This Document Contains Chapters 11 to 12 Chapter 11: Marriage and the Family Multiple Choice Questions 1. Marriage is considered a __________ trait by anthropologists, because it is practiced by almost all societies ever studied. A. required B. prescriptive C. sensible D. universal Answer: D 2. Why do anthropologists hold that families are universal? A. The nuclear family is the ideal in all cultures. B. All societies have parent-child groups. C. All known societies have laws protecting families. D. Children are revered in all cultures. Answer: B 3. Which of the following is a typical part of the social institution of marriage? A. It is a socially approved sexual union. B. Women confer subservience to their husband. C. A person can only marry one other individual at a time. D. The marriage will become null if no children are born. Answer: A 4. What two major factors do all forms of marriage consider? A. economic and kinship B. economic and land-ownership C. sexual and economic D. sexual and kinship Answer: C 5. In which society did people not marry, but rather lived their whole lives in a residential group made up of maternal kin? A. Subanun B. Na C. Kwakiutl D. Kwomo Answer: B 6. Why are young people’s attitudes toward marriage now changing among the Na of China? A. a lack of marriageable women B. government initiatives C. social pressure in school D. economic hardship Answer: C 7. Same-sex marriages are __________. A. prohibited in all societies B. not typical in any known society C. fairly common in some societies D. the norm in a few societies Answer: B 8. In what situation did Azande warriors traditionally take on “boy-wives”? A. when they could not afford wives B. if no suitable women were available C. when the warriors were away in battle D. any time the women were menstruating and sexually unavailable Answer: A 9. Among the __________, a pastoral and agricultural society of Kenya, about three percent of the marriages are female-female. A. Nandi B. Mbuti C. Twa D. Azande Answer: A 10. Children of a Nandi female-female marriage will name __________ as their father. A. their biological father B. the female who has the role of husband C. the female who has the role of wife D. their maternal uncle Answer: B 11. Marriage may have developed as an adaptive response to which social issue? A. food insecurity B. prolonged infant dependency C. guaranteed sexual satisfaction D. social inequality Answer: B 12. What is the primary weakness of both the gender division-of-labor and prolonged-infant dependency models for the benefits of marriage? A. The division of labor around childcare responsibilities is only found in a few cultures. B. Marriage seems to be much older than the typical division of labor by gender found today. C. There are many ways other than marriage for groups of men and women to work together. D. Many species have a longer infant dependency than humans, and get by without marriage. Answer: C 13. Why do some argue that sexual competition is higher among humans than in other primates? A. Humans are more likely than other primates to live in multi-male, multi-female social groups. B. Unlike most other primates, human females are sexually receptive throughout the year. C. Humans are particularly aggressive primates, and more likely to compete through physical means. D. There is a lower female to male ratio in human communities than in most other primate groups. Answer: B 14. What factor predicts male-female bonding among birds and mammals? A. an extended infant dependency period B. greater female sexuality and higher levels of male competition C. whether or not a female can simultaneously provide for herself and her babies D. a gendered division of labor between food gathering and defending a home territory Answer: C 15. What did Frank Marlow conclude about the postpartum foraging patterns of the Hadza? A. Fathers with a nursing infant at home contributed less food to the household than other fathers. B. Nursing women contributed significantly less food to the household than other women. C. Women with older children gathered less food than women with younger children. D. Families with younger children required fewer calories overall than families with older children. Answer: B 16. Which explanation for the universality of marriage has the most support from the ethnographic record and comparative animal studies? A. gender division of labor B. prolonged infant dependency C. sexual competition D. postpartum requirements Answer: D 17. Trobriand couples who are going to marry advertise this by __________. A. performing an elaborate dance together B. fighting in public displays of aggression C. showing themselves together in public D. formally asking her father’s permission Answer: C 18. How does a Kwoma girl inform her betrothed that their trial marriage was accepted by her in-laws? A. she washes his feet B. she prepares a meal for him C. she dresses in a special gown D. she sings him a marriage song Answer: B 19. In the United States, what proportion of women under the age of 45 report living together while unmarried? A. one quarter B. one third C. two thirds D. three quarters Answer: B 20. What is a common element in ceremonies marking the onset of marriage? A. feasting B. fortune-telling C. meditation D. isolation Answer: A 21. In which societies are ceremonial expressions of aggression a common part of marriage ritual? A. in cultures that have been engaged in warfare for many years B. in communities where women have very low social status C. in societies where the two sets of kin are actual or potential rivals D. in groups in which pastoralism and territoriality are common Answer: C 22. Anthropologists have determined that the percentage of societies known to includes one or more explicit economic transactions either before or after a marriage occurs at which of the following rates? A. about 15 B. about 45 C. about 75 D. about 95 Answer: C 23. Of the following, which is the most common distribution of economic marriage transactions among societies that have them? A. bride service B. bride price C. indirect dowry D. gift exchange Answer: B 24. Bride __________ is a gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin. A. price B. service C. exchange D. treasure Answer: A 25. Bride wealth is another term for __________. A. dowry B. exchange of females C. bride price D. bride service Answer: C 26. Bride price occurs all over the world, but is particularly common in __________. A. Europe B. East Asia C. Africa D. South America Answer: C 27. Bride price is associated with __________. A. virtual slavery for the new wives B. relatively low status of women C. egalitarian societies D. cultures in which women have high status Answer: B 28. Societies that have the custom of bride price are likely to practice __________ and lack __________. A. agriculture; social stratification B. agriculture; ownership of land C. horticulture; social stratification D. horticulture; ownership of land Answer: C 29. In some societies, bride __________ can be substituted for the bride price. A. exchange B. service C. registry D. engagement Answer: B 30. Which of the following societies is more likely to practice bride service? A. Asian horticulturalists B. African agriculturalists C. Native American foragers D. European industrialists Answer: C 31. Societies that practice bride exchange tend to __________. A. require a long period of bride service before the marriage takes place B. have a high level of social stratification and a low status for women C. arrange marriages as lifelong contracts between rival kin groups D. have a relatively high contribution of women to primary subsistence Answer: D 32. Which society practices formal gift exchange, from the time a boy and girl announce their intention to marry until the marriage has taken place? A. the Yanomamö B. the Tiv C. the Andaman Islanders D. the Nandi Answer: C 33. A dowry is a transfer of goods from __________ to the bride, the groom, or the couple. A. the groom’s family B. the bride’s family C. a host family D. the wedding guests Answer: B 34. In what modern nation might you still find the practice of dowry? A. England B. Italy C. Germany D. Spain Answer: B 35. Societies that practice dowry tend to be those in which __________. A. there is a shortage of desirable husbands B. men may be married to more than one woman at a time C. women contribute little to primary subsistence D. there is little social stratification Answer: C 36. To whom are the goods first transferred in an indirect dowry? A. the groom B. the bride’s father C. the family elder D. the chief Answer: B 37. The US custom of the bride’s family paying for the wedding is most similar to which type of marital exchange? A. bride price B. bride service C. dowry D. gift exchange Answer: C 38. The incest taboo is found in __________ known societies. A. all B. most C. some D. few Answer: A 39. In which group were incestuous marriages permitted? A. the Brahmin caste of India B. the Nuer of East Africa C. the Manbikwara Indians of Brazil D. the ancient Egyptian royal families Answer: D 40. Which theory hypothesizes that the taboo for incest is based on sibling association? A. Freud's psychoanalytic theory B. Westermarck's childhood-familiarity theory C. Malinowski's family-disruption theory D. White and Levi-Strauss's cooperation theory Answer: B 41. The fact that people who are brought up together on the same kibbutz are uninterested in each other as marriage partners, even when the marriages are favored by their parents, supports which theory of the incest taboo? A. the “cooperation” theory B. the “childhood familiarity” theory C. the “family disruption” theory D. Freud's Oedipal theory Answer: B 42. Couples raised together as children, following the Chinese tradition of “daughter-in-law raised from childhood”, are __________. A. more likely to get divorced B. more likely to have many children C. less likely to seek extramarital sexual relationships D. less likely to exchange dowry or bride price Answer: A 43. The childhood familiarity theory also implies that first-cousin marriages should be prohibited in __________. A. all societies B. societies in which cousins grow up together in the same community C. societies in which cousins live in distant villages D. only those societies with a very small reproductive pool Answer: B 44. Which theory suggests that the incest taboo is a reaction again natural, but unacceptable, desires? A. Freud's psychoanalytic theory B. Westermarck's childhood-familiarity theory C. Malinowski's family-disruption theory D. White and Levi-Strauss's cooperation theory Answer: A 45. Which theory suggests that the incest taboo was created to ensure that individuals would marry members of other families, thereby creating ties that held communities together? A. Freud's psychoanalytic theory B. Westermarck's childhood-familiarity theory C. Malinowski's family-disruption theory D. White and Levi-Strauss's cooperation theory Answer: D 46. The theory that inbreeding can be genetically harmful to animals that produce few offspring, including humans, __________. A. was first proposed by Edward Tylor in the 19th century B. is supported by data from studies of humans and animals C. has few supporters in the anthropology community D. probably has little to do with the presence of the incest taboo in all known human societies Answer: B 47. One study compared the health of children born of familial incest with children of the same mother born of non-incestuous unions, and found that __________. A. both groups of children had high rates of genetic abnormalities B. the incestuous group had much higher rates of genetic abnormalities than the non-incestuous group C. the non-incestuous group had much higher rates of genetic abnormalities than the incestuous group D. neither group of children had high rates of genetic abnormalities Answer: B 48. Ethonographic data provide the most support for which theory on the incest taboo? A. family-disruption theory B. cooperation theory C. inbreeding theory D. psychoanalytic theory Answer: C 49. Even in an urbanized society like the US, people tend to marry within their __________. A. class and geographic area B. geographic area and educational level C. educational level and profession D. profession and class Answer: A 50. How has the tradition of arranged marriage changed in recent years? A. Marriages are only arranged when very large dowries are involved. B. Arranged marriages are now big business and, performed mostly by professional matchmakers. C. Marriages are still arranged by families, but couples have more say in the pairing. D. Arranged marriage is now illegal in nearly all countries. Answer: C 51. Which of the following is an example of an exogamous marriage tradition? A. marrying a member of your own caste B. marrying outside of a particular kin group C. marrying someone from within the village D. marrying with the intent to produce a male heir Answer: B 52. Societies that have rules of endogamy say that you should marry __________. A. more than one woman B. more than one man C. from within your class, religious, or ethnic group D. from outside your kin group Answer: C 53. Caste societies typically have __________ marriages. A. endogamous B. exogamous C. cross-cousin D. incestuous Answer: A 54. While they say they would prefer a “love marriage”, why do many South Asian immigrants in the US or UK ultimately have an arranged marriage? A. Many parents threaten to disown their children if they refuse an arranged marriage. B. They encounter social barriers while dating and prefer to marrying within their own group. C. Arranged marriages allow them to maintain their citizenship in their home countries. D. The economic outcomes of arranged marriages are much higher than in love marriages. Answer: B 55. Most societies __________. A. encourage marriages between parallel cousins B. disapprove of marriages between first cousins C. encourage marriages between first cousins D. encourage marriages between cross cousins Answer: B 56. Many societies around the world, including the Chippewa, regard cross-cousins as suitable marriage partners. In these cultures, whom would you be allowed to marry? A. your father’s brother’s child B. your father’s sister’s child C. your mother’s sister’s child D. your mother’s daughter’s child Answer: B 57. In which group is parallel cousin marriage preferable to cross-cousin marriage? A. African cultures B. Muslim societies C. Native American societies D. cultures of the South Pacific Answer: B 58. Cousin marriage is most common in __________. A. moderately stratified societies B. large and densely populated societies C. nomadic societies D. societies with medium-sized populations Answer: B 59. Which of the following is a custom whereby a woman is obliged to marry her deceased sister’s husband? A. sororate B. corporate C. disparate D. levirate Answer: A 60. Among the Chukchee, the custom of levirate is __________. A. considered a privilege offered only to highly esteemed men B. seen as more of an obligation than a rite C. the most common form of marriage D. a dying tradition, with only a few such marriages each year Answer: B 61. The custom of allowing a man to marry more than one woman is __________. A. found in most of the societies known to anthropology B. found in only a small minority of the world's societies C. unlikely to engender jealousy among co-wives D. strictly forbidden in Muslim society Answer: A 62. What is the general term for plural spouse marriage? A. polygyny B. polyandry C. polygamy D. polyamory Answer: C 63. In which societies is polygyny least likely to occur? A. in societies with more women than men B. in those with a long post-partum sex taboo C. in those suffering from a high male mortality rate in warfare D. in societies with balanced sex ratios Answer: D 64. Some polygynous societies try to reduce competition by practicing sororal polygyny, which is when the co-wives are __________. A. sisters B. good friends C. of similar temperament D. of very different ages Answer: A 65. A long post-partum sex taboo is most likely to occur in societies __________. A. where there are more males than females B. with a high proportion of monogamous marriages C. where people depend on crops that are low in protein D. that practice polyandrous marriage Answer: C 66. Using a statistical-control analysis, which factor is a strong predictor of polygyny? A. a low protein diet B. low male mortality in warfare C. an imbalanced sex ratio D. a long postpartum sex taboo Answer: C 67. Which condition predicts a discouragement of romantic love as a basis for marriage? A. the husband a wife live in an extended family household B. there is relatively little sexual freedom for either spouse C. both partners are needed to make significant contributions to primary subsistence D. one of the primary goals of marriage is to produce children Answer: A 68. Of the following forms of marriage, the rarest is __________. A. polygyny B. group marriage C. the levirate D. polyandry Answer: D 69. A __________ is a social and economic unit consisting minimally of one or more parents (or parent substitute) and their children. A. household B. family C. marriage D. commune Answer: B 70. What was the most common motivation for adoption among Samoans during Melvin Ember’s field work? A. New family members were needed to perform all of the necessary chores. B. A child’s natural family needed help to feed and care for him/her. C. Natural disasters such as hurricanes killed many young children. D. Families who adopted children benefit from social programs. Answer: D 71. A single-parent, polygynous, or polyandrous family that lives alone, is known as a(n) __________ family. A. extended B. independent C. nuclear D. solitary Answer: B 72. What is the prevailing family type in over half of all societies known to anthropologists? A. extended family B. independent family C. nuclear family D. solitary family Answer: A 73. In many Western countries there has been a dramatic increase recently in the percentage of oneparent families. What percent of these one-parent families is female-headed? A. about 30% B. about 50% C. about 70% D. about 90% Answer: D 74. What example from the Japanese in the 1950s and 1960s is put forward by the authors as an idea to relieve some of the financial pressure on Social Security in the United States? A. extended family living B. having more children C. accumulating more wealth in one’s lifetime D. private investment of Social Security funds Answer: A 75. In what type of societies are extended family households found most frequently? A. post industrial western societies B. sedentary agricultural economies C. semi-nomadic herding cultures D. traveling food collector bands Answer: B Chapter 12: Marital Residence and Kinship Multiple Choice Questions 1. How common is the neolocal residence pattern practiced by most North Americans? A. It is nearly universal, being found in 99 percent of known societies. B. It is practiced by over half of all known societies. C. It is fairly uncommon, being found in about one quarter of known societies. D. It is very rare, being seen in only about 5 percent of known societies. Answer: D 2. Marital residence largely predicts the __________. A. average fertility rate B. types of kin groups found in a society C. dependence on market transactions D. style of marital exchange practiced Answer: B 3. Children in all societies are required to marry outside of their __________. A. nuclear family B. village C. religious community D. caste Answer: A 4. Which is by far the most common marital residence pattern (found in 67% of all societies) documented by anthropologists? A. matrilocal B. patrilocal C. bilocal D. neolocal Answer: B 5. In a patrilocal residence, who leaves the household so that the married couple lives with or near the husband's parents? A. son B. daughter C. sister D. brother Answer: B 6. What is the least common form of residence pattern? A. matrilocal B. bilocal C. avunculocal D. neolocal Answer: C 7. If a couple lives near the kin of a spouse, they create an __________ family household. A. extended B. independent C. absolute D. autonomous Answer: B 8. Matrilocal, patrilocal, and avunculocal are considered to be __________ residence patterns because they specify only one option. A. ambilocal B. unilocal C. sololocal D. alocal Answer: B 9. Which form of marital residence pattern is defined by newly married couples starting their own household apart from the relatives of both spouses and is most common in industrialized countries with commercial economies? A. patrilocal B. matrilocal C. neolocal D. avunculocal Answer: C 10. Whether the couple lives with the husband’s or wife’s kin can have important consequences for the __________. A. status of the husband or wife B. economic stability of the family C. educational potential for the children D. relationship with elderly parents Answer: A 11. Why is matrilocal residence not quite a mirror image of patrilocal residence? A. In matrilocal societies, the head of the family is the eldest male. B. In matrilocal societies, the husband’s kin often are not far away. C. In patrilocal societies, the wife moves into the household of her father’s uncle. D. In patrilocal societies, the wife’s move to her husband’s household is temporary. Answer: B 12. Alice Schlegel and Herbert Barry concluded that adolescents are likely to be rebellious only in which type of societies? A. those with unilocal residence and considerable geographic mobility B. those with unilocal residence and little geographic mobility C. those with neolocal residence and considerable geographic mobility D. those with neolocal residence and little geographic mobility Answer: C 13. In addition to neolocal residence, what factor may predict the prevalence of adolescent rebellion? A. level of commercial exchange B. age of first sexual experience C. dependent on food gathering D. years of formal schooling Answer: A 14. Anthropologists often say that which of the following cultural patterns provides the main structure of social action in non-commercial societies? A. politics B. economics C. kinship D. religion Answer: C 15. Which type of affiliation with kin is based on rules of descent? A. bilateral kinship B. unilineal descent C. clan affiliation D. avunculocal residence Answer: B 16. Which is the most common form of unilineal descent? A. avunculineal B. matrilineal C. bilineal D. patrilineal Answer: D 17. Matrilineal descent affiliates individuals with __________. A. only female kin related to them through both men and women B. only male kin related to them through both men and women C. kin of both sexes related to them through women D. kin of both sexes related to them through men Answer: C 18. In societies with unilineal descent, __________. A. the kin group rarely acts as a unit B. all individuals who reside together are considered kin C. some very close biological relatives are excluded from one's kin group D. no biological relatives are excluded from the kin group Answer: C 19. In societies that practice matrilineal descent, a man belongs to the same descent group as his __________. A. uncle’s mother B. daughter C. brother's daughter D. sister's son Answer: D 20. In a unilineal descent system, an individual __________. A. belongs to only one line of descent B. belongs to two distinct lines of descent C. may belong to multiple lines of descent D. changes their line of descent several times throughout their lives Answer: A 21. __________ descent affiliates an individual with kin related to him or her through men or women. A. Patrilineal B. Matrilineal C. Unilineal D. Ambilineal Answer: D 22. Societies with __________ descent have two rules of descent, each traced through links of one sex only, operating at the same time. A. binary B. double C. dual D. twofold Answer: B 23. The North American tradition of giving a child the father’s last name __________. A. determines the patrilineal kin group of the child B. indicates membership in the father’s clan C. does not denote membership in a particular lineage D. does not suggest that the biological father is also the social father Answer: C 24. Kinship reckoning in bilateral societies can be best described as __________. A. vertical B. horizontal C. diagonal D. spherical Answer: B 25. In a bilateral system, which other person shares your exact kin group? A. your children B. your mother or father C. your brother or sister D. your grandparents Answer: C 26. Because of its ego-centered nature, which of the following is least likely to serve as a permanent or persistent group? A. a matrilineage B. a patrilineage C. a kindred D. an ambilineal descent group Answer: C 27. What modern factor is making it less common for people to seek help from their kindred? A. increasing population B. aid from the state C. more frequent divorce D. smaller family size Answer: B 28. How are members of a lineage connected? A. They believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor. B. They can trace descent from a common ancestor through known links. C. They are related through frequent marriage between their two communities. D. They are all members of an multi-generational, extended household. Answer: B 29. By what name are lineages usually designated? A. by the name of the common ancestor B. by the totem animal representing the group C. by the surname of the current head of household D. by a new name representing a new nuclear family unit Answer: A 30. A __________ is a set or kin whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor, but the links back to that ancestor are not specified. A. kindred B. moiety C. lineage D. clan Answer: D 31. The term “totem” refers to __________. A. any object considered taboo B. any object with magical powers C. an animal or plant name used to refer to a kin group D. an identifying mark on one's skin Answer: C 32. Clans with patrilineal descent are called __________. A. fratriclans B. patriclans C. matriclans D. batriclans Answer: B 33. A phratry is a __________ descent group composed of supposedly related __________. A. unilineal; clans B. unilineal; moieties C. bilateral; clans D. bilateral; moieties Answer: A 34. If a society is divided into two unilineal descent groups, anthropologists call each group a __________. A. moiety B. phratry C. lineage D. parsimony Answer: A 35. While there are many different possible combinations of unilineal descent groups, which two types of group must go together? A. moieties and lineages B. lineages and phratries C. phratries and clans D. clans and moieties Answer: C 36. Among which group did anthropologist James Watson study a modern use of kinship relationships? A. African pastoralists B. Chinese migrants C. aboriginal Australians D. urban Londoners Answer: B 37. Which of the following characterizes the Kapauku Papuans? A. patriclans B. matrilineal descent C. neolocal residence D. moieties Answer: A 38. In a matrilineal descent group, __________. A. all decisions are made by a group of related women B. authority is passed down the line to the current female head of household C. the elder woman makes all decisions concerning marriage and residence for the group D. females rarely exercise authority in their kin groups Answer: D 39. Patrilineal societies, but not matrilineal societies, tend to be __________. A. kin group exogamous B. kin group endogamous C. locally exogamous D. locally endogamous Answer: C 40. Among the Chuukese, a mother may receive aid from whom when disciplining her adolescent child? A. an elder son B. her brother C. her mother D. her sister Answer: B 41. Unilineal descent groups, such as clans and moieties, appear to perform which important social function? A. regulate who is and who is not a suitable marriage partner B. provide a system of laws to standardize behavior C. defend territorial boundaries between other groups D. determine which individuals will become leaders Answer: A 42. In general, the incest taboo in unilineal societies is __________. A. limited to the nuclear family B. limited to parallel cousins C. extended to all cross and parallel cousins D. extended to all presumed unilineal relatives Answer: D 43. In which of these societies does the lineage, not the individual, own house sites and farmland? A. Japanese B. Kapauku C. Mbuti D. !Kung Answer: B 44. What is one way in which descent group members support each other economically? A. providing food for feasts or ceremonies B. determining who is a suitable marriage partner C. fighting together in warfare D. revering a shared ancestor Answer: A 45. Which of the following rights may be afforded to the headman or the elders of a clan? A. to charge someone a fine for breaking a law B. to assign land for use by a clan member C. to force a settlement between two arguing parties D. to restrict access to wealth and prestige to certain groups Answer: B 46. One of the most important political functions of unilineal descent groups is their role in __________. A. mediation B. discussion C. elections D. warfare Answer: D 47. Who (or what) do the Tallensi of West Africa revere as part of their religious beliefs? A. a series of gods B. a single creator god C. their ancestors D. nature spirits Answer: C 48. Why would anthropologists consider the Tallensi religion a religion of one’s specific descent group? A. They revere the living elders of their community rather than any sort of supernatural entity. B. Their creator god is significantly different from those of neighboring cultures. C. They are the only known culture to believe in their particular religious system. D. They believe that one’s ancestors are the only force that can plague or protect them. Answer: D 49. Which of the following shows the different descent groups from least to most common? A. bilateral, unilateral, ambilineal B. bilateral, ambilineal, unilateral C. ambilineal, bilateral, unilateral D. unilateral, ambilineal, bilateral Answer: C 50. Who represents an ambilineal society? A. Chuukese B. Samoans C. Ache D. Kayapo Answer: B 51. How does the Samoan ambilineal system differ from unilineal systems? A. Individuals may belong to a number of ambilineal groups. B. Marriage is often regulated by group membership. C. Groups are identified by an emblem or totem. D. The descent group may own shared land. Answer: A 52. Why is an ambilineal society not divided into separate kin groups, as in unilineal systems? A. The number of relatives in an ambilineal society is too small to create large kin groups. B. They are organized by religious group membership, rather than kin groups. C. A person belongs to more than one group and cannot live in several places at once. D. Intermarriage between groups makes it hard to keep track of kin groups in ambilineal systems. Answer: C 53. Most people in the United States practice which kinship system? A. ambilineal descent B. double unilineal descent C. bilateral kinship D. unilineal descent Answer: C 54. Many anthropologists suggest that neolocal residence is related to the presence of __________. A. overpopulation B. a commercial economy C. an egalitarian social structure D. food collecting Answer: B 55. Cross-culturally, the presence of money __________ neolocal residence. A. fully predicts B. partially accounts for C. is not predictive of D. is negatively correlated with Answer: B 56. The presence of patrilocal residence pattern can often be predicted in societies that __________. A. frequently fight with neighboring groups, so the sons are needed close to home for defense B. rely on women to contribute the largest portion of food to the diet C. live in countries with commercial or money exchange systems D. practice hunting and gathering Answer: A 57. What sort of residence pattern is seen in societies whose warfare is purely external? A. matrilocal B. patrilocal C. bilocal D. neolocal Answer: A 58. If warfare were removed as a factor, which consideration would be likely to predict the presence of matrilocal residence? A. a high fertility rate B. a female-dominant division of labor C. a highly stratified social system D. clan membership and ancestor worship Answer: B 59. The Miskito of Central America maintained a matrilocal system to support the community while the men were __________. A. on hunting trips B. participating in religious ritual C. away at war D. working as miners and lumberers Answer: D 60. What characteristic of prehistoric southwest culture did archaeologists discover was associated with matrilocal residence patterns? A. weaving styles B. kachina dolls C. house size D. style of clothing Answer: C 61. What factor has been discovered by Elman Service to explain bilocal residence? A. a drastic loss of population because of infectious disease B. population increase due to increased health-care delivery since WWII C. an indifference to social change by the married couple D. a complete breakdown of social customs Answer: A 62. Among foraging societies, what factor favors a bilocal residence pattern? A. a lack of big game B. low rainfall C. frequent warfare D. reliance on low-protein foods Answer: B 63. Although avunculocal residence is rare, nearly all avunculocal societies are __________. A. bilineal B. ambilineal C. matrilineal D. patrilineal Answer: C 64. In avunculocal residence, the married couple lives with or near whom? A. the husband’s father’s brother B. the husband’s mother’s brother C. the wife’s father’s sister D. the wife’s mother’s sister Answer: B 65. What is the primary contrast between avunculocal and matrilocal societies? A. Avunculocal societies fight internally, while matrilocal societies fight externally. B. Avunculocal societies fight externally, while matrilocal societies fight internally. C. Avunculocal societies have exogamous marriage, while matrilocal societies have endogamous marriage. D. Avunculocal societies have endogamous marriage, while matrilocal societies have exogamous marriage. Answer: A 66. Which of the following is most associated with unilineal descent groups? A. unilocal residence B. the domination of one sex in contributions to subsistence C. a money economy D. the absence of warfare Answer: A 67. What feature of unilineal descent groups enables them to act as separate and distinct units? A. Individuals may be a member of multiple groups simultaneously. B. Individual membership in a group is very clear. C. The group allows for a very large unit of related individuals. D. The group is naturally limited to a small, tightly-knit unit. Answer: B 68. Depopulation is likely to change a(n) __________ system into a(n) __________ one. A. ambilineal; bilateral B. bilateral; unilineal C. unilineal; ambilineal D. bilateral; ambilineal Answer: C 69. Which kinship system is ego-centered; hence, it varies with different points of reference, except for brothers and sisters? A. unilineal B. bilateral C. double-descent D. ambilineal Answer: B 70. In societies that recognize bilateral kinship, members of the household use the same kinship terms for both __________ and __________ kin. A. neolocal; patrilocal B. consanguineal; affinal C. matrilineal; patrilineal D. ambilineal; marital Answer: B 71. The kin terms of a society are __________. A. very resistant to change B. dynamic and creative C. tightly linked to family structure D. associated with economic system Answer: A 72. Which kinship terminology system is used by most North Americans? A. Crow B. Inuit C. Omaha D. Sudanese Answer: B 73. In which system of kinship terminology are the terms for father and father's brother the same, mother and mother's sister the same, as well as mother and mother's brother's daughter? A. Inuit B. Omaha C. Iroquois D. Crow Answer: B 74. Which system of kinship terminology has been called the mirror image of the Omaha system? A. Crow B. Iroquois C. Inuit D. Hawaiian Answer: A 75. Which system of kinship terminology is the least complex? A. Sudanese B. Crow C. Iroquois D. Hawaiian Answer: D Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Carol R. Ember, Melvin R. Ember 9780205711208, 9780134732831
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