Chapter 5 Toddlerhood Section 1 Physical Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. During toddlerhood children do not need as much of this to maintain a constant body temperature? A. warm clothes B. mother’s body C. body hair D. body fat Answer: D 2. Your sister is very concerned about your nephew, who is a toddler. When they were at the paediatrician’s office, the doctor measured your nephew’s head circumference and his head is not growing as quickly as his body. What should you tell your sister? A. She should find a good surgeon. The fontanels must have closed too soon. B. You suggest that your nephew must have microcephaly. C. This is to be expected, as the body grows faster than the head during toddlerhood. D. You should remind her that she also has a very small head. Answer: C. This is to be expected, as the body grows faster than the head during toddlerhood. Correct: A neonate’s head is one-fourth of its length; by age 2 the head is one-fifth of its length. B. You suggest that your nephew must have microcephaly. Incorrect: During toddlerhood, the body grows faster than the head. 3. Infants in developing and developed countries grow about the same rate from birth to six months. Why are they similar? A. Infants from developed and developing countries consume breast milk. B. Infants from developed and developing countries start eating solid foods at birth. C. Infants from developed and developing countries do very little to expend calories. D. All infants have access to nutritious and well-balanced foods. Answer: A. Infants from developed and developing countries consume breast milk. Correct: Typically, at birth and for the first six months of life, rates of growth are similar in developed countries and developing countries, because during the early months infants in most cultures rely mainly on breast milk or infant formula and eat little solid food. D. All infants have access to nutritious and well-balanced foods. Incorrect: Typically, at birth and for the first six months of life, rates of growth are similar in developed countries and developing countries, because during the early months infants in most cultures rely mainly on breast milk or infant formula and eat little solid food. 4. Why do infants from developing countries lag behind in their growth compared to infants from developed countries? A. They have reduced access to medical care. B. Their mothers carry them more, which thwarts their growth C. Their fathers put the infants to walk as soon as they begin crawling D. They begin eating more solid food, which is protein deficient Answer: D. They begin eating more solid food, which is protein deficient Correct: Starting around six months of age, children in developing countries begin eating solid food as a larger part of their diet and, thus, receive less protein than babies who continue to receive breast milk. A. They have reduced access to medical care. Incorrect: Starting around six months of age, children in developing countries begin eating solid food as a larger part of their diet and, thus, receive less protein and begin to lag in their growth. 5. You and your roommate are watching a documentary on developing countries and your roommate notices that children in developing countries seem to be small for their ages. What would you tell him about this situation? A. The differences are just his imagination. B. Most children in developing countries eat a diet that is deficient in protein. C. Most children in developing countries work so hard that they do not grow as fast as children from developed countries. D. Being on television makes everyone look thinner; the children’s weights are actually fine Answer: B. Most children in developing countries eat a diet that is deficient in protein. Correct: About one-fourth of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein, nearly all of them in developing countries. A. The differences are just his imagination. Incorrect: About one-fourth of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein, nearly all of them in developing countries. 6. According to the World Health Organization, what percentage of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein? A. 10% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% Answer: B 7. By the time that infants in developing countries reach their first birthday, their height and weight is as low as the bottom _______________ of infants of the same age in developed countries. A. 2% B. 5% C. 10% D. 15% Answer: B 8. Protein deficiency not only limits the growth of children in developing countries, but also makes them vulnerable to _______________. A. anorexia and food addictions B. disease and early death C. low intelligence and behavior disorders D. autism spectrum disorder and Asperger’s syndrome Answer: B 9. Which of the following is a protein deficiency that primarily affects toddlers in developing nations and leads to a range of symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, and thinning of hair? A. kwashiorkor B. micronutrients C. eczema D. tuberculosis Answer: A 10. What disease caused by a protein deficiency lowers the effectiveness of the immune system, making toddlers more vulnerable to disease and, over time, can lead to coma and death? A. marasmus B. cachexia C. kwashiorkor D. anemia Answer: C 11. Iron, zinc, and vitamins A, B-12, C, and D are referred to as _______________. A. vitamins B. micronutrients C. macrovitamins D. essential chemicals Answer: B 12. Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is _______________. A. vitamin C B. fluoride C. iodine D. folic acid Answer: C 13. Approximately one-third of the world’s population has a dietary deficiency of _______________. A. salt B. iodine C. iron D. B-complex vitamins Answer: B 14. For young children who lack iodine, what difficulties can be seen in their cognitive development? A. They actually outperform developed countries due to their work ethic. B. There are no differences in IQ. C. They show IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points. D. They show IQ gains of 5 to 10 points. Answer: C. They show IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points. Correct: This is a substantial margin. B. There are no differences in IQ. Incorrect: There can be IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points. 15. In young children, a lack of iodine inhibits cognitive development, resulting in an estimated IQ deficiency of _______________ points. A. 0–5 B. 5–10 C. 10–15 D. 15–20 Answer: C 16. Your roommate’s brother has a child who is 9 months old. He was watching a documentary concerning iodine deficiency. He was very concerned and was talking about what he could do to help his son. What did you tell your roommate to tell his brother? A. There are injections that can retroactively help with iodine deficiency. B. Provide the child with iodized salt. C. Iodine deficiency is not that big of a deal and there is nothing that can be done. D. Many infants who have iodine deficiencies have very high IQ scores later in life. Answer: B. Provide the child with iodized salt. Correct: Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year. C. Iodine deficiency is not that big of a deal and there is nothing that can be done. Incorrect: Adding iodine to a diet, such as providing iodized salt, is simple and cheap. 17. What is the solution to the dilemma of iodine deficiency in children? A. adding iodine to meat, which is a very costly process B. adding iodine to salt, which costs a few cents per person per year C. adding iodine to the local drinking supply D. injecting iodine into children subcutaneously every two months Answer: B. adding iodine to salt, which costs a few cents per person per year Correct: Adding iodine to salt, known as iodized salt, is a cost-effective and efficient way to ensure that the population receives an adequate amount of iodine. It is a widely adopted public health measure that has been proven to prevent iodine deficiency disorders, including cognitive impairments and thyroid problems, especially in children. This method is inexpensive and easily implemented on a large scale, making it the most practical solution among the given options. C. adding iodine to the local drinking supply Incorrect: Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year. 18. How many neurons does the brain contain when the toddler is 2 years old? A. twice as many as at birth B. four times as many as at birth C. half as many as at birth D. the same total number of neurons Answer: C 19. Comparing the human brain at age two to the human brain at birth, it is clear that _______________. A. there are 50% more neurons B. there are 50% fewer neurons C. the number of neurons has not changed D. there is no way to determine that change in the brain has occurred Answer: B. there are 50% fewer neurons Correct: The brain has only about one-half as many neurons at age two as it did at birth. A. there are 50% more neurons Incorrect: The brain has only about one-half as many neurons at age two as it did at birth. 20. Early brain development is distinguished by the steep increase in _______________. A. synaptic density B. neuronal density C. neuro pathways D. neuronal lipids Answer: A 21. During toddlerhood, where is the peak production of new synapses? A. temporal lobes B. occipital lobes C. frontal lobes D. parietal lobes Answer: C 22. The _______________ is the part of the brain that is the location of our most distinctively human qualities such as reasoning, planning, and creativity. A. frontal lobe B. parietal lobe C. occipital lobe D. temporal lobe Answer: A 23. During toddlerhood new synapses in the frontal cortex are produced at a rate of _______________ per second. A. 2 thousand B. 2 million C. 2 billion D. 2 trillion Answer: B 24. Synaptic density reaches its peak during which stage of development? A. toddlerhood B. childhood C. infancy D. early adulthood Answer: A. toddlerhood Correct: The peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of toddlerhood, around the third birthday. B. childhood Incorrect: The peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of toddlerhood, around the third birthday. 25. About how many synapses will be removed in the frontal cortex from early childhood to adolescence? A. 1/3 B. 1/4 C. 1/8 D. 1/20 Answer: A 26. An electroencephalograph (EEG) measures the electrical activity of the _______________. A. brain B. heart C. pancreas D. liver Answer: A 27. Every time that a synapse fires it emits a tiny burst of electricity. What technology measures this phenomenon? A. electrocardiography B. electroencephalography C. echocardiography D. electromyography Answer: B 28. What have studies measuring brain activity in toddlers found? A. sharp decrease in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months B. steady decline in cortical activity after 12 months C. steady increase in cortical activity after 12 months D. sharp increase in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months Answer: D. sharp increase in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months Correct: This reflects important advances in cognitive and language development. C. steady increase in cortical activity after 12 months Incorrect: EEG research on toddlers has found a sharp increase in overall cortical activity from 18 to 24 months, reflecting important advances in cognitive and language development. 29. What technique of measuring brain responses requires that the individual lay still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use? A. EEG B. fMRI C. EKG D. CBF Answer: B 30. A(n) _______________ is to electrical activity as a(n) _______________ is to magnetic field. A. PET; ECG B. ECG; PET C. EEG; fMRI D. fMRI; EEG Answer: C. EEG; fMRI Correct: The EEG (electroencephalogram) measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, whereas fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) requires a person to lie still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation. D. fMRI; EEG Incorrect: The EEG (electroencephalogram) measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, whereas fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) requires a person to lie still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation. 31. Dr. Syndai wants to assess real-time activity of lower brain structures and not just the cerebral cortex. Her patient is a girl in middle childhood who is old enough to understand that she must remain still for the test. Which of the following devices would Dr. Syndai use? A. ECG B. EEG C. fMRI D. CT Answer: C. fMRI Correct: Unlike the EEG, an FMRI can detect activity in any part of the brain, not just the cerebral cortex. B. EEG Incorrect: Unlike the EEG, an FMRI can detect activity in any part of the brain, not just the cerebral cortex. 32. On average a toddler sleeps _______________ hours per day. A. 13–14 B. 12–13 C. 10–11 D. 8–9 Answer: B 33. Compared to neonates, toddlers sleep _______________ fewer hours per day. A. 6–7 B. 5–6 C. 4–5 D. 3-4 Answer: C. 4–5 Correct: Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday. B. 5–6 Incorrect: Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday. 34. After watching a news report that stated American children do not get enough sleep, you become worried because your son, who is 2 years old, is only sleeping 13 hours a day—12 at night and a one-hour nap. Which of the following statements is supported by research? A. Your son sleeps less than the average amount and he needs more sleep. B. Your son sleeps more than the average amount and you should speak to your paediatrician. C. Your son sleeps the average amount and you should not be worried. D. Sleep research is inconsistent; therefore, this news story is invalid. Answer: C. Your son sleeps the average amount and you should not be worried. Correct: Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday. A. Your son sleeps less than the average amount and he needs more sleep. Incorrect: Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday. 35. According to the text, toddlers not only sleep less than infants, but they tend to _______________. A. sleep more during the day B. sleep more at night C. have more nightmares D. have more REM sleep Answer: B. sleep more at night Correct: The toddler not only sleeps less than the infant but also has more of a night-sleeping, day-waking arousal schedule. A. sleep more during the day Incorrect: The toddler not only sleeps less than the infant but also has more of a night-sleeping, day-waking arousal schedule. 36. The average infant takes _______________ nap(s) per day, whereas the average toddler takes _______________ nap(s) per day. A. 2; 3 B. 3; 2 C. 2; 1 D. 1; 2 Answer: C 37. What is one of the reasons that toddlers who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again between when they are between 18 and 24 months old? A. They have more difficulties with digestion. B. They begin having difficulties with insomnia. C. They have a resurgence of teething. D. They have a huge growth spurt that tends to be painful. Answer: C. They have a resurgence of teething. Correct: There is a resurgence of teething that begins between 13 and 19 months of age. B. They begin having difficulties with insomnia. Incorrect: There is a resurgence of teething that begins between 13 and 19 months of age. 38. Your 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months. You and your spouse were very happy with this new development and were looking forward to many more months of it. But he has started waking up at night again and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason that he is waking up now? A. He has been drinking too much before bedtime. B. His molars are coming in and he is teething. C. He has been eating too much. D. He is going through a growth spurt. Answer: B. His molars are coming in and he is teething. Correct: There is a resurgence of teething that begins between 13 and 19 months of age. C. He has been eating too much. Incorrect: The molars are erupting and the teething pain is waking him up. 39. What is a reason that infants who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again between when they are between 18 and 24 months old? A. They become more aware that they are sleeping by themselves. B. They have more nightmares. C. They watch too much television. D. They drink too many liquids before bedtime. Answer: A. They become more aware that they are sleeping by themselves. Correct: Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room. B. They have more nightmares. Incorrect: Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room. 40. Two possible reasons why toddlers have an increased frequency of waking at night are _______________. A. teething and an increased sense of self B. increased physiological response and increased hormone production C. nocturnal enuresis and increased fidgeting D. decreased autonomic nervous system and increased parasympathetic response Answer: A 41. During toddlerhood, as a sense of self and the separation with others increase, one may see a higher rate of _______________. A. narcolepsy B. waking at night C. napping D. enuresis Answer: B. waking at night Correct: Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room. C. napping Incorrect: Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room. 42. In many traditional cultures, when a mother becomes pregnant with another child the toddler who is accustomed to sleeping with her may _______________. A. continue to sleep with their mother but be placed at the foot of the bed B. continue to sleep with their mother until the birth of their sibling C. be ousted from her bed to sleep with siblings or father D. be ousted from her bed to sleep with grandmother and grandfather Answer: C 43. In traditional cultures, sleeping alone is _______________. A. rare B. common C. common until age 2 D. common until adulthood Answer: A 44. An infant who climbs up a set of stairs is an example of _______________. A. gross motor movement B. fine motor movement C. ambidextrous motor movement D. outward motor movement Answer: A. gross motor movement Correct: Walking, running, climbing, and jumping are all examples of gross motor development. B. fine motor movement Incorrect: Walking, running, climbing, and jumping are all examples of gross motor development. 45. When children first begin to walk they spread their feet apart and take small, stiff-legged steps, shifting their weight from one leg to the other. These movements are where the _______________ stage of development gets its name. A. infancy B. toddlerhood C. adolescence D. old age Answer: B. toddlerhood Correct: Toddlers “toddle” when they walk. A. infancy Incorrect: Toddlers “toddle” when they walk. 46. On average, children begin to walk without the support of others around what age? A. 9 months B. 11 months C. 13 months D. 15 months Answer: B 47. Your brother was hoping that his daughter would grow up to be a gifted soccer player. She is still not making much progress in learning to walk and she is 14 months old. What would you tell your brother? A. He should probably give up on the notion that she will ever play soccer. B. That there is considerable variation when children begin walking and it has nothing to do with later development of athletic ability. C. Not to worry, children do not start walking until they are 18 months old. D. The age when a toddler begins walking is negatively correlated with intelligence, so she is most likely gifted. Answer: B. That there is considerable variation when children begin walking and it has nothing to do with later development of athletic ability. Correct: Children who walk at 9 months are no more likely than children who walk at 17 months to become athletes some day, they simply have different biological time lines for learning to walk. A. He should probably give up on the notion that she will ever play soccer. Incorrect: Children who walk at 9 months are no more likely than children who walk at 17 months to become athletes some day, they simply have different biological time lines for learning to walk. 48. When can the average toddler first kick a ball or throw a small object? A. 6 months B. 12 months C. 18 months D. 24 months Answer: D 49. You come from a family that is very athletic. You and several other family members had athletic scholarships in college and an uncle who played professional baseball. You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball. Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball, he has not been able to kick it. After taking a developmental course, you find that _______________. A. your son is very far behind in motor development B. he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball C. if you work with him and make it fun, he will be able to kick the ball D. your son is just not very bright Answer: B. he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball Correct: Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age. A. your son is very far behind in motor development Incorrect: Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age. 50. Mikael is a toddler who can stand on one leg, run with stiff legs, and kick a ball. Mikael is at least _______________. A. 6 months old B. 12 months old C. 18 months old D. 24 months old Answer: D. 24 months old Correct: Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age. C. 18 months old Incorrect: Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age. 51. Which of the following is a proper sequencing of gross motor development during toddlerhood? A. running with stiff legs, standing on one leg, kicking a ball, walking without support B. walking without support, standing on one leg, running with stiff legs, kicking a ball C. standing on one leg, walking without support, kicking a ball, running with stiff legs D. kicking a ball, standing on one leg, walking without support, running with stiff legs Answer: B. walking without support, standing on one leg, running with stiff legs, kicking a ball Correct: Children begin to walk without support at about 11 months. By 15 months most toddlers can stand on one leg. By 18 months most can run, although at first they run with the same stiff-legged, wide-stance posture as they use for walking. By 24 months they can kick a ball. C. standing on one leg, walking without support, kicking a ball, running with stiff legs Incorrect: Children begin to walk without support at about 11 months. By 15 months most toddlers can stand on one leg. By 18 months most can run, although at first they run with the same stiff-legged, wide-stance posture as they use for walking. By 24 months they can kick a ball. 52. Toddlers become better at using what perceptual system to adjust their walking and running in response to changes in surfaces? A. auditory system B. visual system C. tactile system D. vestibular system Answer: B 53. In regards to gross motor development, toddlers in traditional cultures are allowed _______________. A. slightly more mobility as compared to developed nations B. slightly less mobility as compared to developed nations C. much more mobility as compared to developed nations D. much less mobility as compared to developed nations Answer: A 54. Toddlers in traditional cultures are still held and carried for about half their waking hours. What effect does this have on the development of their motor skills? Toddlers in traditional cultures _______________. A. are considerably behind toddlers in developed countries B. are only slightly delayed compared to toddlers in developed countries C. are equal to toddlers in developed countries D. are actually more advanced than toddlers in developed countries because they experience fewer injuries associated with walking earlier Answer: C. are equal to toddlers in developed countries Correct: Even though toddlers in traditional cultures are held and carried for about half their waking hours, they are equal to toddlers in developed countries in the development of their gross motor skills. A. are considerably behind toddlers in developed countries Incorrect: Even though toddlers in traditional cultures are held and carried for about half their waking hours, they are equal to toddlers in developed countries in the development of their gross motor skills. 55. Many parents in developed countries remove sharp objects and other potentially harmful items when their toddlers become mobile. What is this called? A. baby safety B. baby proofing C. object protection D. compulsive behavior Answer: B 56. At 12 months an infant will be able to _______________. A. hold a container while placing rocks into it B. kick a ball while running C. write their name with a crayon D. brush their teeth Answer: A. hold a container while placing rocks into it Correct: At 12 months, toddlers can hold an object in one hand while performing an action on it with the other. B. kick a ball while running Incorrect: At 12 months, toddlers can hold an object in one hand while performing an action on it with the other. 57. At what age do children show a definite handedness preference during self-feeding? A. 24 months B. 18 months C. 12 months D. 6 months Answer: C 58. During the first year of toddlerhood, one would expect a toddler to be able to _______________. A. hold a cup and scribble with a crayon B. use a fork and knife with coordination C. stand on one foot, run, and kick a ball D. be potty-trained and able to brush their teeth Answer: A. hold a cup and scribble with a crayon Correct: During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, scribble with a pencil or crayon, build a tower of 3 to 4 blocks, and turn the pages of a book. B. use a fork and knife with coordination Incorrect: During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, scribble with a pencil or crayon, build a tower of 3 to 4 blocks, and turn the pages of a book. 59. In regards to fine motor development, an infant who is 1 year old can _______________, and a toddler who is 3 years old can _______________. A. tie their shoes; draw a circle with a crayon B. draw a circle with a crayon; tie their shoes C. draw a semi-straight line; hold a cup D. hold a cup; draw a semi-straight line Answer: C. draw a semi-straight line; hold a cup Correct: During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, while they can draw a semi-straight line during the second year of toddlerhood. B. draw a circle with a crayon; tie their shoes Incorrect: During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, while they can draw a semi-straight line during the second year of toddlerhood. 60. What is one of the things that toddlers can do during their third year of life? A. climb a rope B. brush their teeth C. button their shirts D. tie their shoes Answer: B. brush their teeth Correct: Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance. A. climb a rope Incorrect: Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance. 61. One would not expect a toddler to brush their own teeth, with a little assistance, until what age? A. second year of life B. third year of life C. fourth year of life D. fifth year of life Answer: B. third year of life Correct: Toddlers between 24 and 36 months can brush their teeth, with a little assistance. A. second year of life Incorrect: Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance. 62. What percentage of American toddlers were toilet trained by 18 months in 1957? A. 2% B. 42% C. 62% D. 92% Answer: D 63. Studies from 1957 of American children reported that 92% were toilet trained by the time they were _______________. A. 3 months old. B. 6 months old C. 12 months old D. 18 months old Answer: D 64. What percentage of toddlers are currently toilet trained in the United States by their third birthday? A. 20% B. 40% C. 60% D. 80% Answer: C 65. Today, most American pediatricians believe that it is best to be patient with toddlers and their progress toward toilet training. When do they recommend toilet training now? A. when the toddler is 20 months old B. when the toddler seems ready C. anytime before kindergarten D. when the cost of diapers gets too expensive Answer: B. when the toddler seems ready Correct: One sign of readiness is that the child directly asks to use the toilet or to wear underwear instead of a diaper. A. when the toddler is 20 months old Incorrect: Today, most American pediatricians believe it is best to be patient with toddlers’ progress toward toilet training, and to time it according to when the toddler seems ready. 66. Most toddlers show signs of readiness to begin the process of toilet training between what ages? A. 6–18 months B. 12–24 months C. 18–30 months D. 24–48 months Answer: C 67. Which of the following are signs that a toddler might be ready to begin toilet training? A. increased regular sleep-wake cycles, staying dry during naps, and increased motions to remove a diaper B. staying awake during nap time, increased motions to remove a diaper, and increased temper tantrums at bedtime C. increased motions to remove a diaper, increased crying when a diaper put on, and increased regular feeding patterns D. staying dry for a few hours during the day, having regular bowel movements, and increased anticipation of urine or bowel movement Answer: D 68. What is a sign that your toddler is ready to be toilet trained? A. She shows her dolly how to go “potty.” B. She can hold her urine but has no control over bowel movements. C. She asks for a dry diaper. D. She is able to anticipate when she needs to use the toilet. Answer: D 69. Your friend is frustrated because she has tried to toilet train her 24-month-old son for the past week but progress is slow and taking longer than she would like. Which of the following statements is a proper response to your friend? A. “I’m surprised he’s not potty trained yet. You might want to see a pediatrician.” B. “Be patient, it is not going to happen overnight. Some children take months or even years to become potty trained.” C. “Most toddlers learn how to use the potty in two weeks, so you’re almost there.” D. “You really shouldn’t toilet train until the child stays dry throughout the night. So I don’t think he’s ready just yet.” Answer: B. “Be patient, it is not going to happen overnight. Some children take months or even years to become potty trained.” Correct: Also, the earlier toilet training begins, the longer it takes to complete it. D. “You really shouldn’t toilet train until the child stays dry throughout the night. So I don’t think he’s ready just yet.” Incorrect: Typically, toilet training is a process that continues over several weeks, months, or even years. 70. Children are likely to wear what garment at night for a period after learning toilet training? A. regular underwear and pajamas B. diapers C. plastic underwear D. training pants Answer: D 71. What percentage of five year olds has an occasional accident in toilet training, usually at night? A. 10% B. 25% C. 50% D. 80% Answer: B 72. At age 5, about one-fourth of toddlers may occasionally _______________. A. refuse to wear a diaper B. have delays in fine motor movement C. wet their bed at night D. have delays in gross motor movement Answer: C 73. Who is likely to toilet train toddlers in traditional countries? A. parents B. grandparents C. older siblings D. no one Answer: C 74. Based on what we know of human history and practices today in traditional culture, most infants are breast-fed until _______________ year(s) of age. A. 1 B. 1–2 C. 2–3 D. 3–4 Answer: C 75. Based on what we currently know of human history and what we know of traditional cultures, what has been the typical human custom regarding breast-feeding? Infants were weaned _______________. A. before 12 months B. by 18 months C. by 24 months D. between 24 and 36 months Answer: D 76. _______________ is the term that describes when the mother decides the time has come for the child to stop breast-feeding. A. Colicking B. Weaning C. Lactating D. Latching Answer: B 77. It is a greater challenge to wean a toddler from breast milk than an to wean an infant because _______________. A. breast-feeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures B. the toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior C. the toddler has developed teeth and might resist unconsciously with negative behaviors D. the toddler has greater emotional instability an infant Answer: B. the toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior Correct: The toddler can also speak up, in a way the infant cannot, to make demands and protest prohibitions. D. the toddler has greater emotional instability an infant Incorrect: The toddler is much more socially aware than the infant, and much more capable of exercising intentional behavior. The toddler can also speak up, in a way the infant cannot, to make demands and protest prohibitions. 78. For most cultures, weaning from breast milk is _______________. A. sudden and abrupt B. gentle and gradual C. harsh and punitive D. nonexistent and or absent Answer: B 79. Your sister breast-fed for 14 months and is now interested in weaning her daughter. It is obvious that your niece does not want to stop breast-feeding. She toddles around your sister holding her arms up and crying. Nothing seems to soothe her. Remembering your developmental course and what traditional cultures do, you suggest that your sister _______________. A. rub tomato paste on her nipples before breastfeeding B. simply ignore your niece C. shut your niece in her room between meals D. give her a pacifier Answer: A. rub tomato paste on her nipples before breastfeeding Correct: In Turkey, mothers sometimes rub tomato paste on their nipples which the children do not like and aids in weaning. B. simply ignore your niece Incorrect: In Turkey, mothers sometimes rub tomato paste on their nipples which the children do not like and aids in weaning. Short Answer Questions 80. What is synaptic pruning and is it normal? Answer: Synaptic pruning is an example of “use it or lose it” in that the synapses that are used become more efficient and those that are not used die off. The result is fewer, but more efficient, synaptic connections. This is a normal process that starts in toddlerhood and continues at a slower rate into adolescence and adulthood. 81. Describe two milestones of gross motor development in toddlerhood. Answer: Most toddlers start to walk by about one year, but there is quite a bit of variation that is still considered “normal.” By about 18 months they can run, but it is an awkward run with stiff legs. 82. Describe a fine motor skill that a three-year-old can do that a one-year old would not yet be able to do. Answer: Three-year-olds gain more control over their hand movements and can start to draw a straight line and copy circles. They can even brush their teeth, although they will need help. One-year-olds are already showing hand preference and can hold a pencil and scribble, but it is not as controlled as it will be by the time they are three. 83. What does Arnett mean by “controlled elimination?” Answer: Arnett uses this as an alternative to “toilet training” because in traditional cultures, toilets as we know them in the U.S. are nonexistent. Children learn controlled elimination by watching others, such as older siblings or other children, and they may go in a hole or a lagoon. 84. Give an example of how toddlers are weaned in traditional cultures if the gradual approach does not work. Answer: The mother may coat her nipple with something the toddler will find unappealing, such as bitter herbs or tomato paste. In traditional cultures, if the gradual approach does not work, toddlers may be weaned abruptly by applying a bitter substance to the mother's nipples or sending the child to stay with relatives for a few days. Essay Questions 85. Describe common nutritional problems of toddlers in developing countries and consequences that are likely to result. Answer: • Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency that makes children vulnerable to illness and death. Although the belly is large, it is a result of swelling and their hair is thin and brittle. • These children are lethargic and irritable. • Iodine deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. This leads to deficits in cognitive development. This is most common in Africa and S. Asia, and even though adding iodine to foods is simple and cheap (in the form of iodized salt, for example), many children still lack this micronutrient 86. Is motor development more or less restricted in traditional cultures/developing countries compared to OECD countries? Why? How does this difference impact growth of motor skills? Answer: Infants and toddlers in traditional cultures spend less of their waking hours on the ground crawling and walking. They are often swaddled on their mothers’ backs and carried around for much of the day as she works. The main reason is that there are more dangers in traditional cultures, such as open fires used for cooking, cliffs, or livestock that could injure them. They still achieve their motor milestones at about the same time as their counterparts from OECD countries; a finding that suggests that nature may be more influential than nurture in shaping motor development MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. The growth rate for infants in developing and developed countries is very similar. Why? A. Infants from both developed and developing countries consume breast milk. B. Infants from developed and developing countries start eating solid foods at a young age. C. Infants from developed and developing countries do very little to expend calories. D. All infants have access to nutritious and well-balanced foods. Answer: A 2. About 30% of the world's population has a dietary deficiency of what nutrient? A. Salt B. Iodine C. Iron D. B-Complex vitamins Answer: B 3. The study of early brain development has discovered a huge increase in ______ A. synaptic density B. neuronal density C. neuropathways D. neuronal lipids Answer: A 4. If you were going to have an electroencephalogram, what part of the body would be examined? A. Brain B. Heart C. Pancreas D. liver Answer: A 5. How many hours a day less do toddlers sleep compared to neonates? A. 4 or 5 B. 6 or 7 C. 8 or 9 D. 10 or 11 Answer: A 6. Your neighbor's18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months. They were very happy at this new development and were looking forward to many more months of it. He has started waking up at night and been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason that he is waking up now? A. He has been drinking too much before bedtime. B. He has been eating too much. C. His molars are coming in and he is teething. D. He is going through a growth spurt. Answer: C 7. Your father is an avid soccer fan and was hoping that his granddaughter would grow up to be a gifted soccer player. She is still not making much progress in learning to walk and she is 14 months old. What would you tell your father? A. He should probably give up on the notion that she will ever play soccer. B. Not to worry, children do not start walking until they are 18 months old. C. There is considerable variation when children begin walking and it has nothing to do with later development of athletic ability. D. The age when a toddler begins walking is negatively correlated with intelligence so she is most likely gifted. Answer: C 8. Your daughter is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year she should be able to _______________. A. Use a fork and knife with coordination B. Stand on one foot, run, and kick a ball C. Be potty trained and be able to brush her teeth D. Hold a cup and scribble with a crayon Answer: D 9. You have been trying to toilet train your son, but you are not having much luck. What do you think is holding up the process? A. There must be a physical difficulty that will require an intervention. B. You tried to toilet train too soon. If your son cannot stay dry during the night, toilet training is going to be a disaster. C. Most toddlers learn to potty train in a week, so there must be a cognitive deficiency. D. Some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained. Answer: D 10. In terms of most cultures, how does weaning transpire? A. Roughly and judgmentally B. Suddenly and abruptly C. Harshly with punishment D. Gently and gradually Answer: D Post-Test 1. Your nephew is a toddler. During his last visit to the pediatrician, the doctor measured his head circumference and his head is not growing as quickly as his body. What should you tell your sister? A. This is to be expected, as the body grows faster than the head during toddlerhood. B. She should find a good surgeon. The fontanels must have closed too soon. C. You suggest that your nephew must have microencephaly. D. You should remind her that she also has a very small head. Answer: A 2. Vitamins A, B-12, C, D, iron, and zinc are _______________. A. vitamins B. micronutrients C. macrovitamins D. essential chemicals Answer: B 3. What is true regarding the human brain at age two when compared to the brain at birth? A. There are 50% fewer neurons. B. The number of neurons has not changed. C. There are 50% more neurons. D. There is no way to determine what changes have occurred. Answer: A 4. A toddler produces how many new synapses in the frontal cortex per second? A. 2 million B. 200,000 C. 20,000 D. 2,000 Answer: A 5. Your paediatrician would like to get a detailed assessment of brain activity of the lower structure and not just the cortex, what technique would be used? A. fMRI B. ECG C. EEG D. CT Answer: A 6. As a toddler's sense of self and the separation with others increases, one may see a higher rate of _______________. A. narcolepsy B. napping C. waking at night D. enuresis Answer: C 7. You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball. Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball, he has not been able to kick it. You come from a family that is very athletic. You and several other family members had athletic scholarships in college and an uncle who played professional baseball. Considering all of the relevant data, you discover that _________________. A. if you work with him and make it fun, he will be able to kick the ball B. your son is very far behind in motor development C. he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball D. your son is just not very bright Answer: C 8. You have a 12-month-old infant. She should be able to _______________. A. brush her teeth B. write her name with a crayon C. kick a ball while running D. hold a container in her hands Answer: D 9. You are interested in toilet training your toddler. When will you know that she is ready? A. When she can hold her urine but has no control over bowel movements B. When she shows her dolly how to go "potty" C. When she asks for a dry diaper D. When she is able to anticipate that needs to use the toilet Answer: D 10. You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant? A. Breast-feeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures. B. The toddler has developed teeth and might unconsciously resist with negative behaviors. C. The toddler has greater emotional instability than an infant. D. The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior. Answer: D Chapter Exam 1. By the time that a child reaches toddlerhood they need less _______________ maintain a constant body temperature. A. warm clothing B. body fat C. body hair D. the mother's body Answer: B 2. When children in developing countries experience protein deficiency it no only limits their growth, but makes them vulnerable to _______________. A. anorexia and food addictions B. low intelligence and behavior disorders C. disease and early death D. autism spectrum disorder and Asperger's disorder Answer: C 3. What is potentially the most critical micronutrient deficiency worldwide? A. Vitamin C B. Iodine C. Fluoride D. Folic acid Answer: B 4. How many neurons does a two-year-old toddler have compared to birth? A. Half as many B. Twice as many C. Four times as many D. The same number Answer: A 5. During toddlerhood what is the rate of new synapses that are formed in the frontal cortex? A. 200 per day B. 200 per hour C. 200,000 per minute D. 2 million per second Answer: D 6. How many hours does the average toddler sleep a day? A. 13 to 14 B. 12 to 13 C. 10 to 11 D. 8 to 9 Answer: B 7. Infants who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again between when they are 18 and 24 months old. Why? A. They become more aware that they are sleeping by themselves. B. They have more nightmares. C. They watch too much television. D. They drink too many liquids before bedtime. Answer: A 8. At what age do children begin to walk without the support of others around them? A. 9 months B. 11 months C. 13 months D. 15 months Answer: B 9. What is the sequence of gross motor development during toddlerhood? A. Toddling, walking without support, standing on one leg, running with stiff legs, kicking a ball B. Running with stiff legs, standing on one leg, kicking a ball, walking without support, toddling C. Standing on one leg, walking without support, kicking a ball, running with stiff legs D. Toddling, kicking a ball, standing on one leg, walking without support, running with stiff legs Answer: A 10. During self-feeding children show a definite handedness preference. At what age does this occur? A. 24 months B. 18 months C. 12 months D. 6 months Answer: C 11. By their third birthday, what percent of toddlers in the United States is toilet trained? A. 20% B. 40% C. 60% D. 80% Answer: C 12. Between what ages do toddlers show signs of readiness for toilet training? A. 6 to 18 months B. 12 to 24 months C. 18 to 30 months D. 24 to 36 months Answer: C 13. What garment are children likely to wear at night for a period after learning to be toilet trained? A. Regular underwear and pajamas B. Diapers C. Training pants D. Plastic underwear Answer: C 14. In traditional cultures, who is likely to provide toilet training to toddlers? A. Parents B. Grandparents C. Older siblings D. No one Answer: C 15. What is the term used to describe when a mother has decided that the child should stop breast feeding? A. Weaning B. Colick C. Lactating D. Latching Answer: A Quick Review 1. Infants from developing countries lag behind in their growth compared to infants from developed countries. Why? A. They begin eating more solid food around six months of age and receive less protein. B. They have reduced access to medical care. C. Their fathers put the infants to work as soon as they begin crawling. D. Their mothers carry them more, which thwarts their growth. Answer: A 2. What cognitive difficulties are generally seen in children who lack iodine? A. They actually outperform developed countries due to their work ethics. B. They have IQ deficiencies of between 10 and 15 points. C. There are no differences in IQ. D. They have IQ gains of between 10 and 15 points. Answer: B 3. What part of the brain is associated with reasoning, planning, and creativity? A. Frontal lobes B. Parietal lobes C. Occipital lobes D. Temporal lobes Answer: A 4. How many hours a day does the average toddler sleep? A. 12 to 13 B. 10 to 11 C. 8 to 9 D. 6 to 7 Answer: A 5. How common is it for a toddler to sleep alone in a traditional culture? A. Rare B. Common C. Common until age 2 years D. Common until adulthood Answer: A 6. In their third year, what perceptual system do toddlers become better at using to adjust to their walking and running in response to changes in surfaces? A. Auditory B. Tactile C. Visual D. Vestibular Answer: C 7. A three-year-old toddler should be able to _______________. A. tie their shoes, anddraw a circle with a crayon B. draw a semi-straight line and tie their shoes C. hold a cup and draw a semi-straight line D. draw a circle and a semi-straight line with a crayon Answer: C 8. When a toddler is in his third year of life, what is one of the things that you would expect that he could do? A. Tie his shoes B. Button his shirt C. Climb a rope D. Brush his teeth Answer: D 9. At what age do American pediatricians recommend toilet training? A. When the toddler is 20 months old B. Any time before kindergarten C. When the cost of diapers becomes too expensive D. When the toddler seems ready Answer: D 10. About 25% of toddlers who are five years old may occasionally _______________. A. refuse to wear a diaper B. have delays in fine motor movement C. have delays in gross motor movement D. wet their beds at night Answer: D Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. Karen Adolph notes that in some cultures, toddlers do not crawl at all or learn to crawl only after they have mastered walking. What cultural factors might influence this? Answer: Baby wearing and swaddling into the late infant and early toddler years certainly impact the experiences that children might have and the amount of opportunities they have available to them to try out motor skills. If parents are encouraging the sitting, walking, crawling, etc. and providing adequate opportunities for the child to practice the skills, they are more likely to achieve them at an earlier rate. 2. Should parents be concerned if their child takes longer than other children to achieve a gross motor milestone, such as learning to walk? Why or why not? Answer: There is a very wide range of time in which it is perfectly normal for children to acquire different motor skills. Parents should not be overly concerned if their child takes longer to achieve a gross motor milestone, as there is a wide range of normal development. However, consulting a paediatrician for reassurance and guidance can be helpful. 3. According to Adolph’s longitudinal research, at what point do infants and toddlers have a solid grasp of their gross motor abilities? What is the relevance of this for parents who are trying to baby-proof their house? Answer: Adolph mentions that based on her research the children acquired new skills quite quickly yet with each new skill they acquired, it produced repeated dangers and flaws in judgment. When crawlers became walkers they made the same dangerous missteps down the decline that they did when they first started to crawl. They impact parents who are baby-proofing because they need to be aware that even though they are secure in one area of skill development, it does not necessarily mean that they will be stable when they move on to the next skill. There are cultural, environmental, and genetic factors that all play a role in gross motor skill development. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The narrator of this video tells us that three factors can influence motor development. Which of the following lists contains those three factors? A. environmental, physical, emotional B. genetic, environmental, cultural C. environmental, cultural, emotional D. genetic, physical, emotional Answer: B 2. Which of the following is a cultural factor that could influence a child learning to crawls before they walk? A. wearing the child in a sling or other device for a large portion of the day B. children eating healthy foods C. living in a home or a hut D. grandparents caring for the child instead of parents Answer: A 3. At what age does the video state that the influence of environmental factors typically diminish? A. age 4 B. age 5 C. age 6 D. age 7 Answer: C Section 2 Cognitive Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development proposes that individuals move through _______________ sensorimotor stages. A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 Answer: C 2. Piaget’s fifth sensorimotor stage is _______________. A. simple reflexes B. secondary circular reactions C. tertiary circular reactions D. mental representations Answer: C 3. In this Piagetian stage, toddlers intentionally try out different behaviors to see what the effects will be. A. simple reflexes B. first habits and primary circular reactions C. secondary circular reactions D. tertiary circular reactions Answer: D 4. Actions in tertiary circular reactions are _______________. A. intentional from the beginning B. reflexive from the beginning C. unconscious from the beginning D. autonomic from the beginning Answer: A. intentional from the beginning Correct: Unlike secondary circular reactions, the action in tertiary circular reactions is intentional from the beginning. B. reflexive from the beginning Incorrect: Unlike secondary circular reactions, the action in tertiary circular reactions is intentional from the beginning. 5. After work you drive home to find that your toddler is pushing the garage door opener so that the garage door opens and then shuts. At first you were a little unhappy that she was doing this, but you remembered your training in development and realized that your daughter was engaged in what Piaget referred to as _______________. A. tertiary circular reactions B. secondary circular reactions C. primary circular reactions D. reflexes Answer: A. tertiary circular reactions Correct: Pushing the garage door opener to watch the garage door open and shut is a tertiary circular reaction because it is intentional. B. secondary circular reactions Incorrect: Pushing the garage door opener to watch the garage door open and shut is a tertiary circular reaction because it is intentional. 6. When toddlers think about the range of possibilities of an action before they perform the behavior, they are engaging in what substage of sensorimotor development? A. primary circular reactions B. secondary circular reactions C. tertiary circular reactions D. mental representations Answer: D. mental representations Correct: In this stage toddlers think about the possibilities and select the action most likely to achieve the desired outcome. C. tertiary circular reactions Incorrect: They are engaging in mental representations. 7. _______________ is the basis of human language. A. Deferred imitation B. Mental representation C. Unconscious symbolism D. Object permanence Answer: B 8. When can we say that toddlers have attained object permanence? A. when they generally avoid the A-not-B error B. when they remember where the object is C. when they look for the object under sheet A D. when they get irritated when they do not find the object Answer: A. when they generally avoid the A-not-B error Correct: However, this error can still happen occasionally even into early childhood. C. when they look for the object under sheet A Incorrect: Toddlers have attained object permanence once they generally avoid the A-not-B error. 9. Avoiding the A-not-B error is an indicator of whether or not a toddler has overcome _______________. A. animism B. deferred imitation C. object permanence D. egocentrism Answer: C. object permanence Correct: This is, the child generally understand that an object hidden under another object is still there. B. deferred imitation Incorrect: Toddlers have attained object permanence once they generally avoid the A-not-B error. 10. Interestingly, object permanence is not a uniquely human achievement. Who else can acquire object permanence? A. chimpanzees at two years of age B. dogs at one year of age C. cats at two years of age D. nearly all reptiles at any age Answer: A 11. Object permanence is a mechanism that fosters attachment because _______________. A. it includes the realization that the person you see on one occasion is the same person you saw on a previous occasion B. it allows for a greater psychosocial bond C. it mellows the temperament of both child and caregiver D. attachment makes up Piaget’s final stage of sensorimotor development. Answer: A. it includes the realization that the person you see on one occasion is the same person you saw on a previous occasion Correct: This allows you to begin to form attachments to others. B. it allows for a greater psychosocial bond Incorrect: Object permanence is critical to functioning in the social world, because it includes the realization that the person you see on one occasion is the same person you saw on a previous occasion, which allows you to begin to form attachments to others. 12. The ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time is _______________. A. secondary circular reactions B. object permanence C. action memory D. deferred imitation Answer: D 13. Deferred imitation is the ability to _______________. A. sort objects into categories B. repeat actions observed at an earlier time C. accomplish a task with little assistance D. encode and decode social situations Answer: B 14. You have been a life-long smoker, but you quit at the end of last week because you know how damaging it is to your health and you do not want to be a bad influence on your son, who is a toddler. You walk into your son’s room and find him acting like he is smoking with a crayon. According to Piaget, what is your son doing? A. secondary circular reactions B. deferred imitation C. object permanence D. action memory Answer: B. deferred imitation Correct: Piaget would say that the son is engaging in deferred imitation, which is the ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time. D. action memory Incorrect: Piaget would say that the son is engaging in deferred imitation, which is the ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time. 15. What part of the brain is especially important in long-term memory encoding and recall? A. the corpus collosum B. the amygdala C. the hippocampus D. the thalamus Answer: C 16. Piaget believed that _______________ in toddlerhood is the basis of categorization. A. object permanence B. deferred imitation C. mental representation D. hindsight bias Answer: C 17. _______________ is the basis for categorization; categorization is the basis for _______________. A. Deferred imitation; animism B. Animism; deferred imitation C. Mental representation; language D. Language; mental representation Answer: C. Mental representation; language Correct: Piaget believed that mental representation in toddlerhood is the basis of categorization. The categories, in turn, become the basis for language, because each noun and verb represents a category. For example, the word truck represents the category “truck” containing every possible variety of truck; the word run represents the category “run” containing all varieties of running, and so on. D. Language; mental representation Incorrect: Piaget believed that mental representation in toddlerhood is the basis of categorization. The categories, in turn, become the basis for language, because each noun and verb represents a category. For example, the word truck represents the category “truck” containing every possible variety of truck; the word run represents the category “run” containing all varieties of running, and so on. 18. At a recent birthday party that your daughter attended she received a bag of colorful plastic toys. There were several animals, a few cars, and people. After you opened the bag, your daughter started playing with them. After a few minutes you noticed that she was putting them into groups (e.g., animals, cars, people, etc.). What was she doing? A. sorting B. categorizing C. memorizing D. practicing fine motor skills Answer: B. categorizing Correct: Piaget believed that mental representation in toddlerhood is the basis of categorization. A. sorting Incorrect: Placing the toys into groups is an example of categorization. 19. What can be said regarding Piaget’s understanding of children’s early abilities? A. He underestimated their abilities. B. He overestimated their abilities. C. He was completely wrong about their abilities. D. He was exactly accurate about their abilities. Answer: A. He underestimated their abilities. Correct: Recent experiments seem to indicate that Piaget underestimated children’s early abilities, as children are able to do more than he had thought. B. He overestimated their abilities. Incorrect: Recent experiments seem to indicate that Piaget underestimated children’s early abilities, as children are able to do more than he had thought. 20. Quinn et al. (1993) examined the abilities of 3- and 4-month-old infants. After they looked at a series of photographs of cats, the infants were shown two new photos, one of a cat and one of a dog. They looked longer at the photograph of the dog. This indicated that infants this age _______________. A. like dogs better than cats B. were bored with the cat photos C. could categorize D. were not sure what dogs were Answer: C. could categorize Correct: This indicated that the infants had been using a category for “cat,” and looked longer at the dog photo because it did not fit. A. like dogs better than cats Incorrect: This indicated that the infants had been using a category for “cat,” and looked longer at the dog photo because it did not fit. 21. You have a friend who has a 12-month-old son and you have an 18-month-son. You have been getting together each week for a couple of months for them to be around other infants and so that you can talk. Your friend is concerned that his son is not very advanced because your son systematically and deliberately separates his various toys into categories while he plays and his son is oblivious to any categories. What would you tell your friend? A. that his son should probably start going to a high-quality day care B. that his son will most likely also categorize when he is 18 months old C. that your son is very advanced since children generally do not categorize until they are at least 24 months old D. that infants are very different in their development Answer: B. that his son will most likely also categorize when he is 18 months old Correct: A study found that only some 12-month-old children placed objects into categories, while nearly all 18-month-old children placed objects into categories. D. that infants are very different in their development Incorrect: A study found that only some 12-month-old children placed objects into categories, while nearly all 18-month-old children placed objects into categories. 22. Who was the psychologist who first began examining cognitive development within a cultural emphasis? A. Jean Piaget B. Lev Vygotsky C. B. F. Skinner D. R. J. Sternberg Answer: B 23. Whose theory of cognitive development is often referred to as a socio-cultural theory? A. R. J. Sternberg B. Jean Piaget C. Lev Vygotsky D. B. F. Skinner Answer: C 24. Lev Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development is very different from Piaget’s view of cognitive development in that Vygotsky’s emphasizes _______________. A. the child’s interactions with the physical environment B. genetic inheritance from one’s parents C. cognitive development as both a social and cultural process D. neural plasticity Answer: C. cognitive development as both a social and cultural process Correct: Vygotsky’s theory is often referred to as a sociocultural theory, because in his view cognitive development is always both a social and a cultural process. A. the child’s interactions with the physical environment Incorrect: Vygotsky’s theory is often referred to as a sociocultural theory, because in his view cognitive development is always both a social and a cultural process. 25. _______________ is the difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. A. Self efficacy B. Animism C. Zone of proximal development D. Deferred imitation Answer: C 26. According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is _______________. A. developed by an educational specialist B. just beyond their ability to immediately grasp it C. within the zone of proximal development D. concrete in nature Answer: C 27. _______________ refers to the degree of assistance provided to children in the zone of proximal development. A. Deferred imitation B. Animism C. Scaffolding D. Object permanence Answer: C 28. What refers to the degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop? A. guided instruction B. framing C. scaffolding D. guided participation Answer: C 29. What concept would accurately describe teaching your daughter how to dress herself? You first dressed her, indicating what you were doing and why, then you had her help as you dressed her, and lastly allowed her to dress herself as you watched and helped if needed? A. scaffolding B. framing C. guided instruction D. zone of proximal development Answer: A. scaffolding Correct: Scaffolding can occur at any age, whenever there is someone who is learning a skill or gaining knowledge from someone else. C. guided instruction Incorrect: Scaffolding is the degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop. 30. _______________ underscore the social nature of learning in Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development. A. Chromosome and genetic lineage B. Maturation and neurological development C. Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development D. Equilibrium, disequilibrium, and schemas Answer: C. Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development Correct: In Vygotsky’s view, learning always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining knowledge. B. Maturation and neurological development Incorrect: Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development underscore the social nature of learning in Vygotsky’s theory. In his view, learning always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining knowledge. 31. Barbara Rogoff extended Vygotsky’s theory. She discussed the teaching interaction between two people as they participate in a culturally valued activity. What did she call this concept? A. scaffolding B. cultural sensitivity C. zone of proximal development D. guided participation Answer: D 32. Guided participation refers to _______________. A. the degree of assistance provided to children in the zone of proximal development B. the teaching interaction between two people as they participate in a culturally valued activity C. the difference between skills or tasks that a child can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer D. the ability to take word symbols of language and combine them in a variety of infinite ways Answer: B 33. What allows humans to communicate about not just what is observable in the present, but about an infinite range of things beyond the present moment? A. gestures B. thinking C. cognition D. language Answer: D 34. When does language development have its most rapid and important advances? A. infancy B. toddlerhood C. early childhood D. adolescence Answer: B 35. What famous chimpanzee learned to use approximately 100 signs, mostly involving requests for food? A. Nim Chimpsky B. Washoe C. Ayumu D. Viki Answer: B 36. Chimpanzees lack the most important and distinctive feature of human language. What is that? A. a pharynx B. Broca’s area C. abstract word knowledge D. infinite generativity Answer: D. infinite generativity Correct: Primates lack infinite generativity, the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways B. Broca’s area Incorrect: Primates lack infinite generativity, the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways. 37. _______________ is the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways. A. Endless combinations B. Unobstructed creativity C. Unlimited possibility D. Infinite generativity Answer: D 38. Humans can produce a much wider range of sounds than other primates because the larynx is located lower in the throat. As a result, humans have a large sound-chamber knows as the _______________. A. vocal folds B. sublarynx C. pharynx D. voice box Answer: C 39. Which area of the brain in the left frontal lobe is specialized for language production? A. Broca’s area B. Wernicke’s area C. Lashley’s area D. Gazzaniga’s area Answer: A 40. Which area of the brain in the left temporal lobe is specialized for language comprehension? A. Broca’s area B. Wernicke’s area C. Lashley’s area D. Gazzaniga’s area Answer: B 41. _______________ is specialized for language production, whereas _______________ is specialized for language comprehension. A. Piaget’s area; Vygotsky’s area B. Vygotsky’s area; Piaget’s area C. Broca’s area; Wernicke’s area D. Wernicke’s area; Broca’s area Answer: C 42. In simplistic terms, if an individual had a stroke and is experiencing aphasia (the inability to use or understand language), which area of the brain would you suspect to be damaged? A. right side B. left side C. top D. bottom Answer: B. left side Correct: Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe is specialized for language comprehension. A. right side Incorrect: Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe is specialized for language comprehension. 43. Some linguists argue that the extraordinary size of the human brain in comparison to other species is largely due to the evolution of _______________. A. the human species B. language C. cognition D. memory Answer: B. language Correct: This is because many regions of the brain, in addition to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, contribute to language use. D. memory Incorrect: Some linguists argue that the extraordinary size of the human brain in comparison to other species is due mainly to the evolution of language. 44. What are biological characteristics that humans possess that allow for language? A. strong facial muscles, predatory eyes, and bilateral ears B. vocal apparatus, a specialized brain, and genes C. lungs with elasticity, a strong visual cortex, and a high need for social affiliation D. a strong sense of smell, bipedal motion, and a strong temporal lobe Answer: B. vocal apparatus, a specialized brain, and genes Correct: A variety of human biological characteristics shows that we are a species uniquely built for language. First, humans have a unique vocal apparatus. Second, two areas in the left hemisphere of the human brain are specifically devoted to language functions. Third, genes specifically devoted to language development have recently been identified. C. lungs with elasticity, a strong visual cortex, and a high need for social affiliation Incorrect: A variety of human biological characteristics shows that we are a species uniquely built for language. First, humans have a unique vocal apparatus. Second, two areas in the left hemisphere of the human brain are specifically devoted to language functions. Third, genes specifically devoted to language development have recently been identified. 45. Homo sapiens 200,000 years ago had a vocal apparatus that was not notably different from _______________. A. chimpanzees B. ours C. baboons D. gorillas Answer: B 46. Which of the following gave Homo sapiens a clear evolutionary advantage? A. sense of smell B. language C. keen vision D. strong hearing Answer: B. language Correct: Language would have made it easier to communicate about the location of food sources and about how to make tools, which would in turn enhance survival. C. keen vision Incorrect: Language would have made it easier to communicate about the location of food sources and about how to make tools, which would in turn enhance survival. 47. During the time period of 12–18 months of age, a toddler learns to speak _______________ new words per week. A. 1–3 B. 6–9 C. 12–15 D. 18–24 Answer: A 48. On average, how many words does an 18-month-old toddler know? A. 10 B. 50 C. 100 D. 200 Answer: B 49. Language development between 12 and 18 months old is best described as _______________. A. non-existent B. a rapid explosion C. slow to expand D. infinitely generative Answer: C. slow to expand Correct: Language would have made it easier to communicate about the location of food sources and about how to make tools, which would in turn enhance survival. B. a rapid explosion Incorrect: From 12 to 18 months, toddlers learn to speak one to three new words a week. 50. Your sister is worried that her 18-month-old toddler, who knows about 20 words, is way behind in learning new words. What should you tell her? A. She should get a tutor for her toddler. B. Her toddler will probably be language delayed. C. There is a wide variability on when toddlers learn to speak new words and she has nothing to worry about. D. Her toddler will most likely have reading problems too. Answer: C. There is a wide variability on when toddlers learn to speak new words and she has nothing to worry about. Correct: Just as timing of taking first steps has no relation to later athletic ability, timing of speaking new words has no relation to later verbal ability. A. She should get a tutor for her toddler. Incorrect: There is a wide variability on when toddlers learn to speak new words. Just as timing of taking first steps has no relation to later athletic ability, timing of speaking new words has no relation to later verbal ability. 51. When toddlers say “meh” for milk, “na-na” for banana and “dah” for dog, they are using _______________. A. poor speech B. partial words C. holophrases D. telegraphic speech Answer: B 52. _______________ are single words that a toddler uses that can represent different forms of whole sentences. A. Under extension B. Overextension C. Holophrases D. Fast mapping Answer: C 53. Your neighbor’s 14-month-old toddler says things like “cup!” when he means that he would like a cup of milk. Your neighbor thinks that his toddler is very lazy. What is happening? The toddler is _______________. A. language delayed and needs professional assistance B. using holophrases, which is developmentally appropriate C. trying to manipulate his father and needs to be disciplined D. cognitively impaired and might have a genetic disorder Answer: B. using holophrases, which is developmentally appropriate Correct: Holophrases are single words that a toddler uses that can be used to represent different forms of whole sentences. A. language delayed and needs professional assistance Incorrect: The toddler is using holophrases which is consistent with being a toddler. 54. Your nephew loves cats. You have a large black cat that you named “Midnight.” Your nephew readily learned your cat’s name, but now calls all cats “Midnight.” Surely your nephew does not think that every cat’s name is “Midnight.” Why is this happening? Your nephew’s behavior is an example of _______________. A. overextension B. under extension C. telegraphic speech D. holophrases Answer: A. overextension Correct: Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects. B. under extension Incorrect: Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects. 55. When Ming, who is 18 months old, uses the word “kitty” to describe any small furry animal regardless of whether or not it is a cat is an example of _______________. A. underapplication B. overextension C. under extension D. overregulation Answer: B. overextension Correct: Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects. C. under extension Incorrect: Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects. 56. Under extension is _______________. A. learning language at a slower than normal pace B. having a single word represent a variety of objects C. applying a general word to a specific object D. using a single word to represent different forms of whole sentences Answer: C 57. During toddlerhood, as at all ages, _______________ in language development. A. comprehension lags behind production B. production lags behind comprehension C. comprehension and production are similar D. comprehension and production improve similarly Answer: B. production lags behind comprehension Correct: Production (speaking) lags behind comprehension (understanding) in language development. For example, although toddlers do not reach the 50-word milestone in production until about 18 months old, they usually achieve 50-word comprehension by about 13 months old. A. comprehension lags behind production Incorrect: Production (speaking) lags behind comprehension (understanding) in language development. For example, although toddlers do not reach the 50-word milestone in production until about 18 months old, they usually achieve 50-word comprehension by about 13 months old. 58. During toddlerhood, what is a good predictor of later verbal intelligence? A. quantitative intelligence B. number of words spoken C. production D. comprehension Answer: D 59. _______________ is the process where toddlers learn and remember a word for an object after being told what the object is called just one time. A. overregulation B. fast mapping C. super quick learning D. exponential encoding Answer: B 60. By what age do toddlers usually have a vocabulary of about 200 words? A. 12 months B. 18 months C. 24 months D. 30 months Answer: C 61. By the age of 2 most toddlers will have a vocabulary of about _______________. A. 100 words B. 200 words C. 300 words D. 400 words Answer: B 62. What are two of the most notable words that toddlers between 18 and 24 months learn and use? A. No and gone B. Bye-bye and hi C. Mommy and daddy D. Here and go Answer: A. No and gone Correct: This indicates a growing awareness of object permanence and also their budding sense of self. B. Bye-bye and hi Incorrect: Two of the most notable words toddlers learn between 18 and 24 months are “gone” and “no.” 63. You notice that your daughter, who is 22 months old, uses the word “no!” fairly emphatically quite a lot. You were first concerned that your daughter might have oppositional-defiant disorder until you remembered that in your developmental class you learned that toddlers this age _______________. A. are actually trying to say “go” B. like to see how irritated they can get their parents C. say “no” a lot because it reflects their budding sense of self D. have no idea what the word “no” means Answer: C. say “no” a lot because it reflects their budding sense of self Correct: “Me,” “mine,” and “my” also begin to be used at this age. A. are actually trying to say “go” Incorrect: Using “no” reflects their budding sense of self. 64. At around 24 months of age toddlers begin to combine spoken words into two word phrases for the first time. These combinations are called _______________. A. short sentences B. instrumental speech C. holophrases D. telegraphic speech Answer: D 65. Your neighbor’s daughter Kelley, who just turned 2, used to yell “doggie” whenever you walked by with your golden retriever. Now when she sees you, she yells “doggie walk!” According to linguists, what type of speech production has Kelley begun to use? A. holophrases B. telegraphic speech C. declarative speech D. short sentences Answer: B. telegraphic speech Correct: Telegraphic speech is two-word phrases that strip away connecting words. C. declarative speech Incorrect: Telegraphic speech is two-word phrases that strip away connecting words. 66. Although their pronunciation of words is not as precise as it will become later, at what age can most toddlers speak clearly enough to make themselves understood about nearly anything they wish? A. 1 year B. 2 years C. 3 years D. 4 years Answer: C 67. Syntax is also known as _______________. A. word order B. language development C. unlimited usage D. sounds of speech Answer: A 68. What is the term that indicates that toddlers apply grammatical rules even to words that are an exception to the rule, such as “mouses” for mice and “foots” for feet? A. overregularization B. under regularization C. hyper generalization D. hypo generalization Answer: A 69. “Throwed,” “runned,” and “sleeped” are examples of _______________. A. over usage B. overregularization C. overextension D. overapplied Answer: B. overregularization Correct: Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule. C. overextension Incorrect: Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule. 70. Cameron is a toddler and describes his time on the playground to his mother: “I runned fast and throwed the ball.” Cameron’s uses of runned and throwed are examples of _______________. A. overusage B. overregularization C. overextention D. overapplied Answer: B. overregularization Correct: Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are the exception to the rule. C. overextention Incorrect: Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are the exception to the rule. 71. How many different languages are there in the world? A. 60 B. 600 C. 6,000 D. 60,000 Answer: D 72. The concept that humans are built for learning language is a(n) _______________ base, whereas the specific language they learn is a(n) _______________ base. A. conscious; unconscious B. unconscious; conscious C. sociocultural; biological D. biological; sociocultural Answer: D. biological; sociocultural Correct: Humans are biologically built for learning language, but whatever language we learn must come from our social and cultural environment. C. sociocultural; biological Incorrect: Humans are biologically built for learning language, but whatever language we learn must come from our social and cultural environment. 73. It is clear that humans are built for learning language, but not for learning a specific language. The language that is learned is dependent upon _______________. A. the social and cultural environment B. biological preparedness C. genetic programming D. chromosomal and anatomical differences Answer: A 74. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II was interested in determining what language babies would learn to speak spontaneously if no one influenced them. He instructed caregivers not to speak to neonates in orphanages so that it could be determined which language was the “natural” language. What was found? A. German was the spontaneous language. B. All of the infants died. C. The infants grew up to speak combination of all languages, which was reported to be gibberish. D. No language emerged, just hand gestures. Answer: B. All of the infants died. Correct: The infants needed language for social development. D. No language emerged, just hand gestures. Incorrect: Tragically, all of the infants died. 75. As compared to other families, high-income parents talk to their children _______________. A. more words per minute B. fewer words per minute C. an equal amount of words per minute D. more words per minute, but only in the afternoon hours Answer: A. more words per minute Correct: Parents in high-income families talk the most to their children, averaging about 35 words a minute; parents in middle-income families talk to their children an average of about 20 words a minute; and parents of low-income families provide the least language stimulation, just 10 words per minute. C. an equal amount of words per minute Incorrect: Parents in high-income families talk the most to their children, averaging about 35 words a minute; parents in middle-income families talk to their children an average of about 20 words a minute; and parents of low-income families provide the least language stimulation, just 10 words per minute. 76. Maternal responsiveness is positively correlated with which of the following four language milestones? A. babbling, overextension, zone of proximal development, and first words B. holophrases, semantic pairing, overregulation, and syntax errors C. first word, 50-word spoken vocabulary, first word combinations, and first use of past tense D. confounded variables, fast mapping, sociocultural linguistic style, and receptive language Answer: C 77. When variables are closely related and difficult to separate they are known as _______________. A. confused variables B. conflicted variables C. confounded variables D. compounded variables Answer: C 78. The Gusii people of Kenya do not speak with their children directly but it is clear that their children reach the same language milestones as American children. It has been demonstrated that Gusii children learn language from _______________. A. their DNA and biological preparedness B. being in social groups where others are using language C. the unfolding of their chromosomal and genetic lineage D. having their language directly stimulated by their parents Answer: B. being in social groups where others are using language Correct: Gusii children learn their language from frequently being in social groups where adults and older children are using language, not from having their language development stimulated directly in frequent daily interactions with their parents. D. having their language directly stimulated by their parents Incorrect: Gusii children learn their language from frequently being in social groups where adults and older children are using language, not from having their language development stimulated directly in frequent daily interactions with their parents. 79. A family from Japan moved into your neighborhood a couple of months ago. The parents are working on a project and are only here for a short time before they move back to Japan. You were talking to another neighbor who was very upset with the Japanese family and was considering filing abuse charges. The mother would very rarely let the male toddler speak and rarely encouraged him to speak. What did you tell your neighbor? A. She should call the authorities immediately. B. The boy is probably mute, so there is no reason to encourage him to speak. C. The boy’s mother is probably hoping that he will learn English while they are living here and is trying not to confuse him by also speaking Japanese. D. This is a culturally based difference in parenting and is not abuse. Answer: D. This is a culturally based difference in parenting and is not abuse. Correct: In Japanese culture, being talkative is considered impolite and undesirable, especially for males, because the Japanese believe it is better to blend in harmoniously with the group than to call attention to yourself. Consequently, Japanese mothers often discourage their children from talking, especially their boys. A. She should call the authorities immediately. Incorrect: In Japanese culture, being talkative is considered impolite and undesirable, especially for males, because the Japanese believe it is better to blend in harmoniously with the group than to call attention to yourself. Consequently, Japanese mothers often discourage their children from talking, especially their boys. 80. Japanese mothers often _______________ their children to talk, whereas Canadian mothers often _______________ their children to talk. A. prepare; do not prepare B. do not prepare; prepare C. discourage; encourage D. encourage; discourage Answer: C Short Answer Questions 81. Define object permanence and give an example of how a child’s behavior might be affected if s/he has acquired this ability. Answer: Object permanence is the understanding that an object exists even though it is no longer present. A child who could crawl or walk would go looking for a ball that rolled under the couch if s/he had object permanence. 82. How have researchers tested categorization among infants, proving that Piaget underestimated children’s early abilities? Answer: Researchers presented babies with a series of pictures of different kinds of cats. Next, they were shown two new pictures: one of a cat and one of a dog. The babies looked longer at the dog, suggesting that it was novel and did not fit with the category of cats that they had just constructed. 83. Define and give an example of scaffolding. Answer: Scaffolding refers to the process of helping a child to accomplish a task. The person who scaffolds is more skilled in that particular area than the child, and as the child’s skills develop, s/he is given less help so that the task can be done on his/her own. When doing a puzzle, for example, a parent might help to sort the pieces that are the same color and that have flat edges to begin to form the frame. Over time, the parent would do this less and simply suggest a piece if the child got frustrated. 84. Which hemisphere (side) of the brain contains Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area? What is the function of each? Answer: Both are contained in the left hemisphere of the brain. Broca’s area is involved in language production and Wernicke’s area is involved in language comprehension. 85. Describe the language environment of a country other than the U.S. Answer: In Japan, a collectivist culture, being talkative is considered impolite and undesirable because it is considered best to blend in and preserve group harmony than to stand out in the crowd. Therefore, Japanese mothers discourage their children, especially their sons, from talking. Essay Questions 86. How is Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development different from Piaget’s theory? Answer: Vygotsky proposed a sociocultural theory of cognitive development which posited that children learn from interactions with others in their environment and what they learn is different from one culture to another. Piaget emphasized children’s interactions with the physical environment and assumed that cognitive development is the same across cultures. 87. Outline how language develops from approximately one year of age to two years of age. Answer: By one year, even though babies have a limited vocabulary, they can use one word holophrases to mean a variety of things. For example, the word mommy can mean “Mommy pick me up” or it can mean “Where is my mommy?” if uttered with a rising intonation. By about two years they use telegraphic speech, which are two-word utterances that leave out articles such as a, an, the. They might say, “Mommy gone.” to protest that their mother has left and they are not very happy about it. If uttered with a rising intonation, they may be asking the question, “Is my mommy gone, because she was here before I took my nap and now I can’t find her.” MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. According to Piaget, toddlers intentionally try new behaviors to determine what their effects will be. What stage is this? A. Tertiary circular reactions B. Simple reflexes C. First habits and primary circular reactions D. Secondary circular reactions Answer: A 2. What is deferred imitation? The ability to: A. Sort objects into categories B. Repeat actions observed at an earlier time C. Accomplish a task with little assistance D. Encode and decode social situations Answer: B 3. Vygotsky argued that cognitive development was very strongly dependent on _______________. A. social and cultural processes B. genetic inheritance C. neural plasticity D. the child's interactions with the physical environment Answer: A 4. What are two concepts that are related to Vygotsky's cognitive developmental theory? A. Zone of proximal development and scaffolding B. Equilibrium, disequilibrium, and schemes C. Chromosome and genetic lineage D. Maturation and neurological development Answer: A 5. The area of the left frontal lobe that is specialized for speech production is _______________. A. Broca's area B. Wernicke's area C. Lashley's area D. Gazzaniga's area Answer: A 6. Your neighbors were in an automobile accident. The 14-year-old son's head was slammed into the back window. There is no permanent damage, but he has had some difficulty speaking the day of and the day after the accident. What brain structure was affected? A. Lashley's area B. Wernicke's area C. Broca's area D. Gazzaniga's area Answer: C 7. Homo sapiens have a clear evolutionary advantage over other animals in that Homo sapiens _______________. A. have a great sense of smell B. have keen vision C. can use language D. have strong auditory abilities Answer: C 8. Your niece loves dogs. You have a Cocker Spaniel named "Zuma." Your niece readily learned Zuma's name, but now calls all dogs "Zuma." Your niece's behavior is an example of _______________. A. holophrases B. telegraphic speech C. under extension D. overextension Answer: D 9. Your neighbor's 22-month-old son uses the word "no!" fairly emphatically quite a lot. Your neighbors were concerned that he might have oppositional-defiant disorder. Considering all that you know about toddler development, what do you think is actually happening? A. He is actually trying to say "go!" B. He likes to see how irritated he can get his parents. C. He has no idea of what the word "no" means. D. He says "no" a lot because it reflects his budding sense of self. Answer: D 10. Compared to other families, low-income parents talk to their children using _______________. A. more words per minute, but only during the afternoon B. an equal amount of words per minute C. more words per minute D. fewer words per minute Answer: D Post-Test 1. What was Piaget's fifth sensorimotor stage? A. Tertiary circular reactions B. Simple reflexes C. Secondary circular reactions D. Mental representations Answer: A 2. What would Piaget say is the ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time? A. Secondary circular reactions B. Deferred imitation C. Action memory D. Object permanence Answer: B 3. A study examined the abilities of 3- and 4-month-old infants (Quinn et al, 1993). After they looked at a series of photographs of cats, the infants were shown two new photos, one of a cat and one of a dog. They looked long at the photograph of the dog. What did this indicate? That infants this age _______________. A. could categorize B. liked dogs better than cats C. were bored with the cat photos D. were not sure what dogs were Answer: A 4. You are teaching your daughter how to dress herself. You first dressed her indicating what you were doing and why, then you had her help as you dressed her, and lastly you allowed her to dress herself as you watched and helped if needed. What concept were you using? A. Scaffolding B. Framing C. Guided instruction D. Zone of proximal development Answer: A 5. What is the most important and distinctive feature that humans possess and is lacking in chimpanzees? A. Infinite generativity B. Broca's area C. Abstract word knowledge D. A pharynx Answer: A 6. If an individual had a stroke and now is experiencing aphasia (the inability to use or understand language), which area of the brain would you suspect was affected by the stroke? A. Top of the brain B. Right hemisphere C. Left hemisphere D. Bottom of the brain Answer: C 7. You are watching your 14-month-old nephew. He is saying things like "outside!" when he means that "…it is very sunny outside and I would like to go outside for a walk. Let's go!" Your brother is concerned that your nephew has a brain impairment. Of the following, which do you think is most plausible? Your nephew is _______________. A. trying to manipulate his father and needs to be disciplined B. language delayed and needs professional assistance C. using holophrases, which is developmentally appropriate. D. cognitively impaired and might have a genetic disorder Answer: C 8. Two-year-old toddlers generally have a vocabulary of about how many words? A. 500 B. 400 C. 300 D. 200 Answer: D 9. What are the two most notable words toddlers between the ages of 18 and 24 months have learned and use? A. "here" and "go" B. "mommy" and "daddy" C. "bye-bye" and "hi" D. "no" and "gone" Answer: D 10. Humans are innately prepared to learn a language, but not for learning a specific language. The language that is learned depends on _______________. A. chromosomal and anatomical differences B. genetic programming C. biological preparedness D. the social and cultural environment Answer: D Chapter Exam 1. How many sensorimotor stages are there in Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 Answer: C 2. What is the basis for human language? A. Deferred imitation B. Unconscious symbolism C. Mental representation D. Object permanence Answer: C 3. What is deferred imitation? A. Sorting objects into categories B. Repeating actions observed at an earlier time C. Accomplishing a task with little assistance D. Encoding and decoding social situations Answer: B 4. How well did Piaget understand children's early abilities? A. He underestimated their abilities. B. He overestimated their abilities. C. He was completely wrong about their abilities. D. He was exactly accurate about their abilities. Answer: A 5. Vygotsky claimed that children learn best if the instruction they are provided is _______________. A. developed by an educational specialist B. just beyond their ability to immediately grasp it C. concrete in nature D. within the zone of proximal development Answer: D 6. Humans can communicate about not just what is observable in the present, but about an infinite range of things beyond the present moment. How? A. With thinking B. With language C. With cognition D. With gestures Answer: B 7. What brain area located in the left temporal lobe is specialized for language comprehension? A. Wernicke's Area B. Broca's Area C. Lashley's Area D. Gazzainiga's Area Answer: A 8. Approximately 300,000 years ago Homo sapiens had a vocal apparatus not significantly different from _______________. A. modern humans B. chimpanzees C. baboons D. gorillas Answer: B 9. How large is the vocabulary of an average 18-month-old? A. 50 words B. 100 words C. 150 words D. 200 words Answer: A 10. What are single words that a toddler uses to express an entire sentence? A. Overextensions B. Under extensions C. Holophrases D. Fast mapping Answer: C 11. What is under extension? A. Learning language at a slower-than-normal pace B. Having a single word represent a variety of objects C. Applying a general word to a specific object D. Using a single word to represent different forms of whole sentences Answer: C 12. Toddlers have a vocabulary of about 200 words at about what age? A. 12 months B. 18 months C. 24 months D. 30 months Answer: C 13. Toddlers begin to combine spoken words into two word phrases for the first time around 24 months. This type of speech is referred to as _______________. A. Instrumental speech B. Holophrases C. Telegraphic speech D. Short sentences Answer: C 14. Approximately how many different languages are currently used in the world? A. 20,000 B. 40,000 C. 60,000 D. 80,000 Answer: C 15. Frederick II wanted to know what language babies would spontaneously speak. Therefore, he instructed caregivers not to speak to neonates in orphanages. What did he find? A. All of the infants died, the infants needed language for social development. B. German was spontaneously spoken. C. A combination of all languages was spoken, which was reported to be gibberish. D. No language emerged, just hand gestures. Answer: A Quick Review 1. In terms of tertiary circular reactions, they are _______________. A. intentional from the beginning B. reflexive from the beginning C. unconscious from the beginning D. autonomic from the beginning Answer: A 2. You have a bit of a temper. When something does not go well and you make a mistake you tend to slam things and yell. Yesterday you walked into your son's room right as he slammed down his toy truck and yelled. According to Piaget, what is your son doing? A. Secondary circular reactions B. Deferred imitation C. Object permanence D. Action memory Answer: B 3. In terms of theorists, whose theory of cognitive development is referred to as a socio-cultural theory? A. Lev Vygotsky B. R. J. Sternberg C. Jean Piaget D. B. F. Skinner Answer: A 4. Barbara Rogoff discusses the teaching interaction between two people as they participate in a culturally valued activity. What did she call this concept? A. Guided participation B. Framing C. Scaffolding D. Zone of proximal development Answer: A 5. The area of the brain that is specialized for language comprehension and is located in the left temporal lobe is _______________. A. Wernicke's area B. Broca's area C. Gazzaniga's area D. Lashley's area Answer: A 6. How would one describe language development between the ages of 12 and 18 months? A. Non-existent B. Rapid explosion of vocabulary C. Slow to expand D. Infinite generativity Answer: C 7. You have noticed that your 18-month-old neighbor refers to everything that is small and furry as a "bunny." Since other neighbors have seen refer to their new puppy as "bunny," they think that she must be developmentally delayed. Given the knowledge that you have regarding development, what do you think? A. She is simply overextending the concept of bunny to all small furry animals. B. She does have a developmental delay. C. She probably has some form of schizophrenia. D. She has an injury to the Wernicke's area. Answer: A 8. What is the process by which toddlers learn and remember a word for an object after only being told one time what the object is called? A. Overregulation B. Super quick learning C. Exponential encoding D. Fast mapping Answer: D 9. Humans are neurologically prepared to learn language that is biologically determined. The specific language that is learned is _______________. A. hormonal B. biological C. conscious D. sociocultural Answer: D 10. Canadian mothers often _______________ their children to talk whereas Japanese mothers often _______________ their children to talk. A. do not prepare, prepare B. prepare, do not prepare C. encourage, discourage D. discourage; encourage Answer: D Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. Discuss the three factors mentioned in this clip that influence toddler language development. What are some additional factors that might also impact toddler language development? Answer: There are several different social and cultural factors that can influence toddler language development. Some of these factors include: • Reading to the child • interacting and talking to the child • allowing the child to hear conversations throughout the day • educational toys and books • singing to the child • the use of sign language to increase communication before words can be formed Additional factors will vary based on student input and ideas. The three factors mentioned in the clip influencing toddler language development include exposure to language, social interaction, and parental responsiveness. Additionally, factors like genetic predisposition, cultural background, and socioeconomic status can also significantly impact toddler language development. 2. Do you think that the U.S. mother interviewed here discussed a situation typical of most children across the U.S.? Why or why not? Answer: Without context, it's difficult to determine if the U.S. mother's situation is typical for most children. However, individual experiences can vary widely due to diverse parenting styles, socioeconomic factors, and regional differences across the U.S. Therefore, her situation may not represent the majority. Without context or the specific details of the interview, it's challenging to determine if the situation discussed by the U.S. mother is representative of most children across the country. Variations in parenting practices, socioeconomic status, and cultural background can result in diverse experiences among children in the U.S. 3. Discuss your thoughts on the mother from Africa stating that she does not read to her baby because she is too young. What age do you think it is appropriate to begin reading to children and why? Answer: The notion that a baby is too young to be read to might stem from cultural differences or a lack of awareness about the benefits of early literacy. It's generally recommended to start reading to children as early as infancy, as it fosters language development, bonding, and cognitive skills crucial for later learning. Beginning reading routines early lays a foundation for a lifelong love of reading and learning. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The mother from Africa states that she does not read to her baby because she _______________. A. is deaf B. is too young C. does not know how to read D. does not own any books Answer: B 2. Which of the following is not a factor listed in this video as something that influences toddler language development? A. eating healthy foods B. playing with educational toys C. singing D. reading books Answer: A 3. The context of language development _______________ across cultures. A. remains stable B. is unchanging C. varies D. is unknown Answer: C Section 3 Emotional and Social Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. A toddler being comforted by a blanket or stuffed animal is an example of which of the following emotional regulation techniques? A. behavioral regulation of emotions B. language to regulate emotions C. internal stimuli to regulate emotions D. sociomoral regulation of emotions Answer: A. behavioral regulation of emotions Correct: This is one of the first ways in which a toddler learns to regulate his or her emotions. C. internal stimuli to regulate emotions Incorrect: Being comforted by a blanket or stuffed animal is an example of toddlers developing behaviors to help them regulate their emotions. 2. In toddlerhood, parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation. This is an example of using _______________ to extend toddlers’ capacities for emotional regulation. A. external requirements B. communication C. language D. speech Answer: A. external requirements Correct: When parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation, such as no hitting others no matter how angry you are or no jumping on the table no matter how happy you are, this is an example of using external requirements to extend a toddler’s capacities for emotional regulation. B. communication Incorrect: When parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation, such as no hitting others no matter how angry you are or no jumping on the table no matter how happy you are, this is an example of using external requirements to extend a toddler’s capacities for emotional regulation. 3. Learning to regulate their _______________ helps toddlers to regulate their _______________. A. explicit emotions; subjective emotions B. subjective emotions; explicit emotions C. primary emotions; sociomoral emotions D. sociomoral emotions; primary emotions Answer: C 4. In Western countries it is widely accepted that toddlerhood tantrums are normal and even inevitable. What is the case for tantrums outside of Western countries? A. Tantrums are much worse. B. Tantrums are rare. C. Children are severely punished if they have a tantrum. D. Children are praised when then have tantrums, but they are still rare. Answer: B. Tantrums are rare. Correct: This suggests that tantrums are not inevitable, but a consequence of a culture that values self-expression, which children have already learned by toddlerhood. A. Tantrums are much worse. Incorrect: Outside of the West, toddler tantrums are rare. 5. Tantrums during toddlerhood, also known as the “terrible twos” are _______________. A. universal across the world B. rarely seen in countries outside the West C. only seen in developing nations D. rarely seen in the United States Answer: B. rarely seen in countries outside the West Correct: This suggests that tantrums are not inevitable, but a consequence of a culture that values self-expression, which children have already learned by toddlerhood. A. universal across the world Incorrect: Outside the West, toddler tantrums are rare. 6. Anger, fear, and happiness are examples of _______________. A. animal emotions B. primary emotions C. secondary emotions D. tertiary emotions Answer: B 7. Which of the following are primary emotions? A. sympathy, surprise, and exhilaration B. anger, fear, and happiness C. shame, guilt, and embarrassment D. pride, envy, and jealousy Answer: B 8. In toddlerhood new emotions appear such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. These are examples of _______________. A. animal emotions B. primary emotions C. secondary emotions D. tertiary emotions Answer: C 9. Which of the following are secondary emotions? A. sadness, disgust, and joy B. anger, fear, and happiness C. shame, guilt, and embarrassment D. surprise, sadness, and anger Answer: C 10. Because they are evoked based on what the toddler has learned about culturally based standards of right and wrong, secondary emotions are called _______________. A. content emotions B. sociomoral emotions C. guided emotions D. cultural emotions Answer: B 11. Secondary emotions are also known as sociomoral emotions because they _______________. A. are present for the lifespan, from birth to death, for many cultural groups B. have been found to have universal meaning across cultures C. are based upon cultural standards of right or wrong D. are present at birth for all infants regardless of culture Answer: C. are based upon cultural standards of right or wrong Correct: These emotions develop because toddlers have learned to feel good when they conform to the expected standards and bad when they do not. D. are present at birth for all infants regardless of culture Incorrect: The secondary emotions are called sociomoral emotions because they are evoked based on what the toddler has learned about culturally based standards of right and wrong. 12. When do most toddlers develop the internalized set of moral standards that guide their emotions and behavior? A. 18 months B. 2 years C. 3 years D. 4 years Answer: B 13. What is an internalized set of moral standards that guide toddlers’ emotions and behaviors? A. a moral compass B. an emotional dictum C. a conscience D. a cultural standard Answer: C 14. _______________ is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress. A. Sadness B. Thoughtfulness C. Empathy D. Apathy Answer: C 15. Hoffman (2000) found that toddlers responded to a researcher’s feigned distress by offering a hug, a comforting remark, or a favorite stuffed animal or blanket. What concept describes this behavior? A. socio-emotive balance B. conscience C. empathy D. emotional intelligence Answer: C. empathy Correct: Empathy is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress. B. conscience Incorrect: Empathy is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress. 16. What do Chinese mothers use to teach their toddlers to be considerate of others, which also prepares them for growing up in a collectivistic culture that emphasizes the value of consideration for others? A. praise B. admiration C. reinforcement D. shame Answer: D 17. Within the first few days of life infants begin to _______________. A. have a well-developed sense of self B. lose the rooting reflex and begin to feed on their own C. recognize the smell of their mother’s breast and the sound of her voice D. have regular sleep and wake cycles Answer: C. recognize the smell of their mother’s breast and the sound of her voice Correct: This indicates an awareness of a differences between their own smells and sounds and those of others. A. have a well-developed sense of self Incorrect: Infants recognize the smell of their mother’s breast and the sound of her voice after just a few days of life. 18. Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) put a red spot on the noses of children who were 9, 12, and 18 months old. The children then viewed themselves in mirrors. At what age did the children rub their noses recognizing the image was their own? A. 9 months B. 12 months C. 18 months D. none of them did Answer: C 19. Most toddlers can self-recognize by _______________. A. 6 months B. 12 months C. 18 months D. 24 months Answer: C 20. When do children begin to use personal pronouns for the first time (e.g., “I,” “me,” etc.) and refer to themselves by their own names? A. 9 months B. 12 months C. 18 months D. 24 months Answer: C 21. What is the capacity to think about oneself as one would think of other persons and objects? A. self-reflection B. self-awareness C. self-esteem D. self-report Answer: A 22. Self-reflection is _______________. A. the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress B. the capacity to think about oneself as one would think about other persons or objects C. an emotional bond that promotes the protection and survival of children D. an individual’s readiness or disposal to respond to their environment in a particular way Answer: B 23. What cognitive ability helps toddlers to develop sociomoral emotions? A. self-awareness B. self-esteem C. self-report D. self-reflection Answer: D 24. Self-reflection enables toddlers to develop _______________. A. the social metric scale B. biological awareness C. sociomoral emotions D. self-recognition Answer: C 25. Between what ages are toddlers able to identify themselves and others as male or female? A. 6 and 12 months B. 13 and 17 months C. 18 and 30 months D. 32 and 36 months Answer: C 26. At what age are toddlers able to apply gender terms like “boy,” “girl,” “woman,” and “man” to others? A. 1 year B. 2 years C. 3 years D. 4 years Answer: B 27. What term refers to the biological status of being male or female? A. femininity B. masculinity C. sex D. gender Answer: C 28. Sex refers to _______________. A. an individual’s emotional and sexual desire to be with another person B. the cultural categories of “male” or “female” C. the biological status of being male or female D. an individual’s perception of oneself as being male or female Answer: C 29. _______________ refers to the cultural categories of “male” and “female.” A. Self-recognition B. Sex C. Gender D. Sexual orientation Answer: C 30. The term “gender” implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to _______________. A. cultural and social beliefs B. biological and genetic factors C. physical and mental factors D. density and weight factors Answer: A. cultural and social beliefs Correct: Use of the term “gender” implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs, influences, and perceptions. B. biological and genetic factors Incorrect: Use of the term “gender” implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs, influences, and perceptions. 31. The term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have _______________;whereas, the term gender implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to _______________. A. a chromosomal basis; an individual’s genetics B. an individual’s genetics; a chromosomal basis C. a biological basis; cultural and social beliefs D. social and cultural beliefs; a biological basis Answer: C. a biological basis; cultural and social beliefs Correct: For example, the fact that males are somewhat larger than females throughout life is a sex difference. However, the fact that girls in many cultural have longer hair than boys is a gender difference. D. social and cultural beliefs; a biological basis Incorrect: Use of term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have a biological basis. Use of the term gender implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs. 32. Sidorowicz and Lunney (1980) asked adults to play with a 10-month-old infant they did not know. Some were told that the infant was female while others were told the infant was male. All were given a rubber football, a doll, and a teething ring to play with. What did the researchers find with regards to how the adults played with the infant? A. Adults played with the child using all of the toys regardless of the sex of the infant. B. Adult males did not like to play with the infant. C. Adults played with the child using the toys they thought were appropriate for their sex. D. Adult females only played with the doll regardless of the sex of the infant. Answer: C. Adults played with the child using the toys they thought were appropriate for their sex. Correct: When the adults thought the child was male, 50% of the men and 80% of the women played with the child using a rubber football. When they thought the child was female, 89% of the men and 73% of the women used a doll in play. B. Adult males did not like to play with the infant. Incorrect: When the adults thought the child was male, 50% of the men and 80% of the women played with the child using a rubber football. When they thought the child was female, 89% of the men and 73% of the women used a doll in play. 33. Who are primarily the individuals who deliverer the cultural gender messages to infants? A. the media B. the parents C. the preschool teachers D. the infant’s siblings Answer: B. the parents Correct: In the early years, it is mainly parents who are the deliverers of cultural gender messages. D. the infant’s siblings Incorrect: In the early years, it is mainly parents who are the deliverers of cultural gender messages. 34. _______________ is the study of animal behavior. A. Ethnology B. Ecology C. Epidemiology D. Ethology Answer: D 35. Which of the following best describes the findings by French psychiatrist René Spitz on the subject of attachment? A. Well-fed infants raised in institutions suffered in their physical and emotional development. B. All well-fed infants were closely attached to their caregivers. C. Attachment depended on the infants seeing their caregivers. D. Attachment seemed to be present at birth. Answer: A. Well-fed infants raised in institutions suffered in their physical and emotional development. Correct: Despite adequate physical care, infants who entered an orphanage between the ages of 3 and 12 months lost weight and were listless and passive. D. Attachment seemed to be present at birth. Incorrect: Spitz found that well-fed infants raised in institutions suffered in their physical and emotional development. 36. In his studies on infants, Spitz used the term anaclitic depression to describe babies who seemed listless and passive because the infants were depressed as a function of _______________. A. being in very over-crowded nurseries B. sharing a crib with opposite-sexed infants C. too much attention D. having no one to help them or to “lean on” Answer: D. having no one to help them or to “lean on” Correct: Spitz attributed the infants’ condition to the fact that one nurse had to care for seven infants and spent little time with each except for feeding them and changing their diapers. Anaclitic means “leaning upon,” and Spitz chose the term because the infants had no one to “lean on.” C. too much attention Incorrect: Spitz attributed the infants’ condition to the fact that one nurse had to care for seven infants and spent little time with each except for feeding them and changing their diapers. Anaclitic means “leaning upon,” and Spitz chose the term because the infants had no one to “lean on.” 37. In Harry Harlow’s (1958) classic study on attachment, which of the following “mothers” did the baby monkeys prefer? A. terry cloth B. wire mesh C. cotton balls D. wood Answer: A 38. According to the text, Harry Harlow placed baby monkeys in a cage with two types of artificial monkey “mothers.” Which type of “mother” did the baby monkeys prefer? A. the wire mother who dispensed milk B. the soft terry cloth mother C. the mother who held the sliced bananas D. the mother who hummed Answer: B 39. A gosling bonding to the first moving object it sees is an example of _______________. A. imprinting B. engraining C. attaching D. locking Answer: A. imprinting Correct: Konrad Lorenz, a German ethologist, showed that newborn goslings would bond to the first moving object they saw after hatching and follow it closely, a phenomenon he called “imprinting.” C. attaching Incorrect: Konrad Lorenz, a German ethologist, showed that newborn goslings would bond to the first moving object they saw after hatching and follow it closely, a phenomenon he called “imprinting.” 40. Lorenz and other ethologists believed that the foundation of the bond between the young of the species and their mothers was _______________. A. protection B. nourishment C. entertainment D. warmth Answer: A 41. _______________ is an emotional bond that promotes the protection and survival of children during the years they are most vulnerable. A. A secure base B. Imprinting C. Attachment D. Home base Answer: C 42. Who is the person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment? A. the figure of strength B. the primary attachment figure C. the ethological mother D. the older sibling Answer: B 43. According to Bowlby, what loss would be catastrophic for children’s development? A. the father B. the mother C. the primary attachment figure D. the siblings Answer: C 44. Stranger anxiety first appears at what age? A. 3 months B. 6 months C. 1 year D. 2 years Answer: B 45. There is an evolutionary basis for the development of stranger anxiety. Learning to stay close to familiar persons helps infants to _______________. A. not be abducted by strangers B. not follow unfamiliar people so that they become lost C. be protected and safe D. learn object discrimination Answer: C. be protected and safe Correct: Stranger anxiety begins at about age 6 months and grows stronger in the months that follow, peaking around 10 to 15 months depending on the culture. B. not follow unfamiliar people so that they become lost Incorrect: Learning to stay close to familiar persons and avoid unfamiliar persons helps infants stay near those who will protect them and keep them safe. 46. Under normal conditions young children use their primary attachment figure as a _______________. A. source of nutrition B. secure base C. source of entertainment D. source of education Answer: B 47. Mary Ainsworth is best known for her research on attachment and her use of ____ A. rhesus monkeys B. goslings and geese C. the Strange Situation D. the Visual Cliff Answer: C 48. What laboratory procedure did Mary Ainsworth develop to examine children’s attachment behaviors? A. the attachment room B. the Strange Situation C. one-way mirrors D. robotic puppets Answer: B 49. _______________ is a series of introductions, separations and reunions involving the child, the mother, and an unfamiliar person. A. The Strange Situation B. The Primary Attachment Figure C. The Visual Cliff D. The Stranger Anxiety Assessment Scale Answer: A 50. In this type of attachment, toddlers use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when the mother and toddler are together. When separated from his or her mother, the toddler cries and then is very happy when she returns. A. secure attachment B. insecure–avoidant attachment C. insecure–resistant attachment D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Answer: A. secure attachment Correct: Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held. B. insecure–avoidant attachment Incorrect: Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held. 51. Which of the following best describes a toddler who securely attached during the Strange Situation test? A. The toddler usually cries upon separation but when the mother returns they greet her happily and begin to smile. B. The toddler shows little or no interaction when she is present and no response when she departs. C. The toddler is less likely than others to explore the room and shows greater than normal distress when she leaves. D. The toddler seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remain fearful upon her return. Answer: A. The toddler usually cries upon separation but when the mother returns they greet her happily and begin to smile. Correct: Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held. B. The toddler shows little or no interaction when she is present and no response when she departs. Incorrect: Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore, when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held. 52. In this type of attachment, toddlers show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response to the mother’s departure or return. A. secure attachment B. insecure–avoidant attachment C. insecure–resistant attachment D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Answer: B. insecure–avoidant attachment Correct: When these toddlers are picked up in the last episode of the Strange Situation, they may immediately seek to get down. C. insecure–resistant attachment Incorrect: Toddlers in the insecure–avoidant attachment category show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present, and no response to the mother’s departure or return. 53. In this type of attachment, these toddlers are less likely to explore any toys when the mother is present and they show greater distress when she leaves the room. When she returns they run to greet her, but then push away when she attempts to comfort or pick them up. A. secure attachment B. insecure–avoidant attachment C. insecure–resistant attachment D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Answer: C. insecure–resistant attachment Correct: These toddlers show little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves, and ambivalence when the parent returns. B. insecure–avoidant attachment Incorrect: Toddlers classified as insecure–resistant are less likely than others to explore toys when the mother is present, and they show greater distress when she leaves the room. When she returns, they show ambivalence, running to greet the mother in seeming relief but then pushing her away when she attempts to comfort or pick them up. 54. In this type of attachment, toddlers show extremely unusual behavior. They seemed dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger. When the mother returns they may seem fearful. A. secure attachment B. insecure–avoidant attachment C. insecure–resistant attachment D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Answer: D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Correct: This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome. C. insecure–resistant attachment Incorrect: Toddlers in the disorganized–disoriented attachment category may seem dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger, and when the mother returns they may seem fearful. 55. Toddlers with a disorganized–disorientated attachment most closely resembles which of the following? A. When their mother returns they greet her happily by smiling and going to her. B. There is no response to their mother when she departs or when she returns. C. When their mother returns they show ambivalence by pushing her away when she attempts to comfort them. D. They seem dazed and detached when their mother leaves the room and remain fearful when she returns. Answer: D. They seem dazed and detached when their mother leaves the room and remain fearful when she returns. Correct: This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome. C. When their mother returns they show ambivalence by pushing her away when she attempts to comfort them. Incorrect: Toddlers in the disorganized–disoriented attachment category may seem dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger, and when the mother returns they may seem fearful. 56. At what point during the experimental situations did Ainsworth believe the best indicator of the quality of attachment occurred? A. when the mother was not present in the room B. when the mother was still in the room so that the toddler’s exploration behaviors could be assessed C. when the mother returned and the reunion behavior could be assessed D. before the assessment began. The experimenters could measure toddler-mother behaviors before the mothers knew they were being assessed Answer: C. when the mother returned and the reunion behavior could be assessed Correct: Ainsworth viewed the toddler’s reunion behavior as the best indicator of the quality of attachment. Toddlers with secure attachments seemed delighted to see their mothers again after a separation and often sought physical contact with her; toddlers with insecure attachments either responded little to her return or seemed both relieved and angry with her. B. when the mother was still in the room so that the toddler’s exploration behaviors could be assessed Incorrect: Ainsworth viewed the toddler’s reunion behavior as the best indicator of the quality of attachment. Toddlers with secure attachments seemed delighted to see their mothers again after a separation and often sought physical contact with her; toddlers with insecure attachments either responded little to her return or seemed both relieved and angry with her. 57. Based on Ainsworth’s early research, what percentage of toddlers were securely attached? A. 20% B. 33% C. 50% D. 66% Answer: D 58. _______________ is the most common attachment style, whereas _______________ is the most rare. A. Insecure–avoidant; secure attachment B. Secure; insecure–avoidant attachment C. Disorganized-disoriented; secure attachment D. Secure; disorganized-disoriented attachment Answer: D. Secure; disorganized-disoriented attachment Correct: Ainsworth’s early research indicated that about two-thirds of toddlers had secure attachments to their mothers, with the remaining one-third either insecure–avoidant or insecure–resistant. Disorganized–disoriented attachment is rare. B. Secure; insecure–avoidant attachment Incorrect: Ainsworth’s early research indicated that about two-thirds of toddlers had secure attachments to their mothers, with the remaining one-third either insecure–avoidant or insecure–resistant. Disorganized–disoriented attachment is rare. 59. Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how _______________ the mother was. A. demanding and responsive B. caring and tempered C. emotionally mature and intelligent D. sensitive and responsive Answer: D. sensitive and responsive Correct: When considering the mother–child interactions in the home in relation to their behavior as observed in the Strange Situation, Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how sensitive and responsive the mother was. B. caring and tempered Incorrect: When considering the mother–child interactions in the home in relation to their behavior as observed in the Strange Situation, Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how sensitive and responsive the mother was. 60. To be _______________ means to be good at judging what the child needs at any given time. A. demanding B. responsive C. sensitive D. fruitful Answer: C 61. To be _______________ means to be quick to assist or soothe the child when they need it. A. demanding B. responsive C. sensitive D. fruitful Answer: B 62. According to attachment theory, based on the degree of their mother’s sensitive and responsive behavior over the first year of life, children develop _______________. A. a strong attachment B. an internal working model C. a sense of belongingness D. a notion of what family is Answer: B. an internal working model Correct: According to attachment theory, based on the degree of their mothers’ sensitive and responsive behavior over the first year of life, children develop an internal working model of what to expect about her availability and supportiveness during times of need. A. a strong attachment Incorrect: According to attachment theory, based on the degree of their mothers’ sensitive and responsive behavior over the first year of life, children develop an internal working model of what to expect about her availability and supportiveness during times of need. 63. According to attachment theory, what type of attachment leads to children who are able to love and trust others? A. secure attachment B. insecure–avoidant attachment C. insecure–resistant attachment D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Answer: A. secure attachment Correct: Securely attached children are able to love and trust others because they could love and trust their primary caregiver in their early years. B. insecure–avoidant attachment Incorrect: Securely attached children are able to love and trust others because they could love and trust their primary caregiver in their early years. 64. What attachment type was highly predictive of later problems and included toddlers who in early and middle childhood exhibited hostility and aggression? A. secure attachment B. insecure–avoidant attachment C. insecure–resistant attachment D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Answer: D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Correct: Only disorganized–disoriented attachment is highly predictive of later problems. Toddlers with this attachment classification exhibit high hostility and aggression in early and middle childhood, and are likely to have cognitive problems as well. C. insecure–resistant attachment Incorrect: Only disorganized–disoriented attachment is highly predictive of later problems. Toddlers with this attachment classification exhibit high hostility and aggression in early and middle childhood, and are likely to have cognitive problems as well. 65. What type of attachment was believed to be due to underlying problems in neurological development, not to the behavior of the primary caregiver? A. secure attachment B. insecure–avoidant attachment C. insecure–resistant attachment D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Answer: D. disorganized–disoriented attachment Correct: This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome. C. insecure–resistant attachment Incorrect: Disorganized–disoriented attachment is believed to be due to underlying problems in neurological development, not to the behavior of the primary caregiver. 66. Which of the following is a major criticism of attachment theory? A. It overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on the quality of attachment. B. It places too much emphasis on unconscious awareness and too little emphasis on the conscious state. C. It overstates cultural influence and does not recognize how different attachments are across cultures. D. It places too much emphasis on temperament and too much emphasis on the parent–child relationship. Answer: A. It overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on the quality of attachment. Correct: The “child effect” is one of the most common critiques of attachment theory. It claims the theory overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on quality of attachment. D. It places too much emphasis on temperament and too much emphasis on the parent–child relationship. Incorrect: The “child effect” is one of the most common critiques of attachment theory. It claims the theory overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on quality of attachment. 67. There are two major criticisms of attachment theory. One of them has to do with _______________. A. expecting that toddlers want to play in a room with just a few toys B. thinking that toddlers will become distressed if their mothers leave C. failing to recognize that children are born with different temperaments D. that the mother was not gone long enough from the room Answer: C. failing to recognize that children are born with different temperaments Correct: The attachment theory fails to recognize that children are born with different temperaments. If, in the Strange Situation, a toddler is highly anxious when the mother leaves the room, then behaves aggressively by pushing her away when she returns, it could be due to a difficult temperament, not to the mother’s failure to be sufficiently sensitive and responsive. B. thinking that toddlers will become distressed if their mothers leave Incorrect: The attachment theory fails to recognize that children are born with different temperaments. If, in the Strange Situation, a toddler is highly anxious when the mother leaves the room, then behaves aggressively by pushing her away when she returns, it could be due to a difficult temperament, not to the mother’s failure to be sufficiently sensitive and responsive. 68. There are two major criticisms of attachment theory. One of them has to do with _______________. A. the assumption that the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children B. the fact that fathers were not considered C. the fact that the theory was simply too complex D. the requirement that toddlers were required to spend time in a small room with their mothers, which they generally do not like Answer: A. the assumption that the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children Correct: In attachment theory the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional. B. the fact that fathers were not considered Incorrect: In attachment theory the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional. 69. In recent decades, researchers on attachment have emphasized that the parent-child relationship is _______________. A. reciprocal or bidirectional B. only significant during toddlerhood C. filled with storm and stress D. unilateral or one way Answer: A. reciprocal or bidirectional Correct: In attachment theory the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional. D. unilateral or one way Incorrect: In attachment theory the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional. 70. Posada et al. (1995) examined mothers and toddlers from China, Columbia, Germany, Israel, Japan, and the United States on what constitutes a securely attached child. How did these mothers describe an “ideally secure” child? A. in similar ways, particularly in how they viewed themselves as a secure base B. From their mothers’ description, Japanese toddlers were more likely to be classified as insecure–avoidant rather than “ideally secure.” C. in different ways, as they differed in how they viewed themselves as secure bases D. From their mothers’ description, Chinese toddlers were more likely to be classified as insecure–resistant rather than “ideally secure.” Answer: A. in similar ways, particularly in how they viewed themselves as a secure base Correct: Across cultures, mothers described an “ideally secured” child in similar ways, as relying on the mother in times of need but also being willing to explore the surrounding world—in short, using her as a secure base from which to explore, much as described in attachment theory. C. in different ways, as they differed in how they viewed themselves as secure bases Incorrect: Across cultures, mothers described an “ideally secured” child in similar ways, as relying on the mother in times of need but also being willing to explore the surrounding world—in short, using her as a secure base from which to explore, much as described in attachment theory. 71. What is the name of the Japanese concept that describes the very close, physical, indulgent relationship between the mother and her young child? A. densah B. namae C. amae D. konnichiwa Answer: C 72. Overall, attachment theory has _______________. A. held up quite well. B. had major flaws and has been discarded. C. proved valid only in laboratory settings. D. only been useful in describing developed nations. Answer: A. held up quite well. Correct: Overall, attachment theory has held up quite well in the decades since Bowlby first proposed it. D. only been useful in describing developed nations. Incorrect: Overall, attachment theory has held up quite well in the decades since Bowlby first proposed it. 73. The ability to provide _______________ is a biological reason why mothers have historically been the primary caretaker. A. breast milk B. a secure attachment C. co-sleeping D. amae Answer: A 74. Which of the following are two reasons why mothers have historically been the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers? A. racism and discrimination B. biological and cultural bias C. gender oppression and social laws D. genetics and family expectations Answer: B. biological and cultural bias Correct: There are two reasons that mothers have historically been the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers. The first reason is biological, due to mothers being able to provide breast milk for their infants. The second reason has a cultural basis, due to the traditional gender roles of males and females. D. genetics and family expectations Incorrect: There are two reasons that mothers have historically been the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers. The first reason is biological, due to mothers being able to provide breast milk for their infants. The second reason has a cultural basis, due to the traditional gender roles of males and females. 75. In nearly all cultures, mothers play a central role in the care of infants and toddlers. What roles do fathers in traditional cultures play? A. Fathers are heavily involved in the birth process and in early child care. B. Fathers are heavily involved in the birth process, but do little in child care. C. Fathers are often excluded entirely from the birth process, but are heavily involved in early child care. D. Fathers are often excluded entirely form the birth process and are rarely involved in daily child care. Answer: D. Fathers are often excluded entirely form the birth process and are rarely involved in daily child care. Correct: Fathers are often providers and disciplinarians or authority figures, although in some cultures this role coexists with warm, affectionate relations. C. Fathers are often excluded entirely from the birth process, but are heavily involved in early child care. Incorrect: In traditional cultures, fathers are often excluded entirely from the birth process and are rarely involved in daily child care. 76. How do fathers in China play a role in raising their children? A. as the primary attachment figure B. they do not interfere with the mother’s authority C. as the provider and disciplinarian D. as the main teacher and educator Answer: C 77. Many cultures in Africa have a tradition of polygyny. What is polygny? A. men who have more than one wife B. women who have more than one husband C. parents who have children from more than one family D. children who live alternatively live in more than one family Answer: A 78. _______________ is when men have more than one wife. A. Polygyny B. Polyandry C. Monogamy D. Polyamory Answer: A 79. When fathers in industrialized societies interact with their infants and toddlers, it tends to be _______________. A. very negative and harsh B. educational in nature C. disciplined based D. in highly stimulating rough-and-tumble play Answer: D 80. Recent studies have shown that American fathers spend what percentage of their time caring for their young children? A. about 25% of what mothers do B. about 50% of what mothers do C. about 85% of what mothers do D. the same as mothers Answer: C 81. In traditional cultures, a(n) _______________ sibling, usually a _______________, often takes over the main responsibility for child care from the mother. A. younger; brother B. older; brother C. younger; sister D. older; sister Answer: D 82. Toddlers’ attachments to older siblings who care for them appear to be _______________. A. primary attachments B. secondary attachments C. tertiary attachments D. primitive attachments Answer: B. secondary attachments Correct: Toddlers’ attachments to older siblings appear to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments. That is, under most conditions toddlers are content to be under the care of older siblings, but in times of crisis they want the care and comfort of their mothers. A. primary attachments Incorrect: Toddlers’ attachments to older siblings appear to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments. That is, under most conditions toddlers are content to be under the care of older siblings, but in times of crisis they want the care and comfort of their mothers. 83. A substantial amount of research on toddlers’ relations with siblings has focused on how they respond _______________. A. to a twin B. to an older sister C. to the birth of a younger sibling D. to an older brother Answer: C. to the birth of a younger sibling Correct: A substantial amount of research on toddlers’ reactions with siblings has focused on they respond to the birth of a younger sibling. Overall, their reaction tends to be negative. B. to an older sister Incorrect: A substantial amount of research on toddlers’ reactions with siblings has focused on they respond to the birth of a younger sibling. Overall, their reaction tends to be negative. 84. How do toddlers react to the birth of a younger sibling? A. generally negatively B. very excitedly C. equivocally D. with great anticipation Answer: A 85. When a younger sibling is born, what happens to the attachment between the toddler and his or her mother? A. It remains the same. B. It generally improves slightly. C. It typically improves considerably. D. It often changes from secure to insecure. Answer: D. It often changes from secure to insecure. Correct: The attachment changes from secure to insecure, as they feel threatened by all the attention given to the new baby. C. It typically improves considerably. Incorrect: The attachment changes from secure to insecure, as they feel threatened by all the attention given to the new baby. 86. Gino is 4 years old and his mother just gave birth to another child. Just recently Gino has become increasingly aggressive towards the baby, and increasingly whiny, demanding, and disobedient. To help the situation Gino’s mother should _______________. A. use positive and negative punishment to condition Gino’s negative behaviors B. explain the feelings and needs of the baby to him C. separate Gino from the baby for a time of 2 weeks as a means to buffer the negative feelings D. take Gino to see a child psychologist because his behaviors are extremely rare and disturbing Answer: B. explain the feelings and needs of the baby to him Correct: Studies indicate that if mothers pay special attention to the toddler before the new baby arrives and explain the feelings and needs of the baby after the birth, toddlers respond more positively to their new sibling. A. use positive and negative punishment to condition Gino’s negative behaviors Incorrect: Studies indicate that if mothers pay special attention to the toddler before the new baby arrives and explain the feelings and needs of the baby after the birth, toddlers respond more positively to their new sibling. 87. When the infant becomes a toddler, the relationship between the younger and older sibling changes. On the positive side, the relationship improves because _______________. A. the older sibling becomes interested in playing with the younger sibling B. the toddler passively watches the older sibling play C. the older sibling becomes the babysitter D. the toddler does whatever the older sibling wants Answer: A. the older sibling becomes interested in playing with the younger sibling Correct: Older siblings generally show much less resentment to a sibling who is old enough to walk, talk, and share in pretend play. B. the toddler passively watches the older sibling play Incorrect: The older sibling becomes interested in playing with the younger sibling. 88. When the infant becomes a toddler, the relationship between the younger and older sibling changes. On the negative side, the relationship gets worse because _______________. A. the mother always takes the side of the toddler B. the father is more interested in playing with the toddler C. the toddler becomes good at annoying their older siblings D. the toddler prefers to play with their younger siblings Answer: C. the toddler becomes good at annoying their older siblings Correct: In Dunn’s (1998) study, toddlers showed remarkably advanced abilities to annoy their older siblings. A. the mother always takes the side of the toddler Incorrect: Toddlers become good at learning how to annoy their older siblings. 89. Recent research has found that toddlers engage not only in solitary and parallel play, but in ____ A. complicated interpersonal play B. scaffolded play C. communal play D. simple social play Answer: D 90. Nadia and Sasha are friends who are playing a skit and pretend to be superheroes. Nadia pretends to transform into a lion and Sasha pretends to transform into an icicle. These toddlers are engaging in what type of play? A. solitary play B. parallel play C. simple social play D. cooperative pretend play Answer: D. cooperative pretend play Correct: Cooperative pretend play involves a shared fantasy such as pretending to be animals. B. parallel play Incorrect: Cooperative pretend play involves a shared fantasy such as pretending to be animals. 91. Toddlers choose friends based _______________. A. solely on height B. partly on similarities such as activity level and social skills C. on same gender D. on family income Answer: B. partly on similarities such as activity level and social skills Correct: Like older children and even adults, toddlers choose each other as friends based partly on similarities, such as activity level and social skills. C. on same gender Incorrect: Like older children and even adults, toddlers choose each other as friends based partly on similarities, such as activity level and social skills. 92. _______________ is a developmental disorder marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior. A. Autism B. Turner syndrome C. Down syndrome D. Fragile X syndrome Answer: A 93. What is the approximate incidence of autism spectrum disorder? A. 4 in 1,000 B. 4 in 500 C. 4 in 200 D. 4 in 100 Answer: D 94. When children with autism become adults, what percentage of them continue to live with their parents? A. 30% B. 45% C. 60% D. 85% Answer: D 95. With regard to television, in 2001 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old _______________. A. should not watch television at all B. watch television for only 1 to 2 hours per day C. watch television for only 5 to 10 hours per day D. watch television for as long as they want as long as their parents are watching it with them Answer: A. should not watch television at all Correct: Children 2 and older should be limited to no more than 2 hours per day. B. watch television for only 1 to 2 hours per day Incorrect: In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old should not watch television at all. 96. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended children under the age of 2 _______________, and children 2 years or older _______________. A. should not watch TV at all; watch no more than 2 hours per day B. watch no more than 2 hours per day; should not watch TV at all C. should watch as much TV as they like; watch no more than 4 hours per day D. watch no more than 4 hours per day; should watch as much TV as they like Answer: A. should not watch TV at all; watch no more than 2 hours per day Correct: The basis for this recommendation was not that television content is damaging, but that young children would benefit more from active learning through experiences such as play and conversations with others. D. watch no more than 4 hours per day; should watch as much TV as they like Incorrect: In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old should not watch television at all, and children 2 years and older should be limited to no more than 2 hours of TV a day. Short Answer Questions 97. What are two reasons for the increase in emotional regulation that occurs in toddlerhood? Answer: • Toddlers have learned coping behaviors that help them to regulate their emotions, such as sucking their thumb when they are anxious or finding a trusted adult who will cuddle with them. • Toddlers also develop secondary (sociomoral) emotions such as guilt, shame or embarrassment that motivate them to do what is right and also to avoid engaging in behaviors that will get them in trouble. 98. Give a specific example of a sociomoral emotion that you might see a toddler display. Answer: Empathy is an example of a sociomoral emotion. A toddler who notices that her mother does not feel good by the sad look on her face might bring her his favorite blankie. Even though he may not realize that the blankie doesn’t have the same effect on his mother that it does for him, he realizes that his mother is distressed. 99. Current research suggests that the claim that “early attachments are the foundation of later love relationships” was overstated. Which of the four attachment types is most predictive of later outcomes? Name one outcome. Answer: The disorganized-disoriented attachment type is highly predictive of later problems. For example, these individuals tend to be hostile, aggressive and are at higher risk for psychological disorders. 100. Briefly describe one factor that is correlated with fathers providing near-equal care of their children as mothers do in developed countries? Answer: • If fathers and mothers work about the same number of hours outside the home, fathers are almost equal in the amount of time they spend on childcare. They are expected to do the same tasks because gender roles are likely more flexible and both parents need to pitch in to manage the multiple demands of home and work life. • If the couple is happily married, fathers spend almost the same amount of time as mothers in childcare tasks. He may want to spend more time together as a family if he is happy and therefore, takes a more active role in childcare. 101. Although the diagnosis of autism is often not made until toddlerhood (between 18-30 months of age) there are often signs in infancy that the disorder is already present. What are two signs of autism that a caregiver might see in an infant as young as 8-10 months of age? Answer: They would not respond to their name, they would not make eye contact, and they would not point to objects in their environment as a means of communicating. Essay Questions 102. Briefly explain the red-nose test and what researchers were measuring when they gave this test to toddlers. What were the findings? Answer: Researchers secretly put a red dot on the noses of toddlers of various ages and then placed them in front of a mirror to see if they would touch the dot, noticing that this was not usually there. It was a measure of self-recognition. Younger toddlers (under 18 months) seemed interested in the reflection, because they reached out as thought it was someone else, but they did not rub their nose. By 18 months, most toddlers rubbed their noses, showing that they realized that their appearance had changed. This is also the time when toddlers use personal pronouns in their speech. 103. Describe at least one research finding that refuted the claim that the reason babies were attached to their mothers was because she provided food. Answer: • Spitz’s research with institutionalized babies found that even though nurses provided them with food, the babies were not attached to them (and developed anaclitic depression) because there were too many babies to care for and not enough time to develop an emotional bond. • Harlow’s research with monkeys showed that contact comfort was more important than food. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. What helps toddlers to regulate their sociomoral emotions? Learning to regulate their _______________. A. explicit emotions B. subjective emotions C. primary emotions D. individualistic emotions Answer: C 2. What is defined as an internalized set of moral standards that guide toddlers' emotions and behaviors? A. An emotional dictum B. A moral compass C. A conscience D. A cultural standard Answer: C 3. What is self-reflection? A. the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person's distress B. the capacity to think about one's self as you would think about other persons or objects C. an emotional bond that promotes the protection and survival of children D. an individual's readiness or disposal to respond to their environment in a particular way Answer: B 4. What term refers to the cultural categories of "male" and "female"? A. Gender B. Sex C. Self-concept D. Sexual orientation Answer: A 5. Spitz used the term anaclitic depression to describe babies who seemed listless and passive. This was because the infants were depressed as a function of _______________. A. too much attention B. being in very over-crowded nurseries C. sharing a crib with opposite-sexed infants D. having no one to help them or to "lean on" Answer: D 6. Learning to stay close to familiar persons, evolutionarily speaking, helps infants to _______________. A. learn object discrimination B. be protected and safe C. avoid being abducted by strangers D. avoid getting upset Answer: D 7. In terms of the Strange Situation, what point did Ainsworth believe was the best indicator of the quality of the attachment that occurred? A. When the mother returned and the reunion behavior could be assessed B. When the mother was not present in the room C. When the mother was still in the room so that the toddler's exploration behaviors could be assessed D. Before the assessment began. The experimenters could measure toddler-mother behaviors before the mothers knew they were being assessed. Answer: A 8. Your sister has a child who seems to have a disorganized-disoriented attachment with her. She feels horribly about this situation and is not sure how it happened. What should you tell her? A. She could be under suspicion of child abuse. B. This attachment style is most likely due to difficulties in neurological development and has nothing to do with her care-giving skills. C. She should probably not have any more children. D. She should have the child institutionalized for the good of the family. Answer: B 9. Your neighbor just returned from a vacation in Africa. She was able to visit many traditional cultures while she was there and noticed that many of those cultures accepted and practiced polygyny? What is that? A. Men who have more than one wife B. Women who have more than one husband C. Women who have children from more than one man D. Children who live alternatively in more that one family Answer: A 10. Your brother just had a second child. Your nephew, who is the older of the two, used to be very sociable, engaging, and cooperative. He is now very whiny, demanding, and disobedient. Your brother is getting very frustrated and is not sure what to do. After careful consideration you believe that your older nephew _______________. A. is going through a growth spurt that is making him grumpy B. must be teething C. has an attachment that changed from secure to insecure D. has a psychological problem that will take a professional to change Answer: C Post-Test 1. Parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation when their children become toddlers. This is an example of using _______________ to extend toddlers' capacities for emotional regulation. A. communication B. language C. external requirements D. speech Answer: C 2. At what age do most toddlers develop the internalized set of moral standards that guide their emotions and behavior? A. 12 months B. 18 months C. 24 months D. 30 months Answer: C 3. When do children first begin to refer to themselves by their own names? A. 12 months B. 18 months C. 24 months D. 30 months Answer: B 4. "Gender" refers to characteristics of males and females that may be due to _______________. A. cultural and social beliefs B. biological and genetic factors C. physical and mental factors D. density and weight factors Answer: A 5. What is the process in which a duckling bonds with the first moving object that it sees? A. Locking B. Attaching C. Engraining D. Imprinting Answer: D 6. What procedure did Mary Ainsworth develop to examine children's attachment behaviors? A. The Attachment Room procedure B. The Strange Situation procedure C. One-way mirrors procedure D. Robotic puppets procedure Answer: B 7. According to Ainsworth's research, what attachment style was the most common? A. Secure B. Insecure-avoidant C. Disorganized-disordered attachment D. Resilient Answer: A 8. A child in your brother's classroom is extremely aggressive and can be very hostile. There are many potential reasons for this type of behavior, but according to Ainsworth, what could be the difficulty? A. The child had some type of neurological injury in-utero. B. The child had a disorganized-disoriented attachment. C. The child was most likely abused. D. The mother used meth while she was pregnant. Answer: B 9. Your sister just had her second child. Your oldest niece, who is 4-years old, has become aggressive towards her little sister and is considerably more whiny, demanding, and disobedient. Your sister should _______________. A. explain the feelings and needs of the baby to her B. use positive and negative punishment to condition her negative behaviors C. separate her from the baby for a time of 2 weeks as a means to buffer the negative feelings D. take her to see a child psychologist because her behaviors are extremely rare and disturbing Answer: A 10. Your two children are playing in their rooms. They both are pretending to be superheroes. What type of play are they engaged in? A. Solitary play B. Parallel play C. Cooperative pretend play D. Simple social play Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. Many toddlers are comforted by a blanket or a stuffed animal. Which of the following emotional regulation techniques explains this? A. Internal stimuli to regulate emotions B. Language to regulate emotions C. Behaviors to regulate emotions D. Sociomoral regulation of emotions Answer: C 2. New emotions that toddlers show-such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride-are examples of _______________. A. animal emotions B. primary emotions C. secondary emotions D. tertiary emotions Answer: C 3. What is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person's distress? A. Sadness B. Empathy C. Thoughtfulness D. Apathy Answer: B 4. When a person thinks about him or herself as he or she would think of another person or object, he or she is displaying? A. Self-reflection B. Self-awareness C. Self-esteem D. Self-report Answer: A 5. The biological status of being male or female refers to _______________. A. femininity B. masculinity C. gender D. sex Answer: D 6. Who are the individuals most likely to deliver the cultural messages regarding gender to infants? A. The media B. Parents C. Preschool teachers D. The infant's siblings Answer: B 7. A duckling that bonds to the first moving object it sees is an example of _______________. A. Imprinting B. Engraining C. Attaching D. Locking Answer: A 8. At what age does stranger anxiety first appear? A. 3 months B. 6 months C. 12 months D. 24 months Answer: B 9. A toddler who is securely attached will behave in what ways during the Strange Situation procedure? A. The toddler usually cries upon separation but when the mother returns they greet her happily and begin to smile. B. The toddler shows little or no interaction when she is present and no response when she departs. C. The toddler is less likely than others to explore the room and shows greater than normal distress when she leaves. D. The toddler seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return. Answer: A 10. According to Ainsworth's early research, what percent of toddlers were securely attached? A. 22% B. 44% C. 66% D. 88% Answer: C 11. Which of the following types of attachment was believed to be due to underlying problems in neurological development, not to the behavior of the primary caregiver? A. Insecurely-resistant attachment B. Insecurely-avoidant attachment C. Disorganized-disoriented attachment D. Securely attachment Answer: C 12. In the final analysis, attachment theory has _______________. A. proved valid only in laboratory settings B. only been useful in describing developing nations C. held up well D. had major flaws and has been discarded Answer: C 13. What roles do fathers in China play in raising their children? A. They are the primary attachment figures. B. They do not interfere with the mother's authority. C. They are the providers and disciplinarians. D. They are the main teachers and educators. Answer: C 14. Generally, how do toddlers react to the birth of a younger sibling? A. Negatively B. Excitedly C. Equivocally D. With great anticipation Answer: A 15. What percentage of adults who have autism lives with their parents? A. 85% B. 60% C. 45% D. 30% Answer: A Quick Review 1. What happens to children outside of Western countries who have tantrums? A. Children are praised if they have a tantrum. B. Children are taken to therapists for psychological evaluation. C. Tantrums outside of Western countries are rare. D. Children are severely punished if they have tantrums. Answer: C 2. When a child is able to understand and respond helpfully to another person's distress, what ability does the child have? A. Locomotive balance B. Conscience C. Empathy D. Emotional intelligence Answer: C 3. What helps toddlers to develop sociomoral emotions? A. Self-awareness B. Self-reflection C. Self-esteem D. Self-report Answer: B 4. What term refers to the characteristics of males and females on a biological basis? A. Sex B. Gender C. Self-concept D. Sexual orientation Answer: A 5. Ethologists believe that the foundation of the bond between the young of the species and their mothers was _______________. A. Nourishment B. Entertainment C. Warmth D. Protection Answer: D 6. What type of attachment is present when toddlers use the mother as a secure base from which to explore and when separated from his or her mother, the toddler cries and then is very happy when she returns? A. Insecure-avoidant attachment B. Secure attachment C. Insecure-resistant attachment D. Disorganized-disoriented attachment Answer: B 7. According to Ainsworth, the quality of attachment was based mainly on what characteristics of the mother? A. Sensitivity and responsiveness B. Demandingness and responsiveness C. Care and temperament D. Emotional maturity and intelligence Answer: A 8. What is one of the major criticisms of attachment theory? A. Expecting that toddlers would want to play in a room with just a few toys B. Failing to recognize that children are born with different temperaments C. Thinking that all toddlers would become distressed if their mothers left the room D. That it overstates the mother's influence Answer: D 9. Compared to the time that mothers spend with their children, what percent of the time do American fathers spend with their children? A. 85% as much as mothers B. 65% as much as mothers C. 55% as much as mothers D. 45% as much as mothers Answer: A 10. What developmental disorder is marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior? A. Turner Syndrome B. Fragile X syndrome C. Autism D. Down's Syndrome Answer: C Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. Describe an instance when you have witnessed a child experiencing separation or stranger anxiety. Answer: I once observed a toddler at a daycare who clung tightly to his mother's leg upon arrival, refusing to let go. He cried and became visibly distressed when she tried to leave, showing classic signs of separation anxiety. Even attempts by caregivers to comfort him were met with resistance until he gradually adjusted to the new environment. 2. The clip here shows examples of separation and stranger anxiety. Discuss the difference between pure separation anxiety and the impact that including a stranger can have on a child’s reaction. Answer: It is likely that the addition of the stranger in this scenario is more anxiety producing. The children are at a stage where strangers can produce anxiety even in the comfort of their parent's presence, when they are scooped up by a stranger and taken out of the view of their caregiver it can be very scary for the child. 3. Which of Piaget’s concepts is linked to separation anxiety? Explain this connection. Answer: Separation anxiety is related to Piaget's concept of Object Permanence. The children who have not fully achieved and understand this concept may feel that when they can no longer see the parent that they are no longer existing. When they are working through this concept, they may feel the need to check to see if the parent is still there (through crying to see if the parent will return). Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is the term for the bond that is built between a child and their primary caregiver? A. separation anxiety B. attachment C. bonding D. connectedness Answer: B 2. As toddlers grow, separation anxiety can develop. It typically begins at the age of _______________ months and peaks at the age of _______________ months. A. 12, 18 B. 18, 24 C. 24, 30 D. 30, 36 Answer: A 3. The role of caregivers plays a part in the manifestation of separation anxiety. According to this video, which other culture is similar to US toddlers in their manifestation of separation anxiety? A. rural Botswana B. Bosnia C. rural Mayan Mexico D. Asia Answer: C Practice Test Questions from the Textbook 1. _______________ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies, hair loss, and lack of energy. A. Kwashiorkor B. SIDS C. Marasmus D. Dysentery Answer: A 2. What most characterizes early brain development in toddlerhood is A. the formation of the cerebral cortex. B. the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons. C. activity in the amygdala. D. the production of new brain cells. Answer: B 3. During toddlerhood, A. sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures. B. children sleep more than they did in infancy (because they are so much more active). C. naps are no longer needed. D. children sleep consistently throughout the night. Answer: A 4. Toddlers A. who do not walk by 1 year are likely to have a gross motor problem. B. in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers from Western cultures in the development of their gross motor skills. C. can usually run before they can stand briefly on one leg. D. show the same pace of gross motor development as fine motor development. Answer: B 5. In the West, A. most children show signs of readiness for toilet training by their first birthday. B. views about toilet training have stayed the same over the last several decades. C. children are toilet trained in a nearly identical way as their counterparts in traditional cultures. D. a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay “dry” for an hour or two during the day. Answer: D 6. If you are a toddler from a traditional culture, you would likely A. have experienced some customary practice for being weaned. B. be abruptly weaned at age 1. C. be given formula instead of breast milk. D. still be breast-feeding at age 5. Answer: A 7. When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they A. show the ability to categorize. B. have attained object permanence. C. understand scaffolding. D. use tertiary circular reactions. Answer: B 8. According to Vygotsky, _______________ is required for cognitive development. A. social interaction B. formal education C. strong parent–child attachment D. emotional regulation Answer: A 9. When it comes to learning what we consider language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is A. the inability for apes to learn more than a few signs. B. the faster pace of humans’ sign language. C. the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways. D. the inability of apes to make requests. Answer: C 10. Which is an example of overextension? A. A child saying, “He hitted me with a stick.” B. A child saying, “The moon looks happy tonight.” C. A child calling all men “da da.” D. A child saying “I no like peas.” Answer: C 11. Research has shown that A. direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures. B. genetics plays very little role in verbal ability. C. language development in American children is not linked to income-level of parents. D. maternal responsiveness to American children’s vocalizations had no impact on when children reached language milestones. Answer: A 12. Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion? A. anger B. pride C. fear D. happiness Answer: B 13. Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing A. gender identity. B. sex roles. C. stranger anxiety. D. self-recognition. Answer: D 14. Gender identity A. develops much more quickly in females than males. B. refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male and female. C. is demonstrated when a child prefers to be with the samesex parent or grandparent. D. develops around age 5. Answer: B 15. Secure attachment is characterized by A. a willingness to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment. B. a tendency to be self-centered. C. acting both relieved and angry at their caregiver after seeing her again after separation. D. a dependency on the mother for approval of all activities. Answer: A 16. Research has shown that a child with a(n) ___________________ attachment classification is most likely to have later problems such as hostility, psychopathology, and cognitive deficits. A. insecure–resistant B. insecure–avoidant C. disorganized–disoriented D. goal-corrected Answer: C 17. Which of the following best describes attachment across cultures? A. Autonomy and independence are encouraged from an early age across cultures. B. In all cultures, infants and toddlers develop attachments to the people around them who provide loving, protective care. C. Insecure–resistant attachment is the most common classification in all cultures because many children find the Strange Situation to be very stressful. D. Children from the United States and Japan tend to be classified the same way in studies employing the Strange Situation paradigm. Answer: B 18. In industrialized societies, fathers would most likely be observed in which of the following activity with their infants or toddlers? A. bathing them B. feeding them C. soothing them D. playing with them Answer: D 19. During toddlerhood A. those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play. B. friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages. C. there seems to be no preference for play partners; they play equally with whatever children are present. D. children are not yet capable of engaging in simply social play or cooperative pretend play. Answer: B 20. Which behavior would be most characteristic of a child who has been diagnosed with autism? A. a preoccupation with talking to strangers B. a preoccupation with repetitive movements C. a preoccupation with looking at faces D. a preoccupation with pointing at objects until others look at them Answer: B 21. Research on media has shown that A. in the United States it is virtually unheard of to have a TV in a young child’s bedroom. B. Children are only able to learn to model aggressive behaviors at this age because prosocial behaviors require more advanced cognitive development. C. The effects of television and other media depend on the content. D. The displacement effect is no longer considered a major problem because of all the media options available. Answer: C Test Bank for Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey J. Arnett 9780205987887, 9780134641348
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