media, 2008, 57 minutes). In this program, Bill Moyers discusses the vice-presidential debate between candidates Palin and Biden and the public’s mistrust of media coverage of political matters. Capitalism: A Love Story (Starz/Anchor Bay, 2010, 127 minutes). In this film, Michael Moore explores the conflicts between capitalism, democracy, and ideals of freedom and equality. Consequences of Conflict (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2009, 26 minutes). Using Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone, and Afghanistan as examples, this program examines some of the economic, environmental, and social impacts of conflicts at the national and international levels. Topics include the use of child soldiers; the plight of refugees and internally displaced persons; issues related to aid money and international assistance; and the enduring scars of war. The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan (PBS Frontline, 2010, 60 minutes). In Afghanistan, an ancient tradition known as Bacha Bazi has re-emerged (literally translated—“boy play”). Boys, some as young as eleven, are dressed in woman's clothes, taught to sing and dance for the entertainment of male audiences, and then sold to the highest bidder or traded among the men for sex. In some cases, Afghan authorities are aware of the practice but allow it to continue. In Time of War: Striking the Balance Between Freedom and Security (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2003, 22m). This ABC News video examines expanding of FBI powers and intrusion on personal liberties in America’s development of strategies to halt terrorism. Chris Fury interviews several legal experts and scholars that weigh in on finding an acceptable balance. Is Compromising Civil Rights Justified in the War on Terrorism (Insight Media, 2002, 25m). This video examines methods used by governments to curb terrorism. It blends political issues with those of civil liberties in exploring the controversy between individual rights versus government powers. The Last Truck: The Closing of a GM Plant (2009, 41 minutes). In December of 2008, the General Motors assembly plant in Moraine, Ohio, shut its doors, leaving over 2,000 men and women without jobs. This program follows the final months of the plant through the eyes of the displaced workers. The video is a useful tool for discussing changes in the American economy and the devastating consequences such changes have had for residents, particularly those living in the “rust belt.” Moyers on America: Capitol Crimes (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2006, 117m). This film might be paired with your discussion of power elite models. The Power Game (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1996, 47m). This program offers a fascinating look at the complex relationships between women and institutional power. Drawing on footage from three continents, the program examines what female power means to those who exercise it and to those who are affected by it. Jackie Kennedy, Imelda Marcos, and Hillary Clinton are discussed as women who have achieved power by association through their husbands, and Geraldine Ferraro shares her reflections on women in political power. Sold: Fighting the New Global Slave Trade (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2009, 54 minutes). This program enters the lives of three anti-slavery activists in today’s developing world. Each activist speaks in detail about his or her experiences and the psychological scars—as well as the resilience—of those freed from slavery. A Woman’s Place Is in the Boardroom: Profiting from Equality (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2009, 27 minutes). In 2002, the Norwegian government mandated that public companies must make their boardrooms 40 percent female. With a spotlight on landmark legislation in Europe and convincing evidence from both sides of the Atlantic, this program demonstrates that gender diversity in the boardroom is beneficial to the bottom line. Concerns over government intervention in a free market and the redistribution of power via quota are addressed. ADDITIONAL READINGS Aminzade, Ron and Doug McAdam. 2001. “The Sacred, Religious, and Secular in Contentious Politics: Blurring Boundaries.” In Aminzade et al. 2001. Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Colignon, Richard A., and Chikako Usui. 2003. Amakudari: The Hidden Fabric of Japan’s Economy. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, Cornell University Press. This text analyses the power elite that undergirds the Japanese economy. Doppelt, Jack C., and Ellen Shearer. 1999. Nonvoters: America’s No-Shows. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Two professors of journalism profile the characteristics of the nearly 100 million U.S. citizens who fail to vote in presidential elections. Enloe, Cynthia. 1990. Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Enloe studied the lives of women on military bases and of diplomatic wives as part of her examination of the male-dominated agenda of international politics. Galbraith, John Kenneth. 1996. The Good Society: The Humane Agenda. New York: Houghton Mifflin. In this controversial work, Galbraith challenges the conservative notion that laissez-faire strategies work best for improving quality of life. Rather, he argues for government intervention, progressive taxation, tolerant immigration policies, and a strong environmental movement. Gerth, H.H., and C. Wright Mills. 1958. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press. Kurtz, Lester R., ed. 1999. Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. This three-volume set includes interdisciplinary articles on topics like conflict theory, colonialism, mass media, indigenous peoples, and military culture. Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster. This important work looks at what Putnam considers to be a crisis in American society today—the breakdown of social networks and integrated communities, and a disinterest in civic engagement. Putnam, Robert. 1995. "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital." Journal of Democracy, 6.1 (1995) Pp. 65–78. Available online at: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v006/6.1putnam.html Redish, Martin H. 2001. Money Talks: Speech, Economic Power, and the Values of Democracy. New York: New York University Press. A professor of law looks at campaign financing, government funding of the arts, and commercial advertising, arguing against government restrictions. Skocpol, Theda and Morris P. Fiorina. 1999. Civic Engagement in American Democracy. Brookings Institution Press. This book offers an analysis of civic engagement in American democracy. It considers the roots of America's patterns of civic engagement, examining the ways in which social groups and government have influenced each other. Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press. Weber, Max. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press. Zweigenhaft, Richard L. and G. William Domhoff. 1998. Diversity in the Power Elite. New Haven: Yale University Press. A psychologist and a sociologist team up to consider why, although women and minorities have made inroads, the overwhelming majority of the elite of the nation continues to be White and male. JOURNALS Among the journals that focus on issues of government are the American Political Science Review (founded in 1906), Congressional Digest (1921), Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (1943), Insurgent Sociologist (1969), Politics and Society (1973), Social Policy (1970), and Terrorism (1988). Chapter 17 Health and the Environment ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. What is meant by the “sick role?” Discuss why this concept is part of the functionalist perspective on health and health care. Answer: The “sick role,” as defined by sociologist Talcott Parsons, refers to a set of societal expectations for individuals who are ill. It includes being exempt from normal social roles and responsibilities, seeking medical help, and cooperating with treatment. From a functionalist perspective, the sick role is crucial for maintaining social order by ensuring that individuals are provided with a structured way to handle illness while minimizing disruption to societal functions. This role helps integrate health issues into societal norms, allowing others to maintain their roles while the ill person recovers. 2. What is meant by the “medicalization of society?” Answer: The “medicalization of society” refers to the process by which non-medical issues are treated as medical problems and managed by medical professionals. This concept highlights how aspects of daily life, such as mental health, childbirth, and aging, become framed as medical issues requiring professional intervention. This shift can influence how society understands and addresses various conditions, often leading to increased reliance on medical diagnoses and treatments for a wide range of life experiences and social problems. 3. What do conflict theorists mean by a “medical model”? Answer: Conflict theorists view the “medical model” as a framework that reinforces social inequalities by emphasizing individual pathology and treating symptoms rather than addressing underlying social causes of health problems. According to this perspective, the medical model supports the interests of powerful medical institutions and professionals while marginalizing the role of social and economic factors in health disparities. By focusing on individual treatment and diagnosis, the medical model can perpetuate existing power structures and ignore broader societal issues impacting health. 4. How is medicine a social control mechanism? Answer: Medicine functions as a social control mechanism by regulating behaviors and norms through the definition and treatment of illness. By categorizing certain behaviors or conditions as medical issues, medicine can influence and standardize individual conduct and societal expectations. For example, the classification of certain mental health conditions can lead to enforced treatment regimes, affecting how individuals conform to societal norms and expectations. This mechanism helps maintain social order by controlling deviance through medical intervention and norms. 5. How do interactionists approach the study of health and medicine? Answer: Interactionists focus on the subjective experiences and meanings that individuals attach to health and illness. They study how people interact with healthcare providers, interpret symptoms, and navigate medical systems. This perspective examines how social interactions and the meanings of health and illness are constructed through everyday life and how these constructions influence individual behaviors and healthcare outcomes. Interactionists are interested in how people define and negotiate their roles within the healthcare system and how these interactions shape their health experiences. 6. How can labeling theory be applied to health and illness? Answer: Labeling theory, which explores how individuals are labeled and treated based on societal definitions, applies to health and illness by examining how being labeled as "ill" can impact a person's identity and social interactions. Once a person is labeled as having a specific condition, this label can affect how others perceive and treat them, potentially leading to stigmatization or changes in self-identity. For example, labeling someone as "mentally ill" may lead to social exclusion or altered self-perception, influencing how they engage with society and manage their condition. 7. How do race and ethnicity affect views of patient autonomy? Answer: Race and ethnicity can significantly influence views on patient autonomy due to cultural differences in understanding and valuing individual decision-making. In some cultures, communal decision-making and family involvement may be prioritized over individual autonomy, affecting how patients and their families approach medical choices. For example, in certain ethnic communities, family members may play a central role in making health decisions, potentially leading to conflicts with healthcare providers who emphasize patient self-determination. Understanding these cultural nuances is crucial for healthcare professionals to respect diverse perspectives on autonomy while ensuring effective and culturally sensitive care. 8. What does social epidemiology tell us about social class differences? Answer: Social epidemiology reveals that social class significantly impacts health outcomes, with individuals from lower social classes often experiencing worse health compared to those from higher classes. Factors such as access to healthcare, quality of living conditions, education, and occupational exposures contribute to these disparities. For instance, people in lower socioeconomic strata may have limited access to preventive care and face higher levels of stress, which can negatively affect their health. Social epidemiology highlights how socioeconomic inequalities shape health patterns and underscores the need for addressing these disparities to improve public health. 9. What does social epidemiology tell us about racial and ethnic differences? Answer: Social epidemiology indicates that racial and ethnic differences in health outcomes are influenced by a combination of social, economic, and environmental factors. Research shows that racial and ethnic minorities often face higher rates of certain health conditions and poorer health outcomes due to factors like limited access to healthcare, socioeconomic disadvantages, and exposure to discrimination. For example, Black and Hispanic communities may experience higher incidences of chronic diseases due to systemic inequities and barriers to health services. Social epidemiology emphasizes the importance of addressing these disparities through targeted public health interventions and policies. 10. In what way is sexism present in medical research? Answer: Sexism in medical research can manifest through gender biases that affect study design, participant inclusion, and interpretation of results. Historically, medical research has predominantly focused on male subjects, leading to gaps in understanding how diseases and treatments affect women differently. This male-centric approach can result in inadequate or less effective treatments for women. Additionally, sex-based differences in health symptoms and responses to medications may be overlooked or under-researched, perpetuating disparities in healthcare quality and outcomes between genders. Addressing sexism in medical research requires more inclusive study practices and greater consideration of gender differences in health. 11. What are some of the age-related social issues in health and medicine? Answer: Age-related social issues in health and medicine include challenges such as ageism, accessibility of healthcare services, and the adequacy of care for older adults. Older individuals may face discrimination based on age, which can impact their treatment options and the quality of care they receive. Additionally, issues like limited mobility, chronic conditions, and the need for specialized care can complicate healthcare access for the elderly. Social policies and healthcare systems must address these issues by promoting equitable treatment, improving access to resources, and ensuring that aging populations receive appropriate and respectful care. 12. Why is the concept of stigma important in treating mental illness? Answer: The concept of stigma is crucial in treating mental illness because it affects how individuals with mental health conditions are perceived and treated by society. Stigma can lead to social exclusion, discrimination, and reluctance to seek help, which can worsen mental health outcomes. When individuals internalize stigma, they may experience shame or self-blame, further impeding their recovery. Addressing stigma through education and advocacy is essential for creating a supportive environment that encourages individuals to seek treatment, participate in therapy, and engage in recovery without fear of judgment or isolation. 13. What are the most significant environmental problems, and what are the basic causes of these problems? Answer: The most significant environmental problems include climate change, deforestation, pollution, loss of biodiversity, and resource depletion. Climate change is driven primarily by greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels, deforestation results from logging and agricultural expansion, and pollution is caused by industrial activities and waste. Loss of biodiversity stems from habitat destruction and overexploitation of species, while resource depletion is often due to overconsumption and unsustainable practices. Addressing these issues requires understanding and mitigating their root causes, including industrial practices, consumption patterns, and regulatory failures. 14. What has been the impact of globalization on the environment? Answer: Globalization has had profound impacts on the environment, both positive and negative. On the positive side, globalization has facilitated the spread of environmental technologies and increased international cooperation on conservation efforts. However, it has also led to increased industrial activity, higher carbon emissions, and greater resource extraction due to the expansion of global trade and production networks. The interconnectedness of economies means environmental degradation in one region can affect distant areas, such as deforestation in the Amazon impacting global climate patterns. Thus, globalization necessitates coordinated global environmental policies. 15. How do conflict theorists view environmental issues? Answer: Conflict theorists view environmental issues through the lens of power and inequality. They argue that environmental degradation is often a byproduct of capitalist systems, where profit maximization leads to exploitation of natural resources and harm to marginalized communities. According to this perspective, environmental policies and regulations are shaped by powerful interests that prioritize economic gains over ecological sustainability, disproportionately affecting lower-income and marginalized groups. Conflict theorists advocate for structural changes to address these inequalities and promote more equitable and sustainable environmental practices. 16. What is environmental justice? Answer: Environmental justice is a principle and movement aimed at addressing the disproportionate environmental burdens faced by marginalized and low-income communities. It seeks to ensure that all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status, have equal access to a healthy environment and are not unfairly impacted by environmental hazards. Environmental justice involves advocating for fair distribution of environmental benefits and risks, improving community participation in decision-making, and addressing historical and systemic inequities in environmental policies and practices. 17. What is ecological modernization? Provide some examples from your life. Answer: Ecological modernization is a theoretical approach that suggests environmental issues can be addressed through technological innovation, policy reforms, and market mechanisms within the framework of modern industrial society. It argues that economic growth and environmental protection are compatible and that advancements in technology and sustainable practices can lead to a "greener" economy. Examples from daily life include the use of energy-efficient appliances, recycling programs, and the adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar panels. These practices illustrate how modernization can incorporate environmental considerations into economic and technological advancements. 18. What light does the conflict perspective shed on environmentalism? Answer: The conflict perspective highlights how environmentalism is influenced by power dynamics and class struggles. It argues that environmental issues are often a reflection of broader social inequalities, where affluent groups have greater means to protect their environments, while marginalized communities bear the brunt of environmental degradation. This perspective suggests that environmental policies are frequently shaped by powerful interests that prioritize economic growth over ecological sustainability. Conflict theorists advocate for addressing the root causes of environmental problems through systemic change and ensuring that all communities have equitable access to environmental protections. 19. Describe environmentalism from another of the theoretical perspectives in sociology. Answer: From a functionalist perspective, environmentalism can be viewed as a response to the need for maintaining ecological balance and ensuring the survival and well-being of society. Functionalists see environmental protection efforts as essential for sustaining the social order and promoting public health and stability. Environmentalism is viewed as a mechanism for addressing disruptions in ecological systems that can affect social functioning, such as pollution or resource depletion. This perspective emphasizes the role of environmental policies and regulations in maintaining societal equilibrium and ensuring that environmental resources are managed for the benefit of current and future generations. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus’s views on world population. Do you think his predictions will likely come true? Why or why not? Answer: Malthus's theory highlighted the potential for population growth to outstrip food supply, predicting famine and scarcity as consequences. Strengths include raising awareness about population pressures. However, his predictions often underestimated technological advancements in agriculture and birth control. Today, while population growth continues, technological innovations and changes in birth rates suggest that Malthus’s predictions may not fully come true, though issues of inequality and resource distribution persist. 2. Identify the various social factors that could lead to a second “baby boom” similar to what we experienced after World War II. Discuss the likelihood of these factors occurring. Answer: Factors that could lead to a second baby boom include economic prosperity, favorable government policies, and cultural shifts valuing larger families. However, current trends toward delayed childbearing, economic uncertainties, and changing social norms suggest that while some demographic changes may occur, the likelihood of a full-scale baby boom similar to the post-WWII era is relatively low. 3. Discuss how social relations change as communities evolve from simple preindustrial cites to large industrial ones. How would such a transition likely affect crime rates? Answer: As communities evolve from preindustrial to industrial cities, social relations become more complex, with increased social stratification and anonymity. Industrialization often leads to urban overcrowding, which can strain social institutions and contribute to higher crime rates. Social fragmentation and economic disparities in industrial cities may exacerbate crime, though increased policing and social services may counteract some of these effects. 4. Describe the various medical decisions and practices physicians might use to discriminate between older and younger patients within their practice. Discuss how socialization may play a part in their decision making. Answer: Physicians may make decisions based on age-related health assumptions, such as prioritizing younger patients for aggressive treatments while offering palliative care to older patients. Socialization and ageism can influence these practices, with societal biases shaping perceptions of older patients’ health and quality of life. These biases may affect treatment options and resource allocation. 5. Identify the main premise of functionalism concerning the delivery of healthcare services. Do you think it is equitable that certain individuals should be entitled to better care and services than others? Answer: Functionalism views healthcare as a crucial institution for maintaining societal stability and well-being, with healthcare services serving to meet the needs of the population and support social order. The idea that some individuals receive better care reflects systemic inequalities, and while functionalism accepts this for maintaining social roles, it raises ethical concerns about equity in access to healthcare services. 6. Ask students to identify recent United States government decisions that could create environmental consequences for populations, and discuss the functionalist and conflict theory views on environmental issues. Answer: Recent U.S. government decisions, such as deregulation of environmental protections or promoting fossil fuel use, could lead to adverse environmental consequences. From a functionalist perspective, these policies might be seen as supporting economic stability at the cost of long-term ecological balance. Conflict STUDENT RESEARCH AND ASSIGNMENTS 1. Women in the Healthcare Field: Students can use this book as a starting point for understanding how different cultures incorporate women into male-dominated healthcare professions. Elianne Riska. Medical Careers and Feminist Agendas: American, Scandinavian, and Russian Women Physicians. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2001. 2. The Environment and Human Health: Have students research the controversies regarding environmental illnesses. Steve Kroll-Smith, Phil Brown, and Valerie J. Gunter (eds.). Illness and the Environment: A Reader in Contested Medicine. New York: New York University Press. 3. A First-Person Commentary on AIDS: There are many poignant accounts of what it is like to live with AIDS. See David Sanford, “Back to a Future: One Man’s AIDS Tale Shows How Quickly Epidemic has Turned,” The Wall Street Journal (November 8, 1996): A1, A10. 4. Healthcare and Race: See Nancy Krieger and Stephen Sidney, “Racial Discrimination and Blood Pressure: The CARDIA Study of Young Black and White Adults,” American Journal of Public Health 86 (October 1996): 1370–1378. Also see Bruce P. Lamphear, Michael Weitzman, and Shirley Eberly, “Racial Differences in Urban Children’s Environmental Exposure to Lead,” American Journal of Public Health 86 (October 1996): 1460–1463. 5. Poverty and Healthcare: See Laura E. Montgomery, John L. Kiely, and Gregory Pappas, “The Effects of Poverty, Race, and Family Structure on U.S. Children’s Health: Data from the NHIS, 1978 through 1980 and 1989 through 1991,” American Journal of Public Health 86 (October 1996): 1401–1405. 6. Social Impact of Chronic Illness: Begin your study of this topic with the review essay by Robert Sussman, Contemporary Sociology 25 (March 1996): 143–148. VIDEO RESOURCES AIDS at Issue: Coping with an Epidemic (Filmakers Library, 1992, 22m). This documentary addresses a host of controversial social issues related to the AIDS epidemic, among them AIDS prevention education, mandatory testing, and needle exchange programs. AIDS and Love: An Interview with Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross (1993, 39m). Dr. Kübler-Ross has championed the cause of prisoners with AIDS. In the early 1980s, she warned officials that they were underestimating the extent of the epidemic in correctional institutions. Later she saw with her own eyes how these sick prisoners were denied treatment and comfort. She became an advocate for these patients and has seen their situation improve. The Business of Being Born (New Line Home Video, 2008, 87 minutes). Produced by Ricki Lake, this documentary considers how America’s for-profit health care system affects children and the women giving birth to them. Housing America: Demographics and Development (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2002, 60m). As the twenty-first century unfolds, how are Americans adapting to urgent issues involving sustainable growth, quality of life, and community planning? This multi-segment program addresses this question using four community cases. Increase and Multiply? (1989, 55m). This documentary shows in human terms the consequences of withdrawing family planning support; increasing numbers of illegal abortions, abandoned babies, juvenile delinquency, and diminished natural resources. Meet with the men and women who are eager for help in limiting the size of their families. Leper: Life Beyond Stigma (Bruno Films, 2000, 25m). A documentary filmmaker looks at the social consequences of one of the most stigmatizing diseases, leprosy. Based on numerous interviews with residents of a leprosy colony in Nepal. Livable Landscapes: By Chance or By Choice? (Bullfrog Films, 2003, 57m). This film looks at urban sprawl in New England, and how it affects communities and lives there. Case studies of five communities are utilized. Populations (1992, color, 14m). Examines various influences on populations, including environment, biological factors, territoriality, and population density. Pregnant in America: A Nation’s Miscarriage (2008, Intention Media, 104 minutes). This video explores the industry of childbirth and the medicalization of labor and delivery and offers a glimpse into the emerging alternative of home birth. Save Our Land, Save Our Towns (Insight Media, 2000, 57m). This video examines the causes and effects of urban sprawl, and offers suggestions on how Americans can prevent the negative effects related to congestion and land space issues. Sicko (The Weinstein Company; 2007, 123 minutes). In this humorous yet disturbing documentary, Michael Moore takes a look at America’s for-profit health care system. Available through Amazon. Too Many People, Too Little Space (1991, 60m). Defines standard demographic terms in consideration of the impact of densely populated urban centers. The Uninsured: Forty-Four Million Forgotten Americans (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2001, 47m). This video highlights the social costs of corporate cost cutting and downsizing on healthcare in the United States. The program illustrates how such states as California, Texas, and Tennessee are dealing with the desperate needs of the uninsured. ADDITIONAL READINGS Calthorpe, Peter, and William Fulton. 2001. The Regional City: Planning for the End of Sprawl. Washington, DC: Island Press. Using San Francisco as a case study, two sociologists rethink the notion that the central cities are all declining and the suburbs are all flourishing. Cockerham, William C. 1999. Health and Social Change in Russia and Eastern Europe. New York: Routledge. An examination of the sociological causes of the decline in life expectancy—unusual in an industrialized society—that began in the 1960s in the countries of the former Soviet Union. Conley, Dalton, Kate W. Strully, and Neil G. Bennett. 2003. The Starting Gate: Birth Weight and Life Chances. Berkeley: University of California Press. This study is an excellent example of the interplay between health and social outcomes. Duany, Andres, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Jeff Speck. 2000. Suburban Nation: The Rise and Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. New York: North Point Press. A critical look at most post-World War II suburban development, both residential and commercial. Epstein, Steven. 1996. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. A sociologist examines AIDS research from the perspective of how it has been influenced by social and political forces. Fitzpatrick, Kevin, and Mark LaGory. 2000. Unhealthy Places: The Ecology of Risk in the Urban Landscape. New York: Routledge. Two urban planners take a spatial view of urban ecology and raise the concept of the “urban health penalty”; the effect of place on an individual’s access to health resources. Guillemin, Jeanne. 1999. Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. Berkeley: University of California Press. A sociologist describes her social-epidemiological investigation into the mystery-shrouded outbreak of anthrax in the Soviet Union in 1979. Hurley, Andrew. 2001. Diners, Bowling Alleys and Trailer Parks: Chasing the American Dream in the Postwar Consumer Culture. New York: Basic Books. An examination of how suburban institutions foster a sense of connectedness, while reinforcing social class distinctions. Johns, Michael. 2002. Moment of Grace: The American City in the 1950s. Berkeley: University of California Press. How have urban communities changed in the past 50 years? This book, about U.S. cities in the 1950s, gives a perspective on this question. Lassey, Marie L., William R. Lassey, and Martin J. Jinks. 1997. Health Care Systems around the World: Characteristics, Issues, Reforms. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. A comparative look at healthcare delivery in 13 countries, including Canada, China, Japan, Mexico, Russia, and Sweden. Leavitt, Judith Walzer. 1996. Typhoid Mary: Captive in the Public’s Health. Boston: Beacon. A professor of the history of medicine and women’s studies examines how scientists discovered that a healthy body could carry typhoid, using a notorious case study from the early 1900s. Macunovich, Diane J. 2002. Birth Quake: The Baby Boom and Its Aftershocks. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Cohort size can have significant long-term consequences for a society. This book looks at what the baby boom did to American society. Moore, Richard M. III. 2001. The Hidden America: Social Problems in Rural America for the Twenty-First Century. Selingsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press. This anthology includes essays on topics such as substance abuse, immigration, and homelessness among rural Americans. Riska, Elianne. 2001. Medical Careers and Feminist Agendas: American, Scandinavian, and Russian Women Physicians. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine De Gruyter. A comparison of female physicians in three nations. Sassen, Saskia. 2001. The Global City, 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Princeton University Press. A sociologist explains how the transition to a global economy has caused massive social change in New York, London, and Tokyo. Shilts, Randy. 1987. And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Shilts, a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle, offers this devastating critique of the nation’s medical, political, and media establishments for allowing the AIDS epidemic to reach grave proportions before taking it seriously. Sites, William. 2003. Remaking New York: Primitive Globalization and the Politics of Urban Community. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Addresses the impact of globalization at the community level. Solnit, Rebecca. 2001. Hollow City: Gentrification and the Eviction of Urban Culture. London: Verso. A highly critical work that sees in gentrification the uprooting of bohemian exclaves by the privileged. Vincent, Peggy. 2002. Baby Catcher: Chronicles of a Modern Midwife. New York: Scribner. In this moving account, Vincent tells the stories of “baby catchers,” women who are trained to assist in the birth of other women’s babies. In doing so, readers will be forced to reconsider medically oriented “deliveries” in favor of more personalized, intimate birth experiences. Wolf, Naomi. 2003. Misconceptions: Truth, Lies, and the Unexpected on the Journey to Motherhood. New York: Anchor. Feminist scholar and activist Naomi Wolf exposes the realities of motherhood in America, from labor and delivery to caring for a toddler. JOURNALS Among the journals dealing with issues of health, illness, and healthcare are Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness, and Medicine (founded in 1997), Journal of Gender, Culture, and Health (1996), Journal of Health and Social Behavior (1965), Millbank Memorial Quarterly (1923), and Social Science and Medicine (1967). The Population Reference Bureau (1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 520, Washington, DC 20009–5728) publishes Population Bulletin (quarterly), Population Today (11 times annually), Interchange (quarterly), and occasionally Teaching Modules. These publications provide up-to-date information on population and environmental trends. Chapter 18 Social Change in the Global Community ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. What are social movements, and how can they be contrasted to other forms of social change? Answer: Social movements are collective, organized efforts aimed at promoting or resisting change within a society. Unlike other forms of social change, which may occur through gradual evolution or top-down policies, social movements typically arise from grassroots activism and seek to address specific grievances or advocate for new policies. They often involve mobilizing public opinion, coordinating protests, or creating awareness. In contrast, other forms of social change might include technological advancements or legal reforms that do not necessarily involve mass mobilization or direct action by citizens. 2. What is meant by the term relative deprivation? How does it serve to mobilize discontent? Answer: Relative deprivation refers to the perception that one is disadvantaged compared to others or compared to a desired standard. This sense of injustice or inequality can spur mobilization by highlighting disparities between one's own situation and the perceived conditions of others. It serves as a catalyst for social movements as individuals or groups experiencing relative deprivation may seek to address their grievances, demand changes, and rally others who share similar feelings of discontent, thereby fueling collective action. 3. What approach to social movements does the resource mobilization perspective take? Answer: The resource mobilization perspective views social movements through the lens of resource availability and strategic organization. It emphasizes that the success of a social movement depends on its ability to gather and utilize resources—such as financial support, organizational skills, and leadership. This approach focuses on the practical aspects of mobilizing resources and building coalitions rather than just the grievances or ideologies driving the movement. It argues that effective social movements require systematic planning and resource management to achieve their goals. 4. How have women been incorporated into social movements? Answer: Women have been integral to numerous social movements, both as leaders and active participants. Historically, women have played key roles in movements for civil rights, labor rights, and feminist causes. They have mobilized for gender equality, reproductive rights, and workplace reforms. Women's involvement often highlights issues of gender inequality and aims to reform societal norms and institutions. The inclusion of women in social movements has significantly shaped their agendas, strategies, and outcomes, leading to greater gender inclusivity and representation in activism. 5. Apply Marx’s concept of false consciousness to resource mobilization. Answer: Marx’s concept of false consciousness refers to the way individuals may be misled about their true social interests, often aligning with the interests of the ruling class instead of recognizing their own class-based grievances. In the context of resource mobilization, false consciousness can hinder effective mobilization by preventing individuals from recognizing their shared disadvantages and uniting for collective action. Social movements need to overcome this false consciousness by raising awareness of class struggle and providing a clear understanding of the need for collective mobilization and change. 6. What is meant by “new social movements?” Answer: "New social movements" refer to a wave of social movements that emerged in the late 20th century, focusing on issues beyond traditional economic and class-based concerns. These movements address a wide range of social and cultural issues, such as environmentalism, gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, and multiculturalism. They often emphasize identity politics, social justice, and cultural change, using decentralized and networked organizational structures. New social movements are characterized by their focus on personal and collective identities, cultural values, and human rights, reflecting shifts in societal priorities and the evolving nature of social activism. 7. How does the new social movement approach apply to the organizing efforts described in rural India? Answer: The new social movement approach, which focuses on identity, culture, and social justice beyond traditional economic concerns, is relevant in rural India where organizing efforts often address issues like environmental degradation, land rights, and gender inequality. These movements emphasize local identity, cultural preservation, and grassroots empowerment. For example, the Chipko movement, where villagers embraced trees to prevent deforestation, aligns with the new social movement’s emphasis on environmental justice and local activism. Such efforts in rural India leverage cultural values and community solidarity, reflecting the new social movement’s focus on broader social and cultural issues rather than just economic grievances. 8. Explain the relationship between communication technology and collective behavior. Answer: Communication technology facilitates collective behavior by enabling rapid dissemination of information and organizing capabilities. Social media platforms, for instance, allow people to quickly share information, mobilize support, and coordinate actions for collective causes. This instant connectivity helps movements spread awareness and recruit participants, making it easier to engage in collective actions such as protests or advocacy campaigns. However, communication technology can also lead to fragmented or superficial engagement if not used effectively, affecting the depth and cohesion of collective behavior. 9. What is the relationship between communication technology and social movements? Answer: Communication technology plays a crucial role in social movements by providing tools for organizing, mobilizing, and amplifying voices. Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp enable activists to reach large audiences, coordinate activities, and build networks across geographical boundaries. This enhances the capacity of social movements to organize protests, share information, and garner support quickly. Additionally, communication technology can help movements bypass traditional media gatekeepers, allowing for more direct and democratic dissemination of their messages. However, reliance on technology can also pose challenges, such as ensuring digital security and managing online harassment. 10. Discuss communication technology, social movements, and recent current events involving these phenomena. Answer: Recent events like the Arab Spring and the Black Lives Matter movement illustrate the powerful role of communication technology in social movements. During the Arab Spring, social media platforms were pivotal in organizing protests and disseminating information, leading to significant political changes in the Middle East. Similarly, the Black Lives Matter movement has utilized Twitter and Instagram to raise awareness about police brutality and mobilize global protests. These examples highlight how communication technology can enhance the reach and impact of social movements by facilitating real-time communication and broadening the scope of activism. However, they also underscore issues such as digital surveillance and misinformation that can affect the effectiveness of these movements. 11. Describe the different theoretical approaches and the insights they contribute to potential policy affecting transnationals. Answer: Different theoretical approaches offer varied insights into policy affecting transnationals. The World-Systems Theory highlights how global economic systems and policies impact transnationals, emphasizing the need for equitable economic policies and fair trade practices. Globalization Theory examines how transnationals influence and are influenced by global economic and cultural exchanges, suggesting policies that address global interconnectedness and support sustainable development. Conflict Theory focuses on the power imbalances and exploitation inherent in transnational operations, advocating for policies that protect workers’ rights and regulate corporate practices. Each perspective contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of transnational corporations and informs policies aimed at ensuring fairness and sustainability. 12. What factors contributed to the emergence of the idea of transnationals that hadn’t existed in the past? Answer: The emergence of transnationals is attributed to several key factors. Globalization has facilitated the expansion of companies across national borders, creating transnational entities that operate on a global scale. Advances in communication and transportation technology have made it easier for businesses to manage operations and supply chains internationally. Economic liberalization and trade agreements have reduced barriers to international trade and investment, encouraging the growth of transnational corporations. Additionally, increasing capital mobility and market integration have spurred the development of transnational companies that leverage global markets and resources. These factors collectively contribute to the rise of transnational entities and their influence on global economics and politics. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. Describe how the 2003 invasion of Iraq brought about social movements through relative deprivation and resource mobilization in both the United States and Iraq. Answer: The 2003 invasion of Iraq triggered social movements driven by relative deprivation, where individuals in the U.S. and Iraq felt their needs and grievances were unmet by existing policies. In the U.S., anti-war protests emerged, fueled by perceptions of unjust war motives and resource allocation. In Iraq, resistance movements formed as a reaction to foreign occupation and its impact on daily life. Resource mobilization was evident as both movements utilized media, networks, and organizations to rally support and challenge the status quo. 2. Describe the typical cycle or process of a major social movement, from the identification of a social problem, to the reaction against a standing social policy, to mobilization of resources, to the implementation of social change. Use the Civil Rights Movement or Women’s Movement as an example. Describe how and why these movements were successful (as well as areas where further attention and social action are necessary). Answer: The Civil Rights Movement began with the identification of racial inequality and systemic injustice. Activists reacted against discriminatory policies through protests and legal challenges. They mobilized resources by building coalitions, gaining media attention, and leveraging political support. Successes included landmark legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, ongoing racial disparities and economic inequalities highlight areas needing continued attention and action for full equality. 3. Identify how the 2003 Iraq war created certain panics and crazes among people in the United States and across the world. Answer: The 2003 Iraq war incited panics and crazes such as heightened fears of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. In the U.S., there was a surge in national security measures and increased xenophobia. Globally, the war led to anti-American sentiment and widespread protests, with concerns about the war’s justification and its potential to destabilize the region, further fueling global unease. 4. Discuss how the recent PATRIOT Act may advance various forms of collective behavior among groups within the United States. Answer: The PATRIOT Act has led to increased collective behavior such as civil liberties advocacy and surveillance protests. Groups concerned about privacy and government overreach have mobilized to challenge the Act’s provisions, leading to debates, legal challenges, and advocacy for reform. This collective behavior reflects broader concerns about security measures and individual freedoms. 5. Describe the political, social, and ideological reasons behind the Defense of Marriage Act. Answer: The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was motivated by political, social, and ideological factors. Politically, it aimed to prevent federal recognition of same-sex marriages, reflecting conservative values and resistance to same-sex marriage legalization. Socially, it was driven by traditional views on marriage and family structures. Ideologically, DOMA aligned with beliefs about preserving a heteronormative definition of marriage, influencing national debates on LGBTQ+ rights. STUDENT RESEARCH AND ASSIGNMENTS 1. Successful Protest: See R. Scott Frey et al., “Characteristics of Successful American Protest Groups: Another Look at Gamson’s ‘Strategy of Social Protest,’” American Journal of Sociology 98 (September 1993): 368–387. 2. Labor Activism in South Korea: The history of Korean labor activism is extremely interesting, and the author of this recent book is one of the most respected authorities on the subject. Hagen Koo. Korean Workers: The Culture and Politics of Class Formation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. 3. Vegetarianism as a Social Movement: Have students study a social movement outside the usual range addressed in introductory sociology courses. Donna Maurer. Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment? Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2002. 4. Networking between Movements: See William K. Carroll and R.S. Ratner, “Master Framing and Cross-Movement Networking in Contemporary Social Movements,” Sociological Quarterly 37 (Fall 1996): 601–625. 5. Anti-Immigrant Social Movements: See Ivan Light, “Nationalism and Anti-Immigrant Movements,” Society 33 (2)(1996): 58–63. 6. Gay Marriage Movement: Describe the movement to legalize same-sex marriage in the United States, including how, why, and where momentum first gathered, as well as major obstacles (legally, politically, and ideologically) to its full success. As a part of this discussion, have students identify key legal decisions along the way, including the recent decision in Massachusetts declaring the Defense of Marriage Act to be unconstitutional. A useful video for this assignment is One Wedding … and a Revolution. VIDEO RESOURCES Ballad of Greenwich Village (Filmakers Library, 2006, 70m). Documents the various social movements with origins in Greenwich Village, New York. Numerous writers and artists are featured. Bill Moyers Journal: 21st-Century Populism / Writer Barry Lopez (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2010, 87 minutes). After a report on Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement, proud and vocal inheritors of America’s populist spirit, Bill Moyers sits down with populist agitator Jim Hightower to look at the history and legacy of people’s movements and to discuss how ordinary people can reclaim their political power. Empowerment and Social Justice: Values, Theory, and Action (Insight Media, 2007, 60 minutes). This program examines social justice, which is an exercise in empowerment for individuals, groups, and communities. Explaining that helping professionals are usually trained to work within an individualistic framework that gives insufficient attention to social structure and community action, the program explains how to implement a social justice approach. Particularly useful for classes in Social Work or applied Sociology. Grass (Home Vision Entertainment, 2000, 80 minutes). An innovative look into one of America’s most deeply rooted cultural myths—the dangers and evils of marijuana. The Idea Makers: The Women of Hull House (Insight Media, 2002, 18 minutes). This program explores how Jane Addams and other social reformers applied statistical analysis to real-world problems and explores the relationship between social statistics and social action. Let Freedom Ring: Moments from the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965 (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2008, 47 minutes). This NBC News program presents original coverage from frontline correspondents and camera teams at work during critical junctures in America’s battle for racial equality. The Men’s Movement (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2000, 30m). This program profiles the new “men’s movement,” explores the various reasons why men become involved, and examines the implications for men and women in the twenty-first century. Morristown: In the Air and Sun (Appalshop, 60 minutes). In this hour-long documentary, director Anne Lewis chronicles nearly a decade of change in Morristown, Tennessee, through interviews with displaced or low-wage Southern workers, Mexican immigrants, and workers and families impacted by globalization. My American Neighbor: Thoughts From and about U.S. Citizens Abroad (2008, 30 minutes). As America undergoes rapid cultural changes, how is its global image evolving? In what ways do expatriate Americans shape foreign perceptions of the United States? This program presents interviews with Americans in Russia, France, Italy, Greece, and Egypt. Each shares his or her thoughts on patriotism, stereotypes, personal and political freedoms, and the challenge of seeing one’s birthplace objectively. 9 to 5 No Longer (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2008, 60 minutes). A demographic change is affecting virtually every American: the creation of a flexible workforce. The global economy, increasing numbers of two-income families, and the need for businesses to retain talent both in the executive suite and among low-paid workers are all having an impact on the way people work. Social Action (Insight Media, 2002, 30m). This video examines various forms of collective behavior, including social movements. It also asks how collective behavior is related to the power structure of society. Upstream Battle: A Case Study in Native American Fishing Rights (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2008, 53 minutes). The Karuk, Yurok, and Hoopa peoples live along northern California’s Klamath River, and each tribe’s culture revolves around the Pacific salmon. Today, four large hydroelectric dams have made salmon extinction a real and frightening possibility. This case study follows tribal members as they confront the owners of the dams—specifically, a global energy giant in Scotland which is subsequently bought out by Warren Buffett’s corporate empire. ADDITIONAL READINGS Adam, Barry D., Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Andre Krouwel, eds. 1999. The Global Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Politics: National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. The editors offer portraits of gay and lesbian organizations in 16 nations, including Australia, Brazil, France, Great Britain, Japan, Romania, and Spain. DaCosta, Kimberly McClain. 2007. Making Multiracials. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Analyzes a recent social movement—that which resulted in the mainstream recognition of multiracial Americans. Fine, Gary Alan, and Patricia A. Turner. 2001. Whispers on the Color Line: Rumor and Race in America. Berkeley: University of California Press. Two sociologists consider how and why certain rumors take root in the African-American community. Horowitz, Donald L. 2000. Mob Rule: The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley: University of California Press. A cross-cultural look at racial, ethnic, and religious riots throughout history. Jasper, James. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. An analysis of how social movements, ranging from nineteenth-century boycotts to contemporary anti-nuclear, animal rights, and environmental movements, develop and the impact they have on participants and society as a whole. Lofland, John. 1996. Social Movement Organizations: Guide to Research on Insurgent Realities. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. A noted sociologist offers a handbook on studying social movement organizations. Miller, David L. 2000. Introduction to Collective Behavior and Collective Actions. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland. The author, associated with the assembling perspective, covers all the major theoretical approaches of the field. He examines rumors, riots, social movements, immigrations, and other forms of collective behavior. Regan, Tom. 2000. Defending Animal Rights. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. A philosopher and participant in the animal rights movement reflects on the movement and compares it to other protests. Warner, Michael. 1999. The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life. New York: The Free Press. A critical examination of the contemporary gay rights movement and its emphasis on the recognition of gay marriages. JOURNALS Among those journals that focus on collective behavior and social movements are the International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters (founded in 1983), the Journal of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity (1996), the Journal of Popular Culture (1967), Mobilization (1996), and Public Opinion Quarterly (1937). Solution Manual for Sociology in Modules Richard T. Schaefer 9780078026812, 9780071318419