This Document Contains Chapters 15 to 16 Chapter 15: Religion and Magic Multiple Choice Questions 1. Religion deals with the __________. A. existential B. dialectic C. supernatural D. nonexistent Answer: C 2. How do anthropologists define supernatural? A. things that cannot be scientifically observed B. powers not subject to the laws of nature C. any creature or force with evil intent D. only those beliefs relating to ghosts and monsters Answer: B 3. Beliefs about what is, or is not, a supernatural occurrence __________. A. are fixed in a society and rarely, if ever, change B. are shared by all individuals within a society C. vary within a society over time D. are relatively consistent across cultures Answer: C 4. What signs have archaeologists uncovered that suggest religious belief dates back to nearly 30,000 years ago? A. written texts B. sculptures C. ancient songs D. temple ruins Answer: B 5. Why are anthropologists interested in religion? A. Cross-cultural study is the only way to finally determine which belief system is correct. B. Anthropologists believe that religion is old-fashioned, and should be abandoned. C. They want to know why religion exists in all societies, despite its great variation. D. They are looking for religious causes and remedies for social inequality. Answer: C 6. Which of these is a basic, universal need that anthropologists believe religion may fulfill? A. ancestral continuity B. feeling of maturity and control C. moral instructions D. intellectual understanding Answer: D 7. Edward Tylor hypothesized that religion grew out of __________. A. people's speculation about dreams, trances, and death B. pure anxiety about death C. animistic beliefs and practices D. childhood anxieties and beliefs that were carried into adulthood Answer: A 8. What is the belief in souls, which Tylor considered to be the earliest form of religion? A. animism B. animatism C. polytheism D. paganism Answer: A 9. “Animatism” may best be defined as __________. A. the worship of living beings B. a belief in impersonal, supernatural forces C. a belief in the ultimate oneness of things D. the worship of inanimate objects Answer: B 10. When people are said to be anthropomorphizing the gods, they are __________. A. revering deceased ancestors as if they were gods B. following the rituals without actually believing in the gods C. attributing human motivations and characteristics to them D. worshiping them with the expectation of a future reward Answer: C 11. Freud believed that early humans lived in groups, each of which was dominated by __________. A. a group of men that were religious leaders B. a tyrannical man who kept all the women for himself C. a single female deity who was believed to be the mother of all humans D. a king and queen who were believed to be the parents of all humans Answer: B 12. Most social scientists today do not accept Freud’s interpretation of the origins of religion; however, they agree with his idea that __________. A. events in infancy have long-lasting effects on beliefs and practices in adult life B. religion was originally built on a foundation of guilt and remorse C. all religions incorporate some supreme, father-type supernatural figure D. religions are innately misogynistic because of the universality of mother-infant conflict Answer: A 13. Who suggested that religion is born from the universal need to find comfort in inevitable times of stress? A. Émile Durkheim B. Elman Service C. Franz Boas D. Bronislaw Malinowski Answer: D 14. Who felt that religion helps people resolve their inner conflicts and attain maturity? A. William James B. Erich Fromm C. Abraham Maslow D. Carl Jung Answer: D 15. According to Durkheim, when Australian Aborigines worship totems, they are really venerating __________. A. the natural laws of the universe B. their parents C. Mother Nature D. their clans Answer: D 16. What did Guy Swanson suggest would generate the belief in spirits? A. the existence of sovereign groups in society B. frequent and unpredictable natural disasters C. a reliance on big game hunting D. ritual use of hallucinogenic plants Answer: A 17. For anthropologists, the term mana refers to __________. A. a supernatural force recognized by Polynesians as residing in some people and objects B. the polluting and dangerous qualities that reside in certain activities such as menstruation C. the souls of living things as they are exhibited in dreams, trances, and apparitions of the dead D. food given by gods to humans during a time of great hardship Answer: A 18. Which concept in our own society is most similar to the idea of mana? A. purity B. luck C. charity D. wealth Answer: B 19. Anthony Wallace distinguishes taboo from mana by pointing out that __________. A. things containing taboo can be touched B. things containing taboo cannot be touched C. taboo is an evil, hideous force quite able to destroy all people who touch it D. taboo is a premeditated form of evil Answer: B 20. Into which two broad categories do anthropologists classify supernatural beings? A. good or evil B. temporary or permanent C. of human or nonhuman origin D. from the sky or from the ground Answer: C 21. Gods are __________. ghosts of dead ancestors named personalities vague spirit forces powerful creatures A. ghosts of dead ancestors B. named personalities C. vague spirit forces D. powerful creatures Answer: B 22. In nearly all cultures who believe in gods, the gods are believed to have __________. A. created themselves B. been born of a human mother C. created the world D. walked on earth Answer: A 23. When do people turn to lesser gods for help? A. when the creator gods do not respond B. for trivial matters C. for help with specific day-to-day tasks D. on non-holy days Answer: C 24. What type of supernatural being ranks just below the gods in prestige? A. ghosts B. ancestors C. witches D. spirits Answer: D 25. What characteristic do ghosts and ancestor spirits share? A. They are both found in all known societies. B. They are both of human origin. C. They are supernatural forces rather than beings. D. They are both generally forces for good. Answer: B 26. In most societies, ghosts resemble __________. A. distant relatives B. unknown strangers C. close relatives D. known animals Answer: C 27. People are most likely to believe that their ancestors play an active role in their lives in societies __________. A. where many people live to an extremely old age B. where mortality rates are high C. with a pastoral or food-collecting economy and nuclear family households D. where descent groups are important decision-making groups Answer: D 28. Melford Spiro and Roy D’Andrade have suggested that the god-human relationship is a projection of the __________ relationship. A. husband-wife B. parent-child C. human-nature D. living-dead Answer: B 29. In which kinds of society are gods most likely to be viewed as aggressive and malevolent? A. societies with external war B. societies with hunting and gathering technologies C. societies with punitive or hurtful child-rearing practices D. societies with nuclear-family households Answer: C 30. In the ranked society of Palau, the gods __________. A. are associated with different clans and are ranked like the clans B. have little to do with human actions C. are not thought to be permanent, but may die and be born again, like the clans themselves D. are all considered of equal power Answer: A 31. Monotheistic religions generally have beliefs in __________. A. a supreme supernatural being together with lower ranked supernatural beings B. only one supernatural being C. a dual existence for all living things D. forces of nature, rather than anthropomorphized gods Answer: A 32. A polytheistic religion recognizes __________ gods, not one of which is __________. A. many; supreme B. two; unimportant C. three; important D. potential; unimportant Answer: A 33. Which type of society is most likely to have a monotheistic religion? A. a society with hierarchical political systems B. a society that is located near the equator C. a relatively small society in which most members know each other well D. a society in which children are harshly disciplined Answer: A 34. In which type of society are the gods most likely to take an active interest in the moral behavior of humans? A. a food-collecting society B. pastoral societies C. a society with considerable wealth inequality D. an egalitarian society Answer: C 35. How does Swanson explain his observation that people are more likely to be punished by the gods for immoral behavior in societies with considerable variance in wealth? A. Very wealthy people are more likely to have immoral behavior. B. The wealth inequalities are too great for people to be controlled by the political system alone. C. Poverty leads to criminal behavior, which can best be managed through religions. D. Inequality and angry gods both happen to be characteristic of state-level societies. Answer: B 36. What do the Zuni believe happens to people after they die? A. They go to heaven to be with family and friends. B. They are reincarnated as another person or an animal. C. They join their ancestors in a village at the bottom of a lake. D. They go to the underworld, which is inhabited by ghosts and spirits. Answer: C 37. The __________ have merged the ancient Mayan worship of the sun with the Spanish conquerors' Jesus and Mary. A. Quechua B. Nahuatl C. Terrascans D. Chamulas Answer: D 38. What factor seems to predict whether or not a culture believes that actions in life will determine one’s fate after death? A. a complex stratified society in which leadership is caste-based B. a period of delay between labor input and return of food C. child-rearing practices that focus on obedience and punishment D. a low rate of political involvement by members of the society Answer: B 39. Cross-cultural research suggests that morality-based religions and collective rituals __________. A. increase compassion and acts of kindness in groups of unrelated individuals B. increase compassion and acts of kindness among kin groups C. minimize antisocial behavior in groups of unrelated individuals D. minimize antisocial behavior among kin groups Answer: C 40. What are the two largest world religions? A. Christianity and Islam B. Christianity and Judaism C. Islam and Hinduism D. Hinduism and Judaism Answer: A 41. Sets of repetitive behaviors that allow us to interact with the supernatural, are generally collective, and are thought to strengthen faith are referred to as __________. A. Rituals B. Witchcraft C. Idolatry D. Animism Answer: A 42. Which of the following is an example of a religious ritual? A. high school graduation B. a baby’s baptism C. pledging allegiance to the flag D. brushing your teeth every morning Answer: B 43. Prayer, whether spoken aloud or thought silently, is one way of getting in touch with the supernatural by __________. A. manipulating imitations of things B. doing things to the body and mind C. asking for supernatural help D. offering a gift to the supernatural being or force Answer: C 44. What type of religious ritual did Erika Bourguignon find present in 90 percent of the world’s societies? A. prayer B. fasting C. sacrifices of food or money D. altered state of consciousness Answer: D 45. How do Alice Kehoe and Dody Giletti explain the observation that, cross-culturally, women are more often believed to be possessed than are men? A. Women are more susceptible to suggestion than men. B. Women are more likely than men to suffer from nutritional deficiencies. C. There are many more women than men in most religious communities. D. In most cultures, supernatural beings or forces are believed to favor women over men. Answer: B 46. __________ seeks practical answers from the supernatural about anything that is troublesome, such as decisions to be made, interpersonal problems, or illness. A. Divination B. Shamanism C. Revitalization D. Animatism Answer: A 47. Omar Moore suggested that divination might be an adaptive strategy for __________ among the Naskapi of Labrador. A. a happy marriage B. successful hunting C. increasing wealth D. maintaining social harmony Answer: B 48. Which practice in Christianity represents the common ritual of eating a sacred meal? A. penance B. praying the rosary C. baptism D. communion Answer: D 49. Human sacrifices are most likely to occur in societies with __________. A. high mortality in warfare B. simple hunting and gathering economies C. gods that do not concern themselves with human morality D. full-time craft specialists, slavery, and the corvée Answer: D 50. What secular goal have anthropologists suggested as a reason for the existence of human sacrifice? A. an attempt to terrorize people from other polities B. a way to reduce overpopulation C. to provide a deterrent for violent crime D. to scare the citizens into obedience Answer: A 51. Which of the following is being performed when an individual compels the gods to act on his or her behalf? A. divination B. sorcery C. witchcraft D. magic Answer: D 52. Magic may involve manipulation of the supernatural for __________. A. good B. evil C. good or evil D. only neutral matters Answer: C 53. What is the difference between sorcery and witchcraft? A. Sorcery is performed by men, while witchcraft is performed by women. B. Sorcery uses materials, objects, and medicines, while witchcraft uses thought and emotion alone. C. Sorcery is usually malevolent, while witchcraft is usually performed for good. D. Sorcery involves manipulation of the supernatural, while witchcraft manipulates natural forces. Answer: B 54. What sort of events did the Azande use witchcraft to explain? A. any event for which the cause was unknown B. consequences of breaking a taboo C. particularly difficult hardships, like death of a loved one D. omens and other signs from the ancestors Answer: A 55. One explanation of the witchcraft phenomenon in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 was that __________. A. many women were involved in a coven B. the men wanted the loose women of the community removed C. political and economic turmoil led to fear and a search for scapegoats D. the women who were accused were unfit mothers Answer: C 56. The presumed victims of bewitchment in the Salem witchcraft scare had symptoms consistent with __________. A. schizophrenia B. syphilis C. ergot poisoning D. lead poisoning Answer: C 57. Beatrice Whiting suggests that sorcery or witchcraft will be found in societies that __________. A. lack dependable access to vital resources B. have a high degree of social inequality C. have recently had a traumatic social upheaval D. lack procedures or authorities to deal with crime Answer: D 58. Shamans are usually __________ and __________. A. part-time; female B. part-time; male C. full-time; female D. full-time; male Answer: B 59. How does one become a shaman? A. Simply declare yourself a shaman. B. It is a hereditary position. C. Train under a master shaman. D. Attend a shamanic school. Answer: C 60. Sorcerers and witches of both sexes tend to have __________. A. very high social and economic status in their societies B. very low social and economic status in their societies C. about the same status as a shaman might have D. much more status than a shaman might have Answer: B 61. Why is it easier to find evidence of sorcery than of witchcraft? A. Witches are more powerful than sorcerers. B. Witches gain their powers directly from the devil. C. Sorcerers use materials for their magic, while witches do not. D. Sorcerers are apprentice witches, and less skilled with hiding their actions. Answer: C 62. Which type of religious practitioner is most likely to be female? A. sorcerer B. shaman C. medium D. priest Answer: C 63. __________ are generally full-time, male specialists who officiate at public events. A. Shamans B. Mediums C. Sorcerers D. Priests Answer: D 64. What feature preserves the belief in the ritual and the priest when a ritual fails to do its intended task? A. the priest’s dependence on memorized ritual B. a belief that the priest has the undying support of the spirits C. the long, formal education typical of priests D. the high wealth and political status of priests Answer: A 65. If a society has only two types of religious practitioners, they are usually a shaman healer and a ___________. A. witch B. medium C. priest D. sorcerer Answer: A 66. Many anthropologists, following the views of _______, believe that religions are adaptive, because they reduce the anxieties and uncertainties that afflict all peoples. A. Bronislaw Malinowski B. Carl Jung C. Emile Durkheim D. Abraham Maslow Answer: A 67. Why does Marvin Harris suggest that the Hindu belief in the sacred cow is adaptive? A. Seeing the sacred cows every day serves as a reminder to follow the teachings of their faith. B. The cows carry a dangerous parasite that makes their meat unsafe for consumption. C. It is economically wiser to use the labor and products of the cows than to eat them. D. Not everyone can afford to eat meat, so it reduces inequality if the cows are forbidden to everyone. Answer: C 68. Religious change, particularly of the dramatic kind, does not occur in a vacuum; however, it is often associated with what other dramatic changes? A. medical, economic, and fundamental B. fundamental, topographical, and C. economic, political, and demographic D. demographic, cultural, and theoretical Answer: C 69. Conversion to one of the world religious has often been associated with _________. A. democracy B. colonialism C. technology D. industry Answer: B 70. One effect of the Tikopian conversion to Christianity was the ________. A. elimination of traditional population-control devices B. increased incidence of epidemic diseases C. increased influence of Christian priests in political affairs D. development of a market economy Answer: A 71. Which of these factors seems to predict widespread religious conversion? A. population growth and associated food shortages B. contact with enlightened members of the new religion C. rapid population loss, usually from introduced diseases D. sudden ideological or technological changes Answer: C 72. What is a revitalization movement? A. the process of resurrection in tribal religions B. the summoning of the dead by a shaman on ritual occasions C. an effort to restore societies to their former prosperity after undergoing rapid social change D. a religious movement characterized by miracles Answer: C 73. Which of the following is an example of a revitalization movement? A. the Lahu adaptation of the Buddha into a male-female couple B. the conversion of the Tikopian islanders to Christianity by missionaries C. the witchcraft accusations of Salem, Massachusetts D. the religious movement of Handsome Lake, which convinced the Seneca to stop drinking Answer: D 74. Cargo cults generally occurred in Melanesian societies that had __________. A. never seen Western goods B. recently come into contact with Western powers C. traditionally been at war with each other D. felt deprived of western goods after decreasing contact Answer: D 75. What feature has Richard Antoun found in common across fundamentalism movements in various religions? A. a belief that the end of the world is nearing, and that followers must prepare others for it B. the shunning of modern elements, such as television, mobile phones, and the internet C. the quest for purity and traditional values in what is seen as an impure world D. a willingness to participate in violence in order to convert new members to their faith Answer: C Chapter 16: The Arts Multiple Choice Questions 1. Why do most societies not have a word for art? A. Art is such a broad concept, including music, visual arts, and folklore, that there is no need for a general term. B. Art is often an integral part of religious, social, and political life. C. Most societies consider art to be in the domain of only the very elite, and therefore do not need a common word for it. D. Art is a relatively unique phenomenon, found only in western civilization. Answer: B 2. The oldest known art to date are __________. A. beads from the Indus Valley B. statues from Germany C. cave paintings in France D. engravings from South Africa Answer: D 3. Which region has the oldest known rock art? A. Australia B. South Africa C. France D. Spain Answer: A 4. The way that art expresses the feelings of the person who made it, as well as stirring feelings and ideas in the person who experiences it, is known as its __________ quality. A. symbolic B. charismatic C. affirmative D. evocative Answer: D 5. Anthropologists maintain that there is more to art than an attempt to express oneself. What other feature is characteristic of art? A. It is expensive to own and display. B. It marks the social status of the maker. C. It holds cultural meaning. D. It shows mastery of a skill. Answer: C 6. Which of the following is a common cultural idea about art in our own society? A. Anything useful is not art. B. Art has monetary value. C. Only trained individuals can be artists. D. Men are more talented artists than women. Answer: A 7. Which of the following is a shared artistic value in American culture? A. decorating one’s car B. dancing at the office C. coordinating colors in one’s home D. wearing a mask to protect one’s identity Answer: C 8. In our culture, we expect artists to produce work that is __________. A. a true replication of a traditional pattern B. a well-made variation of a known work of art C. unique, but within recognizable boundaries D. something completely new and unusual Answer: C 9. In how many societies do people decorate or adorn their bodies? A. a few B. many C. fifty percent D. all Answer: D 10. Which of the following body ornamentations has been borrowed from other societies but is now commonplace in Western culture? A. tooth filing B. elongated necks C. tattoos D. body painting Answer: C 11. Which of the following is found by anthropologists to be a common reason for body decoration? A. marker of social position B. economic gain C. to remember important items D. camouflage Answer: D 12. Which of these is an example of body decoration for sexual provocation? A. a crown B. lipstick C. a tattoo D. uniforms Answer: B 13. What type of social adornment would be expected to denote a “big man”—a temporary position—in Melanesian culture? A. body painting B. scarification C. tattoo D. hair style Answer: A 14. Preserving ancient rock art is an example of what type of anthropological work? A. ethnology B. applied anthropology C. biological anthropology D. ethnohistory Answer: B 15. How might archaeologists gather information about an ancient culture from a rock art site? A. the pictures usually show clear information about social structure B. they type of paint used can indicate how far the people had traveled C. pollen found in the cave shows what type of plants the people were carrying D. animal bones are generally found with paintings, showing what creatures were hunted for food Answer: C 16. Despite the changes in music and dance styles over the years, what trait is consistent in American dancing? A. Men and women dance in separate groups. B. Couples generally dance in pairs. C. The music is variable with no clear beat. D. Dancing requires special clothing and shoes. Answer: B 17. Some psychological anthropologists suggest that art __________. A. expresses the typical feelings, anxieties, and experiences of people in a culture B. like economy, is tied to the possibilities and constraints in a particular environment C. is a process of translating dreams into material forms that can be manipulated D. is just for decoration and not related to other psychological processes Answer: A 18. Nomadic foragers tend to have what type of art? A. written literature and performed plays B. song, dance, and small portable art C. painting and sculpture D. rock art that can be visited each year Answer: B 19. In what type of society is the presence of specialized artists most likely to be found? A. those with a complex, specialized division of labor B. foraging societies with many hours of free time each day C. chiefdoms in which leaders can patronize skilled artists D. societies with ancestor worship, where the artist honors his or her clan Answer: A 20. In Africa, __________ are often used in uncentralized systems, while __________ are common in kingdoms. A. headdresses; gowns B. gowns; masks C. masks; headdresses D. headdresses; masks Answer: C 21. The way a society __________ is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. A. raises their children B. views its environment C. plans for the future D. divides its labor Answer: B 22. The kinds of materials available for artistic purposes __________. A. may limit or influence artistic expression but do not determine what is done with them B. largely determine the style of art that people adopt C. consist overwhelmingly of stone, wood, bones, and clay D. are much the same everywhere Answer: A 23. Art of the Middle Ages shows us that medieval society was particularly preoccupied with __________. A. male and female gender roles B. social inequality C. environmental degradation D. theological doctrine Answer: D 24. Which of the following served to represent the most prestigious gods in ancient Sumer? A. larger eyes B. wings C. halos D. smaller bodies Answer: A 25. John Fischer argues that in a stable society artists will respond to those conditions in a society that __________. A. create fear or disgust B. represent cultural values C. bring security or pleasure D. are taboo Answer: C 26. Which of the following artistic styles is most likely to occur in an egalitarian society? A. a relatively “crowded” design B. enclosed figures C. greater use of varied colors D. repetition of simple designs Answer: D 27. Which of the following is most likely in the art of a stratified society? A. symmetrical design B. enclosed figures C. repetition of similar elements in the design D. greater use of “focal” colors Answer: B 28. According to Fischer, what does the empty space in an egalitarian society’s design represent? A. the society’s relative isolation B. the vast, open underworld C. the social opportunities awarded to individuals D. the variation in social status within the group Answer: A 29. What does a prevalence of asymmetrical design suggest about a society’s structure? A. crowding and population pressures B. free access to most property C. difference and social stratification D. few authority figures Answer: C 30. Which of the following features is characteristic of the art of stratified societies? A. irrelevant space B. repetition of simple elements C. symmetrical designs D. enclosed figures Answer: D 31. As ancient Athens became more stratified, the painting on its vases became more __________. A. graceful and less crowded B. crowded and more enclosed C. symmetrical and elegant D. colorful and experimental Answer: B 32. The experience of a musicologist listening for the first time to music of a different culture is analogous to __________. A. a linguist exposed to a new foreign language B. an ethnographer meeting a new informant C. an artisan starting to work in the market economy D. an archaeologist beginning a new field season Answer: A 33. In a cross-cultural study of 3500 folk songs from around the world, Alan Lomax found that songs with more words and clearer enunciation were associated with __________. A. tribal groups because they have such intricate lineages to pass on through song B. complex societies since they depend more on transmitting complex verbal information C. hunter-gather bands since they have more free time and sing more songs D. chiefdoms since “big men” must be good oral communicators Answer: B 34. Which feature is most characteristic of hunter-gatherer songs? A. explicit information B. little repetition C. relaxed enunciation D. dissonant sounds Answer: C 35. What singing style involves individuals singing independently but within the group with no single person differentiated from the others? A. interlocked B. connected C. call-and-response D. choral Answer: A 36. Singing is most likely to involve soloists in which type of society? A. an elaborately stratified society B. a ranked society C. a society with a leader who gained his position through demonstration of his abilities D. a society where captives in war are treated differently from others in the village Answer: A 37. Which of the following is associated with a high degree of female participation in food-getting? A. artistic specialization B. chromatic artistic style C. patterns of light and color D. polyphonic music Answer: D 38. What is polyphony? A. when two or more people sing together B. when two or more melodies are sung simultaneously C. when a song’s lyrics have more than one meaning D. when a song can be begun from multiple starting points Answer: B 39. One explanation for the regular beat in music is that __________. A. it is similar in sound to the natural pattern of waves breaking along the coastline B. it is a simulation of the regular beat of the heart C. the beat simulates the sounds of insects in the surrounding forests of village peoples D. simple beats are easier to reproduce Answer: B 40. Associations with feelings of reward or security can be called an __________ value. A. acquired reward B. achieved reward C. acquired incentive D. achieved incentive Answer: A 41. What aspect of childrearing did Barbara Ayers find correlated with the type of musical rhythms a society produces? A. how long babies are breastfed B. where babies sleep C. how babies are carried D. methods of correcting behavior Answer: C 42. Barbara Ayers found that __________ is characteristic in the music of societies that subject their children to stress before weaning age. A. polyphony B. a firm beat C. narrow tonal range D. frequent solos Answer: B 43. A raspy voice seems to be an indication of __________ and is most often a __________ voice quality. A. assertiveness; male B. assertiveness; female C. empathy; male D. empathy; female Answer: A 44. Nasalized or narrow, squeezed tone is associated with __________ in a society. A. male dominance B. food insecurity C. sexual restrictions D. social stratification Answer: C 45. Where did the banjo originate? A. the British Isles B. Africa C. South America D. India Answer: B 46. Popular music is highly dependent upon __________ for its spread and acceptance. A. economics B. downloads C. music videos D. immigration Answer: D 47. Across cultures, masks seem to portray facial expressions in the same way. Threatening faces tend to be more __________, and nonthreatening ones are more __________. A. bumpy; hairy B. hairy; angular C. angular; rounded D. rounded; bumpy Answer: C 48. Why did Charles Darwin suggest that human facial expressions should be consistent across cultures? A. because all humans learn emotional expression at about the same time in infancy B. because all human faces are quite similar, muscularly and skeletally C. because all primates make the same basic facial expressions to convey emotion D. because all primates learn emotional expression from their parents and peers Answer: B 49. Which of these is a broad category of art that may include myths, legends, superstitions, ballads, proverbs, and folktales of a culture? A. fairytales B. stories C. folklore D. mythology Answer: C 50. How is folklore transmitted? A. it is generally transmitted through writing, but may also be oral B. it is generally transmitted orally, but may also be written C. it is only transmitted orally D. it is only transmitted through writing Answer: B 51. According to many folklore scholars, new folklore is constantly being created by __________. A. children B. extended families C. any social group that has shared experiences D. age-sets who go through important life stages together Answer: C 52. An urban legend is an example of __________. A. mythology B. animatism C. animism D. folklore Answer: D 53. Which of the following is an example of an American urban legend? A. students must wait 15 minutes for a late professor before they can leave B. George Washington admitted that he chopped down a cherry tree C. coyote impersonates the creator and tries to make men D. the grasshopper plays all summer while the hardworking ant collects food Answer: A 54. According to Clyde Kluckhohn, which of the following is a universal theme of folklore? A. being lost B. getting rich C. death and rebirth D. sibling rivalry Answer: C 55. Who proposed that hero myths resemble initiation rituals? A. Claude Lévi-Strauss B. Joseph Campbell C. Edward Tylor D. Sigmund Freud Answer: B 56. Most folklore researchers have been primarily interested in what? A. the development of recent folktales B. universal themes of folktales C. the origin of folktales D. particular folktales of a specific society Answer: D 57. According to Stith Thompson, the widespread native American Star Husband tale __________. A. deals metaphorically with incestuous intercourse, with stars representing the father B. works to portray problems of sibling rivalry, with different stars representing different brothers C. deals with conflict between patrilocal residence and matrilineal inheritance in Indian societies D. probably originated on the Plains and spread from there to other regions of North America Answer: D 58. Alan Dundes thinks that Native American folktales have characteristic structures, including __________. A. movement away from disequilibrium in society, expressing the need to rectify conditions in society causing disharmony B. movement toward disequilibrium in order to express the randomness of the world C. the need to have happy endings in myths D. the need to show a character’s moral development through the course of the story Answer: A 59. How might a historian interpret the Garden of Eden tale? A. Literacy and other forms of knowledge brought irreversible social change. B. It reflects men’s deeply hidden fears of female sexuality. C. Men lived in blissful ignorance until women invented agriculture. D. It encourages men to control their wives, who are apt to make bad decisions. Answer: C 60. Societies that punish children severely for aggression are likely to have folktales __________. A. in which only strangers display aggression B. with non-aggressive themes C. with high dependency needs D. with very little aggression Answer: A 61. What did Alex Cohen find closely associated with folk stories involving unprovoked aggression? A. a system of social inequality B. social instability C. unpredictable food shortages D. chronic food shortages Answer: C 62. What did Sally Price notice about the way art is displayed in Western museums? A. Artwork from male artists is given descriptions using strong language, while women artists’ writeups use more feminine descriptions. B. Artwork from western or Asian cultures are displayed with the artist’s name, while art from other cultures is often labeled “primitive.” C. Artwork from African cultures is displayed as an ancestral style, with other cultures’ art seen as a derivative of African art. D. Artwork from wealthy nations is displayed in a more prominent location within the museum than artwork from developing nations. Answer: B 63. In her study of museum displays, Price suggested that the art pieces we consider most worthy require __________. A. additional explanation B. a secure display case C. the least labeling D. a prominent location Answer: C 64. With what information is art acquired from less complex cultures often labeled? A. the name of the artist B. the artist’s ethnic identity C. the school of art followed by the artist D. the name of the Westerner who collected the art Answer: D 65. Just as art from less complex cultures is treated as nameless, it also tends to be seen as __________. A. faceless B. timeless C. emotionless D. worthless Answer: B 66. When Westerners notice the change over time of art of less complex societies, it is usually with a concern to __________. A. whether the art is traditional or “tourist art” B. whether the art was produced through fair trade practices C. where the art was created, and by whom D. the price of the piece, and its potential future value Answer: A 67. Traditionally, Puebloan potters __________. A. signed their pots, and developed their own unique style B. signed their pots, and followed their pueblo’s traditional style C. did not sign their pots, and developed their own unique style D. did not sign their pots, and followed their pueblo’s traditional style Answer: D 68. How did Plains warriors stress their individual accomplishments? A. by wearing symbolic beads representative of specific achievements B. by displaying paintings of their accomplishments outside their tipi C. by getting a tattoo commemorating their most significant accomplishments D. by cutting off their hair in an elaborate ceremony Answer: B 69. Upon contact with Europeans, aboriginal Australian rock art __________. A. became used in more secret, ceremonial contexts B. developed more complex patterns C. started portraying ships and men on horseback D. disappeared entirely Answer: C 70. As indigenous populations were decimated, many artistic traditions were lost. Contact with Western societies may have changed art also by __________. A. inducing the existing indigenous peoples into producing commercial art B. stimulating the production of art for commercial sale to the dominant population C. limiting the number of individuals involved in the production of artwork for sale D. forcing changes which made the artwork clearly simpler in style and function Answer: B 71. In North America, contact with other social groups __________. A. was a frequent source of artistic change even before the arrival of Europeans B. created a culturally homogenized group of Native Americas C. began with the arrival of the Europeans D. destroyed most traditional art forms Answer: A 72. As a prominent example of how culture contact affects artistic change, the Navajo, currently famous for their wool rugs, only began weaving when __________. A. the technology was introduced to them by the Spanish B. they took classes on rug-making in reservation schools C. a prophet revealed the technology to them in a vision quest D. they migrated to the Southwest and obtained the technology from the Hopi Answer: D 73. After being placed on reservations, __________ Native American groups had to change their ways of making a living. Many __________ for supplementary income. A. a few; performed traditional dances B. a few; sold arts and crafts C. nearly all; performed traditional dances D. nearly all; sold arts and crafts Answer: D 74. How have scholars affected change in Native American arts over time? A. They became patrons to individual artists to allow them to do their craft full-time. B. They have helped artisans learn about styles of the past that have disappeared. C. They introduced new tools and materials for use in art projects. D. They encouraged Native Americans to work together in cooperatives. Answer: B 75. How has the art of the Shoshone-Bannock people changed over the last one hundred years? A. It has become more complex as social stratification increases. B. It has changed from a male domain to one dominated by women. C. Nearly all of the traditional patterns have been replaced with Westernized ones. D. They have borrowed motifs from disparate Native American groups, making a wholly new style. Answer: A Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Carol R. Ember, Melvin R. Ember 9780205711208, 9780134732831
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