Chapter 16 Employee Safety and Health 1) According to the U.S. Department of Labor, each year there are approximately ________ cases of workplace accidents per 100 full-time workers in the United States. A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 Answer: B Explanation: B) The U.S. Department of Labor says workplace accidents in the United States cause over 3.8 million occupational injuries and illnesses per year—roughly 3.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. 2) All of the following are effective methods of improving workplace safety EXCEPT ________. A) analyzing accident rates B) publicizing an organization's safety policy C) showing an organizational commitment to safety D) setting unreasonable but challenging safety goals Answer: D Explanation: D) Safety goals should be achievable and specific. Analyzing accident rates, publishing the firm's safety policy, and showing an organizational commitment to safety are effective methods of improving safety. 3) Which of the following is the supervisor's primary role in safety? A) conducting daily safety inspections of the workplace B) helping workers file claims for job-related injuries C) alerting top management to OSHA inspections D) setting health and safety standards for the firm Answer: A Explanation: A) Safety inspections should always be part of the supervisor's daily routine. Conducting a daily walk-through of the workplace—whether it is a construction site or a dry cleaning facility—is an essential part of a supervisor's job. 4) Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration? A) set and enforce the safety and health standards for almost all workers in the U.S. B) ensure that employees of state agencies have safe and healthy working conditions C) provide safe and healthy working conditions to all self-employed persons D) ensure that family farms provide healthy and safe working environments Answer: A Explanation: A) OSHA is the agency created within the Department of Labor to set safety and health standards for almost all workers in the United States. OSHA doesn't cover self-employed persons or farms in which only immediate members of the employer's family work. OSHA covers federal agencies, but usually not state and local governments. 5) The Occupational Safety and Health Act was intended to ________. A) set national, state, and local safety and health standards B) assure every person safe and healthful working conditions C) provide safe and healthful working conditions to self-employed persons D) prevent the occurrence of occupational illnesses among public employees Answer: B Explanation: B) The Occupational Safety and Health Act was intended to "assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources." The Occupational Safety and Health Act doesn't cover self-employed persons or farms in which only immediate members of the employer's family work. The act covers federal agencies, but usually not state and local governments. 6) All of the following are covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act EXCEPT ________. A) federal agents B) hospital nurses C) crane operators D) self-employed persons Answer: D Explanation: D) The Occupational Safety and Health Act doesn't cover self-employed persons or farms in which only immediate members of the employer's family work. The act covers federal agencies, but usually not state and local governments. 7) Which government agency enforces the standards set out in the Occupational Safety and Health Act? A) Department of Health and Human Services B) Department of Agriculture C) Department of Commerce D) Department of Labor Answer: D Explanation: D) The Department of Labor enforces the standards established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act. OSHA has inspectors working out of branch offices. 8) Under OSHA, employers with ________ or more employees must maintain records of and report occupational injuries and occupational illnesses. A) 6 B) 11 C) 35 D) 50 Answer: B Explanation: B) The Department of Labor enforces the standards established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act. OSHA has inspectors working out of branch offices. 9) What term is used to describe any abnormal condition or disorder caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment? A) on-the-job accident B) chronic condition C) occupational illness D) work-related disease Answer: C Explanation: C) An occupational illness is any abnormal condition or disorder caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. This includes acute and chronic illnesses caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact with toxic substances or harmful agents. 10) According to OSHA, employers must report occupational injuries that result in any of the following EXCEPT ________. A) first aid treatment B) loss of consciousness C) restriction of motion D) transfer to another job Answer: A Explanation: A) Employers must report most occupational injuries, specifically those that result in medical treatment (other than first aid), loss of consciousness, restriction of work (one or more lost workdays), restriction of motion, or transfer to another job. 11) Which of the following would most likely NOT be considered a reportable injury according to OSHA? A) Mike breaks his arm while playing in a softball game during a mandatory company picnic. B) John sprains his ankle after becoming tangled in his car's seat belt in the company parking lot. C) Leah breaks her wrist after slipping in a puddle on a stairwell inside the company building. D) Tom injures his back during a traffic accident as he delivers lumber in a company truck. Answer: B Explanation: B) OSHA requires that employers report work related accidents. However, it allows the employer to conclude that the event needn't be reported if the facts so warrant—such as if a worker breaks an ankle after catching his foot on his car's seat belt when parked on the company lot. The other accidents are examples of recordable conditions. 12) According to OSHA, which of the following would most likely be considered the highest priority? A) investigating the occurrence of a fatality B) inspecting a site where there may be imminent danger C) conducting random inspections and follow-up inspections D) conducting a special-emphasis inspection aimed at a high-hazard industry Answer: B Explanation: B) OSHA still makes extensive use of inspections. OSHA takes a "worst-first" approach in setting inspection priorities. Priorities include, from highest to lowest, imminent dangers, catastrophes and fatal accidents, employee complaints, high-hazard industries inspections, and follow-up inspections. 13) Which of the following would be considered OSHA's lowest priority for inspection? A) conducting a follow-up inspection B) investigating an employee complaint C) investigating the occurrence of a fatality D) performing a high-hazard industry inspection Answer: A Explanation: A) OSHA still makes extensive use of inspections. OSHA takes a "worst-first" approach in setting inspection priorities. Priorities include, from highest to lowest, imminent dangers, catastrophes and fatal accidents, employee complaints, high-hazard industries inspections, and follow-up inspections. 14) When a complaint indicates the possibility of imminent danger, OSHA conducts an inspection within ________. A) 12 hours B) 24 hours C) 3 days D) 20 days Answer: B Explanation: B) Under its priority system, OSHA conducts an inspection within 24 hours when a complaint indicates an immediate danger, and within 3 working days when a serious hazard exists. For a "nonserious" complaint filed in writing by a worker or a union, OSHA will respond within 20 working days. 15) Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered when OSHA calculates a penalty? A) business size B) compliance history C) gravity of violation D) legal representation Answer: D Explanation: D) In general, OSHA calculates penalties based on the gravity of the violation and usually takes into consideration factors like the size of the business, the firm's compliance history, and the employer's good faith. Legal representation for the employer is less likely to be a factor. 16) According to the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers are responsible for ________. A) transferring workers who are cited for OSHA violations B) examining workplace conditions for OSHA compliance C) scheduling annual consultations with OSHA representatives D) replacing old equipment on an annual basis to comply with OSHA Answer: B Explanation: B) Employers are responsible for providing "a workplace free from recognized hazards," for being familiar with mandatory OSHA standards, and for examining workplace conditions to make sure they conform to OSHA standards. 17) What is the primary cause of workplace accidents? A) chance occurrences B) unsafe conditions C) unsafe employee behavior D) insufficient safety training Answer: B Explanation: B) Unsafe conditions are the main cause of workplace accidents. Chance occurrences and employees' unsafe acts are less significant causes of workplace accidents. 18) Improperly guarded equipment, defective equipment, hazardous procedures, and improper ventilation are all examples of ________. A) chance occurrences B) unsafe conditions C) unsafe employee behavior D) normal occupational hazards Answer: B Explanation: B) Unsafe conditions refer to any mechanical and physical conditions that cause accidents, such as defective equipment and improper ventilation. 19) Which of the following accounts for one-third of all industrial accidents? A) forklifts and wheelbarrows B) woodworking machines C) pulleys and flywheels D) ladders and scaffolds Answer: A Explanation: A) About one-third of industrial accidents occur around forklift trucks, wheelbarrows, and other handling and lifting areas. The most serious accidents usually occur by metal and woodworking machines and saws, or around transmission machinery like gears, pulleys, and flywheels. Falls on stairs, ladders, walkways, and scaffolds are the third most common cause of industrial accidents. 20) Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to contribute to accidents at work? A) unsafe conditions B) nature of the work C) day of the week D) time of day Answer: C Explanation: C) Work conditions and the tasks of the job contribute to work accidents. More accidents occur during night shifts, so time of day matters due to worker fatigue. However, the day of the week is less likely to make a difference. 21) All of the following personality traits are associated with people who file vehicular insurance claims EXCEPT ________. A) impatience B) entitlement C) clumsiness D) aggressiveness Answer: C Explanation: C) Personality traits that correlate with filing vehicular insurance claims include entitlement, impatience, aggressiveness, and distractibility. Being uncoordinated has not been correlated to poor driving. 22) Which of the following is NOT a method of minimizing workplace accidents? A) reducing unsafe conditions B) reducing unsafe acts C) screening employees D) paying better wages Answer: D Explanation: D) Reducing unsafe conditions is always the first line of defense. Reducing unsafe acts—by emphasizing safety and through screening, training, or incentive programs, for example—is the second basic way to reduce accidents. Paying better wages is less likely to affect accidents. 23) Supervisors can reduce unsafe acts in all of the following ways EXCEPT by ________. A) listening to employee suggestions B) identifying employee interests and preferences C) involving workers in planning safety programs D) providing workers with comfortable protective equipment Answer: B Explanation: B) Listening to employee suggestions and involving them in the safety program can minimize accidents. Providing PPE that is comfortable and reliable encourages workers to use it. Although screening employees is important, identifying their interests and preferences is less likely to reduce unsafe acts. 24) In most large facilities, who is responsible for reducing unsafe working conditions and reducing unsafe acts by employees? A) chief safety officer B) OSHA representative C) HR supervisor D) line manager Answer: A Explanation: A) In large facilities, the chief safety officer (often called the "Environmental Health and Safety Officer") is responsible for reducing unsafe acts and unsafe conditions. In smaller firms, managers, including those from human resources, plant management, and first-line managers, share these responsibilities. 25) All of the following are considered vulnerable workers EXCEPT ________. A) young workers B) male workers C) immigrant workers D) female workers Answer: B Explanation: B) In designing safe and healthy environments, employers need to pay special attention to vulnerable workers, those who are "unprepared to deal with hazards in the workplace," either due to lack of education, ill-fitting personal protective equipment, physical limitations, or cultural reasons. Among others, these may include young workers, immigrant workers, aging workers, and women workers. 26) Which of the following should be the first method used to reduce workplace accidents? A) enforcing job rotation B) screening job applicants C) removing physical hazards D) requiring employees to use PPE Answer: C Explanation: C) Reducing unsafe conditions by removing physical hazards is always the first line of defense against accidents. Then use administrative controls (such as job rotation to reduce long-term exposure to the hazard). Only then, turn to PPE. Reducing unsafe acts—by emphasizing safety and through screening, training, or incentive programs, for example—is the second basic way to reduce accidents. 27) Thermo is a plastic supply and custom fabrication company. Thermo serves clients in the medical, solar, and semiconductor industries by making acrylic and polycarbonate sheets, tubes, and rods. The company employs approximately 500 workers at its facility in Ohio. Safety is a top priority at Thermo, and supervisors are required to conduct daily inspections of all equipment. Recently, three workers were seriously injured by a large press used to mold plastic parts. The workers spent time in the hospital for hand injuries, and they are currently recuperating at home. As a result, top management is evaluating all aspects of safety at the facility to determine what changes need to be made. Which of the following, if true, supports the argument that Thermo needs to modify its screening, placement, and training procedures? A) Interviews with the on-duty supervisor indicate that signs were clearly posted near the accident site explaining the importance of using protective guards. B) Supervisors use a combination of recognition and monetary incentives to encourage employees to follow safety procedures. C) Interviews with the injured workers indicate that the most experienced worker removed the safety guard and the other two workers did not know how to respond. D) Noise emitted from the press and the heat in the Thermo facility are considered distracting and potentially dangerous. Answer: C Explanation: C) Behavioral interview questions during the screening process might have revealed the tendencies of the workers. For example, a question like "What would you do if you saw another employee working in an unsafe way?" might have revealed personality characteristics of each worker. The most experienced worker disregarded safety, and the other two lacked the confidence or knowledge to counter the decision. 28) Thermo is a plastic supply and custom fabrication company. Thermo serves clients in the medical, solar, and semiconductor industries by making acrylic and polycarbonate sheets, tubes, and rods. The company employs approximately 500 workers at its facility in Ohio. Safety is a top priority at Thermo, and supervisors are required to conduct daily inspections of all equipment. Recently, three workers were seriously injured by a large press used to mold plastic parts. The workers spent time in the hospital for hand injuries, and they are currently recuperating at home. As a result, top management is evaluating all aspects of safety at the facility to determine what changes need to be made. Which of the following questions is LEAST relevant to Thermo's decision to minimize unsafe acts at the facility? A) Have Thermo managers trained employees in the use of the company's mechanical security system? B) How are employee safety suggestions and complaints currently handled by Thermo managers? C) How are Thermo employees rewarded or praised for adhering to safety rules and procedures? D) What is the current level of employee involvement in designing Thermos' safety program? Answer: A Explanation: A) Mechanical security systems are not directly relevant to minimizing unsafe acts by employees on the job. Mechanical security systems, such as access control systems and video surveillance equipment, relate to managing crime at a facility rather than accidents. 29) How do managers reduce unsafe acts through selection? A) identify traits linked to job accidents and screen candidates for such traits B) train employees on the safe and proper use of equipment and tools C) rotate employees through different positions within the company D) offer monetary incentives to employee teams with low accident rates Answer: A Explanation: A) Proper employee screening and placement reduces unsafe acts. Here, the employer's aim is to identify the traits that might predict accidents on the job in question, and then screen candidates for this trait. 30) OSHA standards on respiratory protection require that employees ________. A) recognize and repair faulty respiratory equipment B) receive 8 hours of training in respiratory safety standards C) demonstrate how to inspect, put on, and remove respirator seals D) pass a written exam on safety inspections of respiratory equipment Answer: C Explanation: C) OSHA's standards require more than training. Employers must demonstrate that employees actually learned what to do. For example, OSHA's respiratory standard requires that each employee be able to demonstrate how to inspect, put on, and remove respirator seals. 31) A safety program that identifies employee conduct that contributes to accidents and then trains workers to avoid such conduct is known as a ________ program. A) strategic safety B) behavior-based safety C) positive reinforcement safety D) employee participation-based safety Answer: B Explanation: B) Behavior-based safety means identifying the worker behaviors that contribute to accidents and then training workers to avoid these behaviors. 32) Thermo is a plastic supply and custom fabrication company. Thermo serves clients in the medical, solar, and semiconductor industries by making acrylic and polycarbonate sheets, tubes, and rods. The company employs approximately 500 workers at its facility in Ohio. Safety is a top priority at Thermo, and supervisors are required to conduct daily inspections of all equipment. Recently, three workers were seriously injured by a large press used to mold plastic parts. The workers spent time in the hospital for hand injuries, and they are currently recuperating at home. As a result, top management is evaluating all aspects of safety at the facility to determine what changes need to be made. Which of the following, if true, best supports the argument that Thermo supervisors need additional training in OSHA standards? A) The three workers were working overtime during an evening shift at Thermo, and only one of them had extensive experience using the press. B) The safety gate had been removed from the press to bypass a safety interlock, and the gate was not replaced prior to the three workers using the machine during their morning shift at Thermo. C) Thermo conducts air sampling on a weekly basis as part of its industrial hygiene program, and the firm has never been cited for poor air quality. D) All three of the injured workers had worked at Thermo for over thirty years and were nearing retirement age prior to the accident. Answer: B Explanation: B) A supervisor's primary duty is to inspect a facility for safety, which includes inspecting equipment. The paragraph indicates that supervisors check equipment each day, but apparently the three workers' supervisor was not knowledgeable enough to realize there was a hazard present with the press. Therefore, supervisors would benefit from additional training in OSHA standards. 33) Thermo is a plastic supply and custom fabrication company. Thermo serves clients in the medical, solar, and semiconductor industries by making acrylic and polycarbonate sheets, tubes, and rods. The company employs approximately 500 workers at its facility in Ohio. Safety is a top priority at Thermo, and supervisors are required to conduct daily inspections of all equipment. Recently, three workers were seriously injured by a large press used to mold plastic parts. The workers spent time in the hospital for hand injuries, and they are currently recuperating at home. As a result, top management is evaluating all aspects of safety at the facility to determine what changes need to be made. Which of the following, if true, best supports the argument that Thermo needs to implement a positive reinforcement program? A) Each of the injured workers was given a job simulation test prior to selection and placement. B) The injured workers removed a safety guard while operating the press to speed the process. C) The accident reporting rate at Thermo is lower than that of comparable businesses in the area. D) One of the injured workers was on probation with Thermo for starting a fight with a co-worker. Answer: B Explanation: B) A positive reinforcement program provides positive feedback to workers who focus on safety. The workers in this case ignored safety by removing a safety guard in order to work more quickly, and a positive reinforcement program would likely discourage such hazardous actions. 34) All of the following are effective ways that employers reduce workers' compensation costs EXCEPT ________. A) enforcing safety policies B) communicating safety policies C) providing classroom training D) utilizing claims-tracking software Answer: C Explanation: C) Employers can control workers' compensation costs before accidents by communicating and strictly enforcing safety policies. Firms can also save money by tracking claims and analyzing trends. Classroom training is less likely to reduce workers' compensation costs. 35) Toyota uses cadmium pigments in the paint for its cars. At the Toyota plant, air samples are frequently taken as a precautionary measure to ensure that employees are not exposed to levels outside the OSHA safety standards. Which of the following best describes this situation? A) job simulation tests B) unsafe conditions C) industrial hygiene D) screening Answer: C Explanation: C) Managing exposure hazards like airborne cadmium pigments comes under the area of industrial hygiene and involves recognition, evaluation, and control. Screening refers to evaluating worker traits. If Toyota did not take air samples, the conditions might become unsafe. 36) All of the following are major sources of occupational respiratory disease EXCEPT ________. A) lead B) asbestos C) silica D) mold Answer: D Explanation: D) There are four major sources of occupational respiratory diseases: asbestos, silica, lead, and carbon dioxide. Mold is not a significant source of occupational respiratory disease. 37) According to OSHA standards, which of the following substances has the lowest permissible exposure limit? A) vinyl chloride B) formaldehyde C) asbestos D) lead Answer: C Explanation: C) The permissible exposer limit of asbestos is the lowest at .1001. Vinyl chloride is .1017, lead is .1025, and formaldehyde is .1048. 38) If your employees are traveling to and from international destinations, which of the following is the most appropriate option for preventing the entry or spread of an infectious disease? A) dismissing the workers from their positions B) denying workers facility access for 10 days C) sending workers to a nearby hospital D) offering workers a light-work option Answer: B Explanation: B) Denying access to your facility for 10 days to employees or visitors returning from affected areas, particularly those who have had contact with suspected infected individuals, is the best way to ensure that an infectious disease is not spread. 39) All of the following recommendations are suggested for companies seeking to minimize the entry or spread of infectious diseases EXCEPT ________. A) staggering lunch breaks B) administering drug tests frequently C) making hand sanitizers easily available D) cleaning work areas regularly and often Answer: B Explanation: B) Conducting drug tests will not reduce the spread of disease. However, staggering lunch breaks to reduce overcrowding, monitoring travel alerts, cleaning often, and encouraging hand washing will reduce potential diseases from spreading or entering. 40) Alcoholism among employees will most likely lead to an increase in ________. A) on-the-job accidents B) cautious job behavior C) job efficiency D) morale Answer: B Explanation: B) The alcoholic's on-the-job accidents usually don't increase significantly, apparently, because he or she becomes much more cautious. However, the off-the-job accident rate is higher. Morale of other workers drops because they have to shoulder the alcoholic's burdens. 41) Which of the following is one of the earliest indicators of an employee's possible alcoholism? A) mood swings B) forgetfulness C) missed deadlines D) personal neglect Answer: C Explanation: C) Missed deadlines are an early sign of possible alcoholism. Mood swings, forgetfulness, and personal neglect may occur in more advanced stages of alcoholism. 42) Centerline Communications wants to reduce the number of workplace accidents associated with employee substance abuse. Which of the following would be the most effective method to accomplish this goal? A) preemployment drug testing B) preemployment psychological screening C) a combination of random ongoing drug testing with psychological evaluations D) a combination of preemployment drug testing and random ongoing drug testing Answer: D Explanation: D) A combination of preemployment and random ongoing testing was associated with a significant reduction in workplace accidents. Studies have shown a less significant reduction in workplace accidents when only one or the other is used. 43) Which of the following is NOT one of the primary methods of dealing with a current employee who tests positive for illegal drugs? A) arrest B) discipline C) in-house counseling D) referral to outside counseling Answer: A Explanation: A) When a current employee tests positive for drugs, disciplining, discharge, in-house counseling, and referral to an outside agency are the four traditional prescriptions. Arrest is unlikely in most cases. 44) All of the following are symptoms of employees in advanced stages of alcoholism EXCEPT ________. A) drinking on the job B) walking with an unsteady gait C) delegating job responsibilities D) showing incompetent job performance Answer: C Explanation: C) Delegating job responsibilities is not characteristic of advanced alcoholism. However, drinking on the job, walking unsteadily, falling, and performing with incompetence are clear signs. 45) Lisa, a supervisor at a manufacturing facility, suspects that one of her subordinates may be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Which of the following actions should Lisa take? A) Lisa should contact the worker's spouse for advice. B) Lisa should contact the police and a security guard. C) Lisa should observe the worker for signs of impairment. D) Lisa should ignore the matter because it is a personal issue. Answer: C Explanation: C) If an employee appears to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol, ask how the employee feels and look for signs of impairment such as slurred speech. Ignoring the problem is not an option due to safety issues. 46) In some cases, employees accused of alcoholism or drug abuse have retaliated by suing the employer for all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) wrongful discharge B) OSHA violations C) illegal search D) defamation Answer: B Explanation: B) Employees have sued for invasion of privacy, wrongful discharge, defamation, and illegal searches. An employee would not be able to sue for OSHA violations if accused of substance abuse. 47) Which of the following is a personal factor that can lead to stress? A) poor supervision B) pace of work C) family life D) job security Answer: C Explanation: C) A variety of workplace factors can lead to stress, such as work schedule, pace of work, job security, and poor supervision, and the number and nature of customers or clients. Personal factors, such as personality type and family life, also influence stress. 48) David is experiencing significant levels of job stress in his position as vice president of marketing. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a consequence of David's stress? A) headaches B) cancer C) depression D) heart disease Answer: B Explanation: B) Job stress has serious consequences for both employer and employee. The human consequences include anxiety, depression, anger, cardiovascular disease, and headaches. Connections have not been made between stress and the incidence of cancer. 49) Which of the following will most likely increase as a result of employees experiencing significant job stress? A) retirements B) punctuality C) health care costs D) work quality Answer: C Explanation: C) For the employer, consequences of employee stress include diminished quantity and quality of performance, and increased absenteeism and turnover. A study of 46,000 employees concluded that high-stress workers' health care costs were 46% higher than those of their less-stressed co-workers. 50) Employees who wish to lower their job stress will most likely benefit from doing all of the following activities EXCEPT ________. A) making a list of problems and possible solutions B) putting off dealing with distasteful problems C) requesting realistic project deadlines D) limiting interruptions Answer: B Explanation: B) Putting off distasteful problems can increase stress, so they should be dealt with swiftly. Making "worry lists," negotiating deadlines, and limiting interruptions can reduce stress. 51) Research estimates that health care costs are almost ________ higher for highly stressed workers than for workers who experience low amounts of stress. A) 10% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% Answer: C Explanation: C) A study of 46,000 employees concluded that high-stress workers' health care costs were 46% higher than those of their less-stressed coworkers. 52) ________ is defined as the total depletion of physical and mental resources caused by excessive striving to reach an unrealistic work-related goal. A) Depression B) Job stress C) Anxiety D) Burnout Answer: D Explanation: D) Burnout is a phenomenon closely associated with job stress. Experts define burnout as the total depletion of physical and mental resources caused by excessive striving to reach an unrealistic work-related goal. 53) As an HR manager, you need to be aware of the symptoms of burnout among employees. Which of the following is most likely NOT a sign of employee burnout? A) irritability B) absenteeism C) entrapment D) resentment Answer: B Explanation: B) Burnout builds gradually, manifesting itself in symptoms such as irritability, discouragement, exhaustion, cynicism, entrapment, and resentment. Absenteeism is not necessarily a sign of burnout, although taking time off from work would be beneficial. 54) Experts suggest that burnout can most effectively be reduced by ________. A) telecommuting B) taking long vacations C) changing careers D) reassessing goals Answer: D Explanation: D) Reassessing goals, meditating, and exercising are ways that people can reduce burnout. Studies have shown that long vacations are not necessarily beneficial and that minivacations during the day are more useful. 55) Employee depression results in as many as ________ total lost workdays in the United States each year. A) 500,000 B) 1,000,000 C) 100,000,000 D) 200,000,000 Answer: D Explanation: D) Experts estimate that depression results in more than 200 million lost workdays in the United States annually, and may cost U.S. businesses $24 billion or more per year just in absenteeism and lost productivity. 56) All of the following are most likely signs of employee depression EXCEPT ________. A) lack of sleep B) burnout C) poor concentration D) reduced appetite Answer: B Explanation: B) Typical warning signs of depression (if they last for more than 2 weeks) include persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" moods; sleeping too little; reduced appetite; loss of interest in activities once enjoyed; restlessness or irritability; and difficulty concentrating. Burnout is similar to job stress but not necessarily a sign of depression. 57) Which of the following is a true statement regarding workplace smoking? A) Workplace smoking rules are determined by local unions and federal laws. B) OSHA requires employers to establish designated smoking areas. C) Employers may dismiss workers because they smoke at home. D) The ADA protects the rights of workers to smoke at work. Answer: C Explanation: C) Employers can deny a job to smokers, even if they only smoke at home. Smoking is not a disability, so the ADA does not protect smokers. Employers have higher costs due to higher health and fire insurance, increased absenteeism, and reduced productivity. 58) The second biggest cause of fatal workplace injuries is ________. A) homicide B) alcoholism C) drug use D) smoking Answer: A Explanation: A) Homicide is the second biggest cause of fatal workplace injuries after workplace safety issues. 59) What is the primary motive for homicides that occur at work? A) disgruntled employees B) broken relationships C) robbery D) drugs Answer: C Explanation: C) While robbery was the main motive for homicide at work, a coworker or personal associate committed roughly one of seven workplace homicides. 60) About half of all workplace homicides occur in ________. A) retail businesses B) judicial buildings C) post offices D) banks Answer: A Explanation: A) About half of workplace homicides occur in the retail industry, most likely due to robberies. As a result, OSHA has issued voluntary recommendations aimed at reducing homicides and injuries in such establishments. 61) Which of the following is NOT among the common clues that usually precede a violent incident at work? A) intimidation B) frustration C) obsession D) written threat Answer: D Explanation: D) Clues that typically precede violent incidents include verbal threats, physical actions like intimidation, frustration, and obsession. A violent act is less likely to be preceded with a written threat. 62) Which of the following terms refers to taking advantage of a facility's architectural features in order to minimize security problems? A) mechanical security B) organizational security C) natural security D) risk management Answer: C Explanation: C) Natural security means taking advantage of the facility's natural or architectural features in order to minimize security problems. Mechanical security is the utilization of security systems such as locks, intrusion alarms, access control systems, and surveillance systems to reduce the need for continuous human surveillance. Organizational security means using good management to improve security. 63) The mail room at Citibank uses special scanners to check the safety of incoming mail. This is most likely an example of ________. A) mechanical security B) organizational security C) natural security D) architectural security Answer: A Explanation: A) Mechanical security is the utilization of security systems such as locks, intrusion alarms, access control systems, and surveillance systems to reduce the need for continuous human surveillance. Organizational security means using good management to improve security. 64) The security guards and tellers at National Bank receive extensive training on how to handle medical emergencies, angry customers, and suspicious packages. Which of the following security programs is most likely being used at National Bank? A) mechanical security B) group security C) organizational security D) natural security Answer: C Explanation: C) Organizational security means using good management to improve security, which involves proper training and motivation. Mechanical security is the utilization of security systems such as locks, intrusion alarms, and surveillance systems to reduce the need for continuous human surveillance. 65) Which term refers to systematically identifying and eliminating workplace dangers by focusing on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment? A) occupational safety program B) job hazard analysis C) operational safety review D) risk management Answer: B Explanation: B) Job hazard analysis involves a systematic approach to identifying and eliminating such hazards before they occur. According to OSHA, job hazard analysis "focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment," and ends by reducing the potential risks to acceptable levels. Operational safety reviews (or safety operations reviews) are conducted by agencies to ascertain whether units under their jurisdiction are complying with all the applicable safety laws, regulations, orders, and rules. 66) The HR manager at Thompson Industries has been given the task of reducing the number of unsafe acts and creating a supportive environment. Which of the following would be LEAST effective? A) conducting an organizational safety review B) providing leadership training to managers C) stressing the importance of teamwork D) promoting the value of safety Answer: A Explanation: A) Although safety training is a key safety preventive method a recent study suggests that creating a supportive supervisory environment is more important. "Organizations can develop a supportive environment by training supervisors to be better leaders, emphasizing the importance of teamwork and social support, and establishing the value of safety." An organizational safety review is typically conducted by agencies to determine if employers are in compliance with safety regulations. 67) Which of the following would most likely occur with an evidence-based management approach to workplace safety? A) providing employee orientation B) monitoring hazardous tools C) analyzing accident rates D) writing a safety policy Answer: C Explanation: C) With respect to safety and health, evidence-based management means identifying crucial metrics and then monitoring them. Metrics might include, for instance the percent conformance to safety critical behaviors and processes, the level of exposure present in the workplace as measured through valid samples, and the rate of adverse outcomes, such as injury rates. 68) According to research, which of the following is an increasing cause of motor vehicle crashes? A) alcohol abuse B) hazardous roads C) cell phone usage D) improper driver training Answer: C Explanation: C) Although employee alcoholism may cost US employees about $226 billion per year due to higher absenteeism and accidents, cell phone usage is a greater problem. Studies indicate that cell phone activity probably contributes to over 636,000 motor vehicle crashes per year. Many businesses are therefore banning cell phone use and taxing activities among their drivers. 69) Data entry specialists and assembly line workers are most susceptible to ________. A) repetitive motion disorders B) workplace violence C) job stress D) burnout Answer: A Explanation: A) According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, repetitive motion disorders include disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome, bursitis, and tendonitis, and result from too many uninterrupted repetitions of an activity or motion, or from unnatural motions such as twisting the arm or wrist, or incorrect posture. It usually affects people who perform repetitive tasks such as assembly line work or computer work. 70) Which of the following is conducted by an agency to determine if a work site is in compliance with safety laws and regulations? A) security plan B) workplace review C) job hazard analysis D) operational safety review Answer: D Explanation: D) Job hazard analysis involves a systematic approach to identifying and eliminating such hazards before they occur. According to OSHA, job hazard analysis "focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment," and ends by reducing the potential risks to acceptable levels. Operational safety reviews (or safety operations reviews) are conducted by agencies to ascertain whether units under their jurisdiction are complying with all the applicable safety laws, regulations, orders, and rules. 71) New computers emit chemical fumes, which are linked to sick building syndrome symptoms like headaches and runny noses. Answer: True Explanation: New computers contribute to "sick building syndrome" symptoms like headaches and sniffles, which some experts blame on poor ventilation. New computers emit chemical fumes, which diminish after the computer runs constantly for a week. 72) One of the primary duties of a supervisor in regards to workplace safety is to conduct a daily walk-through of a work site. Answer: True Explanation: Safety inspections should always be part of the supervisor's daily routine. Conducting a daily walk-through of the workplace is an essential part of the job. 73) OSHA's standards are vague which has made them difficult to enforce. Answer: False Explanation: OSHA's standards are very complete and seem to cover in detail just about every conceivable hazard. 74) An occupational illness is any abnormal condition or disorder caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. Answer: True Explanation: An occupational illness is any abnormal condition or disorder caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. This includes acute and chronic illnesses caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact with toxic substances or harmful agents. 75) Matthew, an electrician at Carver Industries, cut his hand while splicing wires. Matthew received first aid treatment before returning to work. Carver Industries is required by OSHA to report Matthew's injury. Answer: False Explanation: Employers must report most occupational injuries, specifically those that result in medical treatment, loss of consciousness, restriction of work (one or more lost workdays), restriction of motion, or transfer to another job. However, if first aid is the only treatment, then the injury does not need to be reported. 76) OSHA insists that occupational injuries be recorded including ankle sprains that occur during voluntary participation in a company softball game. Answer: True Explanation: OSHA's record-keeping requirements are fairly broad. An ankle sprain that occurs during voluntary participation in a company softball game would need to be reported. 77) Investigating employee complaints of alleged violation standards is considered the highest priority for OSHA. Answer: False Explanation: OSHA inspection priorities include, from highest to lowest, imminent dangers, catastrophes and fatal accidents, employee complaints, high-hazard industries inspections, and follow-up inspections. 78) Scaffolding, fall protection, hazard communication, electrical disengagement, and respiratory problems are the most frequent OSHA inspection violation categories. Answer: True Explanation: OSHA inspectors look for all types of violations, but some potential problem areas—such as scaffolding and fall protection—grab more of their attention. The five most frequent OSHA inspection violation areas are scaffolding, fall protection, hazard communication, lockout/tagout (electrical disengagement), and respiratory problems. 79) Despite many managerial warnings, William refuses to wear a hard hat when working as an electrician for Paulsen Homes. William cuts his head when he falls from scaffolding that has not been properly secured. Paulsen Homes will most likely not be held liable for William's injury. Answer: False Explanation: Although employees have a responsibility to comply with OSHA standards, they often resist; the employer usually remains liable for any penalties. William's refusal to wear a hard hat does not mean Pulte is not liable for his injury, especially since the scaffolding was unsafe. 80) Woodworking machines, flywheels, and saws cause the most serious workplace injuries. Answer: True Explanation: The most serious accidents usually occur by metal and woodworking machines and saws, or around transmission machinery like gears, pulleys, and flywheels. About one-third of industrial accidents occur around forklift trucks, and wheelbarrows. 81) Workplace accidents occur more often during night shifts than during daytime shifts. Answer: True Explanation: Accident rates usually don't increase too noticeably during the first 5 or 6 hours of the workday. But after that, the accident rate increases faster. This is due partly to fatigue and partly to the fact that accidents occur more often during night shifts. 82) People who are impulsive and highly extroverted tend to be accident prone. Answer: True Explanation: There is growing evidence that people with specific traits may indeed be accident prone. For example, people who are impulsive, sensation seeking, extremely extroverted, and less conscientious are more likely to have accidents. 83) Comfort, fit, durability, and convenience are primary concerns regarding personal protective equipment. Answer: True Explanation: Getting employees to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) is a famously difficult chore. Wearability, reliable protection, fit, comfort, and convenience are likely to improve the use of PPE. 84) The fatality rate of young workers is nearly three times that of older, more experienced workers. Answer: False Explanation: Employers should make special provisions to assist older workers like reducing heavy lifting and boosting lighting levels. The fatality rate for older workers is about three times that of younger workers. 85) Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, it is unlawful to inquire about an applicant's workers' compensation injuries and claims. Answer: True Explanation: Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) it is unlawful to inquire about an applicant's workers' compensation injuries and claims. You also cannot ask applicants whether they have a disability, or require them to take tests that tend to screen out those with disabilities. 86) An employer can ask applicants whether they have disabilities, but an employer cannot ask applicants if they have the ability to perform a job. Answer: False Explanation: Employers cannot ask applicants whether they have a disability, or require them to take tests that tend to screen out those with disabilities. However, employers can usually ask whether an applicant has the ability to perform a job. 87) Safety training should be bilingual in situations where employees speak English as a second language or are not fluent in English. Answer: True Explanation: The increasing number of Spanish-speaking workers and the increasing number of Hispanic work-related fatalities means that safety training should be bilingual in many cases. 88) OSHA advocates safety incentive programs because they drastically reduce the number of workplace injuries and illnesses. Answer: False Explanation: OSHA has argued that safety incentive programs don't cut down on actual injuries or illnesses, but only on injury and illness reporting. 89) Positive reinforcement programs identify the worker behaviors that lead to accidents and then train workers to avoid these behaviors. Answer: False Explanation: Positive reinforcement programs provide workers with continuing positive feedback, usually in the form of graphical performance reports and supervisory support, to shape the workers' safety-related behavior. 90) Claims-tracking software is available for helping employees understand what's driving their workers' compensation claims. Answer: True Explanation: Claims-tracking software is crucial for helping employers understand what's causing their workers' compensation claims. 91) During the evaluation stage of industrial hygiene, a facility's health and safety officers interview employees and conduct a facility survey. Answer: False Explanation: Industrial hygiene involves recognition, evaluation, and control. During recognition, the facility's health and safety officers must recognize possible exposure hazards. This typically involves conducting plant/facility walk-around surveys and employee interviews. Having identified a possible hazard, the evaluation phase involves determining how severe the hazard is by measuring the exposure. 92) A recent survey indicates that approximately 35% of the U.S. workforce has either been hung over at work or been impaired while on the job at least once during the previous year. Answer: False Explanation: About 15% of the U.S. workforce "has either been hung over at work, been drinking shortly before showing up for work, or been drinking or impaired while on the job at least once during the previous year." Some experts estimate that as many as 50% of all "problem employees" are actually alcoholics. 93) Pre-employment drug testing tends to discourage drug users from applying for jobs or for applying with companies that perform drug tests. Answer: True Explanation: Pre-employment drug testing also discourages those on drugs from applying for work or going to work for employers who test. One study found that more than 30% of regular drug users employed full-time said they were less likely to work for a company that conducted pre-employment screening. 94) Alcohol tends to increase a worker's on-the-job accident rate, but it does not usually alter a worker's off-the-job accident rate. Answer: False Explanation: The alcoholic's on-the-job accidents usually don't increase significantly, apparently, because he or she becomes much more cautious. However, the off-the-job accident rate is higher. 95) Tardiness and lying are early-stage behaviors that indicate a worker's possible alcoholism. Answer: True Explanation: Tardiness, lying, and leaving work early are early stage alcoholism signs. 96) OSHA's standards regarding computer workstations, ergonomic keyboards, and advances in computer screen technology have nearly eliminated problems such as eyestrain, backaches, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Answer: False Explanation: OSHA has no specific standards that apply to computer workstations. Even with advances in computer screen technology, there's still a risk of monitor related health problems at work. Backaches and neck aches are also widespread among computer users. There may also be a tendency for computer users to suffer from carpal tunnel syndrome due to repetitive use of the hands and arms at uncomfortable angles. 97) Enterprise risk management involves identifying and handling security risks, such as those associated with workplace crime and facility security. Answer: True Explanation: Identifying security and other corporate risks falls within the domain of enterprise risk management, which means identifying risks, and planning to mitigate and actually mitigating these risks. Eliminating crime and enhancing facility security are two important issues here. 98) The first step of an effective and comprehensive corporate anti-crime program involves installing an advanced alarm system and metal detector at every entrance. Answer: False Explanation: Ideally, a comprehensive corporate anticrime program should start with a company philosophy and policy on crime. In particular, make sure employees understand that no crime is acceptable and that the employer has a zero tolerance policy with respect to workers who commit crimes. 99) Many employers today are banning mandatory overtime due to the increased likelihood of a workplace accident caused by employee fatigue. Answer: True Explanation: In part due to reduced headcount and more people with second jobs, employee fatigue is a growing problem today. Many employers are therefore taking steps to reduce employee fatigue, such as banning mandatory overtime. 100) An operational safety review involves systematically identifying and eliminating dangers in the workplace before accidents occur and reducing risks to acceptable levels. Answer: False Explanation: Operational safety reviews (or safety operations reviews) are conducted by agencies to ascertain whether units under their jurisdiction are complying with all the applicable safety laws, regulations, orders, and rules. Job hazard analysis involves a systematic approach to identifying and eliminating workplace hazards before accidents occur. Job hazard analysis focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment and ends by reducing the potential risks to acceptable levels. 101) What are the three basic causes of workplace accidents? What is the role of OSHA in regards to workplace accidents? Answer: The three basic causes of workplace accidents are chance occurrences, unsafe conditions, and unsafe acts on the part of employees. Chance occurrences are not under the management's control so safety programs and OSHA focus on unsafe conditions and unsafe acts by employees. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was created to protect workers and minimize workplace accidents. OSHA's basic purpose is to administer the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and to set and enforce the safety and health standards that apply to almost all workers in the United States. The Department of Labor enforces the standards, and OSHA has inspectors working out of branch offices to ensure compliance. Under OSHA, employers with 11 or more employees must maintain records of and report certain occupational injuries and occupational illnesses. 102) What is the supervisor's role in workplace safety? What actions can supervisors take to reduce the number of unsafe acts by subordinates? Answer: The supervisor is responsible for the day-to-day inspections. Safety inspections should always be part of the supervisor's daily routine. In order to reduce unsafe acts by subordinates, supervisors can take additional actions. Some possible actions include 1) emphasizing the commitment of top management to safety, 2) establishing a safety policy, 3) reducing unsafe acts through selection, 4) providing safety training, 5) using posters, 6) using positive reinforcement, 7) using behavior-based safety programs, 8) encourage worker participation, and 9) conducting safety and health inspections regularly. 103) What types of unsafe conditions are the primary focus of OSHA standards? How does OSHA enforce its standards? Answer: Unsafe conditions are a main cause of accidents. They include things like: • Improperly guarded equipment • Defective equipment • Hazardous procedures in, on, or around machines or equipment • Unsafe storage—congestion, overloading • Improper illumination—glare, insufficient light • Improper ventilation—insufficient air change, impure air source The solution here is to identify and eliminate the unsafe conditions. The main aim of the OSHA standards is to address these mechanical and physical accident causing conditions. OSHA enforces its standards through inspections and (if necessary) citations. The inspection is usually unannounced. OSHA may not conduct warrantless inspections without an employer's consent. However, it may inspect after acquiring an authorized search warrant or its equivalent. With a limited number of inspectors, OSHA recently has focused on "fair and effective enforcement," combined with outreach, education and compliance assistance, and various OSHA–employer cooperative program. 104) How can employers protect vulnerable workers, such as women and older men? What changes in safety training can lessen the vulnerability of immigrant workers? Answer: In designing safe and healthy environments, employers need to pay special attention to vulnerable workers, those who are "unprepared to deal with hazards in the workplace," either due to lack of education, ill-fitting personal protective equipment, physical limitations, or cultural reasons. Among others, these may include young workers, immigrant workers, aging workers, and women workers. For example, although about half of all workers today are women, most machinery and personal protective equipment (like gloves) are designed for men. Women may thus have to use makeshift platforms or stools to reach machinery controls, or safety goggles that don't fit. The solution is to make sure the equipment and machines women use are appropriate for their size. Similarly, with more workers postponing retirement, older workers are doing more manufacturing jobs. Employers should make special provisions such as designing jobs to reduce heavy lifting, and boosting lighting levels. With increasing numbers of Spanish-speaking workers in the United States, experts express concern about their safety. There are several ways to make safety training more effective for immigrant workers. First, the program should speak the workers' language. Second, the employer should also recruit instructors who are from the ethnic groups they are training. Third, provide for some multilingual cross-training for specific phrases. Fourth, don't skimp on training. 105) What steps are involved in a basic industrial hygiene program? Answer: The process is basically one of recognition, evaluation, and control. First, the facility's health and safety officers must recognize possible exposure hazards. Doing so typically involves conducting plant/ facility walk around surveys, employee interviews, records reviews, and reviews of government and nongovernmental standards regarding various occupational exposure hazards. Then, the evaluation phase involves determining how severe the hazard is. This usually requires measuring the exposure, comparing the measured exposure to some benchmark and determining whether the risk is acceptable. Finally, the control phase involves taking steps to eliminate or reduce the hazard so that it no longer ranks as dangerous. 106) What steps can employers take to prevent the entry or spread of infectious diseases in the workplace? Answer: The text recommends seven steps. • Closely monitor Centers for Disease Control travel alerts. • Provide daily medical screenings for employees returning from infected areas. • Deny facility access for 10 days to employees or visitors returning from infected areas. • Tell employees to stay home if they have a fever or respiratory system symptoms. • Clean work areas and surfaces regularly. • Stagger breaks. Offer several lunch periods to reduce overcrowding. • Emphasize to employees the importance of frequent handwashing and sanitization. 107) In a brief essay, discuss the observable behaviors that may indicate an employee has an alcohol-related problem. Identify and describe the behavior associated with each stage of alcoholism. Answer: Stage 1, the early stage, is characterized by tardiness, leaving work early, missed deadlines, errors, and poor job efficiency. Stage 2, the middle stage, is characterized by frequent days off with vague reasons, changes in behavior, avoidance of others, anxiety, and injuries at work. Stage 3, the advanced stage, is characterized by personal neglect, unsteady gait, violent outbursts, blackouts, frequent accidents, and incompetent performance. 108) What are the factors leading to job stress? How can employees reduce their job stress? Answer: Job stress can be caused by both external and personal factors. External factors include work schedule, work pace, job security, client interaction, and noise. Personal factors include things like personality and work-family conflict. The following suggestions may assist in reducing job stress. • Build good working relationships with colleagues. • Do not accept work overloads. • Build an effective relationship with one's supervisor. • Negotiate for realistic deadlines. • Learn about upcoming events and get lead time to prepare. • Find time each day to relax. • Take a walk. • Reduce unnecessary noise. • Reduce the amount of trivia in one's job. • Limit interruptions. • Deal with distasteful problems as soon as possible. • Make a constructive "worry" list with possible solutions for each problem. 109) What jobs are closely linked to workplace violence? How can organizational, mechanical, and natural security systems minimize workplace violence? Answer: Violence is more associated with some jobs. In one study, researchers constructed a "risk for violence scale." This listed 22 job characteristics that the researchers found correlated with violence on the job. Jobs with a high likelihood for violence include those jobs that involve physical care of others or decisions that influence other people's lives, handling guns, security functions, physical control over others, interacting with frustrated individuals, and handling weapons other than guns. Organizational security means using good management to improve security, and it can be particularly useful in minimizing workplace violence. For example, it means properly training and motivating security staff and lobby attendants. Also ensure that the security staff has written orders that define their duties, especially in situations such as hostile intrusions, civil disturbances, and workplace violence. Natural security means taking advantage of the facility's natural or architectural features in order to minimize security problems. Mechanical security is the utilization of security systems such as locks, intrusion alarms, access control systems, and surveillance systems to reduce the need for continuous human surveillance. 110) When setting up a basic security program, what are the primary issues that you need to address? Discuss the role of natural, mechanical, and organizational security in your security program. Answer: Security programs ideally start with an analysis of the facility's current level of risk. As part of this initial threat assessment, also review at least these six matters. 1. Access to the reception area, including number of access points, and need for a "panic button" for contacting emergency personnel; 2. Interior security, including possible need for key cards, secure restrooms, and better identification of exits; 3. Authorities' involvement, in particular emergency procedures developed with local law enforcement authorities; 4. Mail handling, including how employees screen and open mail and where it enters the building; 5. Evacuation, including a full review of evacuation procedures and training; and 6. Backup systems, for instance that let the company store data off site if disaster strikes. Having assessed the potential current level of risk, the employer then turns its attention to assessing and improving natural, mechanical, and organizational security. Natural security means taking advantage of the facility's natural or architectural features in order to minimize security problems. Mechanical security is the utilization of security systems such as locks, intrusion alarms, access control systems, and surveillance systems to reduce the need for continuous human surveillance. Finally, organizational security means using good management to improve security. For example, it means properly training and motivating security staff and lobby attendants. Test Bank for Human Resource Management Gary Dessler 9780132668217, 9789353942205, 9780135226803, 9780136089964, 9780134235455, 9780130141248
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