This Document Contains Chapters 1 to 2 Chapter 1 Texas Society and Political Culture Multiple Choice 1. Politics is best defined as __________. A. who gets what, when, and how B. the art of policymaking to please the majority C. the ability to control the behavior and actions of others D. the ability to enforce a mutually acceptable decision E. establishing a reputation and maintaining it Answer: A 2. What is a government? A. A government is made up of private institutions that have the power to enforce laws. B. A government is composed of individuals and groups who come together to affect laws. C. A government is composed of public institutions that have the authority to mandate the collection of revenues and allocate valuable things in society. D. A government is composed of associations whose members come together to help those who cannot help themselves. E. A government is made up of a number of private committees formed by individuals with the intention of regulating society. Answer: C 3. Adam refers to Texas as a mosaic. This implies that Texas is __________. A. similar to other states in terms of political culture B. populated by people who are very individualistic C. governed by a strong but complex state executive D. defined by social and cultural diversity E. strategically positioned geographically in terms of defense Answer: D 4. Which of the following nations established a territorial claim to Texas that went unchallenged for a century and a half? A. France B. Britain C. Portugal D. Spain E. Russia Answer: D 5. Which of the following statements describes a consequence of the French expedition to Texas led by René-Robert Cavelier? A. The French established a strong settlement lasting a hundred years. B. The natives were weakened by the French and Texas was easily colonized by Mexico. C. It sparked a rebellion against all the colonial powers by the natives. D. The French established a mission and successfully converted the native Caddo Indians. E. The Spanish saw the need to reassert a more vigorous claim to the part of its empire that included Texas. Answer: E 6. Which of the following techniques did Spain attempt to use initially to establish themselves permanently in Texas? A. setting up a mission system B. forming alliances with the native Indian tribes and the Mexican government C. fostering enmity among the native Texans and the Anglos D. dividing Texas into five separate parts and treating each part differently E. building a significant cattle culture Answer: A 7. Which of the following statements is true of the Spanish missions in Texas? A. The most successful Spanish missions were among the Caddo Indians, a backward tribe. B. The Spanish missions attracted the Anglos to Texas by the thousands. C. The Spanish missions truly prospered in south Texas. D. The Spanish missions fought many wars with the Anglos to establish superiority. E. The Comanche Indians were among the first to accept the Spanish missions. Answer: C 8. The first organized Anglo settlement of Texas was established under the leadership of __________. A. Ben Milam B. Sam Houston C. Stephen F. Austin D. Moses Austin E. James Bowie Answer: C 9. Which of the following statements is true of the land grants issued in the 1800s in Texas? A. Stephen Austin was the only land agent permitted to give out land grants. B. The prospective landowner had to become a Catholic to occupy the land. C. Improvements had to be made to the land within one year mandatorily. D. The land grants were issued with the permission of the Mexican government. E. Land grants were issued mainly to the Tejanos, with a few given to the Anglos. Answer: B 10. Which of the following statements is true of Texas when Santa Anna was president of Mexico? A. Texas followed a democratic system of government. B. The Tejanos fought the Anglos for superiority in ruling. C. Mexico introduced tough immigration policies under Santa Anna. D. The Anglos were welcomed and encouraged to form organized settlements. E. The Texas Revolution started and the Mexican army was defeated. Answer: E 11. Which of the following is true of the battle at San Jacinto? A. It is widely known as the Alamo. B. It was the first battle fought by the Tejanos and Anglos together. C. The state of Texas was formed and became the 28th state in the Union. D. Santa Anna was defeated and captured. E. The Spanish empire was overthrown and Texas became a part of Mexico. Answer: D 12. Which of the following is true of Texas immediately after winning the battle at San Jacinto? A. Texas became the 28th state to join the United States and created a new constitution to affirm the Union. B. Texans voted to join the Confederacy along with all the other Southern states of the United States. C. A treaty was signed with Spain to officially recognize Texas as a democracy. D. The first organized Anglo settlements were formed in the southern part of Texas. E. Texas became a nation based on the ideals of the Declaration of Independence. Answer: E 13. During the period of the Republic, Texas was characterized by __________. A. a low rate of inflation and an economy based on cash B. the lack of political parties and a state of political turmoil C. a growing affection between Anglo and Tejano D. a decreasing population and fewer Indian attacks E. the emigration of a majority of Anglo Texans to Europe Answer: B 14. Which of the following describes a consequence of the political agenda based on Manifest Destiny in the United States? A. The government of the Republic of Texas was formed. B. War erupted between the Anglo and Tejano in Texas. C. The Confederacy was formed by the southern states of the U.S. D. Texas was annexed by the United States to become the 28th state of the Union. E. The Germans from the Hill County of Texas revolted against the Texas Republic. Answer: D 15. Texas Exceptionalism refers to ___________. A. the failure of Texas to join the Union B. Texas having been a part of both Spain and Mexico C. the attitude of uniqueness among Texans when looking back at the Republic era D. the unique part that Texas played in the Confederacy E. Texas being the only state to have its own Declaration of Independence Answer: C 16. Which of the following statements is true of Texas being admitted into the Union? A. Texas was admitted into the Union in June 1860. B. Texas became the 28th state of the Union. C. Texas was a part of Mexico before it joined the Union. D. Texas was a part of Spain before it joined the Union. E. Texas joined the Union after the Confederacy failed. Answer: B 17. Which of the following describes a possible consequence in Texas if the Confederacy had won the civil war? A. The Texas Revolution would not have taken place. B. Texas would have joined the Union as the 28th state of the United States. C. The Radical Republicans would have come to power in Texas. D. Slave labor would have continued in Texas for a longer period of time. E. The Texas government would have shared powers with the U.S. federal government. Answer: D 18. Which of the following describes one of the consequences of the governorship of E.J Davis of Texas? A. The Confederates were banned from participating in elections in any form. B. The Texas economy underwent a boom and taxes were lowered. C. Davis won popular support and the Republican Party won a second term. D. The Democratic Party became the prominent party in Texas. E. Military rule was enforced in Texas for a period of ten years. Answer: D 19. Governor James Stephen Hogg persuaded the Texas Legislature to establish the __________. A. Industry Regulation Commission B. Environmental Quality Commission C. Texas Agriculture Commission D. Texas Land Commission E. Texas Railroad Commission Answer: E 20. In Texas, the early decades of the 20th century were characterized by __________. A. a growing drive toward industrialization B. an increase in the number of slaves working on cattle ranches C. an accelerated movement of people from urban to rural areas D. constant disagreements between the Anglos and the Tejanos E. a boom in the service sector in Texas Answer: A 21. Which of the following statements is true about Governor Jim Ferguson? A. He was reelected to the governor’s office in 1924. B. The Progressive era of Texas politics began with Governor Jim Ferguson. C. He used the line item veto to eliminate all funding for the University of Texas. D. He was the only governor to be impeached by the House and not convicted by the Senate of the Texas Legislature. E. While he was unpopular with rural Texans, he remained extremely popular with urban Texans. Answer: C 22. Horace was a seasoned politician in Texas during the 20th century. Which of the following is most likely a reason for his gaining prominence in the national political stage at the time? A. Texas was a two-party state with both parties alternating in power. B. Politicians in Texas were easily and routinely reelected by the voters. C. James Hogg's agrarian policies had brought Texas into focus nationally. D. Politicians in Texas followed a bipartisan method of selection to committees. E. The economic boom greatly increased the population of Texas in the 1900s. Answer: B 23. One of the most important leaders of the postwar movement for civil rights among Hispanics was __________. A. Tony Sanchez B. Raul Gonzalez C. Francisco Ruiz D. Dan Morales E. Dr. Hector P. Garcia Answer: E 24. How did Texans react to the Sharpstown Scandal of the early 1970s? A. They replaced all the top executive officials in an election. B. They boycotted state elections in 1973 and went on strike for 2 weeks. C. They sponsored a court case to the U.S. Supreme Court against the Governor. D. They replaced almost half of the members of the 1973 legislature. E. They successfully lobbied for strict reforms against future. Answer: D 25. Which of the following is a subdivision of the Gulf Lowlands in Texas? A. The Coastal Plains B. The Llano Uplift C. The Edwards Plateau D. The Wichita Prairie E. The High Plains Answer: A 26. James is lost in the Big Thicket in Texas. In which of the following areas is he lost? A. The South Texas Prairie B. The Edwards Plateau C. The Piney Woods D. The Llano Uplift E. The Post Oaks and Prairies Answer: C 27. Which of the following statements is true of the Llano Uplift in Texas? A. This region is known for a large military presence and air force bases. B. It is primarily a coastal economy with a variety of marine life. C. It receives the heaviest annual rainfall in Texas. D. It remains the center of German culture established in the mid-19th century. E. It is an arid region known for its famous ranches such as the Four Sixes. Answer: D 28. A political party is looking for funding from the cash-rich oil industry. Which of the following regions in Texas should it target? A. The South Texas Prairie B. The High Plains C. The Edwards Plateau D. The Llano Uplift E. The Wichita Prairie Answer: B 29. The most sparsely populated part of Texas lies in the __________. A. West Texas Basins and Ranges B. Llano Uplift C. South Texas Prairie D. High Plains E. Wichita Prairie Answer: A 30. In which of the following regions in Texas can a political party advocating tax breaks for the renewable energy industry likely to gain more votes? A. the High Plains B. the West Texas Basins and Ranges C. the Post Oaks and Prairies D. the Piney Woods E. the Coastal Plains Answer: B 31. Which of the following describes a consequence of settlers coming into Texas from the Old South in the 1800s? A. They were primarily oil well diggers looking to make a quick fortune. B. They brought with them expertise in building railroads. C. They set up large-scale manufacturing industries in Texas. D. They planted their cotton culture in east central Texas. E. Cattle ranching became a mainstay of the Texan economy. Answer: D 32. Which of the following contributed to the “Take It” stage of the Texas economy? A. steel production B. cotton C. defense manufacturing D. service sector E. electronics manufacturing Answer: B 33. The discovery of __________ near Beaumont early in 1901 signaled a new economic era for Texas. A. gold B. diamond C. coal D. oil E. uranium Answer: D 34. Bill was a politician in the early 20th century in Texas. Which of the following could cause him anxiety? A. steel and metal smelting industries polluting the rivers B. slave labor on cotton plantations causing a lot of unrest in Texas C. the Texas government depending mainly on oil as a source of revenue D. tourist friendly policies enforced due to the booming entertainment industry E. the subprime mortgage crisis triggering a slowdown in all the sectors of the economy Answer: C 35. During which stage of the economic evolution of Texas did the state strip the national average in areas such as job growth and income growth? A. Take It B. Make It C. Serve It D. Trade It E. Produce It Answer: C 36. A recommendation submitted by a leading economist to the Texas governor states that the government of Texas must invest significantly in building an educational infrastructure to remain secure in the future. Which of the following statements is a potential barrier to such an initiative taking place? A. As per Elazar’s theory, the political culture in Texas can be described as moralistic. B. Most of the Texan companies have stressed the need for educated rather than skilled employees. C. The economic dependence on a few sectors is causing a lot of political concern. D. Politicians have acknowledged the impact of globalization on the economy. E. Texas government can be described as being based on an individualistic political culture. Answer: E 37. Population growth slowed considerably during the 1980s—less than 1 percent growth in 1987-88. Which of the following is an explanation for this statement? A. Extensive outmigration took place. B. Texas outstripped the national average in areas like job and income growth. C. There was a rise in worldwide demand for oil during the 1980s. D. The politic culture in Texas tended to be moralistic in nature at the time. E. The tourism industry faced a slowdown due to setbacks in the entertainment sector. Answer: A 38. In terms of population loss in Texas, the hardest-hit counties have been those that have depended heavily on __________. A. copper B. coal C. agriculture D. gas E. iron Answer: C 39. The __________ metropolitan area in Texas is one of the fastest-growing urban areas in the United States. A. Dallas-Fort Worth B. Nashville-Murfreesboro C. Indianapolis-Anderson D. Salt Lake City-Ogden-Layton E. St. Louis-Alton Answer: A 40. Ann is a politician in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. Which of the following promises will her electorate identify with the most? A. empowering the rural communities B. building a more efficient irrigation system C. adding value to agricultural produce D. improvement in public transport E. finding a solution to reduce agricultural dependence Answer: D 41. Laura is a politician in Texas looking forward to a long political career till 2050. Which of the following minorities in Texas should she try to woo? A. Anglo Texans B. Hispanic Texans C. African American Texans D. Asian American Texans E. Native Indian Texans Answer: B 42. Which of the following statements is true of Texas demography? A. A single ethnic group constitutes a majority throughout Texas history till today. B. The percentage of Anglos has been steadily increasing over the past several decades. C. The percentage of African American Texans has not changed much since 1980. D. The percentage of Asian Americans is projected to grow larger than that of Hispanics. E. The percentage of African Americans and Asian Americans together form a majority. Answer: C 43. Which of the following statements is true of the political culture in Texas? A. The political culture of Texas has changed drastically since the state was formed. B. The political culture is rooted in the notions of limited government and free enterprise. C. The political culture is very similar to that of the states on the west coast of the United States. D. The political view of Texans is part northern and part western. E. Texas can be described as having a moralistic form of political culture. Answer: B 44. The individualistic political culture of Texas is rooted in the notion of __________. A. pluralism B. limited government C. elitism D. controlled market economy E. maintaining the status quo Answer: B 45. The traditionalistic political culture in Texas emphasizes __________. A. constant change B. liberalism in policymaking C. maintaining the prevailing order D. socialism as a means of poverty alleviation E. economic opportunity to ensure full employment Answer: C 46. Which of the following might be an implication of the individualistic political culture of Texas? A. Texans feel that the government should have no part in redistributing wealth. B. Voter turnout is relatively high. C. Texans pay more attention to political events. D. Texans are intolerant toward political corruption. E. Activism and political inclusion is ingrained in Texans. Answer: A 47. Which of the following statements is true of the traditionalistic form of political culture in Texas? A. Texas businesses tend to benefit more from government policy. B. Texas was one of the first states to repeal the “blue laws.” C. Texans advocate self-sufficiency in all people. D. Texas ranks high in social awareness and social policy indexes. E. Texans consider traditions and customs sacred. Answer: E 48. Which of the following statements strengthens the argument that Texas does not follow a moralistic political culture? A. Active participation in government policy and affairs is strongly encouraged in Texas. B. All forms of gambling, including poker, are banned in Texas. C. A number of laws have been passed related to social issues such as teenage pregnancy. D. Most Texans believe in self-sufficiency and minimal government interference. E. Political parties conduct regular charity events. Answer: D 49. The state of Xidang encourages its citizens to be involved in the governance of their own affairs. The state is also characterized by the presence of many activist political organizations. The state of Xidang can be said to have a __________ political culture. A. individualistic B. traditionalistic C. dictatorial D. moralistic E. elitist Answer: D 50. Texas follows the individualistic and traditionalistic forms of political culture. How does this translate into government policy? A. Being ethnically diverse, government policy is directed toward bettering the lives of minorities. B. Texas government encourages creation of unions to protect the interests of workers. C. Government policy is usually focused around the protection of individual rights and social issues. D. Public service benefits are made easily accessible to Texans. E. Politicians generally have more latitude with regard to policy decisions. Answer: E True/False 1. Until the Europeans came, Texas was a vast, unexplored and unoccupied stretch of land. Answer: False 2. The mission system was used by Spain as a means to subdue the indigenous peoples of Texas and convert them into both faithful Christians and loyal Spanish subjects. Answer: True 3. The Republic of Texas lasted almost 50 years before Texas was annexed by the United States. Answer: False 4. Texans unanimously voted to join the Confederacy and form the Confederate States of America. Answer: False 5. The departure of Governor E. J. Davis from office marked the end of the Democratic Party domination of Texas politics for the next 105 years. Answer: False 6. The Progressive Era in Texas politics began with the election of Governor James Stephen Hogg in 1890. Answer: True 7. In the 20th century, the oil-driven economy of Texas was influenced by political events from around the world. Answer: True 8. When Texas joined the Union as the 28th state of the United States, it was given the right to divide itself into five separate states. Answer: True 9. The Post Oaks and Prairies area of Texas includes the urban cities of Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio, and Waco. Answer: True 10. Most of the solid mineral production of Texas comes from the Llano Uplift region. Answer: True 11. The boom in the timber industry in Texas was fueled by the rapid expansion of the railroads. Answer: True 12. Texas Instruments became a major economic player in Texas during the Serve It stage of the evolution of Texas economy. Answer: False 13. According to the 2010 census, Texas is the most populous in the United States. Answer: False 14. In Texas, the rural counties that depend on agriculture have lost more population compared to the counties depending on important minerals. Answer: False 15. Michelle West, a 15-year-old African American girl from Texas, aspires to enter politics in the future. The demographics will work in her favor as the population of African Americans is growing rapidly in Texas. Answer: False 16. According to the individualistic political culture of Texas, the government should have no part in redistributing wealth. Answer: True 17. The constitution of Texas reflects the general distrust of government held by the framers. Answer: True 18. As a consequence of the traditionalistic political culture in Texas, the power structure has an egalitarian form with people from the middle classes or minority groups having equal opportunity to succeed. Answer: False 19. A new political party with an activist agenda of bringing change in society in Texas will gain a lot of support in the urban areas of Texas. Answer: False 20. Texas joining the Confederacy against the Union in the Civil War is an example of the consequences of the moralistic view that Texans take towards politics. Answer: False Short Answer Questions 1. Explain the conditions of the settlement agreement that first drew thousands of Anglos to Texas and why it attracted them. Answer: The conditions of the settlement agreement in Texas included generous land grants, exemption from taxes for a period of time, and religious freedom, which attracted thousands of Anglo settlers. These opportunities appealed to settlers seeking economic opportunities and autonomy in a frontier region. 2. As a landmark moment in Texan history, what is the significance of “Juneteenth”? Who did the deal benefit the most and why? Answer: Juneteenth marks the emancipation of enslaved African Americans in Texas on June 19, 1865, two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamation. It signifies freedom from slavery and has become a significant day in Texan and American history, celebrating the end of slavery and the triumph of freedom over oppression. The deal primarily benefited African Americans, as it granted them legal freedom and symbolized a crucial step towards equality and civil rights. 3. Briefly explain the type of political culture that was being followed during the tenure of Governor Stephen Hogg. Answer: During the tenure of Governor Stephen Hogg, Texas followed a political culture characterized by progressive reforms and efforts to regulate big business. Hogg, who served from 1891 to 1895, promoted policies aimed at curbing corporate power, improving public education, and advocating for the rights of farmers and laborers. His administration reflected the progressive era's ideals of social justice, economic fairness, and government intervention to protect the interests of ordinary citizens against powerful economic interests. 4. Explain why the Piney Woods is important for Texas. Answer: The Piney Woods region of Texas is important for several reasons: 1. Ecological Diversity : It harbors a diverse range of plant and animal species, including many endemic species. The dense pine forests provide habitats for wildlife and contribute to biodiversity conservation. 2. Timber Industry : The region has historically been significant for timber production, particularly pine trees used in construction, furniture making, and paper production. The timber industry has been an economic driver for local communities. 3. Tourism and Recreation : The Piney Woods attract tourists and outdoor enthusiasts due to its scenic beauty, recreational opportunities (such as hiking, fishing, and hunting), and cultural attractions (including historic sites and festivals). 4. Water Resources : The region plays a crucial role in water conservation and management. Its forests help maintain water quality, regulate streamflow, and prevent erosion, contributing to overall environmental health and sustainability. 5. Cultural Heritage : The Piney Woods are home to diverse communities with rich cultural heritage, including Native American tribes and settlers who shaped the region's history. This cultural diversity adds to the area's significance and identity within Texas. Overall, the Piney Woods region of Texas is valued for its ecological, economic, recreational, and cultural contributions, making it an important part of the state's landscape and heritage. 5. Explain the significance of the election of Angie Chen Button to the Texas House of Representatives as a Republican from Richardson. Answer: The election of Angie Chen Button to the Texas House of Representatives as a Republican from Richardson is significant for several reasons: 1. Representation: Button's election represents diversity within the Republican Party, particularly as an Asian American woman. Her presence in the Texas House provides a voice for Asian American constituents and contributes to the diversity of perspectives in legislative debates. 2. Policy Influence: As a member of the Texas House, Button has the opportunity to influence legislation and policies that affect her constituents in Richardson and the broader Texas community. She can advocate for issues such as education, business development, and healthcare based on her background and priorities. 3. Political Impact: Button's election demonstrates the Republican Party's ability to attract and support candidates from diverse backgrounds, enhancing its appeal to a broader segment of the electorate. It underscores the party's commitment to inclusivity and representation. 4. Local Impact: Button's representation specifically benefits the residents of Richardson by ensuring their concerns are heard at the state level. She can work on behalf of her district to address local issues, secure funding for projects, and advocate for policies that benefit the community. In summary, Angie Chen Button's election to the Texas House of Representatives as a Republican from Richardson is significant for promoting diversity within the party, influencing policy at the state level, and advocating for her constituents' interests in the legislative process. Essay Questions 1. Describe Texas post-independence from Mexico and explain why the eventual annexation was mutually beneficial to Texas and the United States. Answer: Texas gained independence from Mexico in 1836 following the Texas Revolution, establishing itself as the Republic of Texas. However, the newly formed republic faced numerous challenges, including financial instability, conflicts with Native American tribes, and the threat of reconquest by Mexico. The eventual annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845 was mutually beneficial for several reasons: 1. Security and Stability: Annexation provided security to Texas against potential reconquest by Mexico and stability for its settlers who were eager to establish a stable government and economy. 2. Economic Growth: Texas possessed fertile lands suitable for agriculture and natural resources such as timber and minerals. Annexation allowed Texas to benefit from increased trade opportunities and economic development facilitated by access to the broader American market. 3. Political Influence: Annexation enhanced the political influence of the United States by expanding its territory westward. This was particularly important as the United States sought to achieve manifest destiny—a belief that American expansion across the continent was both justified and inevitable. 4. National Identity: For Texas, annexation provided a sense of national identity and legitimacy as part of the United States, ending its period as an independent republic and integrating it into the larger American union. In conclusion, the annexation of Texas was mutually beneficial as it provided security, economic opportunities, political influence, and a stronger sense of national identity for both Texas and the United States. 2. Explain the circumstances during the Reconstruction that first led Texas to become a one-party Democratic state. Answer: During Reconstruction, which followed the Civil War from 1865 to 1877, Texas experienced significant political and social upheaval that ultimately led to the state becoming a one-party Democratic stronghold. Here are the key circumstances that contributed to this transformation: 1. End of Confederate Control: With the defeat of the Confederacy and the abolition of slavery, the political landscape in Texas was drastically altered. Former Confederate leaders were temporarily disenfranchised and could not hold office, creating a power vacuum. 2. Republican Influence: Initially, the Republican Party gained influence in Texas, particularly among newly freed African Americans who were granted citizenship and voting rights under Reconstruction policies. African American men formed a significant voting bloc that supported the Republican Party, which championed civil rights and Reconstruction reforms. 3. Reaction from White Democrats: White Democrats in Texas strongly opposed Reconstruction policies, which included federal oversight, civil rights protections for African Americans, and efforts to rebuild Southern society. They viewed these policies as intrusive and detrimental to their social and economic interests. 4. Restoration of Democratic Control: Through various means, including violence, • intimidation, and legislative maneuvering, Democrats gradually regained control of Texas • politics during Reconstruction. They used tactics such as the disenfranchisement of African • American voters through poll taxes, literacy tests, and violence (such as the Ku Klux Klan), effectively reducing Republican support. 5. Solidification of Democratic Dominance: By the late 1870s and early 1880s, Democrats had re-established their political dominance in Texas. They implemented Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and maintain white supremacy. The Democratic Party became the sole political force in Texas, holding virtually all state and local offices for decades to come. In summary, the circumstances during Reconstruction—including the end of Confederate control, Republican influence and opposition, Democratic strategies to regain power, and the imposition of Jim Crow laws—led Texas to become a one-party Democratic state. This dominance persisted for nearly a century, shaping the state's political culture and policies well into the 20th century. 3. Describe how Texas is divided geographically and the impact of the Gulf Lowlands on the economy of the state. Answer: Texas can be divided geographically into several distinct regions, each with its own unique characteristics and contributions to the state's economy. One of these regions is the Gulf Coastal Plains, often referred to as the Gulf Lowlands or simply the Coastal Plains. Geographical Division: • Gulf Coastal Plains (Gulf Lowlands): This region covers the southeastern portion of Texas along the Gulf of Mexico. It consists of flat to gently rolling terrain and is characterized by fertile soils, abundant rainfall, and a warm climate. The area includes cities such as Houston, Galveston, and Corpus Christi. • Great Plains: Extending westward from the Coastal Plains, the Great Plains region encompasses large portions of northern and western Texas. It features semiarid grasslands, rugged terrain, and is known for cattle ranching and oil production. • Basin and Range Province: Located in far west Texas, this region is characterized by mountain ranges, desert basins, and the Rio Grande River. It includes Big Bend National Park and is sparsely populated. • Interior Lowlands: Encompassing central Texas, this region features rolling plains, hills, and valleys. It includes the Hill Country and is known for agriculture, particularly cattle ranching and farming. Impact of the Gulf Lowlands on the Economy: The Gulf Lowlands region, with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, has a significant impact on the economy of Texas: 1. Port Cities and Trade: Cities such as Houston and Galveston are major port cities that facilitate trade and commerce. The Port of Houston is one of the busiest ports in the United States, handling a wide range of commodities including petroleum, chemicals, and agricultural products. This trade contributes significantly to the state's economy through jobs, revenue, and international connections. 2. Energy Industry: The Gulf Lowlands are home to a substantial portion of Texas' energy industry. Offshore drilling in the Gulf of Mexico contributes to Texas' status as a leading producer of oil and natural gas in the United States. The region's refineries and petrochemical plants further support the energy sector and related industries. 3. Tourism and Recreation: Coastal cities such as Galveston and Corpus Christi attract tourists seeking beaches, fishing, and cultural attractions. Tourism and recreation in the Gulf Lowlands contribute to local economies through hospitality, entertainment, and outdoor activities. 4. Agriculture: The fertile soils and favorable climate of the Gulf Lowlands support agriculture, including rice cultivation, citrus orchards, and cotton farming. Agriculture remains an important economic sector in the region, providing jobs and agricultural products for domestic and international markets. In conclusion, the Gulf Lowlands region of Texas plays a crucial role in the state's economy due to its ports, energy resources, tourism opportunities, and agricultural productivity. Its economic contributions help to diversify and strengthen Texas' overall economy. 4. Explain the part that the minorities play in Texas politics and why they are an important factor in the course of the future of Texas. Answer: Minorities play a significant role in Texas politics and are increasingly recognized as pivotal factors in shaping the state's future. Here’s why minorities are important in Texas politics: 1. Growing Population: Texas has a rapidly growing minority population, primarily consisting of Hispanics/Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, and other ethnic groups. These demographic shifts are altering the state's political landscape, making minorities a larger proportion of the electorate. 2. Electoral Influence: Minorities, particularly Hispanics/Latinos, are becoming increasingly influential in elections. Their voting patterns can sway electoral outcomes, making them a crucial voting bloc that politicians must engage with to secure victories in statewide and local elections. 3. Representation: Minority representation in elected offices is important for ensuring diverse voices and perspectives are heard in policymaking. As minorities gain political representation, they advocate for issues that affect their communities, such as immigration reform, education equity, healthcare access, and economic opportunities. 4. Democratic and Republican Strategies: Both major political parties recognize the importance of minority voters. Democrats typically seek to mobilize minority voters through policies addressing social justice and equality, while Republicans often focus on economic policies and conservative values that resonate with certain minority communities. 5. Future Demographic Trends: Demographic projections suggest that minorities will continue to grow as a share of Texas' population. This demographic trend underscores the long-term impact minorities will have on shaping the state's political and social dynamics, including policy priorities, electoral strategies, and coalition building. In summary, minorities in Texas politics are crucial due to their growing population, electoral influence, representation needs, and the future demographic trends shaping the state. Their participation and engagement in politics are pivotal in determining the course of Texas' future governance, policies, and societal outcomes. Acknowledging and addressing the concerns of minorities is essential for fostering inclusivity and ensuring a representative democracy in Texas. 5. Distinguish between the traditionalistic and individualistic political cultures in Texas and explain their policy implications. Answer: Traditionalistic and individualistic political cultures are two distinct but overlapping aspects of Texas' political landscape, each influencing policy in different ways: 1. Traditionalistic Political Culture: • Characteristics: This culture emphasizes maintaining existing social orders, hierarchies, and values rooted in tradition and conservatism. It values community cohesion, respect for authority, and continuity with the past. • Policy Implications: Policies tend to support established social norms and institutions. There is a preference for limited government intervention in social and economic affairs, promoting policies that preserve traditional values, such as conservative approaches to social issues, education, and law enforcement. Economic policies often prioritize business interests and economic stability over social welfare programs. 2. Individualistic Political Culture: • Characteristics: Individualism places a high value on personal freedom, individual rights, and limited government interference in personal and economic matters. It emphasizes self-reliance, entrepreneurship, and the belief that individuals should be free to pursue their own economic and social interests. • Policy Implications: Policies are geared towards promoting economic freedom and minimizing government regulations. There is often support for lower taxes, reduced government spending, and policies that facilitate business growth and economic opportunity. Social policies may prioritize personal liberties, such as less restrictive gun laws and limited government involvement in healthcare and social services. Overlap and Intersection: • Texas' political culture often blends elements of both traditionalistic and individualistic views. For instance, while traditionalistic values uphold community and stability, individualistic values emphasize personal liberty and economic opportunity. • The interplay between these cultures shapes policy outcomes in Texas, leading to a balanced approach that supports economic growth while preserving social traditions and values. Impact on Governance: • Understanding these political cultures helps explain the emphasis on state sovereignty, limited federal intervention, and policies that balance individual rights with community interests. • Policymakers navigate these cultural dynamics to craft legislation that reflects the preferences and values of Texans, balancing the state's conservative roots with its entrepreneurial spirit and emphasis on personal freedoms. In conclusion, Texas' political culture is a blend of traditionalistic and individualistic values, each influencing policy priorities and governance. Recognizing these cultural dimensions is essential for understanding Texas' unique political landscape and the policies that shape its future. Chapter 2 Federalism and the Texas Constitution Multiple Choice 1. The political system in the United States by which power is shared between the national and state governments is known as __________. A. federalism B. republican C. bipartisanship D. socialism E. egalitarianism Answer: A 2. Which of the following statements is true of federalism? A. Power is concentrated at the national level. B. The state government does not have its own executive branch. C. Legislative powers can be withdrawn from the states by the center. D. The national government and the state have a common court system. E. Both national and state governments have authority over their citizens. Answer: E 3. Which of the following statements describes how federalism applies to Texas? A. Texas has the primary role in deciding foreign policy affairs. B. Almost all funding for education in Texas is from the federal government. C. For social service programs, Texas receives much of the funding through federal grants. D. The central government reserves the right to take power back from Texas. E. Texas reserves the right to levy taxes on goods from other states. Answer: C 4. Harvey is a legislator in Texas. Which of the following is one of his responsibilities? A. lobbying the U.S. Congress to reduce the number of visas given to foreign companies B. decision making regarding the education system of Texas C. serving on national committees to set minimum standards of social service that Texas must provide D. increasing military presence in Texas to protect the state from cross-border smuggling from Mexico E. practicing diplomacy to reduce aid to countries that undercut the United States in the prices of electronics Answer: B 5. Eighty-five percent of the funding for the __________ system in Texas is generated within the state. A. crime control B. social services C. foreign policy D. military E. education Answer: E 6. Many of the restrictions imposed on states by the U.S. Constitution are listed in __________ of the constitution. A. Article I, Section 10 B. Article II C. Article III, Section 52 D. Article IV E. Article VII, Section 16 Answer: A 7. Which of the following is true as per the provisions of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution? A. Texas cannot impose duties on goods arriving from other states of the United States. B. Texas cannot enter into any treaty or alliance with any of the other states. C. Texas must institute poverty alleviation programs and provide aid to the homeless. D. Texas must set basic standards of education for all of its citizens without exceptions. E. Texas must return escaped prisoners to the state where they were imprisoned. Answer: E 8. Which of the following is a bill that violates Article I, Section 10 of the U.S. Constitution? A. an act providing for additional funding to Catholic schools in Texas B. a law levying taxes on goods arriving into Texas from its neighboring states C. a law calling for a complete ban on parimutuel gambling and the state lottery D. a law requiring voters to pay a poll tax to cover the expense of holding elections E. an act that calls for anyone who commits a crime in Texas to be tried by Texas courts Answer: B 9. Which of the following acts of the U.S. Constitution guarantees protection to Texas against invasion? A. Article I, Section 10 B. Article I, Section 17 C. Article IV, Section 1 D. Article IV, Section 3 E. Article IV, Section 4 Answer: E 10. In the United States, many of the social service programs are implemented by __________. A. the Red Cross B. the state governments C. the county governments D. the national government E. the non-governmental organizations Answer: C 11. Victor is a member of the county government in Texas. Which of the following is one of his responsibilities? A. lobbying the U.S. Congress for devolution of power B. ensuring the implementation of social service programs C. issuing funded mandates to pay for the state's welfare policies D. determining whether laws passed by the Texas Congress are legal E. advising the state government on the minimum standards of education Answer: B 12. The United States is a __________. A. pure democracy B. socialist state C. direct democracy D. parliamentary republic E. constitutional republic Answer: E 13. The __________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution stripped state legislatures of the power to appoint U.S. senators. A. Thirteenth B. Fourteenth C. Fifteenth D. Seventeenth E. Nineteenth Answer: D 14. Which of the following methods can the U.S. Congress use to force states to pass legislation? A. lobbying the members of the state senate B. refusing to act on vital issues of concern to the state C. threatening to withhold federal grants for various programs D. moving federal courts to impose penalties on non-compliance E. warning of Congress's ability to revoke certain state powers Answer: C 15. In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court explicitly uphold the right of the U.S. Congress to withhold federal grants? A. Texas v. Johnson B. Gonzales v. Raich C. South Dakota v. Dole D. United States v. Lopez E. United States v. Morrison Answer: C 16. The form of federalism in operation in Texas before the Great Depression was __________. A. dual federalism B. cooperative federalism C. new federalism D. new “new” federalism E. devolutionary federalism Answer: A 17. The constitution of Maldovia, a newly formed country in Europe, ensures that the powers and responsibilities of the national and state governments are distinctly specified. According to this, states decide their own policies without any interference from the national government. Which of the following describes the system of government in Maldovia? A. dual federalism B. new federalism C. hybrid federalism D. "new" new federalism E. cooperative federalism Answer: A 18. Robert believes that money in the form of federal grants plays the biggest role in the shift of power between the national and state governments. Which of the following statements strengthens his viewpoint? A. Cooperative federalism came into place due to the need for economic relief by states during the Great Depression. B. Most state senators and governors believe in the necessity of a federal body to set policy standards in the United States. C. A study shows that federal grants make up only 10% of the budget of most states and is further decreasing. D. Only 5% of grants issued by the U.S. Congress are categorical grants, with the rest being block grants. E. The U.S. Congress is limited from exceeding its powers by the judicial system. Answer: A 19. As a member of the Texas House, Kristen believes that block grants be used instead of categorical grants. She favors devolution in all aspects of government. Which of the following types of federalism does Kristen believe in? A. new federalism B. cooperative federalism C. direct federalism D. dual federalism E. hybrid federalism Answer: A 20. Which of the following statements is true of "new" new federalism? A. The Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed to limit state powers. B. It came about as a consequence of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs. C. Devolution was pushed through by Democrats in all sectors of policymaking. D. States got more freedom in exchange for handling more social service programs. E. Most of the federal grants given to states are categorical and not block grants. Answer: D 21. The landmark decisions made by the U.S. Supreme Court in the __________ case limited the power of the national government. A. Miller v Alabama B. Texas v. Johnson C. Gonzales v. Raich D. South Dakota v. Dole E. United States v. Lopez Answer: E 22. The longest U.S. state constitution is the constitution of __________. A. Texas B. Alabama C. Vermont D. Delaware E. California Answer: B 23. Which of the following statements is true of state constitutions in the United States? A. Unlike the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions do not contain the state's Bill of Rights. B. The addition of amendments requires only a simple majority in the Senate. C. Separate articles empower the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. D. The state constitution is limited only to the structure of the state government. E. Limitations of local government are described only in the U.S. Constitution. Answer: C 24. Texas has had __________ constitutions. A. two B. three C. five D. seven E. nine Answer: D 25. Which of the following statements is true of the first constitution of Texas? A. The Texas Grangers contributed to the first constitution of Texas. B. It was created in 1827 while Texas was still a part of the Mexican Federation. C. It was made after Texas was made a separate state due to the large population. D. It was written after Mexico accepted the second request made by Texas to be a state. E. Mexico permitted Texas to make the constitution after the separation from Coahuila. Answer: B 26. The 1836 Constitution was written __________. A. during the Texas Revolution B. during the Civil War C. following the passage of the black codes D. after the Reconstruction era E. after the annexation of Texas by the United States. Answer: A 27. Gary believes that Texas first embraced the concept of federalism in its third constitution. Which of the following statements strengthens his view? A. Representatives wrote the second constitution after Texas joined the Confederacy. B. Texas and Coahuila were joined as one state when the first constitution was made. C. The 1845 constitution was written post the annexation of Texas by the Union. D. Federalism was introduced in the United States with a constitutional amendment in 1870. E. Only in the sixth constitution was power centralized in the hands of the governor. Answer: C 28. Based on the political philosophy of __________, the selection of the attorney general, comptroller, treasurer, and judges was transferred to the voters through an 1850 amendment. A. Edmund J. Davis B. Richard Coke C. Andrew Jackson D. The Texas Grange E. Ann Richards Answer: C 29. Which of the following is true of the provisions of the 1861 constitution of Texas? A. The place of Texas in the Confederacy was not acknowledged. B. Freed slaves were not allowed to testify in court against white Texans. C. Slavery was legalized and the head of the household given a land grant. D. Slaveholders required state government permission to emancipate slaves. E. African Americans were freed and the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified. Answer: D 30. The issue of ab initio that came up during the creation of the Texas Constitution of 1869 was based on __________. A. whether African American men and women should be given the right to vote B. whether the heads of state should be limited from serving more than 4 years C. whether slaveholders required state government permission to emancipate slaves D. whether all state government actions taken during the rebellion should be made null and void E. whether Texas should be divided into five separate states as per the constitutional provision Answer: D 31. Gregory was a moderate Republican in Texas at the 1868 Constitutional Convention. Which of the following is he likely to support? A. the constitutional amendment to give voting rights to African Americans B. the idea of retaining Texas as a single state rather than forming West Texas C. the motion to null and void all state government actions during the rebellion D. the addition of a section to bar African Americans from testifying in cases E. the removal of a section to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Answer: B 32. Gregory is a part of the state police force created during the governorship of Edmund Davis. Which of the following most likely describes one of Gregory's duties? A. ensuring the protection of African Americans in the Confederacy B. the protection of Texas borders from Indian incursion C. the enforcement of law and order in the state of Coahuila y Tejas D. the protection of the governor from political takeovers E. ensuring that a quorum is present in the Senate to implement bills Answer: B 33. Which of the following is true of the Edmund Davis's governorship of Texas? A. He had the full support of both moderate and radical Republicans. B. He was removed from office by the Democrat-controlled Texas Supreme Court. C. He came to power after defeating the Democratic candidate by a large majority. D. He suppressed African Americans by excluding them from government jobs. E. He postponed elections to ensure extension of terms for Radical officeholders. Answer: E 34. The most influential group of the convention framing the constitution of Texas, comprising a 38-member plurality of the 90-delegate convention, was the __________. A. Democratic Party B. Texas Whig C. Reconstruction faction D. Texas Grange E. Radical Republican Party Answer: D 35. Xavier was a member of the Texas Grange. Which of the following was he likely to believe? A. The railroad companies were responsible for the declining fortunes of Texan farmers. B. African Americans should play a greater part in government and policy-making. C. Government spending on social service and rural betterment should be doubled. D. The splitting Texas into East and West Texas would result in more effective policymaking. E. The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment accounted for the increase in state debt. Answer: A 36. Which of the following statements is true of the Texas Constitution of 1876? A. It was passed by the legislature and based on constitutional amendments. B. It made null and void all state government actions during the Civil War. C. It was made by Radical Republicans as a reaction to Texas Grange rule. D. It concentrated state power in the hands of the governor and his officials. E. It partially mirrored the provisions of the pre-Civil War constitution of Texas. Answer: E 37. Which of the following is true of the limits that the constitution of 1876 imposed on government? A. Senate terms were increased from two to four years. B. The size of the judicial branch was increased and more district courts added. C. The term for Supreme Court judges was set as three years. D. The balanced budget provision restricted the state’s ability to go into debt. E. An increase in the salary of the governor required voter approval. Answer: D 38. Shawn is a student of constitutional history in Texas. Which of the following provisions in the 1876 constitution would he most likely identify as a reaction to the policies of Reconstruction? A. the reduction in the salaries of legislators B. the reduction in the size of the judicial branch C. the introduction of the balanced budget provision D. the limit set on the legislature to meet only biennially E. the decrease in the length of Senate terms from 6 to 4 years Answer: C 39. Diane is a student studying the differences between the Texas Bill of Rights and the U.S. Bill of Rights. Which of the following is she likely to notice? A. The Texas Bill of Rights is shorter and less detailed. B. The U.S. Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution is influenced by the Civil War era. C. The Texas Bill of Rights specifies protections that the state must give its citizens. D. The U.S. Bill of Rights was written primarily keeping in mind the rights of white males. E. The Texas Bill of Rights specifies the right of the state to remain independent of the U.S. Answer: C 40. The Texas Bill of Rights has __________ provisions. A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 E. 50 Answer: C 41. Linda believes that the Texas Bill of Rights was designed especially as a reaction to the policies of Edmund Davis. Which of the following explicitly stated provisions in the Bill of rights reinforces her viewpoint? A. the liberty of individuals to publish opinions on any subject B. the rights of the jury to determine the law in indictments for libel C. the protection extended to citizens against unreasonable seizures D. the prohibition of the use of state money for religious purposes E. the assurance that individuals will not be imprisoned for debt Answer: D 42. Hugh, a politician in Texas, wants to propose an amendment to the Constitution. Which of the following should he ensure so that the amendment is made? A. Hugh should raise awareness among voters so that at least 45% back the amendment. B. Hugh must lobby House and Senate members to ensure at least a two-thirds vote. C. Hugh should ensure that he has the support of the governor for ratification. D. Hugh must gain the support of the judiciary so that the bill is passed in parliament. E. Hugh must confirm that he has the official sanction of U.S. House and Senate. Answer: B 43. The minimum number of senators in the Texas Senate who can block the approval of a proposed amendment to the Texas Constitution is __________. A. 11 B. 24 C. 35 D. 51 E. 65 Answer: A 44. Which of the following statements supports Carol's view that the Texas Constitution is disorganized? A. A commission was set up in 1972 to suggest revisions to the constitution. B. The current Texas Constitution is the seventh constitution. C. All approved bond issues were permanently added to the constitution prior to a 1991 amendment. D. Several obsolete provisions were removed in recent years. E. Making amendments to the constitution is a difficult process in Texas. Answer: C 45. A constitutional amendment, approved by the voters in 1972, called for the creation of a revision commission that would submit its recommendations to a constitutional convention scheduled for January __________. A. 1981 B. 1985 C. 1976 D. 1974 E. 1996 Answer: D 46. Which of the following statements is true of the attempt to revise the constitution of Texas in the 1970s? A. The revised constitution did not meet the approval of the voters. B. The document prepared by the revision commission was rejected by three votes. C. The proposed revisions did not make any changes to the structure of government. D. A constitutional convention was scheduled to prepare the first draft. E. A draft prepared by the convention was approved by the governor and the Senate. Answer: B 47. Lance was one of the members of the revision commission formed in 1972 to revise the constitution of Texas. Which of the following was he likely to believe? A. Voter approval must be sought before the passage of bills to increase income tax. B. The legislature should meet biennially and salaries must remain low. C. A Texan could not be required to join a union in order to get a job. D. Judges should be nominated by political parties and be elected by a majority. E. Executive power should be centralized in the hands of the governor. Answer: C 48. In 1975, the Texas House and Senate submitted a revised form of the proposed constitution in the form of __________ separate propositions. A. three B. five C. eight D. ten E. twelve Answer: C 49. Which of the following statements is true of the constitution of Texas proposed by Bill Ratliff and Rob Junell? A. Legislative terms should be decreased and salaries increased. B. The highest civil and criminal courts in Texas should be combined. C. Judges at the district court level should be appointed by elections. D. The cabinet formed by the governor should be subject to voter approval. E. The attorney general and comptroller should be nominated by the governor. Answer: B 50. Charles is a member of the Republican Party in Texas. Which of the following proposals is he likely to reject? A. a reduction in income tax levied on wealthy voters in Texas B. reduced government spending on social issues in Texas C. removal of obsolete sections in the constitution of Texas D. reform mandating judicial appointment E. centralization of power Answer: D True/False 1. Adam, a citizen of Kansas, wants to sue a company with its headquarters in Texas for a breach of contract. For this, he must file a case in a Texas court. Answer: False 2. Article IV of the U.S. Constitution establishes how states must treat each other. Answer: True 3. An important aspect of our American system of federalism is that the delineation of power is set out in the U.S. Constitution. Answer: True 4. Judicial review refers to the power of the courts to strike down laws that violate the state or national constitution. Answer: True 5. As per the principle of federalism in the United States, all income generated from individuals belong to the state where they are residing. Answer: False 6. Leslie states that the economic condition of the states during the time of cooperative federalism chiefly led to the loss of control by state governments. Answer: True 7. Unfunded mandates are directives issued by the U.S. Congress to states without corresponding federal funding. Answer: True 8. As a citizen of Texas, the tax burden on Alicia increases when the U.S. Congress issues funded mandates to Texas. Answer: False 9. The Texas Constitution is the longest state constitution in the United States. Answer: False 10. The Bill of Rights in the Texas Constitution describes the structure of government. Answer: False 11. Theoretically, the structure of government should be more difficult to change than the laws governing the day-to-day operations of government. Answer: True 12. The legislature of the combined state of Coahuila and Texas had an equal number of Texans and Coahuilans. Answer: False 13. As a free African American in Texas post the Civil War, Samuel was happy because of the restoration of his rights. Answer: False 14. As a Radical Republican in Texas in the Reconstruction Era, Alex was likely to believe in keeping Texas united into one single state. Answer: False 15. The constitution of 1869 centralized much power in Texas in the hands of the legislature. Answer: False 16. The Obnoxious Acts was the name given to legislation passed during the tenure of Governor Richard Coke that gave African Americans more rights in Texas. Answer: False 17. Article I, Section 1 of the Bill of Rights tries to create powers for Texas that were denied to it during Reconstruction. Answer: True 18. The support of the governor is essential for making a constitutional amendment. Answer: False 19. In 2004, several obsolete provisions dealing with Spanish and Mexican land titles was removed from the Texas Constitution. Answer: False 20. One of the reasons for the failure of the constitution proposed by the revision commission for the 1974 constitutional convention was that the delegates from property-poor areas wanted increased spending on poverty alleviation schemes. Answer: False Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the measures that Sarah, a member of the U.S. Congress, can recommend to impose the policies of the national government on Texas. Give an example of the coercive methods used by U.S. Congress in the past. Answer: As a member of Congress, Sarah can recommend legislation, allocate federal funds with conditions, use federal pre-emption to override state laws, and authorize federal court actions to enforce compliance. An example of coercive methods used in the past is the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which imposed federal desegregation requirements on states and withheld funding from non-compliant entities. 2. Discuss the reasons why state constitutions are usually restrictive in nature. Answer: State constitutions are typically restrictive in nature for several reasons: 1. Historical Context: Many state constitutions were drafted in response to perceived abuses of power by colonial or state governments, leading to a focus on limiting governmental authority. 2. Protection of Rights: They aim to safeguard individual rights and liberties from potential infringement by government actions or legislation. 3. Checks and Balances: State constitutions establish checks and balances among branches of government to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. 4. Amendment Process: They often have stringent amendment processes, requiring broad consensus among the public or state legislature, ensuring stability and preventing frequent changes. 5. Local Control: States prioritize local governance and community-specific needs, reflected in the detailed provisions addressing education, taxation, and local government structures. 6. Policy Specificity: State constitutions sometimes include detailed policy directives on issues like education funding or environmental protection, reflecting local priorities. Overall, these features make state constitutions more restrictive than the federal Constitution, emphasizing local control, individual rights, and limited government power. 3. Explain how the constitution of 1866 did not essentially change things drastically for African Americans in Texas. Answer: The Constitution of 1866 in Texas did not essentially change things drastically for African Americans because: 1. Limited Rights: It granted African Americans minimal rights, such as the ability to testify in court, but did not provide significant political or civil rights. 2. Restrictions: The constitution imposed restrictive measures like Black codes and segregation laws that continued to oppress and marginalize African Americans. 3. Lack of Suffrage: African Americans were still denied the right to vote under this constitution, maintaining political disenfranchisement. 4. Unequal Treatment: Segregation and discriminatory practices persisted, perpetuating social and economic inequality. In essence, while the Constitution of 1866 in Texas made some superficial concessions, it did not bring about substantial improvements or meaningful changes in the lives of African Americans, who continued to face systemic oppression and discrimination. 4. Susan believes that the 1869 constitution of Texas led to Republicans coming to power in Texas. Discuss the reasons for her statement and describe the circumstances that led up to the shift of power. Answer: Susan's statement about the 1869 constitution of Texas leading to Republicans coming to power is supported by several reasons: 1. Reconstruction Policies: The 1869 constitution was a product of Reconstruction policies imposed by the federal government after the Civil War, aimed at promoting civil rights and equality for African Americans. 2. Republican Influence: The constitution was supported by the Radical Republicans, who advocated for civil rights, voting rights for African Americans, and reforms aimed at rebuilding Southern states along more egalitarian lines. 3. African American Enfranchisement: The 1869 constitution granted voting rights to African American men, which significantly increased the Republican voter base in Texas. 4. Political Realignment: With African Americans voting Republican, and white Southerners who supported the Confederacy disenfranchised or excluded from office under Reconstruction policies, the political landscape shifted towards Republican dominance. 5. State Government Changes: The 1869 constitution led to the establishment of a Republican-controlled state government in Texas, with Republicans holding governorship and other key positions. In summary, the 1869 constitution of Texas, by enfranchising African Americans and aligning with Radical Republican policies of Reconstruction, facilitated the rise of Republicans to power in the state during that period. 5. As a member of the Texas Grange, explain the provisions that Justin would have supported in the 1876 constitution of Texas to limit governmental power as a reaction to the policies of the Reconstruction Era. Answer: As a member of the Texas Grange during the Reconstruction Era, Justin would have supported provisions in the 1876 constitution of Texas that aimed to limit governmental power and counteract the policies of Reconstruction. These provisions include: 1. Restrictive Executive Authority: Justin would support limitations on the powers of the governor to prevent what was perceived as excessive executive authority wielded during Reconstruction. 2. Separation of Powers: He would advocate for clear separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches to prevent any one branch from dominating state affairs. 3. Local Control: Justin would endorse provisions that prioritize local governance and autonomy, ensuring that decisions affecting local communities are made locally rather than by centralized state or federal authorities. 4. Economic Policies: As a member of the Texas Grange, Justin would likely support provisions protecting agricultural interests and promoting economic independence, possibly through measures such as land ownership protections and fair taxation policies. 5. Education and Social Policies: He would likely support provisions addressing education policies and social welfare that reflect local values and needs, rather than being dictated by federal mandates. Overall, the provisions Justin would support in the 1876 constitution of Texas aimed to decentralize power, protect local interests, and counterbalance what was perceived as overreach by the federal government during the Reconstruction Era. Essay Questions 1. Describe the current form of federalism in the United States. From the perspective of Louise, a member of the Texas House, explain how the current scenario is beneficial to Texas. Answer: The current form of federalism in the United States is characterized by a system where power is shared between the federal government and individual states, with each level of government having distinct powers and responsibilities. This system is often referred to as "cooperative federalism" or "dual federalism," depending on the context and interpretation of federal-state relations. From Louise's perspective as a member of the Texas House, the current scenario of federalism can be beneficial to Texas in several ways: 1. Flexibility and Autonomy: Federalism allows Texas to have autonomy in managing its internal affairs, such as education, transportation, and social policies. This flexibility enables the state to tailor policies to meet the specific needs and preferences of its population. 2. Policy Innovation: Texas can serve as a laboratory for policy experimentation. With autonomy granted by federalism, the state can implement innovative solutions to local challenges without being bound by uniform federal regulations. 3. State Sovereignty: Federalism reinforces the principle of state sovereignty, ensuring that Texas retains significant authority over matters not explicitly granted to the federal government by the Constitution. This helps protect states' rights and local decision-making from federal overreach. 4. Responsive Governance: State governments, including Texas, are often more responsive to the needs and preferences of their citizens compared to the federal government. This responsiveness can lead to more efficient and effective governance tailored to local conditions. 5. Economic Benefits: Federalism fosters competition among states, encouraging them to create business-friendly environments and attract investment. Texas, with its business-friendly policies, benefits from this competitive dynamic, leading to economic growth and job creation. 6. Checks on Federal Power: Federalism serves as a check on the concentration of power in the federal government. It allows Texas, through its elected representatives like Louise, to participate in shaping national policies and ensuring that federal actions respect state authority and local interests. In summary, the current form of federalism in the United States provides Texas, including its legislature and citizens like Louise, with opportunities to exercise autonomy, innovate in policy-making, protect state sovereignty, and promote economic growth, thereby enhancing the overall well-being of the state. 2. Explain the length of the Texas constitution and analyze how the legislature contributes to lengthening state constitutions. Answer: The Texas constitution is notably lengthy compared to many other state constitutions and even the federal Constitution. There are several reasons for this, and the legislature plays a significant role in contributing to the lengthening of state constitutions, including Texas'. 1. Specificity of Provisions: State legislatures often include highly detailed and specific provisions in the constitution. These can range from governance structures to policy directives on various issues such as education funding, taxation, and local government operations. Each specific provision adds to the overall length of the constitution. 2. Amendment Process: Legislatures often influence the amendment process of the constitution. This can result in multiple amendments being added over time in response to changing societal norms, legal interpretations, or political pressures. Each amendment contributes to the length of the document. 3. Legal Complexity: The Texas constitution, like many state constitutions, includes extensive legal language and complex provisions. These are often necessary to address the diverse and intricate legal and policy issues faced by the state. Legislatures may contribute to this complexity through their crafting and interpretation of constitutional provisions. 4. Historical Context: Texas, in particular, has a constitution shaped by its history, including periods like Reconstruction and subsequent efforts to address issues of governance and representation. Historical events and legislative responses to them have led to additions and modifications that have cumulatively increased the length of the constitution. 5. Political Dynamics: Legislators may propose constitutional amendments to address specific policy issues or to enshrine particular rights or protections. Over time, these proposals can accumulate, leading to a constitution that reflects the evolving political dynamics and priorities of the state legislature. In conclusion, the Texas legislature contributes to the lengthening of the state constitution through the inclusion of detailed provisions, amendments over time, the complexity of legal language, historical influences, and responses to contemporary political dynamics. This results in a document that addresses a wide range of issues but can also become cumbersome and in need of periodic review and revision. 3. Analyze how Edmund J. Davis used the constitutional powers given to him by the constitution of 1869 and how it impacted the Republican Party in Texas. Answer: Edmund J. Davis, as the governor of Texas from 1870 to 1874, utilized the constitutional powers granted to him by the 1869 constitution to significantly impact the Republican Party in Texas and the state's political landscape: 1. Enforcement of Reconstruction Policies: Davis, a Republican aligned with the Radical Republicans, vigorously enforced Reconstruction policies in Texas. These policies aimed to promote civil rights for African Americans, protect their newly gained voting rights, and ensure that Texas adhered to federal mandates imposed during Reconstruction. 2. Centralized Authority: The 1869 constitution granted Davis centralized authority, empowering him to appoint local officials and oversee the implementation of state policies. This centralized control allowed him to assert Republican influence across Texas, particularly in areas where support for Reconstruction policies was weak or non-existent among the predominantly Democratic population. 3. Military and Police Powers: Davis used the Texas State Police, established under the 1869 constitution, to maintain order and enforce Reconstruction laws. This force was seen as necessary by Republicans to counter opposition from former Confederates and ensure compliance with federal directives. 4. Political Patronage: Davis leveraged his authority to appoint loyal Republicans to key positions in government and local administration. This patronage helped consolidate Republican influence and support within Texas, particularly among African Americans and Unionists who saw the Republican Party as a protector of their rights. 5. Impact on the Republican Party: Davis's tenure and use of constitutional powers significantly strengthened the Republican Party in Texas during Reconstruction. By enforcing federal Reconstruction policies and consolidating Republican control through appointments and policies, Davis expanded the party's base of support beyond its initial core of African American voters to include Unionists, scalawags (Southern whites who supported Reconstruction), and others aligned with Republican principles. Overall, Edmund J. Davis's use of constitutional powers granted by the 1869 constitution had a profound impact on the Republican Party in Texas. It solidified Republican control during Reconstruction, expanded the party's influence beyond its traditional base, and shaped the political landscape of Texas for years to come, despite the eventual overthrow of Reconstruction governments in the state by Democrats in the mid-1870s. 4. As a member of the constitutional commission that wrote the Bill of Rights for the present-day constitution of Texas, explain how individual rights of Texans were secured. Answer: As a member of the constitutional commission tasked with writing the Bill of Rights for the present-day constitution of Texas, our primary objective was to ensure the robust protection of individual rights for all Texans. Here are key ways we secured these rights: 1. Inclusion of Fundamental Rights: We meticulously included fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly. These rights are essential for the expression of ideas and beliefs without fear of government interference. 2. Protection of Due Process: We emphasized due process of law, ensuring that individuals are treated fairly in legal proceedings and are protected against arbitrary governmental actions. 3. Right to Privacy: Recognizing the importance of personal privacy, we explicitly included protections against unwarranted searches and seizures, as well as safeguards for personal information and communications. 4. Equal Protection: We enshrined the principle of equal protection under the law, prohibiting discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or other characteristics, thereby promoting fairness and justice for all Texans. 5. Property Rights: Recognizing the importance of property rights, we ensured provisions safeguarding individuals' rights to own and use property, as well as protections against unjust takings by the government. 6. Rights of the Accused: We guaranteed rights for the accused, including the right to a fair trial, legal representation, and protection against self-incrimination, ensuring justice is served impartially. 7. Education and Voting Rights: We included provisions protecting educational opportunities and ensuring that all Texans have the right to participate in the democratic process through fair and accessible voting procedures. 8. Amendment and Review Process: We established mechanisms for amending the constitution to adapt to changing societal needs and values, ensuring that protections of individual rights remain relevant and effective over time. Overall, our work on the Bill of Rights aimed to create a framework where the rights and freedoms of every Texan are respected and protected, laying the foundation for a just and democratic society in Texas. 5. As a member of the revision commission, explain the drawbacks of the Texas Constitution of 1876 that Simon attempted to overcome, and why the recommendations of the commission were not accepted in Texas. Answer: As a member of the revision commission tasked with addressing the drawbacks of the Texas Constitution of 1876, Simon and his colleagues likely identified several key issues that needed correction: 1. Length and Detail: The Texas Constitution of 1876 is excessively lengthy and detailed, making it cumbersome and difficult to amend. This complexity often leads to inefficiency in governance and complicates efforts to adapt to modern challenges. 2. Fragmented Executive Authority: The constitution disperses executive power among multiple elected officials rather than concentrating it in a single executive, leading to potential inefficiencies and difficulties in accountability. 3. Restrictions on State Finances: The 1876 constitution imposes strict limits on state borrowing and taxation, which can hinder the state's ability to adequately fund essential services and infrastructure projects. 4. Inflexible Amendment Process: The amendment process in the 1876 constitution is arduous and requires statewide voter approval for even minor changes, making it challenging to update the constitution to reflect evolving societal needs and values. 5. Outdated Provisions: Some provisions in the 1876 constitution are outdated and no longer relevant to modern governance or societal norms, creating legal and administrative challenges. The revision commission likely proposed reforms to streamline the constitution, consolidate executive authority, modernize fiscal policies, simplify the amendment process, and remove obsolete provisions. However, these recommendations faced significant hurdles in being accepted in Texas for several reasons: 1. Political Resistance: Proposed reforms often face resistance from entrenched political interests who benefit from the status quo or fear changes that could diminish their influence. 2. Historical and Cultural Significance: The Texas Constitution of 1876 holds historical and cultural significance as a symbol of Texas' independence and resistance to centralized authority. There is often reluctance to amend or replace such a foundational document. 3. Public Perception: There may be public sentiment against perceived government overreach or changes that are seen as weakening traditional values or rights, leading to resistance to constitutional reforms. 4. Legal and Procedural Challenges: Amending the Texas Constitution requires a complex process involving legislative approval and voter ratification, making it difficult to garner sufficient support for comprehensive reforms. In conclusion, while Simon and the revision commission likely identified and proposed solutions to the drawbacks of the Texas Constitution of 1876, these recommendations were not easily accepted due to political, historical, cultural, and procedural challenges inherent in the amendment process and public perception. Test Bank for Lone Star Politics Paul Benson, David Clinkscale, Anthony Giardino 9780205971220
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