This Document Contains Chapters 9 to 10 Chapter 9: Culture and the Individual Multiple Choice Questions 1. Who is the ultimate source of culture change? A. the individual B. the family C. the government D. society as a whole Answer: A 2. What do cross-cultural psychologists study? A. the psychology of a specific group of people B. the psychological processes in two or more cultures C. how culture influences a person’s behavior D. the differences in mental health across cultures Answer: B 3. Why did 20th century anthropologists become interested in psychology? A. They did not believe that human nature was completely revealed in Western societies. B. Psychology was just becoming popular as an academic discipline. C. Greater contact with other cultures was showing a surprising variety of psychological patterns. D. They were trying to distance themselves from sociologists by focusing more on the individual. Answer: A 4. What characteristic did Donald Brown list as a probable human universal? A. encouraging independence B. a belief in an afterlife C. the ability to make binary contrasts D. a close relationship between siblings Answer: C 5. Which expression of emotions seems to be culturally universal? A. time spent touching or holding an infant B. recognition of facial expressions C. veneration of elders and ancestors D. rebelliousness in adolescence Answer: B 6. Which early 20th century anthropologist studied Samoan adolescents, calling into question the assumption that adolescent psychological development was similar everywhere? A. Louis Leakey B. Bronislaw Malinowski C. Claude Levi-Strauss D. Maragaret Mead Answer: D 7. What assumption of psychological development was called into question by Bronislaw Malinowski, based on his research with Trobriands? A. development of the id, ego, and superego B. the Oedipus complex C. attachment theory D. activation model of dreaming Answer: B 8. Who confirmed Mead’s conclusion that adolescence is not generally a period of overt rebelliousness? A. Bronislaw Malinowski B. Melford Spiro C. Derek Freeman D. Alice Schlegel Answer: D 9. The concept of __________, achieved by Western children between ages 7 and 11, states that certain properties of an object remain constant, even if the object is divided into small pieces. A. conservatism B. conservation C. concretion D. conclusion Answer: B 10. __________ felt that the development of thinking in humans involved a series of stages, each characterized by different mental skills. A. Freud B. Freeman C. Piaget D. Malinowski Answer: C 11. What is Piaget’s first stage of development? A. sensorioperational B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. sensorimotor Answer: D 12. Most studies of __________ thinking have found __________ evidence of such thinking in nonWestern populations. A. formal operational; strong B. formal operational; little C. concrete operational; strong D. concrete operation; little Answer: B 13. Why do anthropologists question results given by cross-cultural psychologists that indicate psychological development is delayed in many non-Western societies questioned by anthropologists? A. Concepts such as conservation and formal-operational thinking are not known in other cultures. B. Cross-cultural psychology is basically flawed in its ability to measure differences. C. The tests used are developed in the West using testing materials often unfamiliar to other cultures. D. Cross-cultural psychology is a new, and therefore untested, field. Answer: C 14. In his research on psychological development in the Tiv, Douglas Price-Williams found that __________. A. even with natively familiar test materials, Tiv children never reached an understanding of conservation to match the European children B. there was no difference between Tiv and European children in understanding of conservation of earth, nuts, and numbers C. the Tiv children had a stronger understanding of conservation than European children when tested with earth, nuts, and numbers D. the Tiv children reached an understanding of conservation at an earlier age than European children, regardless of the testing method Answer: B 15. Schooled individuals may enjoy an advantage on tests of formal-operational thinking just because they __________. A. can read and write B. are generally more intelligent C. have more information about the test subject D. are familiar with the types of questions asked by the tests Answer: D 16. One of the most notable human characteristics that differentiate us from our relatives is that the period of developmental dependence for young humans is __________ than in other primates. A. shorter B. longer C. more violent D. less nurturing Answer: B 17. Humans are unusual among mammals in our __________. A. close connections between mothers and their infants B. long post-reproductive lifespan for females C. high lifetime reproductive rates in males D. tendency to live in social groups of unrelated adults Answer: B 18. Anthropologists are increasingly looking at children as __________ of socialization. A. agents B. models C. examples D. recipients Answer: A 19. __________ is a term used by both anthropologists and psychologists to describe the development, through the influence of parents and other role models, of patterns of behavior in children that conform to cultural expectations. A. Socialization B. Progression C. Refinement D. Maturity Answer: A 20. Which anthropological term may be used in place of socialization? A. diffusion B. assimilation C. enculturation D. education Answer: C 21. What did a study of single mothers in California find about the consistency of parenting conventions? A. Single mothers were more likely to follow traditional childrearing methods. B. Single mothers were more likely to see themselves as “unconventional” parents. C. So-called “unconventional” parents did not differ that much from the more “conventional” ones. D. “Unconventional” parents used methods that were very divergent from the general cultural pattern. Answer: C 22. In __________ of the world’s societies, mothers typically breast-feed for at least two years. A. 15% B. 55% C. 70% D. 90% Answer: C 23. In what way do unconventional parenting styles bring about cultural change? A. Unconventional methods cannot change parenting styles, because the other methods work well. B. Parenting styles do shift, but only relatively slowly. C. Parenting styles swing back and forth from one generation to the next. D. Parenting styles change rapidly and without reverting to previous methods. Answer: B 24. Culturally patterned ideas about what kind of children parents want to raise and how they should treat their children are called __________. A. ethnotheories B. hypotheses C. ideologies D. philosophies Answer: A 25. Dutch parents’ attention to „rest, regularity, and cleanliness’ results in infants who __________ than American infants. A. speak earlier B. walk later C. sleep more D. cry less Answer: C 26. American parents __________. A. stress independence and reward independent behaviors B. stress independence but often reward dependent behaviors C. stress dependency and reward dependent behaviors D. stress dependency but often reward independent behaviors Answer: B 27. John Whiting and Irvin Child propose that childrearing practices are largely __________. A. adaptive B. maladaptive C. inflexible D. unconscious Answer: A 28. Why does Freeman argue that genetic differences between populations predispose people for different personality types? A. A baby’s behavior affects the way its caregivers will interact with it. B. Other biological features, like birth weight, are correlated with ethnic group. C. He found difference in temperament among newborn babies of different ethnic groups. D. Mothers of different ethnic groups responded differently to their baby’s cries. Answer: C 29. Which of the following factors could affect the temperament of a newborn infant? A. the baby’s astrological sign B. mother’s diet during pregnancy C. birth order of the baby D. mother’s age at delivery Answer: B 30. Studies have shown that malnutrition is associated with __________. A. lower levels of activity B. more prenatal interaction C. long labor and delivery D. increased tolerance for frustration Answer: A 31. One study of Guatemalan children found less anxiety and more involvement in play after the children were given __________. A. a lending library B. extra toys C. regular nap times D. nutritional supplements Answer: D 32. Cross-cultural studies of child rearing habits have shown that compared to non-Western societies, American parents __________. A. are less likely to breast-feed on demand B. spend more of the day carrying their babies with them C. respond to babies’ cries much more quickly D. are more apt to co-sleep with their babies at night Answer: A 33. It is estimated that babies in Japan and other industrialized nations are held or touched __________ of the day. A. 8-12% B. 12-20% C. 25-30% D. 42-50% Answer: B 34. Among the Efe, a crying infant gets a response from a caregiver within __________ 75% of the time. A. 10 seconds B. 30 seconds C. 1 minute D. 5 minutes Answer: A 35. According to studies, children that were often held or carried by their __________ are significantly more trusting and optimistic at age five. A. mothers B. fathers C. siblings D. families Answer: A 36. While only about __________ percent of infants industrial societies die in their first year, around __________ percent of infants in preindustrial societies die in their first year. A. 1; 20 B. 1; 50 C. 5; 20 D. 5; 50 Answer: A 37. What is an adaptational explanation for the very quick responses of parents in preindustrial societies? A. Mothers in preindustrial societies do not work outside the home, so it is easier for them to respond quickly to baby’s cries. B. There are more threats to an infant’s survival in preindustrial societies, so it is beneficial to respond to their needs immediately. C. Western mothers see quick responses as coddling and prefer to raise a self-reliant, independent child. D. Fathers and elders in preindustrial societies expect babies to be kept quiet and under control at all times. Answer: B 38. Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents’ emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some non-industrial societies as __________. A. a sign of bad parenting by uneducated adults B. an indication that parents are too busy foraging for food to play with their kids C. a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies D. a more adaptive alternative to beating their children Answer: C 39. While play amongst children is universal, parent-child play is only common in __________ societies. A. foraging and horticultural B. horticultural and pastoralist C. pastoralist and Western D. Western and foraging Answer: D 40. Why do the Ifaluk maintain that parents should not play with their young children? A. Their ethnotheories state that “a quiet baby is a healthy baby”. B. They believe that infants under the age of two have no thoughts or feelings. C. It is seen as foolish for an adult to play children’s games. D. They encourage babies to sleep as much as possible and conserve energy. Answer: B 41. Ronald Rohner and colleagues’ cross-cultural research on parental acceptance and rejection found that children who are not treated affectionately by their parents tend to be __________. A. sullen and withdrawn B. hostile and aggressive C. anxious and hyperactive D. dull and lazy Answer: B 42. Which societies tend to show more warmth and affection towards their children? A. foraging B. pastoral C. horticultural D. market economies Answer: A 43. Whatever the reason for parental rejection, it is evident that children who are rejected __________. A. are likely to remain childless as adults B. are affectionate toward other people’s children C. tend to reject their own children D. become overprotective parents Answer: C 44. Cross-culture studies indicated that __________ societies are likely to stress responsibility and obedience. A. herding and foraging B. agricultural and herding C. hunting and gathering D. foraging and agricultural Answer: B 45. Why are foraging societies more able than other groups to emphasize individual initiative in children? A. Departure from routine cannot cause much damage to a food supply that has to be collected daily. B. Foraging people choose their leaders from among individuals with a lot of individual initiative. C. Only foraging societies allow for individuals to eat anything they want to eat. D. Reliance on tradition is not particularly important for people with no wealth or material possessions. Answer: A 46. How do parents differ in their wishes for what qualities they would like their children to possess? A. Parents in more urban societies hope their children will focus on the family and community. B. Parents in more rural societies hope their children will focus on the family and community. C. Parents in more urban societies hope their children will have independence and self-reliance. D. Parents in more rural societies hope their children will have independence and self-reliance. Answer: C 47. Which group encourages aggression by children? A. Yanomamö B. Semai C. Asmat D. Hindu-Indians Answer: A 48. Why do the Semai choose not to physically punish a child’s aggression? A. They believe a certain level of aggression is healthy and should be encouraged. B. They disapprove of aggression and want to model nonviolent behavior for the children. C. They believe that children cannot learn from punishment before the age of five years. D. They feel that punishment itself is cruel and that children should be allowed to do as they wish. Answer: B 49. Parental encouragement of violence is associated cross-culturally with a society’s involvement in __________. A. agriculture B. market economy C. organized religion D. war Answer: D 50. We now have evidence from more than ten cultures that children who __________ are more nurturant. A. babysit B. have chores C. play with dolls D. have a large family Answer: A 51. What does Beatrice Whiting describe as one of the most powerful socializing influences on children? A. television, movies, and the internet B. their setting and the people within it C. diet, health, and activity levels D. family structure and history Answer: B 52. The Six Cultures project suggests that children tend to be more aggressive the more they are __________. A. with children their own age B. left alone C. with adults D. with older children Answer: A 53. What is one possible factor in the observation that boys tend to be more aggressive than girls? A. Girls are usually given a better diet, which reduces frustration associated with malnutrition. B. Girls are given more tasks, and therefore spend more time around adults. C. Girls are rarely supervised, which leads them to independent decision-making at a younger age. D. Girls are as aggressive as boys, but are generally more skilled at hiding it from adults. Answer: B 54. One of the most important socializing settings for children in some societies is __________. A. grand parent’s homes B. friend’s homes C. church D. school Answer: D 55. Cross-cultural studies have shown that both cognitive abilities among children and their ability to think abstractly is influenced by how much __________ they receive. A. protein B. breast milk C. nurturing D. schooling Answer: D 56. A comparative study of US undergraduates and Liberian rice farmers found that the ability to classify items abstractly was influenced by __________. A. what time of day people were tested B. the materials used in the test C. the language in which the test was given D. the gender of the tester Answer: B 57. In a study of the Vai of Liberia, what did Sylvia Scribner and Michael Cole conclude about literacy and performance on cognitive tests? A. Illiterate individuals cannot be given cognitive tests in any meaningful way. B. Literacy was strongly associated with high performance on cognitive tests. C. There were relatively minor affects of literacy on cognitive test performance. D. There is no relationship between performance on cognitive tests and literacy. Answer: C 58. What personality trait can be predicted by a person’s level of schooling? A. charity B. patience C. curiosity D. assertiveness Answer: B 59. In the Applied Anthropology example, how did Chinese and American preschools instill cultural value lessons in the children? A. The Chinese preschool emphasized group activities, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities. B. The Chinese preschool emphasized individualized activities, while the American preschool emphasized memorization of facts. C. The Chinese preschool emphasized memorization of facts, while the American preschool emphasized group activities. D. The Chinese preschool emphasized memorization of facts, while the American preschool individualized activities. Answer: A 60. Clifford Geertz’s research in Bali showed that the Balinese describe a person as __________. A. having one of a limited set of possible personality types B. having many different roles, like an actor playing parts C. a unique, distinctive whole D. a complex character influenced by family Answer: B 61. The Japanese concept of self is often described as __________. A. egocentric B. individualistic C. neighborly D. relational Answer: D 62. The traditional Inuit concept of inummarik, or “a genuine person”, includes a lifelong process of __________. A. ecological involvement B. family commitment C. educational achievement D. financial security Answer: A 63. When considering cross-cultural concepts of self, Melford Spiro pointed out that __________. A. the psychological tests are culturally biased B. many cultures have no real concept of self C. the ideal in a culture may not reflect reality D. such studies are by nature highly subjective Answer: C 64. In psychology, being able to isolate a part of a situation from a whole is known as __________. A. area autonomy B. field independence C. factor freedom D. element separation Answer: B 65. What did John Berry find to be a strong cross-cultural predictor of field independence? A. participation in a market economy B. average family size C. the degree of reliance on hunting D. level of schooling Answer: C 66. In the United States, children whose parents are __________ less likely to develop field independence than other children. A. playful B. very strict C. highly educated D. negligent Answer: B 67. In East Africa, Robert Edgerton found that pastoralists were __________. A. more likely than farmers to express aggression B. less likely than farmers to express aggression C. more likely than farmers to have field independence D. less likely than farmers to have field independence Answer: A 68. One study in Peru found that __________ was linked to high levels of aggression. A. hypertension B. hypoglycemia C. hyperlipidemia D. hypothyroidism Answer: B 69. Compared with people in the United States, __________ generally had a strong sense of interpersonal morality. A. the Asmet of New Guinea B. the Yanomamö C. Hindu Indians D. Semi Answer: C 70. Cross-cultural studies by David Stimpsons and colleagues found support for the idea that women __________. A. have identical responses to men on tests of morality B. are more concerned with comparison and affection than men C. have a broader range of responses than men on tests of morality D. are more likely to emphasize separateness of people than men Answer: B 71. Psychological anthropologist Abram Kardiner believes that __________, such as family organization and subsistence techniques, give rise to certain personality characteristics, while __________, such as art and religion, reflect the motives, conflicts and anxieties of a society. A. secondary institutions; primary institutions B. primary institutions; secondary institutions C. cultural characteristics; psychotic characteristic D. formal institutions; informal institutions Answer: B 72. The idea that an understanding of personality might help us explain connections between primary and secondary institutions is called __________. A. personal-social connection B. personality and social integration C. personal-cultural synchrony D. personality integration of culture Answer: D 73. Politically complex and socially stratified societies are most likely to have what kinds of games? A. creativity B. strategy C. cooperative D. dexterity Answer: B 74. In projective tests, subjects are given stimuli that are purposely __________. A. incorrect B. ambiguous C. impossible D. humorous Answer: B 75. Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________. A. variation B. agency C. socialization D. independence Answer: B Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Culture Multiple Choice Questions 1. Egalitarian societies have no social groups with unequal access to power, prestige, or resources, __________. A. and they often afford the same balance across genders B. and they ensure equality by sorting social groups by gender C. but they generally afford greater access of these to men than to women D. but they usually afford greater access of these to women than to men Answer: C 2. When discussing differences between men and women, researchers generally use the term __________ to refer to social expectations, experiences, and identity, and the term __________ when referring to biological differences. A. sex; gender B. gender; sex C. homosexual; heterosexual D. transgender; gender Answer: B 3. In the United States, as well as most western societies, gender is assigned at birth based on __________. A. parental preference B. external biological attributes C. newborn behavioral traits D. ultrasound scan results Answer: B 4. To whom does the term transgender apply? A. people who do not feel their assigned gender fits them well B. anyone who is attracted to members of the same sex C. men who dress in feminine clothing D. women who take on aggressive, high-power jobs Answer: A 5. Anthropologists studying gender cross-culturally have documented what interesting feature among some Native American groups such as the Cheyenne, Kaska, Klamath, and Mohave? A. In these societies, women do the hunting while men stay close to home with the children. B. Women in these groups take on more leadership roles than in other foraging societies. C. In addition to male/female genders, they recognize a third gender in which a person that is biologically male or female takes on the social roles and behaviors of the opposite gender. D. Men in these groups are allowed to marry their first cousins due to low numbers of possible marriage partners. Answer: C 6. In Oman, there is a third gender role called __________. A. two-spirits B. berache C. homosexuals D. xanith Answer: D 7. Species in which females and males exhibit fairly marked differences in size and appearance are said to be __________. A. physiologically different B. chromosomally divergent C. genotypically dissimilar D. sexual dimorphic Answer: D 8. In which of these features are humans sexually dimorphic? A. mass of the brain B. pelvis shape C. rate of hair growth D. size of teeth Answer: B 9. In all human societies yet examined, males generally have __________. A. greater grip strength than females B. lower aerobic work capacity than females C. proportionately smaller lungs than females D. proportionately smaller hearts than females Answer: A 10. Which of the following statements best describes humans as they grow taller? A. Females achieve their ultimate height shortly after puberty, but boys continue to grow for years after puberty. B. Boys achieve their ultimate height shortly after puberty, but females continue to grow for years after puberty. C. Both sexes continue to grow for years after puberty. D. Both sexes achieve their ultimate height shortly after puberty. Answer: A 11. In certain athletic events, such as marathons and swimming, __________. A. The greater biological capacity for these activities in men has been well documented. B. Women have improved so much that they now regularly outperform the men. C. The differences in males and females are disappearing as training becomes more equal. D. Sex-based differences are rare enough that men and women could compete together. Answer: C 12. A gender role involves __________. A. the beliefs and attitudes particular to one gender or another B. the way societies assign or divide labor by gender C. ascetic ideas about the way a man or woman should look D. differential access to resources and power based on gender Answer: B 13. Which of the following tasks is almost exclusively assigned to men, cross-culturally? A. lumber B. harvest crops C. collect fuel D. build houses Answer: A 14. Which theory explains the differences between male and female roles based on the greater aerobic capacity of males? A. compatibility-with-child-care theory B. economy-of-effort theory C. expendability theory D. strength theory Answer: D 15. Of the following theories anthropologists have proposed to explain how gender roles are divided cross-culturally, which theory says that the demands of pregnancy and nursing limit women to performing tasks close to home, like cooking and gathering wild plants? A. compatibility-with-child-care B. economy-of-effort C. expendability D. strength Answer: A 16. In most societies, what is the average length of time for a mother to breast feed her child? A. 12 months B. 18 months C. 24 months D. 30 months Answer: C 17. Crafts such as making baskets, mats, and pottery __________. A. are exclusively women’s tasks B. are exclusively men’s tasks C. are performed by women in noncommercial societies but by men when produced for trade D. are performed by men in noncommercial societies but by women when produced for trade Answer: C 18. According to the __________ theory, men may produce musical instruments from wood because they are the ones who collect the wood in the first place and probably understand its physical properties better. A. compatibility-with-child-care B. economy-of-effort C. expendability D. strength Answer: B 19. According to the __________ theory, men tend to do more dangerous work because the loss of men is less disadvantageous reproductively than the loss of women. A. compatibility-with-child-care B. economy-of-effort C. expendability D. strength Answer: C 20. What is the primary criticism against the strength theory of gender roles? A. Women in some societies do engage in very heavy labor. B. Pound-for-pound, men and women do not significantly differ in strength. C. Hunting and warfare require skilled use of tools and stealth, not physical strength. D. When the pressures of childbearing are considered, women are actually stronger than men. Answer: A 21. Many Agta women of the Philippines regularly hunt wild pig and deer. What percentae of the large game is killed by Agta women? A. almost 20% B. almost 30% C. almost 40% D. almost 80% Answer: B 22. How do the Chipewyan women combine hunting with the restrictions of childcare? A. Only unmarried women hunt. B. They avoid hunting moose after their fourth of fifth month of pregnancy. C. They hunt only small animals, like birds and rabbits, while breastfeeding. D. Only post-menopausal women join in the hunts. Answer: B 23. When does the strict division of labor by gender tend to disappear? A. when societies become agricultural B. as literacy replaces storytelling C. when women have fewer children D. as more women become leaders Answer: C 24. Which of the following is a primary subsistence activity? A. gathering plants B. grinding corn C. preserving meat D. cooking a meal Answer: A 25. In societies where women earn wages, __________. A. they spend more hours at work per week than men B. they are paid a higher rate per hour than men C. men take on the majority of the childcare and household responsibilities D. women are still responsible for the bulk of the housework and childcare Answer: D 26. Cross-culturally, why do men do most of the primary subsistence work? A. It nearly always requires greater strength than secondary subsistence work. B. Women are usually occupied with childcare responsibilities and cannot go far from home. C. Most societies have taboos that prohibit women from handling food items. D. Primary subsistence work is often considered prestigious, so is unavailable to women. Answer: B 27. Variation in gender contribution to primary subsistence relates directly to the type of __________. A. food-getting B. warfare C. social stratification D. gender roles Answer: A 28. In which type of society are women most likely to contribute more than men to primary subsistence? A. pastoral B. hunter-gatherer C. horticultural D. intensive agriculture Answer: C 29. In which geographical area do women do most of the farming? A. East Asia B. Sub-Saharan Africa C. The Mediterranean D. Europe Answer: B 30. According to Ester Boserup, what factors lead to men doing more of the agricultural work than women? A. a need for women to gather wild foods B. population increase and a need for more intensive use of the land C. high birth rates and increased childrearing pressure for women D. a shift to an egalitarian system where men and women share labor Answer: B 31. How do household chores relate to changes in subsistence strategies? A. Household chores increase with increasing agriculture. B. Household chores decrease with increasing agriculture. C. Household chores increase when shifting from foraging to pastoralism. D. Household chores decrease when shifting from foraging to pastorlism. Answer: A 32. To what other activity are men in horticultural communities often drawn? A. arts and crafts B. spirituality C. warfare D. childrearing Answer: C 33. In societies where females contribute a high degree to primary subsistence, __________. A. Infants are fed solid foods earlier and baby girls are more valued. B. Infants are fed solid foods earlier and baby girls are less valued. C. Infants are fed solid foods later and baby girls are more valued. D. Infants are fed solid foods later and baby girls are less valued. Answer: A 34. In __________ of surveyed societies, only men were leaders. A. 55% B. 68% C. 75% D. 88% Answer: D 35. If we look at countries, not individual cultures, women make up about __________ of the representatives in national parliaments or legislative bodies. A. 2% B. 10% C. 50% D. 75% Answer: B 36. What percentage of societies never allow women to actively participate in warfare? A. 67 B. 75 C. 87 D. 92 Answer: A 37. Among the matrilineal Iroquois society, __________. A. women seldom held political office but had a great deal of say over who the group's leaders were B. women participated alongside the men as warriors in battle C. females had little say over how the goods they produced were distributed D. girls were allowed to express themselves sexually from a young age Answer: A 38. Why do men dominate the political sphere of life across all societies? A. Achieving a political position in most societies requires ambition, aggression, and strength, traits that are more pronounced in men than in women. B. Decision-making about war is the most important kind of politics, and men have the most experience with warfare. C. Because of the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and lactation, women are too emotional to make level-headed political decisions, D. Political life is closely associated with spirituality, and most cultures believe women to be too unclean for such high callings. Answer: B 39. The idea that women are kept out of warfare because their potential fertility is more important to the group than their potential as warriors is consistent with the __________ theory. A. compatibility-with-child-care B. economy-of-effort C. expendability D. strength Answer: C 40. What did Patricia Draper find among the women of settled !Kung groups? A. The women began actively limiting their fertility, which allowed time for a greater involvement in decision-making. B. The women began actively limiting their fertility and lost much of their former influence in decision-making. C. The women no longer engaged in long-distance foraging, which allowed time for a greater involvement in decision-making. D. The women no longer engaged in long-distance foraging and lost much of their former influence in decision-making. Answer: D 41. In a study of the Kayapo, which women were found to have less influence in community decisionmaking? A. women of low-ranking clans B. those with heavy childcare burdens C. barren and post-menopausal women D. mothers of shaman Answer: B 42. Cross-culturally, what is one factor that predicts the exclusion of women from politics? A. a horticultural subsistence strategy B. the organization of communities around male kin C. participation in the market economy using men’s crafts D. fertility rate and infant survival rate Answer: B 43. In a cross-cultural study, what factor was shared among societies that allow women to participate in combat as active warriors? A. They use high levels of technology in their combat. B. They wage only internal (civil) warfare. C. They marry within their own communities. D. They have late marriage and low fertilities rates. Answer: C 44. Gender stratification may be defined as __________. A. the beliefs and attitudes particular to one gender or another B. the way societies assign or divide labor by gender C. ascetic ideas about the way a man or woman should look D. differential access to resources and power based on gender Answer: D 45. Mbuti pygmy women __________. A. are highly valued, but have few personal rights and virtually no influence B. have practically no rights and very little influence C. have more political power than men, due in part to fear and menstrual taboos D. have unusually high status, nearing equality with men Answer: D 46. Which may explain why men generally have higher status than women in most societies? A. The low status of women is linked to their emotional weakness compared to men. B. The low status of women is linked to their physical weakness compared to men. C. Women's status will be high when they contribute substantially to primary subsistence. D. Women's status will be highest when they contribute mostly to secondary subsistence activities. Answer: C 47. Cross-cultural studies show that which of the following factors is related to higher status for women in many areas of life? A. being a member of an intensive agriculture society B. lower dependence on hunting for calories C. the presence of religions with many female deities or a female high god D. kin groups and marital residence organized around women Answer: D 48. What did Martin Whyte conclude in his cross-cultural examination of women’s status? A. Women have higher status regarding wealth and property than regarding personal autonomy. B. There is little connection between the various factors than can be used to measure women’s status. C. Despite some differences in outward appearance, women’s status is pretty consistent worldwide. D. A high frequency of warfare in a society lowers women’s status in most spheres of life. Answer: B 49. Which of these groups is known for a relatively high status of women? A. Iroquois B. Yanomamö C. !Kung D. Chipewyan Answer: A 50. Which type of society generally has the most favorable view of gender equality? A. cultures relying on pastoralism B. cultures relying on agriculture C. industrial societies D. postindustrial societies Answer: D 51. What factor is likely responsible for the greater gender equality seen in industrial and postindustrial societies? A. income B. health care C. education D. population size Answer: C 52. As a result of Europeans restructuring landownership and economic relations, colonial influence in various parts of the world seems to have generally __________. A. only slightly affected the status of women B. undermined the position of women in societies in which they once had status C. generally resulted in greater sexual antagonism between men and women D. raised the status of women Answer: B 53. The rate of success of the women of Coast Salish being elected to council was related to the __________. A. literacy rate of the community B. wealth of the community C. education of the women D. age of the women Answer: B 54. In contrast to men, women tend to devote all their earnings from economic development into __________. A. status symbols B. savings C. household expenditures D. community development Answer: C 55. In Kenya, what factor has increased the number of women who manage the farm and head the household? A. male migration for work B. loss of men in warfare C. decrease in marriage rates D. legislation favoring women’s employment Answer: A 56. One sex difference that appears very early in American children, as well as in children in all societies for which systematic data is available, is greater __________. A. sociability in girls B. nurturance in boys C. responsibility in boys D. aggressiveness in boys Answer: D 57. While we cannot do biological studies on humans, researchers have shown a link between the hormone __________ and aggression in animal experiments. A. androgen B. estrogen C. oxytocin D. vasopressin Answer: A 58. A cross-cultural survey showed __________ societies encouraged aggression in boys than in girls, but most societies showed __________ in aggression training. A. more; no difference B. more; gender differences C. fewer; no difference D. fewer; gender differences Answer: A 59. What type of subtle socialization might account for the observation that girls often show more responsible and nuturant behavior than boys? A. Girls are told from an early age that they must be responsible. B. Boys are encouraged to be irresponsible and wasteful with their toys. C. Girls are almost always asked to do more work than boys. D. Boys are given more difficult chores than girls. Answer: C 60. Why some did Luo boys in Carol Ember’s study show behaviors intermediary between those of other boys and girls? A. These boys later identified themselves as homosexual. B. This group of boys started school at a younger than average age. C. The boys were raised by single mothers. D. These boys were tasked with chores typically given to girls. Answer: D 61. Which of the following personality traits did not differentiate between boys and girls in the Six Cultures project? A. a tendency to seek help and interpersonal contact B. an attempt to exert dominance over others C. a tendency to play in larger groups D. seeking and offering friendship Answer: D 62. What did Victoria Burbank discover in her study of female aggression in an aboriginal Australian community? A. The women only engaged in aggression as efforts of self-defense. B. The men actually participated in less aggression than the women. C. The women engaged in almost all the same kinds of aggression as men did. D. The men engaged in aggression more frequently than women, but the women’s was more serious. Answer: C 63. Premarital sex is __________. A. considered good for boys in some societies but is universally discouraged for girls B. frowned upon by almost all of the world's societies C. actively encouraged in some societies D. accepted in some societies but never actively encouraged Answer: C 64. For the Tepoztlan, whose responsibility is it to guard a girl’s chastity and reputation? A. her father B. her mother C. an older brother D. a maternal uncle Answer: B 65. Why do the Chenchu opt to have sexual relations during the daytime hours? A. They sleep in crowded, multifamily rooms. B. Their culture prohibits any important activity during the dark of night. C. They believe that a child conceived at night might be born blind. D. They are afraid that tigers will attack them if they are vulnerable at night. Answer: C 66. How does the US compare cross-culturally with regard to restrictions of intercourse within marriage? A. It is among the most restrictive cultures, with many restrictions related to timing, location, and activities. B. It is slightly more restrictive than average, with a few extra restrictions concerning pregnancy and menstruation. C. It is slightly less restrictive than average, with a few restrictions related to timing, location, and activities. D. It is among the most lenient cultures, with only loose restrictions concerning pregnancy and menstruation. Answer: D 67. Cross-cultural studies of how societies regulate sexual behavior have shown that extramarital sex is __________. A. common in only a small minority of the world's cultures B. considered unacceptable in virtually all of the world's societies C. permissible for women in most of the world's societies D. generally more acceptable for men than for women Answer: D 68. Cross-cultural research shows that, universally, __________. A. Married women and men both consider extramarital sex inappropriate. B. Married women, but not married men, consider extramarital sex inappropriate. C. Married men, but not married women, consider extramarital sex inappropriate. D. Neither married men nor married women consider extramarital sex inappropriate. Answer: A 69. Because the Navajo recognize four distinct genders, they consider homosexual sex to be between __________. A. generally acceptable B. between two people of the same sex C. between two people of the same gender D. unheard of Answer: C 70. Among the Lepcha, a man was believed to become homosexual if he __________. A. engaged in intercourse with another male B. ate the flesh of an uncastrated pig C. did not marry D. did not engage in premarital sex Answer: B 71. Of the following societies, which is the most pro-homosexual? A. the United States B. the Etoro C. the Siwans D. the Papago Answer: B 72. Male homosexual behavior __________. A. is frowned upon in all known human societies B. is severely punished by the Papago Indians of the Southwest C. although accepted in some societies, is always considered inferior to heterosexual behavior D. is considered superior to heterosexual behavior among the Etoro of New Guinea Answer: D 73. Societies that frown on sexual expression by young children __________. A. allow premarital and extramarital sexual relations B. do not condone premarital sexual relations but allow extramarital relations C. also punish premarital and extramarital sex D. condone some premarital sexual expression but not extramarital sex Answer: C 74. Restrictions of homosexual behavior seem to be associated with __________. A. complex societies B. a desire for population growth C. male to female ratio D. economic security Answer: B 75. Why does greater restrictiveness towards pre-marital sex tend to occur in more complex societies? A. Controlling mating is a way of controlling property in these societies. B. More complex societies have more strict religious codes of behavior. C. Only complex societies have formal social unions we call marriage. D. There is no way to deal with a child born out of wedlock in these societies. Answer: A Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Carol R. Ember, Melvin R. Ember 9780205711208, 9780134732831
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