This Document Contains Chapters 17 to 18 Chapter 17: Applied and Practicing Anthropology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Anthropologists who call themselves applied or practicing anthropologists are not usually employed in which setting? A. charitable foundations B. universities C. public interest law firms D. profit-seeking corporations Answer: B 2. Approximately what proportion of individuals with graduate degrees in anthropology are employed outside of colleges and universities? A. less than 10 percent B. around 26 percent C. more than 50 percent D. around 80 percent Answer: C 3. What is the major reason that nonacademic organizations hire anthropologists? A. the ability of anthropologists to enlighten others about different cultures B. anthropologists’ ability to help people get along with each other C. an increasing realization that what anthropology can discover about humans is useful D. the knowledge of anthropologists to help solve environmental problems Answer: C 4. As a profession, applied or practicing anthropology is explicitly concerned with __________. A. conducting basic research B. testing hypotheses C. making anthropological knowledge useful in solving practical problems D. solving crimes and identifying human remains Answer: C 5. Anthropologists are most often involved in __________, rather than __________. A. initiating action; gathering information B. gathering information; constructing policy C. constructing policy; gathering information D. initiating action; constructing policy Answer: B 6. Which of the following is an application of applied, or practicing, anthropology? A. describing the art of a society B. social impact studies C. decoding kinship terminologies D. looking for universal themes in myth Answer: B 7. Anthropologists have usually studied peoples who are __________. A. wealthy B. dominant C. disadvantaged D. going extinct Answer: C 8. According to the code of ethics adopted by the Society of Applied Anthropology in 1948, __________. A. there is no need to include the target community in planning a study B. anthropologists should not do research on applied questions unless specifically asked to do so by the people affected. C. the first responsibility of the anthropologist in the field is to his sponsors, second to himself or herself, and third to the people being studied D. the target community should be included as much as possible in the formulation of policy Answer: D 9. The ethics of applied anthropologists requires that __________. A. only pure research can be applied to a particular problem B. the anthropologist must not take any action that is harmful to the interests of the community C. the anthropologist in charge of the project balances the needs of his employer with those of the local community D. the anthropologist working with a community must answer to the needs of his or her employer Answer: B 10. If an employer expects an anthropologist to conduct work that violates their professional code of ethics, and the anthropologist cannot convince the employer to change the practices, what does the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology recommend? A. write a letter of complaint B. complete the current contract C. withdraw from the work D. file a lawsuit against the employer Answer: C 11. Why did the Gwembe Tonga villagers suffer economically after being relocated for the building of a dam in the Zambezi Valley? A. They had to commute to work from their new location. B. They were moved to an area with no suitable farmland. C. Their new settlement was overpopulated. D. They had cut back on producing their own food. Answer: D 12. Which of the following situations is least likely to put the anthropologist into an ethical dilemma? A. being approached by a company after a decision has already been made B. getting involved with a change program after problems have arisen C. being invited to work on a project initiated by the affected party D. being assigned to a task force with which the anthropologist fundamentally disagrees Answer: C 13. What was the ethical dilemma presented with the remains of Kennewick Man? A. A Native American group claimed the remains as an ancestor, but there was clear evidence that the skeleton was of European descent. B. The group claiming a relationship with the remains did not want them tested, which is the only way to confirm relationship. C. The state of Washington had legally awarded the remains to the Umatilla, but the federal government the overruled their decision. D. Anthropologists insisted that the skeleton be displayed in a museum, in defiance of the traditional burial practices required by Umatilla culture. Answer: B 14. What does the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) do? A. makes it a felony to collect, own, or transfer human remains of known affinity to any Native American group, without approval of that group B. protects the right of Native American cultures to practice their traditional burial ceremonies, including burials, cremations, and defleshing of bones C. prohibits anyone unaffiliated with a Native American culture from burying their dead in a tribal cemetery D. allows members of Native American groups to exhume human remains and rebury them in their ancestral lands Answer: A 15. What is the most important contribution of anthropology to international business? A. knowing what to wear to a business meeting B. helping with the adjustment in time zones and business hours C. understanding the relative value of different economic systems D. explaining cultural variation in communication Answer: D 16. Anthropologists have helped business become aware of their own __________ cultures. A. organizational B. institutional C. internal D. structural Answer: A 17. What example of cultural misunderstanding did anthropologist Jill Kleinberg find in her study of Japanese-owned firms in the US? A. The American employees were very time-oriented, while the Japanese managers were frequently late to meetings. B. The American employees were frustrated by the lack of opportunities to advance, and the Japanese managers felt the Americans were too hard to manage. C. The American employees were very formal when speaking with their coworkers or supervisors, but the Japanese managers had a relaxed, informal style. D. The American employees felt the work day was too long, while the Japanese managers complained about the laziness of the workers. Answer: B 18. What possible situation must be considered when deciding to provide vaccinations against life threatening disease to a new community? A. whether the society has the resources to sustain the potential population increase B. if the vaccine has minor side effects, such as headache or fever C. what time of year to give the vaccine, since its efficacy is seasonal D. if social stratification might prevent every individual from receiving the vaccine Answer: A 19. What negative side effect came with the FUNAI plan to introduce rice agriculture to the Bakairí? A. Many of the children developed nutritional deficiencies after shifting to simple diet. B. They ended up with less food after the introduction of agriculture than they had had previously. C. The people became dependent upon cash for fuel, fertilizer, and repairs. D. The dominant members of society hoarded the wealth for themselves. Answer: C 20. Anthropologists, environmentalists, and the Haitian people all agree that __________ is desperately needed in Haiti; determining how to enact this change is more difficult. A. contraception B. reforestation C. universal education D. malaria prophylaxis Answer: B 21. What is the benefit of applied anthropologists pointing out the failure of government programs to evaluate long-term consequences? A. It demonstrates the usefulness of anthropology as a profession. B. It enables anthropologists to secure funds from non-government sources. C. It encourages governments and other agencies to seek anthropological help. D. It provides proof the government programs are generally ineffective. Answer: C 22. Which of the following was one of the strategies used by Gerald Murray’s successful reforestation project in Haiti? A. telling farmers that the government owned the trees B. giving farmers seedlings for big, slow-to-mature tree species C. having farmers plant seedlings in a large communal lot D. providing tree species that could be interspersed with other crops Answer: D 23. What specialized research method could Murray—as an anthropologist—bring to the Haiti reforestation evaluation? A. participant observation B. translation C. interviews D. focal groups Answer: A 24. Which of these cases is an example of a justified resistance by a target population to planned change? A. Haitian farmers’ disregard for laws prohibiting cutting down government-owned trees B. Venezuelan women’s refusal to accept government-provided infant formula C. Bakairí preference for the taste of manioc over the introduced rice D. Colombian farmers’ disinterest in planting fruiting trees Answer: B 25. Even if a proposed change program will be beneficial to a population, one factor that often hinders the acceptance of a planned change is __________. A. cultural resistance by the target population B. insufficient funds to implement the project C. the use of local channels of influence D. distrust of foreign anthropologists Answer: A 26. __________ barriers are shared behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that tend to impede the acceptance of an innovation. A. Social B. Cultural C. Psychological D. Philosophical Answer: B 27. Research suggests that planned changes are more likely to be successful if __________. A. the change is presented to the women before the men B. the change is introduced very gradually C. the change agent and the target adopter are socially similar D. the change agent is a member of the target society Answer: C 28. __________ barriers deal with how the individuals perceive both the innovation and the agents of change. A. Social B. Cultural C. Psychological D. Philosophical Answer: C 29. To whom should health workers have first approached when they wished to vaccinate Kalahandi villagers against smallpox? A. the governor B. the priest C. the clan chief D. individual mothers Answer: B 30. Applied anthropologists advocate integrating whom into medical change programs? A. teachers B. politicians C. local celebrities D. indigenous healers Answer: D 31. Which groups, who seem to be the key to effective development, are increasingly seeking the help of applied anthropologists? A. indigenous grassroots movements B. government organizations C. nongovernment organizations D. private companies Answer: A 32. Decisions about whether a proposed change would benefit a target population __________. A. are normally made by a project’s sponsors, with little or no input from consulting anthropologists B. are not ethically required before a program is implemented C. are entirely up to the target population D. are not always easy Answer: D 33. Recovering and recording the archaeological record before programs of planned change disturb or destroy it is called __________. A. archaeological excavation management (AEM) B. cultural repository excavation (CRE) C. cultural resource management (CRM) D. archaeological resource management (ARM) Answer: C 34. CRM archaeologists use a __________ to determine how to protect or salvage as much of the archaeological record as possible before a major building project. A. improvement scheme B. mitigation plan C. salvage arrangement D. alleviation program Answer: B 35. Because of U.S. federal laws on historic preservation, which of these is a likely place to find CRM archaeologists at work? A. highway construction projects B. coal mine operations C. development of a shopping center D. preparing farmland for planting Answer: A 36. Which Native American community has initiated a program to train and employ tribal members in cultural resource management? A. Comanche B. Hopi C. Pima D. Zuni Answer: D 37. Which field of anthropology is devoted to solving crimes, helping to locate mass graves, and identifying victims of war and state-sponsored brutality? A. forensic anthropology B. archaeology C. biological anthropology D. ethnology Answer: A 38. Applied anthropologists who are trained in __________ may work in the area of forensic investigations. A. archaeology B. ethnology C. biological anthropology D. anthropological linguistics Answer: C 39. Forensic anthropologists can estimate with fairly high accuracy whether a person’s ancestors came from Asia, Europe, or Africa, but they cannot detect __________. A. skin color B. age C. sex D. size Answer: A 40. Which of the following applied anthropologists applied cultural anthropology to a forensic investigation involving several elder Bannock-Shoshoni women? A. Barbara Joans B. Clyde Snow C. Wayne Warry D. Kathy Reichs Answer: A 41. What role have forensic anthropologists played in recent human rights investigations? A. They connect indigenous communities with western medical treatments. B. They provide a voice for underrepresented cultures in legal matters. C. They locate and identify victims of state-sanctioned killings. D. They investigate and preserve the lifeways of dying cultures. Answer: C 42. What factors do medical anthropologists think we need to consider if we are to reduce the suffering in human life? A. cultural and social B. cultural and political C. biological and social D. biological and political Answer: C 43. Many of the ideas and practices of medical researchers and practitioners are influenced by __________. A. politics B. money C. kinship D. culture Answer: D 44. Medical anthropology, and anthropology in general, are developing in the direction of a __________. A. postmodern paradigm B. biocultural synthesis C. traditionalist movement D. ideological revival Answer: B 45. As it stands today, the medical profession cannot tell us __________. A. why the effectiveness of treatments vary from one group to another B. which treatments are most effective for killing a virus C. what medical side-effects may come from a particular treatment D. the major risk factors involved in spreading common disease Answer: A 46. Many medical anthropologists now argue that the biomedical paradigm itself needs to be understood as part of __________. A. biocultural synthesis B. Western attitudes C. globalization D. the culture Answer: D 47. Which term refers to the health-related beliefs, knowledge, and practices of a cultural group? A. paramedicine B. global medicine C. ethnomedicine D. biomedicine Answer: C 48. Many cultures have the view that the body should be kept in __________. A. a cleansed state B. an equilibrium C. balance with nature D. shape Answer: B 49. Which of the following must be balanced in the ethnomedicine of many Latin American and Caribbean cultures? A. male and female B. good and evil C. hot and cold D. light and dark Answer: C 50. Before germ theory became dominant in Western medicine during the 1900s, medical systems in ancient Greece, Europe, and India believed that illness was caused by __________. A. humors being out of balance B. insect bites C. angry ancestor spirits D. witchcraft Answer: A 51. Which humoral medical system contained six humors, in addition to a balance between yin and yang? A. Greek B. Japanese C. Ayurvedic D. Chinese Answer: D 52. In the Hokkien medical system of Taiwan, what is a suitable treatment for blood loss? A. “cold” remedies, such as iced drinks B. “hot” remedies, such as baths and soups C. ensuring a balance between phlegm and bile D. ensuring a balance between yin and yang Answer: B 53. In a cross-cultural study of 139 societies, George P. Murdock found __________ societies that did not have the belief that gods or spirits could cause illness. A. two B. seven C. ten D. twenty Answer: A 54. In what region would one find the belief that soul loss can cause illness? A. Africa B. the Mediterranean C. South America D. Eurasia Answer: D 55. The people of Chuuk point out that __________. A. people treated with traditional medicine are cured faster than those who go to hospital B. western medicine only cures western diseases, not local illness C. they have never seen germs, but they have seen ghosts that cause illness D. a combination of Chuuk medicine and western medicine is the best approach Answer: C 56. The dominant system of Western medicine, referred to as the ______________, focuses on the scientific treatment of specific diseases, but pays little attention to the person or the larger social and cultural system. A. ethnomedicine B. humoral theory C. biomedical paradigm D. placebo theory Answer: C 57. Why is health generally not the focus of the biomedical paradigm? A. health is an abstract concept that cannot be measured B. health is thought to be the absence of disease C. doctors are more concerned with longevity than with feeling well D. health is an idea borrowed from eastern cultures Answer: B 58. In the example discussed in the chapter, why did the Guatemalan villagers not use the free antimalarial pills provided to them? A. They did not believe the free pills would work. B. They were sure that malaria came from spirits. C. They already had a sufficient treatment for malaria. D. They were suspicious of government-supplied medicines. Answer: A 59. In their study of Maya ethnomedicine, Elois Ann Berlin and Brent Berlin have shown that __________. A. their treatment of disease is based entirely on the concept of balance B. their remedies have properties not that different from biomedical treatments C. western treatments fail to work in the Maya culture and environment D. Maya women have among the most comprehensive knowledge of medicinal plants Answer: B 60. In studying the indigenous medicines of the Hausa of Nigeria, what was perhaps the most important part of the findings by Nina Etkin and Paul Ross? A. 72 plant remedies for malaria B. 600 plants and their possible medicinal uses C. 5,000 prepared medicines described D. the importance of diet Answer: D 61. There is increasing evidence that the __________ of treatment may be as important as the __________ of treatment. A. evidence; delivery B. delivery; form C. form; content D. content; evidence Answer: C 62. The practitioners who deal with more than the body are sometimes referred to as __________ practitioners. A. psychiatric B. personalistic C. religious D. spiritual Answer: B 63. In societies with occupational specialization, __________ may be asked to convey messages or requests for healing to higher powers. A. priests B. shamans C. physicians D. sorcerers Answer: A 64. Which are perhaps the most important medical practitioners in societies lacking full-time occupational specialization? A. priests B. shamans C. physicians D. sorcerers Answer: B 65. After working with shamans in Africa, E. Fuller Torrey concluded that they use the same mechanisms and techniques to cure patients as __________ and achieve about the same results. A. acupuncturists B. massage therapists C. physicians D. psychiatrists Answer: D 66. In socially stratified societies, the relative frequency of many diseases, health problems, and death rates varies directly with what factor? A. ethnicity B. social class C. level of education D. religious beliefs Answer: B 67. When incorporated into colonial territories or into countries, indigenous peoples usually become __________ and they are almost always __________. A. more educated; middle class B. dominant; wealthy C. minorities; very poor D. a social class; poor Answer: C 68. How long does it take, on average, after exposure to the HIV virus for symptoms to appear? A. three weeks B. six months C. four years D. ten years Answer: C 69. Some researchers argue that, while the immediate cause of HIV infection is related to sexual intercourse, larger issues such as __________ increase the likelihood of such infection. A. ethnicity B. poverty C. age D. sex Answer: B 70. Which term refers to the unique illnesses found in different cultures? A. epidemic B. susto C. folk illness D. culture bound syndromes Answer: D 71. Which illness is thought of as a “culture bound syndrome”? A. depression B. susto C. anorexia nervosa D. hypertension Answer: C 72. What does Anthony Wallace suggest as a contributing factor to hysteria? A. socioeconomic status B. nutritional deficiency C. emotional stress D. overpopulation Answer: B 73. Which illness is thought of as a “folk illness”? A. depression B. susto C. anorexia nervosa D. pibloktoq Answer: B 74. What may have an overall harmful effect on nutrition? A. small-village horticulture B. foraging C. intensive agriculture D. commercial or cash crops Answer: D 75. Lack of adequate nutrition usually results in what conditions for children? A. mental retardation B. tooth deformity C. retarded weight and height D. lower social and economic standing in their society Answer: C Chapter 18: Global Problems Multiple Choice Questions 1. Why are problems like poverty, famine, war, and violence considered “social problems”? A. because they have affected every known society B. because they fall under the research area of sociologists C. because they have social causes and consequences D. because they are inevitable consequences of living in social groups Answer: C 2. Why do people seem to be more motivated to try to solve social problems now than in the past? A. We are more aware of global problems than ever before. B. People are more likely to know someone affected by these social problems. C. Childrearing practices have changed to make people more socially responsible. D. Many social problems are recent developments that simply did not exist in the past. Answer: A 3. Why is AIDS, which is transmitted by a virus, still considered a social problem? A. It affects only certain social groups within the larger society. B. Reducing transmission of the disease requires changes in social behavior. C. It is a culturally bound syndrome, found only within some societies. D. The ways in which people treat AIDS are related to their culture. Answer: B 4. Why do some people believe that we cannot solve global problems such as famine or war? A. Some say our understanding of a social problem is never sufficient to find a solution. B. Issues like famine or war are too widespread to ever be stamped out entirely. C. These issues arise in every society, and therefore are a natural part of the human condition. D. There is no way to solve global problems while powerful corporations are in change. Answer: A 5. Which of the following is an example of a natural event, one that is usually beyond human control? A. terrorism B. homelessness C. crime D. drought Answer: D 6. Natural events are called __________ when only a few people are affected, but we call them __________ when large numbers of people are affected. A. tragedies; accidents B. accidents; disasters C. disasters; epidemics D. epidemics; tragedies Answer: B 7. Between 1960 and 1976, how many people in the United States were killed by the average flood or other environmental disturbance? A. one B. ten C. 100 D. 1,000 Answer: A 8. A large earthquake in rural China killed 250,000 people, while an earthquake of similar size in California killed only 65. These comparative figures demonstrate that natural disasters can have greater or lesser effects on human life depending on __________. A. whether the government is communist or democratic B. social conditions that determine who has access to houses with appropriate safety features C. how fast people can get away during a natural disaster D. nothing in particular; the differences in mortality rates were completely random Answer: B 9. What is the major cause of China's Hwang River floods? A. burst dams B. deforestation C. farming on floodplains D. too few dams Answer: B 10. What social pattern could drastically reduce the human costs of natural disasters? A. an open caste system B. complex kinship ties C. intervillage reciprocity D. egalitarian structure Answer: C 11. Which contributed to the famine in the African Sahel in 1974? A. deforestation B. drought C. overgrazing D. insects Answer: B 12. Cross-cultural research suggests that societies with individual property rights, rather than shared rights, are more likely to suffer from which social problem? A. malnutrition B. drought C. famine D. homelessness Answer: C 13. While famines are usually triggered by severe weather conditions such as droughts or hurricanes, starvation that results from these natural events is often made worse by __________. A. unequal distribution of food aid and supplies due to local rules of social and gender stratification B. people not liking the taste of food aid provided by foreigners C. too much food aid, which discourages locals from producing food for themselves D. ignorance of religious observance of local diets by foreign aid agencies Answer: A 14. In socially stratified societies, which segment of the population is most likely to be driven to over cultivate, overgraze, and deforest their land, making them more vulnerable during a natural disaster? A. the elite B. the poor C. women D. the elderly Answer: B 15. What can we do to significantly reduce the effects of natural disasters? A. change weather patterns to prevent storms B. move people to safer places C. provide aid money after a disaster D. change the social factors that exacerbate disasters Answer: D 16. Dwellings that are declared illegal, either because the land is illegally occupied or because the dwellings violate building codes, are called __________. A. suburbs B. squatter settlements C. tent cities D. slums Answer: B 17. As of the 1980s, what percentage of the people in five of El Salvador's major cities lived in illegal dwellings? A. 40 B. 57 C. 67 D. 72 Answer: C 18. Which of the following is true about the residence of squatter settlements? A. Only the very poor live there. B. Residents live on benefits provided by the state. C. The majority are drug addicts or alcoholics. D. Most are employed and hope to get ahead. Answer: D 19. In the year 2000, about __________ people experienced homelessness in the United States; nearly __________ of those were children. A. 1 million; 25 percent B. 2 million; 50 percent C. 3.5 million; 40 percent D. 5 million; 30 percent Answer: C 20. The deliberate policy to reduce the number of people hospitalized for mental illness and other disabilities was a factor of homelessness in which country? A. El Salvador B. Mexico C. Australia D. United States Answer: D 21. In their study of the homeless in New York City, Ellen Baxter and Kim Hopper found that __________. A. One event is sufficient to render a person homeless. B. Poverty and disability leads to a series of crises, ending in homelessness. C. Homelessness is a choice, and there are many opportunities for adequate shelter. D. Once a person becomes homeless, they tend to stay that way for the rest of their life. Answer: B 22. Why do many homeless people avoid municipal shelters? A. They do not feel safe there. B. They are harassed by shelter staff. C. They are often arrested for earlier crimes. D. There is never enough space. Answer: A 23. The contrast between homelessness in the United States and Australia makes it clear that the cause of homelessness is __________. A. mental illness B. poverty C. disability D. social policy Answer: D 24. Which of these countries has an income inequality most comparable to that of the United States? A. England B. Cambodia C. Sweden D. Japan Answer: B 25. Lewis Aptekar found that street children in Cali, Colombia were __________ than their siblings who stay at home. A. in better physical and mental shape B. shorter and thinner C. more likely to be disabled D. more likely to be abused Answer: A 26. Why is global warming of interest to the topic of social problems? A. It is a natural process that may cause human suffering. B. It is a controversial topic that causes social discord. C. It is influenced at least partially by human actions and may cause storms and floods. D. It is entirely caused by human actions and disproportionately affects poor nations. Answer: C 27. It is estimated that hybrid cars could cut greenhouse emissions by __________. A. 10 percent B. up to half C. 70 percent D. 95 percent Answer: B 28. Many researchers focus their studies on variation in the frequencies of specific behaviors to avoid having to decide what is or is not __________. A. mental illness B. abuse C. culturally appropriate D. discipline Answer: B 29. Between 1975 and 1995, physical violence and serious assaults on __________ decreased, while serious assaults on __________ did not. A. children and wives; husbands B. wives and husbands; children C. husbands; children and wives D. children; wives and husbands Answer: A 30. What percent of the violence against women comes from a male intimate partner such as a husband? A. 50% B. 65% C. 75% D. 90% Answer: C 31. In contrast to violence against women, most violence men experience is from __________. A. family members B. strangers and acquaintances C. close friends D. co-workers Answer: B 32. Who is most likely to commit an act of violence against a child? A. a stranger B. a step-father C. the birth mother D. a foster mother Answer: C 33. The reasons for infanticide are similar to those given for __________. A. murder B. abortion C. wife battering D. physical abuse Answer: B 34. Physical punishment of children occurs at least sometimes in over __________ percent of the world’s societies. A. 20 B. 40 C. 50 D. 70 Answer: D 35. Societies with class stratification and political hierarchy are __________ to practice corporal punishment of children. A. certain B. very likely C. somewhat likely D. unlikely Answer: B 36. Cross-culturally, what is the most common form of family violence? A. sibling violence B. child abuse C. wife beating D. infanticide Answer: C 37. Which factor did David Levinson find was indicative of the prevalence of wife beating in a society? A. when it is easy for women to get divorced B. when men control the products of family labor C. when women have female work groups D. when the union has not produced any children Answer: B 38. Societies that have violent methods of conflict resolution within communities, such as physical punishment of criminals, high frequency of warfare, and cruelty toward enemies, generally have more __________. A. homicide B. child abuse C. wife beating D. husband abuse Answer: C 39. Research in the US supports the idea that __________ corporally punished as adolescents are more likely to approve of and commit marital violence. A. men who were B. individuals who were C. individuals who were not D. women who were not Answer: B 40. What does research suggest goes a long way toward lessening incidents of family violence? A. the sharing of childrearing responsibilities B. a traditional division of labor C. an increase in family income D. presence of an extended family Answer: A 41. What is the most reliably reported crime in official records? A. homicide B. child abuse C. wife beating D. husband abuse Answer: A 42. What proportion of countries surveyed had a lower homicide rate than the United States? A. about 90% B. about 75% C. about 50% D. about 35% Answer: B 43. One of the clearest findings to emerge from comparative studies of crime is that war is associated with higher rates of __________. A. homicide B. child abuse C. wife beating D. capital punishment Answer: A 44. What is a cause of socialization for aggression? A. homicide B. child abuse C. war D. capital punishment Answer: C 45. What do cross-cultural studies of capital punishment show? A. capital punishment deters would-be murderers B. capital punishment may legitimize violence C. capital punishment is practiced in most societies D. capital punishment has been abolished in most societies Answer: B 46. Cross-culturally, how does father absence impact the likelihood of juvenile delinquency, and later, physical violence? A. There is no link between father absence and juvenile delinquency. B. There is a connect in societies with nuclear households, but not those with polygynous households. C. Father absence reduces the likelihood of juvenile delinquency. D. Father absence increases the likelihood of juvenile delinquency. Answer: D 47. In the United States, what factor predicts more overt aggression in adulthood, even after controlling for factors like parental neglect and family income? A. classroom crowding B. more television C. family size D. poor nutrition Answer: B 48. Studies looking at the social causes of criminal activity suggest that the frequency of property crimes rises with increases in __________. A. homicide B. child abuse C. unemployment D. capital punishment Answer: C 49. The homicide rate is usually related to what social factor? A. economic downturn B. high divorce rate C. low literacy rate D. income inequality Answer: D 50. __________, tends to occur less often in egalitarian societies than in stratified ones. A. War, but not violent crime B. Theft, but not violent crime C. Property crime, but not theft D. Violent crime, but not property crime Answer: B 51. Which of these is a main predictor of corporal punishment of children in the ethnographic record? A. a money economy B. an egalitarian social system C. patrilineal kinship D. strict gender division of labor Answer: A 52. Anthropological studies of corporal punishment indicate a connection between rates of corporal punishment and __________. A. democracy B. frequency of warfare C. homicide rates D. crime rates Answer: A 53. Most warfare in the ethnographic record was internal, meaning between __________. A. members of a single community B. members of the same larger society or language group C. two warring kinship groups D. indigenous and colonial societies Answer: B 54. Warfare in preindustrial societies was __________ lethal than modern warfare. A. absolutely more B. proportionately more C. absolutely less D. proportionately less Answer: B 55. People in nonindustrial societies mostly go to war __________. A. out of self-defense B. for religious reasons C. as an unconscious means of population control D. as a hedge against the unpredictability of natural disasters Answer: D 56. According to some commentators, the decision in 1991 to go to war with Iraq after it invaded Kuwait fits what theory of war? A. threat-to-resources B. religious-conflict C. colonial-conquest D. fear-of-disaster Answer: A 57. Which of these nations was forbidden to join in the international arms race after World War II, and has thrived economically as a result? A. the United States B. Japan C. France D. Poland Answer: B 58. Throughout history, nations with which type of political system rarely go to war against each other? A. totalitarian dictatorships B. participatory democracies C. monarchies D. fascist dictatorships Answer: B 59. Which of the following statements is true of participatory political systems? A. They rarely go to war with each other but are more warlike in general. B. They rarely go to war with each other and are less warlike in general. C. They frequently go to war with each other and are more warlike in general. D. They frequently go to war with each other but are less warlike in general. Answer: B 60. In addition to encouraging the emergence of democratic governments, what else would minimize the risk of war? A. creating nongovernment organizations to cover larger geographic regions B. encouraging nations to be more economically independent C. giving more power to transnational groups like the United Nations D. producing more food and ensuring more equal distribution Answer: B 61. What did Mary Kay Gilliland discover in her ethnographic work in Croatia? A. Social inequalities between Croats and Serbs had been growing for years. B. Croat nationalism had already been a subtle presence for a few decades. C. There was little concern for ethnic differences, and mixed marriages were common. D. Yugoslavia was willing to allow Croatia to secede peacefully, with some conditions. Answer: C 62. What do some anthropologists believe influences whether ethnic relations will become violent? A. the absence of strong unifying interests B. obvious differences in clothing or physical features C. language differences between the two groups D. the predominance of one group in leadership roles Answer: A 63. Most researchers agree that terrorism involves the threat or use of violence against __________. A. politicians B. police C. soldiers D. civilians Answer: D 64. What is one of the major differences between common criminals and terrorists? A. Criminals rarely take public credit for their activities. B. Terrorists have higher motives than simple criminals. C. Criminals are often praised by others in their group. D. Terrorists make less money than criminals. Answer: A 65. The use of threat or violence to subjugate others, usually for political purposes, is known as __________. A. fear-mongering B. warfare C. terrorism D. harassment Answer: C 66. What term do some scholars use for situations in which governments support death squads and genocide against their own civilians? A. treason B. terrorism C. state terror D. state-sponsored terrorism Answer: C 67. A group of Jewish nationalists who revolted against the Romans in the first century gave us the word __________. A. assassin B. jihad C. kamakaze D. zealot Answer: D 68. R. J. Rummel estimates that nearly __________ million people were killed by governments in the twentieth century. A. 35 B. 50 C. 130 D. 170 Answer: D 69. What has been responsible for more deaths than all the wars of the 20th century? A. state terrorism by totalitarian governments B. human trafficking and slavery C. AIDS and malaria D. famine in Africa during the 1970s-1980s. Answer: A 70. What one clear factor did Rummel find correlates with state terrorism against one’s own people? A. overpopulation B. totalitarian governments C. violent religious systems D. social inequalities of wealth Answer: B 71. Terrorists tend to come from __________ social status and generally have __________ education than the average person. A. lower; more B. lower; less C. higher; more D. higher; less Answer: C 72. Refugees today number in the __________ worldwide. A. hundreds B. thousands C. tens of thousands D. millions Answer: D 73. __________ percent of the Somali population is now living outside of Somalia. A. One B. Five C. Eight D. Ten Answer: D 74. Refugees from Africa are __________ when seeking permission to immigrate into the US for asylum. A. given preferential treatment B. rarely turned away C. often turned away D. unusual applicants Answer: C 75. Social problems are mostly of __________. A. economic greed B. human making C. divine intervention D. bad luck Answer: B Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Carol R. Ember, Melvin R. Ember 9780205711208, 9780134732831
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