Chapter 4 Infancy Section 1 Physical Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. By the end of his or her first year, the typical infant _______________. A. weighs 20% less due to the loss of baby fat B. remains the same weight during the second six months C. doubles his or her body weight D. triples his or her body weight Answer: D 2. If an infant is born weighing 7 pounds one can expect he or she to weigh _______________ by 12 months. A. 14 pounds B. 21 pounds C. 28 pounds D. 35 pounds Answer: B. 21 pounds Correct: Birth weight triples by the end of the first year. A. 14 pounds Incorrect: Birth weight triples by the end of the first year. 3. Early in life, infants accumulate fat. This helps the infant _______________. A. maintain a constant body temperature B. maintain high energy levels C. build muscle D. create brain cells Answer: A. maintain a constant body temperature Correct: At 6 months, a well-nourished baby looks on the plump side, but by 1 year children lose much of their “baby fat.” B. maintain high energy levels Incorrect: The accumulated fat helps the infant to maintain a constant body temperature. 4. Height during the first year of life increases _______________. A. very quickly in the beginning and slows down B. slowly in the beginning and increases very quickly C. at a slow even rate D. unevenly in spurts Answer: D. unevenly in spurts Correct: Height increases dramatically but unevenly. C. at a slow even rate Incorrect: Height increases unevenly in spurts rather than at a constant rate. 5. Growth and development in infancy proceeds from the head downward, which is known as the _______________. A. head first, body second principle B. cephalocaudal principle C. proximodistal principle D. top-down principle Answer: B 6. Which of the following describes a head to tail progression of growth? A. proximodistal principle B. cephalocaudal principle C. thoracictorso principle D. phalange-metacarpal principle Answer: B 7. Growth and development proceed from the middle of the body outward, which is known as the _______________. A. head first, body second principle B. cephalocaudal principle C. proximodistal principle D. top-down principle Answer: C 8. Lorenzo first develops the ability to control his chest, then his arms, then his hands, and finally his fingers. This progression of motor development is called the _______________. A. cephalocaudal principle B. thoracictorso principle C. phalange-metatarsal principle D. proximodistal principle Answer: D. proximodistal principle Correct: This means, for example, the trunk and arms grow faster than the hands and fingers. A. cephalocaudal principle Incorrect: The proximodistal principle is the principle of biological development that growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward. 9. Teething generally occurs around _______________ months of age. A. 1–5 B. 5–9 C. 9–13 D. 13–17 Answer: B 10. When do infants usually get their first tooth? A. between 1 and 2 months B. between 5 and 9 months C. between 10 and 12 months D. between 14 and 16 months Answer: B 11. Your aunt and uncle are worried. Your cousin is 7 months old and does not have a tooth yet. What would you tell your aunt and uncle? A. Your cousin might be toothless his entire life. B. Most infants do not get their first tooth until between their 5th and 9th months, so he is still doing fine. C. They should probably have him fitted for dentures if they ever want him to eat corn on the cob. D. He should have had his first tooth around his 2nd month. Answer: B. Most infants do not get their first tooth until between their 5th and 9th months, so he is still doing fine. Correct: Teething can begin even before teeth break through the gums, but your cousin is still with the normal range. D. He should have had his first tooth around his 2nd month. Incorrect: Most infants get their first tooth between 5 and 9 months. 12. As the first teeth break through the skin of the gums, and in the weeks before this happens, most babies experience discomfort and pain called _______________. A. teething B. gumming C. eruption D. enameling Answer: A 13. Mallory, who is 7 months old, drools heavily, coughs frequently, and gnaws on her hands every chance she gets. Which of the following best explains Mallory’s behaviors? A. indigestion B. teething C. a buildup of excess gas D. the rooting reflex Answer: B. teething Correct: These are signs that teething has begun. D. the rooting reflex Incorrect: These are signs that teething has begun. 14. Which of the following are signs of teething? A. increases in hunger and appetite B. limited mobility and irritability C. saliva production, drooling, and biting D. frequent naps and a higher rate of nocturnal awakenings Answer: C 15. Why do babies who are getting new teeth bite? A. It helps stimulate enamel production. B. The counter pressure makes them feel better. C. It helps the teeth erupt through the gums. D. It allows the teeth to be planted firmly in the jawbone. Answer: B. The counter pressure makes them feel better. Correct: It helps to sooth the pain and discomfort associated with teething. C. It helps the teeth erupt through the gums. Incorrect: The pressure feels good and helps to sooth the pain and discomfort associated with teething. 16. Your friend has a 6-month-old daughter who is has been a really good baby, but now she is irritable and is reluctant to bottle-feed. She thinks that she is doing something wrong as a mother. What would you tell her? Her daughter is _______________. A. probably teething B. probably a fast to warm up baby C. going through a growth spurt D. probably at risk for seizures Answer: A. probably teething Correct: Most babies begin to teethe during their 5th and 9th month. B. probably a fast to warm up baby Incorrect: Teething babies tend to be irritable and some are reluctant to breast- or bottle-feed. 17. Many infants begin “sleeping through the night” around four months. A couple of months later they may begin waking during the night again. Why? A. night terrors B. teething pain C. growth spurt D. no reason Answer: B. teething pain Correct: Like adults, babies can be irritable have difficulty sleeping when in pain. C. growth spurt Incorrect: Teething pain is likely waking them. 18. Your friend’s baby was sleeping through the night a couple of months earlier. Now she is waking up quite a bit at night. This is not only frustrating, but also concerning. She knew that you took a developmental course and wants to know if you have any ideas. What do you tell her? A. Her baby is probably teething. B. It sounds like night terrors. C. She might need to eat more frequently due to a growth spurt. D. Sometimes there are just no reasons. Answer: A. Her baby is probably teething. Correct: Teething pain can wake up babies who were previously sleeping well through the night. B. It sounds like night terrors. Incorrect: The baby is likely teething, which awakens her. 19. As described in the text, which of the following are appropriate methods to soothe an infant who is teething? A. the use of a teething ring, a cold drink, or topical pain relievers B. the use of pediatric oral dentures C. the use of children’s acetaminophen or ibuprofen D. the use of a cotton ball that is soaked in whiskey Answer: A 20. Compared to other animals, the human brain is very large at birth, but it is also _______________. A. well developed B. malformed C. relatively immature D. nearly adult-like Answer: C. relatively immature Correct: Consequently, much of the basic brain development that takes place prenatally for other animals takes place in the first year for humans. A. well developed Incorrect: The human brain is relatively large at birth, but it is also relatively immature compared to the brains of other animals. 21. In animals, quite a bit of brain development occurs prenatally. When does this same brain development occur in human infants? A. prenatally as well B. during the first year of life C. only during the fetal period D. after the first year of life Answer: B. during the first year of life Correct: For example, that other animals are mobile at birth or within a few days or weeks, but humans cannot even crawl for about 6 months. A. prenatally as well Incorrect: This rapid brain development in human infants occurs during the first year of life. 22. At birth the size of an infant’s brain is __________% of an adult’s brain and by age 2 it is ________% of an adult’s brain. A. 5%; 50% B. 15%; 60% C. 25%; 70% D. 35%; 80% Answer: C 23. Approximately how many neurons are there in the average infant’s brain? A. 100,000 to 200,000 B. 100 million to 200 million C. 100 billion to 200 billion D. 100 trillion to 200 trillion Answer: C 24. Neurons communicate between each other chemically across small gaps. What are these gaps? A. synapses B. neuronal gaps C. transmitter nodes D. myelin Answer: A 25. _______________ is a tiny gap between neurons. A. A neurotransmitter B. The synapse C. A dendrite D. Myelin Answer: B 26. Chemicals that are used to communicate between neurons are _______________. A. neurotoxins B. neurocommunicators C. neurotransmitters D. neurochems Answer: C 27. Neurotransmitters are _______________. A. the cell body of a neuron B. a layer of insulation that surrounds axons C. chemicals that are released into the synapse D. tiny gaps between neurons Answer: C 28. What part of a neuron releases the neurotransmitters? A. dendrites B. soma C. axons D. myelin Answer: C 29. What part of a neuron receives the neurotransmitters? A. soma B. axons C. myelin D. dendrites Answer: D 30. By age 2, the number of neurons in the brain _______________. A. decreases to a quarter as many as were present at birth B. decreases to half as many as were present at birth C. increases by twice as many as were present at birth D. increases by four times as many as were present at birth Answer: B. decreases to half as many as were present at birth Correct: Although the brain continues to grow, it does not involve the production of new neurons. C. increases by twice as many as were present at birth Incorrect: Through pruning, the number of neurons in the brain decrease by half. 31. At birth, the neurons have only a few connections. By age 2 years, neurons are connected to _______________. A. about as many as they were at birth B. hundreds or thousands of other neurons C. millions of other neurons D. billions of other neurons Answer: B 32. What is the name of the sheath that encases axons to protect them and increase the speed of communication between neurons? A. neuronal sheath B. dendritic sheath C. synaptic sheath D. myelin sheath Answer: D 33. When does the process of myelination end? A. age 10 B. age 30 C. age 50 D. age 70 Answer: B 34. When neuronal connections that are used become stronger and faster and the neuronal connections that are not used wither away, what is happening? A. brain death B. axonal withering C. synaptic pruning D. intellectual development Answer: C 35. Which of the following analogies is similar to synaptic pruning? A. stocking up on one of everything to make sure you always have the proper tool B. transplanting a tree to a place where there is more sunlight C. over-growing seedlings and then weeding out ones that are not needed D. watering a flower twice a day so it does not dry out Answer: C. over-growing seedlings and then weeding out ones that are not needed Correct: “Use it or lose it” is the principle that applies to synaptic pruning. D. watering a flower twice a day so it does not dry out Incorrect: “Use it or lose it” is the principle that applies to synaptic pruning. 36. Between early childhood and adolescence, the brain eliminates about how many of its synapses? A. one third B. one fourth C. one tenth D. one twentieth Answer: A 37. What is the term that describes the brain’s high responsiveness to environmental circumstances? A. plasticity B. sensitivity C. growth D. pruning Answer: A 38. While providing solace to a family who have just been told that their infant sustained brain damage in a car accident, Dr. Doofenschmirtz tells them that the good news is that the infant is young and his brain is not fully mature. As compared to an adult, the infant’s brain has not been shaped or formed but is still highly responsive to the environment and the prognosis is good. Which of the following describes the topic of Dr. Doofenschmirtz’s discussion? A. cognitive neurology B. brain plasticity C. biological physiology D. neural psychology Answer: B. brain plasticity Correct: Because the infant’s brain is not as specialized as it will be later in development, it is high in plasticity, meaning that it is highly responsive to environmental circumstances. If a part of the brain is damaged in infancy due to accident or disease, other parts of the brain can often take over the functions of the damaged portion, whereas this is less possible later in development once greater specialization has taken place. A. cognitive neurology Incorrect: Because the infant’s brain is not as specialized as it will be later in development, it is high in plasticity, meaning that it is highly responsive to environmental circumstances. If a part of the brain is damaged in infancy due to accident or disease, other parts of the brain can often take over the functions of the damaged portion, whereas this is less possible later in development once greater specialization has taken place. 39. If the infant’s brain has been damaged due to injury or illness, what is likely to happen? A. The functions that are associated with the damaged areas are permanently lost. B. Other parts of the brain can assume the functions of the damaged area. C. The affected areas will grow new neurons and then resume functioning. D. The damaged areas will begin infecting other areas until complete brain death occurs. Answer: B. Other parts of the brain can assume the functions of the damaged area. Correct: This is known as brain plasticity. C. The affected areas will grow new neurons and then resume functioning. Incorrect: Generally, other areas of the brain will assume the functions associated with the damaged areas. 40. Your neighbor’s infant daughter has epilepsy. They are considering surgery to help with the seizures, but they are worried that permanent brain damage will result. What should you tell them? A. At that age, the brain is “plastic,” so that a different part of the brain can likely take over the functioning of the damaged area. B. They should carefully consider this option in that any damage will be permanent. C. It will be difficult to tell if there will be brain damage because infants do not really do much. D. They should proceed with caution in that if there is any brain damage on the left hemisphere their daughter might never learn to speak . Answer: A. At that age, the brain is “plastic,” so that a different part of the brain can likely take over the functioning of the damaged area. Correct: This plasticity diminishes steeply over the first few years of life. D. They should proceed with caution in that if there is any brain damage on the left hemisphere their daughter might never learn to speak . Incorrect: Since the brain is “plastic” during this time, it is likely that a different part of the brain will assume the lost area’s functioning. 41. The text describes orphanages in Romania in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived. The children were later adopted and recovered dramatically in physical development. It was found that the recovery in cognitive development _______________. A. recovered rapidly for all children B. was dependent on the age in which the children were adopted C. did not occur for any of the children D. not only recovered quickly, but the children outperformed other children very rapidly Answer: B. was dependent on the age in which the children were adopted Correct: In general, the younger the children’s age at adoption, the higher their rate of cognitive development. A. recovered rapidly for all children Incorrect: All the children recovered dramatically in physical size after a year or two in their new homes, but cognitive recovery depended strongly on age at adoption. 42. The text describes orphanages in Romania in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived. What was found regarding cognitive development for the children who were adopted when they were older than six months of age? A. They had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than the children adopted less than six months of age. B. They recovered extremely quickly. C. They were initially impaired, but recovered by the time they were two years old. D. They recovered very slowly, but by the time they were 20 were similar to others their age. Answer: A. They had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than the children adopted less than six months of age. Correct: Romanian children adopted at 6–24 months old had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than children adopted earlier than six months old. This indicates that after about six months of age, the damage to the brain due to early deprivation often could not be entirely undone even by years of exposure to a more stimulating environment. B. They recovered extremely quickly. Incorrect: Romanian children adopted at 6–24 months old had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than children adopted earlier than six months old. This indicates that after about six months of age, the damage to the brain due to early deprivation often could not be entirely undone even by years of exposure to a more stimulating environment. 43. Neonates, on average, sleep _______________ hours a day and of that time _______________ is spent in REM. A. 18–20; 40% B. 16–17; 50% C. 14–15; 60% D. 12–14; 70% Answer: B 44. At 6 months of age, American infants sleep about 14 hours a day, whereas infants who are the same age in Kenya sleep about 12 hours a day, and infants in the Netherlands sleep about 16 hours a day. This variation is best described by _______________. A. reflexive responses B. cultural practice C. innate pre-programming D. biological influence Answer: B. cultural practice Correct: For example, Dutch cultural beliefs emphasize rest and early bedtimes for young children. D. biological influence Incorrect: By age 6 months, cultural practices influence how much infants sleep. 45. _______________ describes when an infant who does not have any apparent illness or disease simply falls asleep and never wakes up. A. Activation Synthesis B. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome C. Nocturnal Enuresis D. Neurological Plasticity Answer: B 46. What is the leading cause of death for infants between birth and one year of age in developed countries? A. accidents B. SIDS C. AIDS D. genetic disorders Answer: B 47. What is a risk factor for SIDS? A. sleeping right-side-down B. sleeping left-side-down C. sleeping stomach-down D. sleeping back-down Answer: C 48. Which of the following is a known factor that increases the probability of SIDS? A. the family having pets B. sleeping stomach-down instead of flat on the back C. having average birth weight and a high Apgar score D. the infant being born in the morning Answer: B 49. What is a risk factor for SIDS? A. maternal diabetes B. maternal smoking during pregnancy C. paternal asthma D. paternal chromosomal disorders Answer: B 50. Which the following are known factors related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? A. a high Apgar score, low irritability, and colic B. a family history of SIDS and high irritability C. soft bedding, sleeping stomach down, and low birth weight D. hard bedding, sleeping back down, and low irritability Answer: C 51. Lipsitt (2003) extensively examined SIDS and found that infants were most vulnerable to succumb to SIDS between 2 and 4 months. Why? A. They still have not fully developed their immune systems. B. Many women stop breast-feeding at this time and the protection stops. C. This time represents a transition from reflex behavior to intentional behavior. D. Weight poses a problem for infants during this time. Answer: C. This time represents a transition from reflex behavior to intentional behavior. Correct: Some are unable to make the transition, perhaps due in part to respiratory and muscular vulnerabilities. A. They still have not fully developed their immune systems. Incorrect: The time represents a transition from reflex behavior to intentional behavior. 52. When you are visiting friends who just had a newborn, you notice that the baby is lying face-down in her crib. What do you tell your friends? A. That their daughter looks peacefully asleep. B. That is the best position for an infant to be in. C. That they need to have her on her back because lying face-down puts her at risk for SIDS. D. Their daughter might grow up with a flat nose from being laid on her stomach. Answer: C. That they need to have her on her back because lying face-down puts her at risk for SIDS. Correct: SIDS deaths declined by nearly one-half after the “BACK to Sleep” campaign was introduced and the prevalence of stomach sleeping dropped to 20%. B. That is the best position for an infant to be in. Incorrect: This is the worst position for a baby to be in and is a risk factor for SIDS. They should have their baby lying on her back. 53. During the “BACK to sleep” campaign, stomach sleeping went from 70% to 20%. What happened to the rate of SIDS deaths? A. It declined by approximately 90%. B. It declined by approximately 50%. C. Unfortunately, it made no difference. D. Unfortunately, it increased by 20%. Answer: B 54. What term describes the situation in which the infant sleeps with the parents? A. parental sleeping B. cosleeping C. communal sleeping D. familial sleeping Answer: B 55. In a survey of American pediatricians, what percentage recommended that infants sleep in a crib in a room of their own? A. 22% B. 44% C. 88% D. 99% Answer: C 56. You and your paediatrician get into an argument regarding where the infant should sleep. You strongly believe that she should sleep with you, while your paediatrician insists that is can be dangerous for her not to sleep in her own crib. What would be your argument? A. There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion B. Paediatricians do not care as much about infants as you do. C. There is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs in different rooms grow up developmentally deprived. D. You love your infant too much to have him or her in a different room! Answer: A. There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion Correct: Outside of the West, nearly all cultures have some form of cosleeping during infancy. C. There is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs in different rooms grow up developmentally deprived. Incorrect: Although many prominent pediatricians and health authorities in the United States and other Western countries warn against cosleeping, nearly all cultures outside of the West have some form of cosleeping during infancy. 57. How do non-Western cultures view the belief that infants should sleep in a crib in a room of their own? A. They agree that this should be the way that infants sleep. B. They view it as a form of child neglect. C. They view it as way to increase independence. D. They view it as punishment. Answer: B. They view it as a form of child neglect. Correct: In a study headed by Morelli (1992) for example, Mayan mothers were appalled when they heard how American infants typically sleep alone, and regarded this practice as cold and cruel. C. They view it as way to increase independence. Incorrect: Non-Western cultures view the situation in which infants sleep in a crib in a room of their own as child neglect. 58. In Japan and South Korea, two of the most technologically advanced societies in the world, how many infants cosleep with their mothers? A. hardly any of them B. some, but it is not accepted socially C. some and those societies are encouraging more D. nearly all of them Answer: D. nearly all of them Correct: Asian mothers justify their cosleeping practices on the basis of collectivistic values. B. some, but it is not accepted socially Incorrect: Nearly all infants in these cultures cosleep with their mothers. 59. SIDS is almost unknown in cultures where _______________. A. cosleeping is the norm B. corporal punishment is discouraged C. infants sleep in their own cribs in their own rooms D. there are low rates of obesity Answer: A. co-leeping is the norm Correct: There are many reasons for this pattern, including differences in types of bedding in these cultures and length of time that children breast-feed. D. there are low rates of obesity Incorrect: SIDS is rare in cultures in which infants and parents cosleep. 60. Infants need more _______________ in their diets than at any later point in life, for the growth of their bodies and especially their brains. A. fluoride B. fat C. folic acid D. iron Answer: B 61. In addition to breast milk or formula, most infants begin to eat solid foods during their _______________. A. first year B. second year C. third year D. fourth year Answer: A 62. At 4–5 months old infants still have a(n) _______________ that causes them to spit out any solid item that enters their mouths. A. aversion to solid foods B. gag reflex C. defiant temperament D. preference for fat Answer: B 63. Cameron is an infant and has just recently begun to chew and swallow his food in a fashion that more closely resembles the true eating process and not infantile suckling. Cameron is probably close to _______________ months of age. A. 2 months B. 4 months C. 5 months D. 8 months Answer: D. 8 months Correct: The ability to chew and swallow does not develop until the second half of the first year. C. 5 months Incorrect: The ability to chew and swallow does not develop until the second half of the first year. 64. Erika lives in the United States and takes her infant to the paediatrician’s office, where she is advised to begin introducing solid foods. It is safe to assume that Erika’s daughter is close to _______________. A. 5 or 6 months old B. 9 or 10 months old C. 11 or 12 months old D. at least a year old Answer: A. 5 or 6 months old Correct: In the West, pediatricians generally recommend introducing solid food during the fifth or sixth month. D. at least a year old Incorrect: In the West, pediatricians generally recommend introducing solid food during the fifth or sixth month. 65. It is known that malnutrition leads to ____ A. dyslexia and difficulty with mathematics B. Munchausen and Stockholm Syndrome C. attention deficit hyperactive disorder and oppositional defiance D. poorer cognitive development in both verbal and spatial intelligence Answer: D 66. Malnourished infants are at risk for _______________, a disease in which the body wastes away from lack of nutrients. A. HIV B. marasmus C. Stockholm syndrome D. ADHD Answer: B 67. What disease occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic? A. failure to thrive B. human growth hormone deficiency C. marasmus D. progeria Answer: C 68. Most infant mortalities occur during the _______________. A. first month of life B. second month of life C. third month of life D. fourth month of life Answer: A 69. _______________ are the leading cause of neonatal mortality. A. Parental neglect and abuse B. Accidents and injuries C. Accidental poisoning and drowning D. Severe birth defects and low birth weight Answer: D 70. _______________ is a major killer of infants, responsible for about one million infant deaths per year, mainly in Africa. A. Malaria B. Dysentery C. Asthma D. Eczema Answer: A 71. _______________ is the number one source of infant mortality beyond the first month but within the first year. A. Diarrhea B. Dysentery C. Cholera D. Iron deficiency Answer: A 72. _______________ involves having infants with diarrhea drink a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water. A. Oral rehydration therapy B. Hydro replacement therapy C. Saline-based hydration D. Electrolyte replenishment Answer: A 73. Although rumors have circulated on the Internet that some immunizations may actually cause harm to children, for example by triggering autism, scientific studies have found _______________. A. a link to ADHD B. no basis for these claims C. a link to boys D. a link to girls Answer: B 74. Throughout history various cultural groups have attempted to protect infants from disease and illness; however, they know very little of the true causes. As a common practice, many cultural groups developed _______________. A. vaccinations and immunizations to protect their infants B. practices to protect their infants C. laws and codes to protect their infants D. mechanical tools and safety devices to protect their infants Answer: B 75. In traditional Bali it is believed that infants should be treated like gods, since they have just arrived from the spirit world, where the gods dwell. Consequently, infants should be held constantly and should never touch the ground, out of respect for their godly status. If an infant dies, this is often interpreted as indicating that the infant was not shown the proper respect and so decided to return to the spirit world. This describes how cultures developed ____ A. biological explanations for their physical world B. practices to protect their infants C. a moral code that is incongruent with modern society D. laws and values that are consistent with modern medicine Answer: B. practices to protect their infants Correct: Observations today in places with little access to medical care offer many poignant examples of the cultural practices that have developed to try to protect infants. C. a moral code that is incongruent with modern society Incorrect: This is an example of a cultural practice that has been developed to try to protect infants. 76. What type of development includes balance and posture as well as whole-body movements? A. cephalocaudal motor B. whole-body motor C. fine motor D. gross motor Answer: D 77. What type of development includes more-skilled movements of the hands such as grasping and manipulating objects? A. fine motor B. gross motor C. cephalocaudal motor D. whole-body motor Answer: A 78. _______________ describes a genetically based timetable that individuals are born with. A. Human genome B. Blank slate C. Ontogenetic D. Genetic loading Answer: C 79. Ache babies are carried nearly every minute of the day and do not walk until around age 2 years. This is partly because Ache children prefer to be carried. What are the differences in gross motor development at age 6 years between Ache children and children who are not carried exclusively for so long? A. Ache children are much less active. B. Ache children are considerably less coordinated. C. There are no differences. D. Remarkably, Ache children are more advanced. Answer: C 80. From research that compares gross motor development of infants from various cultures, it is clear that environment has _______________. A. a large effect on gross motor development B. no effect on gross motor development C. a substantial effect on gross motor development D. has a relatively small effect on gross motor development Answer: D. has a relatively small effect on gross motor development Correct: It appears that cultural practices can slightly speed up or slow down the ontogenetic timetable for gross motor development in infancy, but the influence of the environment is relatively small and transient for this particular area of development. A. a large effect on gross motor development Incorrect: It appears that cultural practices can slightly speed up or slow down the ontogenetic timetable for gross motor development in infancy, but the influence of the environment is relatively small and transient for this particular area of development. 81. One of the evolutionary developments that make humans anatomically distinctive among animals is the _______________. A. advanced brain stem B. triple arch of the foot C. mammary gland D. opposable thumb Answer: D 82. Which of the following is the basis of fine motor development? A. binocular vision B. fast speed C. opposable thumb D. muscular build Answer: C 83. The _______________ is the basis of fine motor development, the deft movements of our hands that enable us to make a tool, pick up a small object, throw a weapon, or thread a needle. A. binocular vision B. bipedal motion C. opposable thumb D. vertical stance Answer: C 84. What is the term that describes the actions that neonates take when they extend their arms awkwardly toward an interesting object? A. primordial grasping B. prereaching C. plantar reflex D. palmar reflex Answer: B 85. By 9 to 12 months of age, infants can hold a small object between their thumb and forefinger, such as marbles, coins, and crayons. What is the name of this ability? A. the plantar grasp B. the pincer grasp C. the drawing grasp D. the palmar grasp Answer: B 86. You have an infant who is 11 months old. She can hold small objects between her thumb and forefinger, such as marbles, coins, and crayons. You are amazed at this ability and believe that she is highly advanced. What is your paediatrician likely to say? A. She is highly advanced; children generally do not do this until two years of age. B. She is engaging in the pincer grasp, which most children do around this age. C. She should be doing quite a bit more, so she is actually less developed. D. She is likely to be an artist. Answer: B. She is engaging in the pincer grasp, which most children do around this age. Correct: This allows them to begin feeding themselves small pieces of food. A. She is highly advanced; children generally do not do this until two years of age. Incorrect: This is typical behavior for a child this age and demonstrates the pincer grip. 87. The ability to discern the relative distance of objects in the environment is called _______________. A. binocular vision B. distance vision C. depth perception D. far-sightedness Answer: C 88. The key to depth perception is _______________, the ability to combine the images of each eye into one image. A. retinal disparity B. myopic vision C. monocular vision D. binocular vision Answer: D 89. The ability to combine the images of each eye into one image is called _______________. A. distance vision B. depth perception C. binocular vision D. far-sightedness Answer: C 90. _______________ in infants was first demonstrated in a classic experiment by Eleanor Gibson and James Walk (1960) with their use of a table called the “visual cliff.” A. Depth perception B. Fine motor skills C. Attachment D. Temperament Answer: A 91. The integration and coordination of sensory information is called _______________. A. intermodal perception B. binocular vision C. depth perception D. gross motor skills Answer: A 92. In regards to the development of intermodal perception, which of the following is the most complex task an 8-month-old infant can perform? A. An infant can walk, run, jump, and kick a soccer ball. B. An infant recognize objects they have put in their mouths but have not seen before. C. An infant looks longer at a video of a puppet jumping up and down in time with music than at the same puppet when the jumping does not match the music. D. An infant can match an unfamiliar person’s face with the correct voice when the faces and voices vary on the basis of age and gender. Answer: D. An infant can match an unfamiliar person’s face with the correct voice when the faces and voices vary on the basis of age and gender. Correct: This indicates a developing ability to coordinate visual and auditory information. C. An infant looks longer at a video of a puppet jumping up and down in time with music than at the same puppet when the jumping does not match the music. Incorrect: By 8 months, infants can match an unfamiliar person’s face with the correct voice when the faces and voices vary on the basis of age and gender, indicating a developing ability to coordinate visual and auditory information. Short Answer Questions 93. Describe the cephalocaudal principle of growth. Is this unique to babies born in developed countries? Answer: This refers to the baby’s head being large in proportion to the rest of her body. This is a universal principal of growth. The cephalocaudal principle of growth states that development progresses from head to toe. This pattern is observed universally in infants regardless of the country of birth, as it's a fundamental aspect of human growth and development. 94. Are there sex differences in length and/or weight at birth? Does this pattern continue? Explain. Answer: Boys tend to be longer and heavier at birth, a sex difference that is seen throughout childhood until puberty, when girls briefly surpass boys in height. 95. What is meant by plasticity? Give an example. Answer: Plasticity of the brain refers to adaptability. Because young children’s brains are not as specialized in function as they will be in adulthood, different parts of the brain can take over if there is damage. An example would be that if a child had brain tissue death due to a trauma in utero, perhaps to the occipital lobe, there is a better chance that her vision will still be intact than if she had an accident causing damage later in life. 96. Describe 3 risk factors for SIDS. Answer: • sleep position (on back decreases risk) • low birth weight • a hot room with fluffy blankets and pillows 97. Describe the meaning of “milk rights” and “milk siblings” in rural Turkey. Answer: It is believed that if the mother breastfeeds, her child will be obligated to take care of her in old age. If she is not able to breastfeed, she finds another woman in the village to breastfeed for her- “a milk mother.” That woman’s children are considered milk siblings to this baby and in adulthood they are forbidden from marrying. Essay Questions 98. A childless couple interviewed on T.V. is just about to pick up their three-year-old toddler from an orphanage in Romania known for its terrible conditions. They comment that “love conquers all” and go on to say that “by the time he goes to kindergarten people will think he has grown up here all his life.” Based on the research, is this an accurate prediction? Explain. Answer: One of the main findings from the research on institutionalized children is that age of adoption had a significant impact on various outcomes: the earlier the better. Specifically, those adopted after about six months showed lower cognitive ability than their counterparts who were adopted earlier. An enriching environment certainly can help to make up for earlier disadvantages, but brain plasticity decreases over the first year so that the optimal benefits occur early. 99. In cultures where medical remedies for infant illness are scarce, parents and caregivers go to great lengths to protect them. Describe at least one of these practices used to ensure survival that is based on magic rather than medical evidence. Answer: In West Africa, a sharp knife is kept near the baby to ward off evil spirits. They give the baby an undesirable nickname to trick these evil spirits into thinking the baby is not worth taking. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. The typical infant weighs _______________ times their birth weight by the end of the first year. A. 2 B. 2.5 C. 3 D. 3.5 Answer: C 2. The average infant brain is composed of _______________. A. 100,000 to 200,000 neurons B. 100 million to 200 million neurons C. 100 billion to 200 billion neurons D. 100 trillion to 200 trillion neurons Answer: C 3. _______________ is the term that describes the situation in which an infant sleeps with the parents? A. Parental sleeping B. Cosleeping C. Communal sleeping D. Familial sleeping Answer: B 4. A major element to depth perception is _______________, the ability to combine the images from both eyes into one image. A. retinal disparity B. myopic vision C. monocular vision D. binocular vision Answer: D 5. When motor development of infants is compared between cultures, it is clear that environment has _______________. A. a large effect on gross motor development B. no effect on gross motor development C. a substantial effect on gross motor development D. a relatively small effect on gross motor development Answer: D 6. There is a very low frequency of SIDS in cultures where _______________. A. cosleeping is the norm B. corporal punishment is encouraged C. infants sleep in their own cribs in their own rooms D. there are low rates of obesity Answer: A 7. Which of the following best describes an infant's growth in height for the first year? A. very quickly in the beginning and slows down B. slowly in the beginning and increases very quickly C. at a slow even rate D. unevenly in spurts Answer: D 8. Your sister and her husband are worried. Your niece is 7 months old and does not have a tooth yet. What would you tell your sister? A. Your niece might be toothless her entire life. B. Most infants do not get their first tooth until between their 5th and 9th months, so she is still doing fine. C. They should probably have her fitted for dentures if they ever want him to eat whole apples. D. She should have had her first tooth around the 2nd month. Answer: B 9. You are amazed that your 12-month-old child can hold a small object between her thumb and forefinger, such as carrots, coins, and crayons and believe she is highly advanced. What is your pediatrician likely to say? A. She is engaging in the pincer grasp, which most children do around this age. B. She is highly advanced as children generally do not do this until 2 years of age. C. She should be doing quite a bit more, so she is actually less developed. D. She is likely to be a surgeon. Answer: A 10. You are discussing the premise of evolution with a fellow student. The argument is made that there is no evidence for Darwin's theory and that human beings are just like any other animal; but just a little smarter. As a rebuttal you state that humans have _______________, which is a very uncommon feature in other animals and this has helped Homo sapiens move up the evolutionary ladder. A. opposable thumbs B. mammary gland C. triple arch of the foot D. binocular vision Answer: A Post-Test 1. The pattern of head downward development in infancy is known as _______________. A. cephalocaudal principle B. proximodistal principle C. top-down principle D. apex-to-base principle Answer: A 2. Neurotransmitters are _______________. A. chemicals that are released into the synapse B. the soma of the neuron C. a layer of insulation that surrounds axons D. gaps between neurons Answer: A 3. According to the text, which of the following is a risk factor for SIDS? A. Sleeping stomach down B. Sleeping right-side down C. Sleeping left-side down D. Sleeping back down Answer: A 4. _______________ describes a head-to-tail progression of growth. A. Cephalocaudal principle B. Proximodistal principle C. Thoracictorso principle D. Phalange-metacarpal principle Answer: A 5. _______________ is the term that describes the actions that neonates take when they extend their arms awkwardly toward an interesting object. A. Prereaching B. Postreaching C. Palmar reflex D. Plantar reflex Answer: A 6. By the end of their first year, one can expect an infant to weigh _______________ times their birth weight. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Answer: B 7. Teething infants continually bite because _______________. A. it helps the teeth break through the gums B. it helps stimulate enamel growth C. the counter pressure makes them feel better D. it allows the teeth to be planted firmly in the jaw bone Answer: C 8. Carlos first develops the ability to control his chest, shoulders, arms, hands, and finally his fingers. This progression of motor development is called the _______________. A. proximodistal principle B. phalange-metatarsal principle C. thoracictorso principle D. cephalocaudal principle Answer: A 9. You just started a new job at a daycare center and notice the staff is lying babies face down in their cribs when they are put down for a nap. What do you tell your supervisor? A. That they need to have the children on their backs because lying face down puts them at risk for SIDS. B. You tell her nothing because that is the best position for an infant to be in. C. Nothing, because it is not your job to take care of other people's children. D. That the children might grow up with flat noses from being laid on their stomachs. Answer: A 10. Freddy is playing T-ball. He is assigned to the outfield and is bored. In amusement, he covers one eye. He then toggles back and forth covering either eye, keeping one open, while keeping the other closed. If Freddy is trying to determine how far he is from home plate by comparing the slightly different angle in his right visual field to the angle of his left visual field he must be engaging in _______________. A. binocular depth perception B. monocular depth perception C. triocular depth perception D. Gestalt depth perception Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. By 2 years of age, neurons are connected to _______________. A. hundreds or thousands of other neurons B. about as many as there were at birth C. millions of other neurons D. billions of other neurons Answer: A 2. At 6 months of age, American infants sleep about 14 hours a day, whereas infants who are the same age in Kenya sleep about 12 hours a day, and infants in the Netherlands sleep about 16 hours a day. This variation is influenced by _______________. A. cultural practice B. genetic differences C. innate preprogramming D. dietary habits Answer: A 3. The ability to discern the relative distance of objects in the environment is _______________. A. depth perception B. distance vision C. binocular vision D. near-sightedness Answer: A 4. _______________ are the basis of fine motor development. A. Opposable thumbs B. Fast speed C. Neurological longevity D. Binocular vision Answer: A 5. Which of the following best describes height growth for most infants in the first year? A. unevenly in spurts B. very quickly in the beginning and slows down C. slowly in the beginning and increases very quickly D. at a slow even rate Answer: A 6. _______________ describes growth and development that proceeds from the middle of the body outward. A. Proximodistal principle B. Cephalocaudal principle C. Top-down principle D. Body first, head second principle Answer: A 7. Most infants get their first tooth between _______________. A. 5-9 months B. 9-12 months C. 12-16 months D. 16-22 months Answer: A 8. _______________ is the process of giving infants with diarrhea a solution of glucose and salt mixed with clean water. A. Oral rehydration therapy B. Hyper replacement therapy C. Saline-based dehydration D. Electrolyte replenishment Answer: A 9. Rumors have circulated that some immunizations may actually cause harm to children, for example by triggering autism; however, according to the text scientific studies have found _______________. A. no basis for these claims B. a link to ADHD C. a link to boys D. a link to girls Answer: A 10. Many infants begin sleeping "through the night" around four months. Around 6 months, they may begin waking again at night. Why? A. teething pain B. growth spurts C. anxiety-induced insomnia D. hyper-sleep Answer: A 11. Compared to other animals, the human brain is very large; however, at birth it is also _______________. A. relatively immature B. well developed C. nearly adultlike D. malfunctioning Answer: A 12. While providing solace to a family who has just been told that their infant sustained brain damage, Dr. Cook tells them that the good news is that the infant is young and his brain is not fully mature. As compared to an adult, the infant's brain has not been shaped or formed but is still highly responsive to the environment. Which of the following describes the topic of Dr. Cook's conversation? A. brain plasticity B. hyper-recovery C. subconscious plasticity D. metamorphic recovery Answer: A 13. You and your mother get into an argument regarding where your infant should sleep, either in their own crib or with you in bed. What should be your argument? A. There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion. B. Research has proven that infants who sleep with their parents have stronger bonds than infants who sleep alone. C. That there is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs grow up developmentally deprived. D. That you love your infant too much to have him or her in a different room! Answer: A 14. Joe has just recently begun to chew and swallow his food in a style that closely resembles true eating and not infantile suckling. Joe is closer to _______________ months of age. A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 Answer: D 15. _______________ is a disease that occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic. A. Marasmus B. HIV/AIDS C. Progeria D. Non-organic failure to thrive Answer: A Quick Review 2. Which of the following are appropriate methods to soothe a teething infant? A. The use of a teething ring, a cold drink, or topical pain reliever B. The use of pediatric oral dentures C. The use of children's acetaminophen or ibuprofen D. The use of a cotton ball that is soaked in whiskey Answer: A 3. _______________ is a type of development that includes balance and posture as well as whole-body movements? A. Gross motor B. Cephalocaudal motor C. Whole-body motor D. Fine motor Answer: A 4. Which of the following describes the combining of images of two eyes into one cognitive picture? A. Binocular vision B. Monocular vision C. Depth perception D. Near-sightedness Answer: A 5. _______________ is the integration and coordination of sensory information. A. Intermodal perception B. Binocular vision C. Depth perception D. Gross motor skills Answer: A 6. The accumulation of body fat helps infants to _______________. A. maintain a constant body temperature B. maintain high energy levels C. build red blood cells D. create antibodies Answer: A 7. If an infant's brain has been damaged due to injury or illness, what is likely to happen during recovery? A. Other parts of the brain can assume the functions of the damaged area. B. The functions that are associated with the damaged areas are permanently lost. C. The affected areas will grow new neurons and then resume functioning. D. The damaged areas will begin infecting other. Answer: A 8. In two of the most technologically advanced societies in the world, Japan and South Korea, how many infants cosleep with their parents? A. Nearly all B. Some, but it is not accepted socially C. Hardly any D. Some, but it is highly encouraged by the government Answer: A 9. In regards to the development of intermodal perception, which of the following is the most complex task an infant who is 8 months old can perform? The infant can _______________. A. match an unfamiliar person's face with the correct voice when they have heard it before B. walk, run, jump, and kick a soccer ball C. write his or her name with a crayon D. recognize objects they have put in their mouths but have not seen before Answer: A 10. When comparing the developmental recover of seriously deprived orphans from Romania, it was clear that recovery in cognitive development _______________. A. was dependent on the age in which the children were adopted B. occurred rapidly for all the children C. did not occur for any of the children D. not only occurred quickly, but the children outperformed other nondeprived children Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. The narrator tells us that certain developmental milestones occur at very similar ages across cultures. Does this surprise you? Why or why not? Answer: It doesn't surprise me because developmental milestones are largely influenced by biological factors that are universal across human populations. While cultural practices and environmental factors can influence some aspects of development, the underlying neurological and physiological processes tend to unfold at similar ages across cultures. 2. Can you think of any related skills that the pincer grasp might be a precursor for? What about skills related to grasping? In what ways would these primitive skills be so important across cultures? Answer: A possible answer to the first part of this question would be that it might lead to self-feeding. Grasping might be related to future skills that would involve reaching out to be able to play with a toy that is nearby, or reaching out to gain attention as a form of communication. These skills may be so important cross-culturally because they are important to survival (self-feeding leads to growth and independence) and communication. 3. Many first attempts of grasping by young babies are unsuccessful. Why do you think they continue to try and eventually succeed? Answer: Babies are motivated by their innate drive to explore and interact with their environment. Despite initial failures, they persist due to the rewards of successfully grasping objects, such as satisfying their curiosity and gaining a sense of achievement. Additionally, repeated attempts allow them to refine their motor skills and learn from trial and error, ultimately leading to success. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The principle elements of fine motor development in infancy are _________________. A. reaching and walking B. reaching and grasping C. reaching and waving D. reaching and rolling Answer: B 2. At what age do babies typically begin to reach and grasp? A. 3-4 months B. 6-8 months C. 5-7 months D. 8-10 months Answer: A 3. According to this video, at what age can the typical infant firmly hold an object and transfer it between hands? A. 3-4 months B. 6-8 months C. 5-7 months D. 8-10 months Answer: C Section 2 Cognitive Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. The most influential theory of cognitive development from infancy through adolescence is the one developed by _______________. A. Lev Vygotsky B. Jean Piaget C. B. F. Skinner D. Diana Baumrind Answer: B 2. _______________ proposed that changes in cognitive development proceed in distinct stages and that each stage involves a different way of thinking about the world. A. Sigmund Freud B. Jean Piaget C. Eric Erickson D. B. F. Skinner Answer: B 3. Piaget’s work, and that of the individuals who followed in his tradition, is known as the _______________. A. cognitive-developmental approach B. piagetian approach C. child-centered approach D. cognitive-centered approach Answer: A 4. Jean Piaget proposed that a person’s cognitive abilities are organized into coherent mental structures. Which of the following best describes his approach? A. psychosocial approach B. cognitive-developmental approach C. psychosexual approach D. neurobiological approach Answer: B 5. According to Piaget, what is the driving force behind development from one state to the next? A. maturation B. learning C. environmental factors D. readiness Answer: A 6. Along with maturation, Piaget emphasized that cognitive development is driven by _______________. A. information processing B. the parents’ efforts in helping the child understand his or her world C. the rewards and punishments that shaped the child D. the child’s effort to understand and influence the surrounding environment Answer: D. the child’s effort to understand and influence the surrounding environment Correct: Children actively construct their understanding of the world, rather than being merely the passive recipients of environmental influences. A. information processing Incorrect: Along with maturation, Piaget emphasized that cognitive development is driven by the child’s efforts to understand and influence the surrounding environment. 7. According to Piaget, an individual’s cognitive development is driven by _______________. A. an effort to understand and influence the surrounding environment B. an effort to satisfy the id while working with the superego C. the need to satisfy a deficient cognitive state D. the need for superiority due to innate deficiencies Answer: A. an effort to understand and influence the surrounding environment Correct: Children actively construct their understanding of the world, rather than being merely the passive recipients of environmental influences. D. the need for superiority due to innate deficiencies Incorrect: Along with maturation, Piaget emphasized that cognitive development is driven by the child’s efforts to understand and influence the surrounding environment. 8. What did Piaget call the cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information? A. active processing B. schemes C. assimilation D. accommodation Answer: B 9. According to Piaget, when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme, what has occurred? A. active processing B. scheme change C. accommodation D. assimilation Answer: D 10. _______________ is when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme, whereas _______________ is when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information. A. Accommodation; assimilation B. Assimilation; accommodation C. Retrieval; encoding D. Encoding; retrieval Answer: B 11. An infant who has been breast-feeding may use mostly _______________ and a slight degree of _______________ when learning to suck from the nipple on a bottle. A. assimilation; accommodation B. accommodation; assimilation C. accommodation; encoding D. encoding; assimilation Answer: A. assimilation; accommodation Correct: But if sucking on a ball or a parent’s finger the infant would be able to use assimilation less and need to use accommodation more. B. accommodation; assimilation Incorrect: An infant who has been breast-feeding may use mostly assimilation and a slight degree of accommodation when learning to suck from the nipple on a bottle. 12. An infant between the ages of birth and 2 would be in which of Piaget’s cognitive stages? A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations Answer: A 13. Cognitive development in this stage involves changing from reflex behavior to intentional action and the attainment of object permanence. A. sensorimotor B. pre-operations C. concrete operations D. formal operations Answer: A 14. Because they are a way of processing and organizing information, reflexes are a type of _______________. A. accommodation B. scheme C. assimilation D. active processing Answer: B 15. Infants in this sensorimotor substage learn to repeat bodily movement that occurred initially by chance; they then repeat this chance behavior intentionally. A. substage 1: simple reflexes B. substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions C. substage 3: secondary circular reactions D. substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes Answer: B 16. Secondary circular reactions involve activity in relation to the _______________. A. infant’s own body B. parent C. external world D. siblings Answer: C 17. When an infant’s actions are intentional and goal-directed he or she is in sensorimotor substage _______________. A. 1: simple reflexes B. 2: first habits and primary circular reactions C. 3: secondary circular reactions D. 4: coordination of secondary schemas Answer: D 18. During what substage does the infant’s behavior, for the first time, occur not as accidents but as intentional, goal-directed behavior? A. substage 1: simple reflexes B. substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions C. substage 3: secondary circular reactions D. substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes Answer: D 19. _______________ is our awareness that objects continue to exist even when we are not in direct sensory or motor contact with them. A. A not B error B. Object permanence C. Egocentrism D. Accommodation Answer: B 20. It is between _______________ months that most infants will show a developing awareness of object permanence. A. 2 and 4 B. 4 and 8 C. 8 and 12 D. 12 and 16 Answer: C 21. What did Piaget call the error that infants made when an object was hidden under blanket B but the infants stopped looking for the object after they looked under blanket A? A. the A-and-B error B. the A-or-B error C. the A-not-B error D. the A, B, Cs of infant memory Answer: C 22. The A-not-B error illustrates which of the following Piagetian principle? A. accommodation B. assimilation C. egocentrism D. object permanence Answer: D. object permanence Correct: To Piaget, this error indicated that the infants believed that their own action of looking under blanket A was what had caused the object to reappear. B. assimilation Incorrect: The A-not-B error illustrates a child’s understanding of object permanence. 23. Your niece loves to play peek-a-boo. The way that you like to play is to put your blanket over your face and after a few seconds abruptly remove the blanket. Each time that you remove the blanket, your niece acts like she is very surprised to see you. According to Piaget, what concept does your niece lack? A. object continuance B. object permanence C. object memory D. object discovery Answer: B. object permanence Correct: Infants love peek-a-boo because to them, given their limited understanding of object permanence, the other person’s face seems to disappear when it is obscured, then suddenly, magically reappears. C. object memory Incorrect: Infants love peek-a-boo because to them, given their limited understanding of object permanence, the other person’s face seems to disappear when it is obscured, then suddenly, magically reappears. 24. In recent decades research has determined that Piaget’s theory was very useful in terms of _______________. A. its ability to completely understanding infant cognitive development B. its overall description of infant cognitive development C. its theoretical explanation of infant cognitive development D. its explanation of object permanence Answer: B. its overall description of infant cognitive development Correct: However, some critics argue that the theory may have underestimated infants’ cognitive abilities, especially with regard to object permanence. A. its ability to completely understanding infant cognitive development Incorrect: Studies have generally concluded that Piaget’s theory was correct in its overall description of infant cognitive development. However, some critics argue that the theory may have underestimated infants’ cognitive abilities, especially with regard to object permanence. 25. Which of the following is a major criticism of Piaget’s theories of cognitive development? A. he overestimated the cognitive abilities of children B. his theories are not supported by modern research C. his sample size was too large and over representative D. he underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants Answer: D. he underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants Correct: Studies have generally concluded that Piaget’s theory was correct in its overall description of infant cognitive development. However, some critics argue that the theory may have underestimated infants’ cognitive abilities, especially with regard to object permanence. A. he overestimated the cognitive abilities of children Incorrect: Studies have generally concluded that Piaget’s theory was correct in its overall description of infant cognitive development. However, some critics argue that the theory may have underestimated infants’ cognitive abilities, especially with regard to object permanence. 26. What is one criticism mentioned in the text regarding Piaget’s explanation of object permanence? Infants’ mistakes were due to _______________. A. difficulties with cognitive immaturity B. methodological issues C. a lack of understanding of the permanence of objects D. memory development Answer: D. memory development Correct: Some critics of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory argue that mistakes regarding object permanence may reflect memory development rather than a failure to understand the properties of objects. C. a lack of understanding of the permanence of objects Incorrect: Some critics of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory argue that mistakes regarding object permanence may reflect memory development rather than a failure to understand the properties of objects. 27. Having only used his own children as subjects, Piaget greatly underestimated the influence of _______________ on cognitive development. A. culture B. genetics C. the id D. school Answer: A. culture Correct: Piaget’s theory was based on his own three Swiss children, and nearly all subsequent research has been on children in the West. However, one of the few non-Western studies, of infants in Ivory Coast, found that infants there developed through the sensorimotor stages earlier than Piaget had described, perhaps because their parents encouraged them to develop motor skills. B. genetics Incorrect: Piaget’s theory was based on his own three Swiss children, and nearly all subsequent research has been on children in the West. However, one of the few non-Western studies, of infants in Ivory Coast, found that infants there developed through the sensorimotor stages earlier than Piaget had described, perhaps because their parents encouraged them to develop motor skills. 28. What approach that attempts to understand cognitive development views development as continuous? A. information-processing approach B. behavioral theory C. Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory D. Typological Advancement theory Answer: A 29. Piaget’s stages views cognitive growth as _______________, whereas the information-processing approach views cognitive changes as _______________. A. external; internal B. internal; external C. discontinuous; continuous D. continuous; discontinuous Answer: C. discontinuous; continuous Correct: Rather than viewing cognitive development as discontinuous, that is, as separated into distinct stages, the way Piaget did, the information-processing approach views cognitive change as continuous, meaning gradual and steady. D. continuous; discontinuous Incorrect: Rather than viewing cognitive development as discontinuous, that is, as separated into distinct stages, the way Piaget did, the information-processing approach views cognitive change as continuous, meaning gradual and steady. 30. What was the original model for the information-processing approach? A. the human brain B. the computer C. the Internet D. the cell phone Answer: B 31. What term refers to the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations? A. boredom B. sensitivity C. dishabituation D. habituation Answer: D 32. Habituation is defined as _______________. A. an individual’s desire, but inability, to quit using an active substance B. the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations C. an increased attention when a new stimulus is presented several times D. a dwelling that a person occupies Answer: B 33. You and your sister are watching your nephew. Initially he seems to be very interested in a recently appeared stimulus, but seems not to be very interested in it after a few seconds. Your sister thinks that he might not have a very long attention span. What do you tell her? Your nephew is actually displaying _______________. A. boredom B. sensitivity C. dishabituation D. habituation Answer: D. habituation Correct: Habituation is the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations. A. boredom Incorrect: Habituation is the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations. 34. What term refers to the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus? A. boredom B. sensitivity C. dishabituation D. habituation Answer: C 35. Dishabituation is defined as _______________. A. the knowledge that an object is still present even though sensory or behavioral information is no longer present. B. an overall measure of an infant’s developmental progress. C. the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations. D. the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus. Answer: D 36. What happens to an infant’s heart rate when a new stimulus is presented? A. It remains the same. B. It gradually rises. C. It gradually decreases. D. It initially rises and then sharply decreases. Answer: C 37. Other than using an infant’s gaze during a habituation-dishabituation study, researchers can also monitor an infant’s _______________. A. reflexes and fine motor movements B. heart rate and the rate in which the infant sucks on a pacifier C. blood pressure and capillary refill D. fMRI and CT scan images Answer: B. heart rate and the rate in which the infant sucks on a pacifier Correct: Habituation and dishabituation can be studied by monitoring infants’ looking behavior, but infants rarely lay still for long even if they are paying attention to something, so two other methods have been frequently used: heart rate and sucking rate. A. reflexes and fine motor movements Incorrect: Habituation and dishabituation can be studied by monitoring infants’ looking behavior, but infants rarely lay still for long even if they are paying attention to something, so two other methods have been frequently used: heart rate and sucking rate. 38. What happens to infant’s sucking rate during dishabituation? A. It remains the same. B. It increases. C. It decreases. D. It is erratic. Answer: B 39. What measure positively predicts memory ability on other tasks in infancy? A. speed of retention B. speed of responding C. speed of dishabituation D. speed of habituation Answer: D 40. Which of the following correlates with an infant’s ability to habituate to a new stimulus very quickly? A. difficulties on other cognitive tasks B. difficulties with decoding social cues C. performance on intelligence tests D. performance on social-emotional scales Answer: C. performance on intelligence tests Correct: Speed of habituation positively predicts memory ability on other tasks in infancy, as well as later performance on intelligence tests. A. difficulties on other cognitive tasks Incorrect: Speed of habituation positively predicts memory ability on other tasks in infancy, as well as later performance on intelligence tests. 41. Between _______________ an infant’s attention becomes more socially driven. A. 6–12 months B. 12–18 months C. 18–24 months D. 24–32 months Answer: A 42. During the second half of an infant’s first year, he or she directs his or her attention not just to whatever is most stimulating, but also to _______________. A. what he or she is imagining B. what other people around him or her are attending to C. several stimuli at once D. an auditory and a visual stimulus at the same time Answer: B. what other people around him or her are attending to Correct: This shows that infants are engaging in joint attention. A. what he or she is imagining Incorrect: In the second half of the first year, infants direct their attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulating but to what the people around them are attending to, engaging in joint attention. 43. You are watching your next-door neighbor’s 8-month-old infant. You notice that he is getting quite a bit more mature. A few months ago, anytime a new stimulus was presented, he would take a close look at it. Now, he seems to be very interested in _______________. A. what he is imagining B. what other people around him are attending to C. several stimuli at once D. an auditory and a visual stimulus at the same time Answer: B. what other people around him are attending to Correct: This shows that infants are engaging in joint attention. A. what he is imagining Incorrect: In the second half of the first year, infants direct their attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulating but to what the people around them are attending to, engaging in joint attention. 44. What is joint attention? A. when two adults pay attention to an infant B. when several infants look at the same stimulus C. when an infant pays attention to what others are attending to D. when an infant pays attention to another infant Answer: C 45. _______________ is when infants begin to notice what others around them are attentive to and they focus their attention to the same event. A. Social attention B. Joint attention C. Bilateral attention D. Dual attention Answer: B 46. Joint attention not only is the basis for an infant’s information processing development but it also fosters _______________. A. personality styles B. temperamental wellbeing C. physiological growth D. language and emotional communication Answer: D. language and emotional communication Correct: For example, one way infants and children learn new words is to observe what another person is looking at or doing when they use a word. C. physiological growth Incorrect: Joint attention is the basis not just of infants’ information processing development but of language and emotional communication. 47. As an infant’s short-term and long-term memory improve he or she should also get better _______________. A. with the creation of personal fables B. in their degree of egocentrism C. at the task of object permanence D. speaking to an imaginary audience Answer: C. at the task of object permanence Correct: Memory studies using object permanence tasks show that the number of locations infants can remember and search to look for a hidden object increases sharply in the second half of the first year. B. in their degree of egocentrism Incorrect: Memory studies using object permanence tasks show that the number of locations infants can remember and search to look for a hidden object increases sharply in the second half of the first year. 48. Object permanence is not just a test of knowledge of the properties of objects, but also of _______________. A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. episodic memory D. semantic memory Answer: A 49. You have been fortunate in that your nephew was born a few months before you began your developmental course. You remember some of your nephew’s interesting behaviors. He has now mastered object permanence and as you watch him you remember that in class you discussed that object permanence is also a good measure of _______________. A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. episodic memory D. semantic memory Answer: A. short-term memory Correct: Object permanence is a test of short-term memory as well as a test of knowledge of the properties of objects. B. long-term memory Incorrect: Object permanence is a test of short-term memory as well as a test of knowledge of the properties of objects. 50. When studying the long-term memory of infants, researchers tied a string to an infant’s foot and taught them to move a _______________ hanging above their cribs by kicking their foot. A. mobile B. doll C. bell D. teddy bear Answer: A 51. In a study examining long-term memory, two-month-old infants forgot the training within a week. How long did the six-month-old infants remember the training? A. one week B. two weeks C. three weeks D. they never forgot it Answer: C. three weeks Correct: This supports the fact that long-term memory improves considerably over the first year of life. B. two weeks Incorrect: The research indicated that infants remembered the training for three weeks after the training was completed. 52. The last time that you visited your six-month-old niece, you popped your head over the padding on her crib every time that she kicked the mattress with her heel. She loved the game. It has been two weeks since your last visit; does she still remember the game? A. No, infants have hardly any memory skills. B. No, she is too young to remember something that long. C. Yes, she will most likely remember the game. D. It is very difficult to measure memory skills of infants. Answer: C. Yes, she will most likely remember the game. Correct: Studies indicate that 6-month-olds can remember for about three weeks. B. No, she is too young to remember something that long. Incorrect: Studies indicate that 6-month-olds can remember for about three weeks; therefore, she will likely be able to remember the game. 53. _______________ memory is when a clue is presented to help retrieve stored information. A. Recognition B. Recall C. Aptitude D. Achievement Answer: A 54. _______________ memory is when we attempt to retrieve memories without the help of a cue or clue. A. Recognition B. Recall C. Aptitude D. Achievement Answer: B 55. Which of the following is true from infancy onward? A. Recall memory is rarely used, whereas recognition memory is used heavily. B. Recognition memory is rarely used, whereas recall memory is used heavily. C. Recall memory comes easier than recognition memory. D. Recognition memory comes easier than recall memory. Answer: D. Recognition memory comes easier than recall memory. Correct: Recognition memory relies on clues to retrieve previously learned information. C. Recall memory comes easier than recognition memory. Incorrect: The opposite is true. 56. Which of the following areas make up Arnold Gesell’s developmental quotient (DQ)? A. intelligence quotient, functional behavioral assessment rating, and Apgar score B. muscular strength, lung capacity, language use, and social-emotional rating C. reflexive index, score on a 16PF rating, Apgar score, and adaptive functioning D. motor skills, language use, adaptive behaviors, and personal-social behavior Answer: D 57. What did Gesell name his overall measure of infants’ developmental progress? A. intelligence quotient B. developmental quotient C. growth quotient D. progress quotient Answer: B 58. _______________ is used as an overall measure of an infant’s development progress. A. Developmental quotient B. Apgar score C. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory D. The Reflexive Inventory of Innate Responses Answer: A 59. The median is the _______________ score. A. highest B. lowest C. middle D. average Answer: C 60. Arnold Gesell’s developmental quotient (DQ) is no longer used, but his approach was continued by Nancy Bayley, who produced the _______________. A. the Bayley Scales of Infant Development B. the Stroop Test C. the Bayley Inventory Scale for Children D. Bayley’s Internal Measures of Physiological Growth Answer: A 61. What scale of infant development includes the Cognitive, Language, and Motor Scales? A. Gesell B. Bayley-III C. Piaget Scale D. Arnett II Answer: B 62. The Bayley Scales for Infant Development is made up of which of the following? A. expressive, receptive, and long-term skill B. cognitive, language, and motor skills C. psychomotor, cognitive, and physiological skills D. adaptive, social-emotional, and personality skills Answer: B 63. What is one of the major difficulties assessing young infants? A. Their states of arousal and motivation vary greatly from one hour or even minute to the next. B. They often fall asleep during the assessment. C. Their mothers generally do not like to be assessed. D. The results have no meaning. Answer: A. Their states of arousal and motivation vary greatly from one hour or even minute to the next. Correct: An infant’s developmental quotient in the testing session may simply reflect the state that he or she was in at the moment rather than more enduring and stable mental abilities. B. They often fall asleep during the assessment. Incorrect: Infants’ states of arousal and motivation vary greatly from one hour or even minute to the next, so an infant’s developmental quotient in the testing session may simply reflect the state that he or she was in at the moment rather than more enduring and stable mental abilities. 64. An infant who scores extremely low on the Bayley scales _______________. A. may need the intervention of a social psychologist and paediatric dietitian B. is predicted to do extremely well on an IQ test C. may have serious development problems and needs immediate attention D. is doing extremely well and above normal development milestones Answer: C 65. Longitudinal studies examining attention have found that compared to “long-lookers,” “short-lookers” in infancy tend to have _______________. A. lower IQ scores later in development B. higher IQ scores later in development C. lower attention scores later in development D. higher attention scores later in development Answer: B 66. Longitudinal studies have found that _______________. A. “short-lookers” in infancy tend to have higher IQ scores later in development than “long-lookers” do B. “long-lookers” in infancy tend to have higher IQ scores later in development than “short-lookers” do C. “short-lookers” in infancy tend to have the same IQ scores later in development as “long-lookers” do D. “long-lookers” in infancy tend to have more developmental problems later than “short-lookers” do Answer: A. “short-lookers” in infancy tend to have higher IQ scores later in development than “long-lookers” do Correct: It is that longitudinal studies have found that infants who engage in longer visual exploration (long-lookers) during infancy tend to have higher IQ scores later in development compared to infants who engage in shorter visual exploration (short-lookers). This suggests a positive correlation between early visual exploration behavior and later cognitive development. B. “long-lookers” in infancy tend to have higher IQ scores later in development than “short-lookers” do Incorrect: Longitudinal studies have found that short-lookers in infancy tend to have higher IQ scores and educational achievement later in development than long-lookers do. 67. In one study, short-lookers in infancy had higher IQs and _______________ when they were followed up 20 years later, in emerging adulthood. A. higher educational achievement B. higher rate of psychological problems C. more stringent personalities D. a more stringent temperament Answer: A. higher educational achievement Correct: Short-lookers are infants who habituate to new stimuli quickly. D. a more stringent temperament Incorrect: In one study, short-lookers in infancy had higher IQs and higher educational achievement when they were followed up 20 years later, in emerging adulthood. 68. Fagan et al. (2007) examined attention abilities in infancy and then followed “short” and “long” lookers into adulthood. What did they find for short-lookers compared to long-lookers? The short-lookers had _______________. A. higher IQ and educational achievement B. higher IQ, but did not apply it C. lower IQ and educational achievement D. lower IQ, but were better at applying themselves Answer: A 69. Your sister is concerned that your niece is not going to be a very good student when she goes to school because whenever she shows her something new, your niece only looks at it for a short time. Is she correct? A. No, infants who are “short-lookers” tend to have higher IQ and educational achievement later. B. No, infants who are “short-lookers” tend to have higher IQ, but usually do not apply it. C. Yes, infants who are “short-lookers” have lower IQ and educational achievement later. D. Yes, infants who are “short-lookers” have lower IQ, but were better at applying themselves. Answer: A. No, infants who are “short-lookers” tend to have higher IQ and educational achievement later. Correct: Short-lookers are infants who habituate to new stimuli quickly. C. Yes, infants who are “short-lookers” have lower IQ and educational achievement later. Incorrect: Longitudinal studies have found that short-lookers in infancy tend to have higher IQ scores and educational achievement later in development than long-lookers do. 70. _______________ is an assessment’s likelihood to be consistent when measured across more than one occasion. A. The norm B. Reliability C. Validity D. Standard deviation Answer: B 71. Psychologist Lasich is conducting an assessment of a new patient and performs an IQ test. Her new patient is young, anxious, and appears to be weary of the therapeutic sessions. Not trusting her initial results, Lasich conducts a second IQ test to confirm the results of the first. To her surprise both scores were consistent with each other. Psychologist Lasich is testing for _______________. A. reliability B. validity C. heuristics D. variability Answer: A. reliability Correct: Reliability refers to being consistent across more than one occasion. B. validity Incorrect: Reliability refers to being consistent across more than one occasion. 72. Which of the following describes the normal sequence of language development? A. words, gesturing, cooing, babbling B. gesturing, words, babbling, cooing C. babbling, cooing, words, gesturing D. cooing, babbling, gesturing, words Answer: D 73. What is the term that developmentalists use to describe the oo-ing, ah-ing, and gurgling sounds that infants produce when they are 2 months old? A. telegraphic speech B. babbling C. cooing D. gesturing Answer: C 74. What is the term that developmentalists use to describe repetitive consonant-vowel combinations such as “ba-ba-ba” or “do-do-do?” A. telegraphic speech B. babbling C. cooing D. gesturing Answer: B 75. Infants across the world babble _______________. A. the same sounds initially B. completely different sounds based on their language C. completely different sounds based on how much their parents speak to them D. at exactly the same age Answer: A. the same sounds initially Correct: Initially, all infants babble the same sounds, but then those sounds that are not part of their language environment drop out later. B. completely different sounds based on their language Incorrect: Initially, all infants babble the same sounds, but then those sounds that are not part of their language environment drop out later. 76. What happens after infants have been babbling for a few months? A. They begin making holophrases. B. They cease to babble in sounds they have not heard used by the people around them. C. They begin gesturing along with babbling. D. They begin to make sounds to which they are not exposed. Answer: B. They cease to babble in sounds they have not heard used by the people around them. Correct: After a couple months, infants begin to babble in the sounds distinctive to their culture and cease to babble in sounds they have not heard used by the people around them. C. They begin gesturing along with babbling. Incorrect: After a couple months, infants begin to babble in the sounds distinctive to their culture and cease to babble in sounds they have not heard used by the people around them. 77. When do infants generally produce their first words? A. 8–10 months B. 10–14 months C. 12–16 months D. 14–18 months Answer: B 78. On average most infants will use their first word _______________. A. a few months before or after their second birthday B. a few months before or after their first birthday C. toward the middle half of their first year D. toward the second half of their second year Answer: B 79. Typical first words include _______________. A. “mama” and “dada” B. “go-go” and “stop-stop” C. “train” and “house” D. “sissy” and “bubby” Answer: A 80. Language comprehension refers to words that are _______________. A. used B. understood C. single syllables D. multi syllables Answer: B 81. Language production refers to words that are _______________. A. used B. understood C. single syllables D. multi syllables Answer: A 82. As early as four months of age infants _______________. A. recognize their names B. produce at least 10 words C. understand 40 words D. remember their parents’ names Answer: A 83. Even though infants can speak only a few words by their first birthday, they understand _______________. A. fewer than 10 words B. 20 words C. 50 words D. more than 100 words Answer: C 84. In what type of speech do adults talk to infants by raising the pitch of their voices, exaggerating their intonation, and repeating words? A. baby talk B. neuro-stimulating speech C. infant-directed speech D. slow-down speech Answer: C 85. What is one of the reasons that adults talk to infants by raising the pitch of their voices, exaggerating their intonation, elongating vowels, and repeating words? A. Research has shown that it increases neurological development. B. Infants understand it better. C. Adults think that it is a good idea, but there is no practical purpose. D. Infants seem to like it. Answer: D 86. The Gusii, like people in many traditional cultures, are in contact with their children nearly constantly. How do they view talking to children? A. They also speak to them constantly. B. They only speak to them during the day, never at night. C. They speak only to the upper caste infants. D. They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants. Answer: D. They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants. Correct: This is similar to the Ifaluk people of Micronesia who believe there is no point in speaking to infants because they cannot understand what you say. A. They also speak to them constantly. Incorrect: They do not believe that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants. 87. When comparing cultures that use infant-directed (ID) speech to those who do not it is clear that _______________. A. without infant-directed speech one may see delays in language development B. regardless of practice, language fluency develops for all infants within a few years C. infant-directed speech greatly hampers language development D. cultures that use infant-directed speech have an earlier onset of language development Answer: B. regardless of practice, language fluency develops for all infants within a few years Correct: Children in cultures that receive no ID speech learn their language fluently within a few years, just as children in cultures with ID speech do. A. without infant-directed speech one may see delays in language development Incorrect: Children in cultures that receive no ID speech learn their language fluently within a few years, just as children in cultures with ID speech do. Short Answer Questions 88. Would three-year-olds enjoy the game of peek-a-boo? Would you expect to see cultural variations? Explain. Answer: By the time children are three, they have acquired object permanence and therefore know that even though an object is hidden (in this case, the person’s face), it still exists, so they would not find this game to be very exciting. Toddlers of this age all over the world would probably find this game to be boring from the onset. 89. How do researchers determine whether babies can tell the difference between two stimuli given that their young subjects are not able to tell them? Answer: They could look at changes in heart rate and changes in sucking rate. Researchers often determine whether babies can differentiate between two stimuli by observing changes in their behavior. Common methods include tracking eye movements, measuring the duration of gaze towards different stimuli, monitoring changes in heart rate, and noting variations in sucking patterns. These indirect measures provide insights into the baby's perception and recognition abilities. 90. How have researchers tested memory in nonverbal infants? Answer: They have used a method that involves tying a string on the baby’s foot that is connected to a mobile in a crib. The baby learns that by kicking, the brightly colored mobile moves. They bring the baby back to the crib and see if the baby starts to kick. By about 6 months, they remembered for about three weeks. 91. Do the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, which yield an overall DQ, predict later IQ? Explain. Answer: No, these scales measure different abilities than what are traditionally measured on IQ tests. For example, skills measured the motor scale, such as the ability to sit alone at 6 months, would not be expected to predict cognitive abilities. In addition, the scores are not reliable. 92. Your neighbor tells you that she is going to buy her child the “Baby Einstein” videos, saying that, “even though they are really expensive, they are worth it.” She asks you what you think. Provide a response based on research evidence. Answer: The data show that these products do not enhance cognitive development; one study even showed that infants who watched these DVDs did worse on language comprehension tasks than their counterparts who did not watch them. Save your money and spend the time interacting with your child instead. Babies learn more by actively interacting with their world and nothing can replace quality time with their caregivers, Essay Questions 93. A five-year-old English child is given chopsticks when he sits down for dinner at a Chinese restaurant while on vacation. She proceeds to hit them at the table and wants to take them home to use with her drum set. How would Piaget explain this phenomenon? Answer: This is an example of assimilation. This child has a pre-existing schema for drum sticks and these chopsticks look like drumsticks to her, so she fits them into her scheme for drumsticks because she does not have a schema for eating utensils that includes chopsticks. 94. Describe at least one criticism of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory. Answer: • It required motor ability; babies had to at least be able to crawl to look for the hidden object. • It may reflect a failure of memory rather than inability to understand object permanence. In other words, they may know the object exists somewhere but just forgot exactly where. • It was developed in only one culture. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. _______________ proposed that changes in cognitive development proceed in distinct stages and that each stage is qualitatively different from its predecessor. A. Jean Piaget B. Sigmund Freud C. BF Skinner D. Carl Rogers Answer: A 2. Which of the following is analogous to and was the model for the information processing approach? A. The human brain B. The computer C. The radio D. The universe Answer: B 3. _______________ is used as an overall measure of an infant's development progress. A. Developmental quotient B. The Stroop Measurement C. Apgar score D. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Answer: A 4. Which of the following is a type of speech in which adults talk to infants by raising the pitch of their voices, exaggerating their intonation, and repeating words? A. Infant-directed speech B. Baby-talk C. Neuro-stimulating speech D. Hyper-exaggerated speech Answer: A 5. From a Piagetian perspective, cognitive development is driven by _______________. A. an effort to understand and influence the surrounding environment B. an effort to satisfy the ID while working with the Superego C. the need to satisfy a deficient cognitive state D. the need for superiority due to innate deficiencies Answer: A 6. In conjunction with an infant's gaze during a habituation-dishabituation study, researchers can also monitor an infant's _______________. A. heart rate and the rate in which the infant sucks on a pacifier B. reflexes and fine motor movements C. blood pressure and capillary refill D. fMRI and CT scan images Answer: A 7. According to the text, most infants babble _______________. A. the same sounds initially B. completely different sounds based on their language C. completely different sounds based on how much their parents speak to them D. at exactly the same age, 12 months Answer: A 8. Your niece loves to play peek-a-boo. Each time that you remove your hands from your face your niece acts very surprised as if she's seeing you for first time. According to Piaget, what concept does your niece lack? A. Object permanence B. Object memory C. Object working memory D. Object recovery Answer: A 9. You and your brother are babysitting your infant cousin. He seems to be initially very interested in a puppet that you were using, but seems to not be very interested in it after a few minutes. Your brother thinks that he might not have a very long attention span. You tell your brother that your cousin is actually displaying _______________. A. habituation B. dishabituation C. neurological apathy D. insensitivity to stimuli Answer: A 10. Your brother is concerned that your nephew is not going to be a very good student when he goes to school because whenever he shows him something new, your nephew only looks at it for a short time indicating a short attention span. According to the text, is your brother correct? A. No, infants who are "short-lookers" tend to have a higher IQ and educational achievement later. B. No, infants who are "short-lookers" tend to have a higher IQ, but usually do not apply it. C. Yes, infants who are "short-lookers" have a lower IQ and educational achievement later. D. Yes, infants who are "short-lookers" have a lower IQ, but are better at applying themselves. Answer: A Post-Test 1. Which of the following psychologists developed the most influential theory of cognitive development for individuals between the ages of birth and young adulthood? A. Jean Piaget B. B. F. Skinner C. Diana Baumrind D. Lev Vygotsky Answer: A 2. _______________ focuses on cognitive development from a continuous approach-smooth, gradual, and building upon itself. A. Information processing approach B. Behavioral theory C. Piagetian cognitive theory D. Typological advancement theory Answer: A 3. Object permanence is not just a test of knowledge of the properties of objects, but it is also an assessment of _______________. A. short-term memory B. episodic memory C. semantic memory D. autobiographical memory Answer: A 4. Infant sounds such as "ba-ba-ba" or "do-do-do" are described by developmentalists as repetitive consonant-vowel combinations, also known as _______________. A. babbling B. cooing C. gesturing D. telegraphic speech Answer: A 5. The Gusii, like people in many traditional cultures, are in physical contact with their children nearly constantly. How do they view talking to children? A. They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants. B. They speak only to the upper caste infants. C. They only speak to them during the day, never at night. D. They also speak to them constantly. Answer: A 6. In one study, _______________ in infancy had higher IQs and _______________ when they were followed up 20 years later, in emerging adulthood. A. short-lookers; higher educational achievement B. long lookers; higher rate of psychological problems C. short lookers; more stringent personalities D. long lookers; more stringent temperament Answer: A 7. Which of the following most closely resembles the lay phrase "measures what it is intended to measure"? A. Validity B. Reliability C. Standard deviation D. The norm Answer: A 8. Psychologist Tran is conducting an assessment of a new patient and performs an IQ test. Her new patient is young, anxious, and appears to be weary. Not trusting her initial results, Psychologist Tran conducts a second IQ test to confirm the results of the first. To her surprise both scores were consistent. Psychologist Tran is testing for _______________. A. reliability B. validity C. heuristics D. standard deviation Answer: A 9. You are watching your next door neighbor's 8-month-old infant. You notice that she is getting quite a bit more mature. A few months ago any time a new object was presented, she would take a close look at it. Now that she is more aware of her environment she seems to be very interested in _______________. A. what other people around her are focusing on B. what she is imagining C. audio and visual stimuli at the same time D. things that are physically close to her because she has not developed three-dimensional vision just yet Answer: A 10. According to Jean Piaget there are many components involved in the growth of cognition: 1. There is an innate, biologically-based program that unfolds throughout our lives. 2. Our experiences make permanent and durable changes in our mental structures. 3. There are external forces in our social world that influence us. 4. We are prepared for growth and develop. Which of the above illustrates the Piagetian use of the term "maturation"? A. Innate, biologically-based program that unfolds throughout our lives B. Our experiences make permanent and durable changes in our mental structures C. There are external forces in our social world that influence us D. We are prepared for growth and develop Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. From a Piagetian perspective, _______________ is a driving force behind development from one stage to the next. A. maturation B. learning C. environmental forces D. readiness Answer: A 2. Which of the following best describes the work of Piaget and individuals who followed in his tradition? A. Cognitive-developmental approach B. Piagetian approach C. Child-centered approach D. Information-processing approach Answer: A 3. Which of the following best describes the Piagetian term of schemes? A. Cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information B. When new information is altered to fit existing information C. When a person's self-concept is changed to adapt to new information D. When a mental structure is changed to adapt to new information Answer: A 4. Joint attention is not only the basis for an infant's language and emotional communication but it also fosters _______________. A. an infant's information processing development B. personality style C. temperamental well-being D. spiritual and physical growth Answer: A 5. As an infant experiences growth and development for short-term and long-term memory one can predict that the infant will also improve _______________. A. at the task of object permanence B. in their degree of egocentrism C. with the creation of personal fables D. speaking to an imaginary audience Answer: A 6. You are fortunate that your cousin was born a few months before you began your developmental psychology course. He has now mastered object permanence and as you watch him you remember that in class you discussed that object permanence is also a good measure of _______________. A. short-term memory B. egocentric memory C. autobiographical memory D. procedural memory Answer: A 7. In a study examining long-term memory, 2-month-old infants forgot the training within a week. Six-month-old infants on average, retained memories of the training _______________. A. for 3 weeks B. for 6 weeks C. for 9 weeks D. forever Answer: A 8. According to the text, infants who score extremely low on the Bayley scales _______________. A. may have serious developmental problems and may require intervention B. may need the intervention of a social psychologist and pediatric dietitian. C. is doing extremely well and above normal development milestones D. is predicted to do extremely well on an IQ test Answer: A 9. Most infants will use their first words _______________. A. a few months before or after their first birthday B. a few months before or after their third birthday C. towards the second half of their second birthday D. towards the middle half of their first birthday Answer: A 10. Language comprehension refers to words that are _______________; whereas, language production refers to words that are _______________. A. understood; used B. used; understood C. single-syllables; multi-syllables D. multi-syllables; single-syllables Answer: A 11. According to the text, what is one of the reasons that adults use infant-directed speech and talk to infants by raising the pitch of their voices, exaggerating their intonation, elongating vowels, and repeating words? A. Infants seem to like it. B. Adults regress to a child-like state when interacting with infants. C. Infants understand it better. D. It increases neurological development. Answer: A 12. Grant decides to play a joke on his younger brother Cameron who is 18 months old. Grant knows Cameron enjoys oranges and decides to give Cameron a lemon. Unknowingly, Cameron bites into the lemon and is unpleasantly surprised by overwhelming sourness. By the expression on his face Cameron learned that not all fruits that are wedge-shaped are oranges. With this lesson, it is clear that Cameron _______________ his existing schema of oranges. A. accommodated B. assimilated C. metamorphosized D. hyperventilated Answer: A 13. An infant between the ages of birth and 2 would be in which of Piaget's cognitive stages? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operations D. Formal operations Answer: A 14. Samantha is 18 months old and enjoys animal crackers. While sitting in the kitchen she sees a bag of animal crackers. When her actions become intentional and goal directed, and she actively moves and reaches for the bag of animal crackers, it is clear that she is in the sensorimotor substage _______________. A. 4: Coordination of secondary schemes B. 3: secondary circular reactions C. 2: first habits and primary circular reactions D. : simple reflexes Answer: A 15. According to the text, the A--not-B error, illustrates an incomplete understanding of which of the following Piagetian principles? A. Object permanence B. Animism C. Personal fable D. Decentration Answer: A Quick Review 1. Infants recognize their names as early as _______________. A. 4 months B. 6 months C. 8 months D. 10 months Answer: A 2. Which of the following are 3 areas that are assessed in the Bayley Scales for Infant Development? A. Cognitive, language, and motor skills B. Expressive, receptive, and sensory memory skills C. Psychomotor, cognitive, and social skills D. Adaptive, social-emotional, and personality skills Answer: A 3. Piaget's work, the individuals who followed, and his legacy, is known as known as the _______________. A. cognitive-developmental approach B. child-centered approach C. the information processing approach D. cognitive-centered approach Answer: A 4. According to Jean Piaget, cognitive development is driven by maturation and _______________. A. the child's effort to understand and influence the surrounding environment B. rewards and punishments that shaped the child C. parents' efforts in helping the child understand his or her world D. information processing Answer: A 5. From the information processing perspective and memory retrieval, which of the following statements is true from infancy onward? A. Recognition memory comes easier than recall memory. B. Recall memory comes easier than recognition memory. C. Recognition memory is rarely used; whereas recall memory is used heavily. D. Recall memory is rarely used; whereas recognition memory is used heavily. Answer: A 6. Which of the following is a major difficulty while assessing young infants? A. Their states of arousal and motivation vary greatly from one hour or even minute to the next. B. They often fall asleep during the assessment. C. Their parents get anxious when they get assessed and may unconsciously undermine the results. D. The results have low reliability and validity. Answer: A 7. Assume that an infant has been traveling for a few months in a country where a different language is spoken. Which of the following will occur in a short period of time? They begin _______________. A. ceasing to babble in sounds they have not heard used by the people around them B. making hollow phrases C. gesturing along with babbling D. trying to make sounds to which they are not exposed Answer: A 8. On average, most infants produce their first word between _______________. A. 10 and 14 months B. 8 and 10 months C. 12 and 16 months D. 14 and 18 months Answer: A 9. When researchers compare language development of infants from cultures that use infant-directed speech to those that do not, the overall conclusion has been: A. regardless of practice, language fluency develops for all infants within a few years. B. cultures that use infant-directed speech have an earlier onset of language development. C. infant-directed speech greatly hampers language development. D. without infant-directed speech one may see delays in language development. Answer: A 10. Assume an infant has been breast-fed for the first 3 months of his life. When making the transition to a bottle he may use mostly _______________ and a slight degree of _______________ to learn to suck from the nipple on the bottle. A. assimilation; accommodation B. accommodation; assimilation C. accommodation; encoding D. encoding; assimilation Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. According to the video, object permanence is universal across cultures. Why would this be such an important concept for children to acquire? Answer: It is important to know that things still exist even when we cannot see them. Once children can grasp this concept they will realize that a parent does not vanish when they are out of sight and that they will return. 2. What game is commonly played with babies that can be connected to object permanence and why? Answer: Peek-a-boo is often played with young children. There are many references to the connection between this game and the concept of object permanence. 3. Do you feel that object permanence can be related to the early development of trust? Why or why not? Answer: Yes, object permanence can be related to the early development of trust, as understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when out of sight helps infants develop a sense of reliability and consistency in their environment, fostering trust in their caregivers. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The concept of object permanence is _______________ across cultures. A. widely variant B. universal C. somewhat different D. unknown Answer: B 2. What theorist is credited with coining the term “object permanence”? A. Piaget B. Erikson C. Vygotsky D. Freud Answer: A 3. It is theorized that infants have little understanding of object permanence until _______________ of age. A. 3-4 months B. 5-7 months C. 8-12 months D. 12-18 months Answer: C Section 3 Emotional and Social Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. _______________ is comprised of personal attributes such as irritability, sooth-ability, emotional reactivity, and sociability. A. Attachment B. Temperament C. Intelligence quotient D. Developmental quotient Answer: B 2. What does the text refer to as the biologically based raw material of personality? A. genetics B. temperament C. physiological set D. bio-personality Answer: B 3. Thomas and Chess (1956) assessed infants on which of the following qualities, among others, to create their categories of temperament? A. activity level, adaptability, intensity of reaction, and quality of mood B. psychosocial dynamics, physiological responses, anxiety level, and adaptability C. irritability, quality of mood, attachment style, and psychosocial dynamics D. attachment style, physiological responses, anxiety level, and irritability Answer: A 4. What was the concept that Thomas and Chess proposed in 1956? A. temperament B. physiological set C. bio-personality D. genetics Answer: A 5. Which of the following are Thomas and Chess’s (1956) categories of temperament? A. happy, grumpy, angry B. calm, excited, agitated C. passive, aggressive, average D. easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up Answer: D 6. What percentage of babies did Thomas and Chess find met their definition of “easy” babies? A. 20% B. 40% C. 60% D. 80% Answer: B 7. In Thomas and Chess’s (1956) original study, most infants were categorized as having a temperament of _______________. A. easy B. difficult C. slow-to-warm-up D. undifferentiated Answer: A 8. Your friends have just had a baby. It is now two weeks old and you notice that its moods are generally positive, it adapts well to new situations, and does not have extreme emotional reactions. What do you know about her personality? She is probably _______________. A. an easy baby B. a difficult baby C. a slow-to-warm up baby D. an undifferentiated baby Answer: A. an easy baby Correct: Thomas and Chess found that 40% of the babies in their 1956 study fit this category. C. a slow-to-warm up baby Incorrect: Easy babies are those whose moods are generally positive. They adapt well to new situations and are generally moderate rather than extreme in their emotional reactions. 9. Miriam has a regular sleep-and-eat pattern, is generally in a positive mood, and adapts well to new situations. According to Thomas and Chess what is her temperament style? A. easy B. difficult C. slow-to-warm-up D. undifferentiated Answer: A. easy Correct: Thomas and Chess found that 40% of the babies in their 1956 study fit this category. C. slow-to-warm-up Incorrect: Easy babies are those whose moods are generally positive. They adapt well to new situations and are generally moderate rather than extreme in their emotional reactions. 10. What percentage of babies did Thomas and Chess find met their definition of “difficult” babies? A. 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70% Answer: A 11. You have just had your first child. You feel like a horrible parent because you try everything to help your infant, but nothing seems to be what he wants. He cries a lot and does not adapt well to new situations. You remember from when you took your developmental course that your child might be _______________. A. an easy baby B. a difficult baby C. a slow-to-warm up baby D. an undifferentiated child Answer: B. a difficult baby Correct: Difficult babies do not adapt well to new situations, and their moods are intensely negative more frequently than other babies. C. a slow-to-warm up baby Incorrect: Difficult babies do not adapt well to new situations, and their moods are intensely negative more frequently than other babies. 12. What percentage of babies did Thomas and Chess find met their definition of “slow-to-warm-up” babies? A. 15% B. 30% C. 45% D. 60% Answer: A 13. If an infant is described as having a low activity level, reacts negatively to new situations, and has few positive or negative emotions, he or she may be categorized as having what type of temperament? A. easy B. difficult C. slow-to-warm-up D. undifferentiated Answer: C 14. Chess and Thomas (1984) classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find? A. It was impossible to predict later development from infant temperament. B. Infant personality factors were very important until adolescence. C. Temperament in infancy predicted later development. D. Infant personality factors were extremely important in late adulthood. Answer: C. Temperament in infancy predicted later development. Correct: For example, difficult babies were at high risk for problems in childhood, such as aggressive behavior, anxiety, and social withdrawal. A. It was impossible to predict later development from infant temperament. Incorrect: By following these babies into adulthood in their longitudinal study, Thomas and Chess were able to show that temperament in infancy predicted later development in some respects. 15. What babies in the Thomas and Chess study were at high risk for problems in children including aggressive behavior, anxiety and social withdrawal? A. easy B. difficult C. slow-to-warm-up D. unengaged Answer: B 16. As a part of their longitudinal study Thomas and Chess (1956) revisited subjects years after the original classifications of temperament. Years later, Subject “A” is described as being “sometimes fearful, having problems academically, and at times, he lingers in his response to social cues.” Which of the following temperament categories does Subject “A” fit? A. easy B. difficult C. slow-to-warm-up D. undifferentiated Answer: C. slow-to-warm-up Correct: Slow-to-warm-up babies rarely seemed to have problems in early childhood, but once they entered school they were sometimes fearful and had problems academically and with peers because of their relatively slow responsiveness. B. difficult Incorrect: Slow-to-warm-up babies rarely seemed to have problems in early childhood, but once they entered school they were sometimes fearful and had problems academically and with peers because of their relatively slow responsiveness. 17. What babies in the Thomas and Chess study rarely seemed to have problems in early childhood, but once they entered school they were sometimes fearful and had problems academically and with peers? A. easy B. difficult C. slow-to-warm-up D. unengaged Answer: C. slow-to-warm-up Correct: Slow-to-warm up babies were low in activity level, reacted negatively to new situations, and had fewer positive or negative emotional extremes than other babies. B. difficult Incorrect: Slow-to-warm-up babies rarely seemed to have problems in early childhood, but once they entered school they were sometimes fearful and had problems academically and with peers because of their relatively slow responsiveness. 18. What is a major difficulty with Thomas and Chess’s work? A. It is not possible to classify infants into personality groups. B. 35% of the infants could not be classified into any of the three groups. C. Only 65% of the parents were willing to participate. D. They failed to gain informed consent. Answer: B. 35% of the infants could not be classified into any of the three groups. Correct: This is too much of a sample to exclude, so subsequent researchers have tended to avoid categories in favor of ratings. A. It is not possible to classify infants into personality groups. Incorrect: Not all of the infants could be classified into any one group—only 65% could be. 19. An individual’s ability to manage negative emotions is which of the following? A. goodness-of-fit B. self-regulation C. primary emotions D. secondary emotions Answer: B 20. _______________ refers to positive or negative responses to social interactions. A. Attachment B. Temperament C. Sociability D. Social smile Answer: C 21. What did Thomas and Chess mean by the concept of “goodness of fit”? Children develop _______________. A. best when there is a good fit between their temperament and environmental demands B. equally as well regardless of environmental demands C. into their phenotype based mostly on their genotype D. best when there is a fit between their temperament and their siblings’ temperaments Answer: A 22. _______________ is a proper pairing between an individual’s temperament and environmental demands. A. Social referencing B. Temperament C. Attachment D. Goodness-of-fit Answer: D 23. According to the goodness-of-fit model, babies with a negative temperamental quality find which of the following parental approaches most desirable? A. high understanding and high tolerance B. high demandingness and low tolerance C. low tolerance and high understanding D. low demandingness and high tolerance Answer: A. high understanding and high tolerance Correct: Thomas and Chess proposed the concept of goodness-of-fit, meaning that children develop best if there is a good fit between the temperament of the child and environmental demands. B. high demandingness and low tolerance Incorrect: Thomas and Chess proposed the concept of goodness-of-fit, meaning that children develop best if there is a good fit between the temperament of the child and environmental demands. 24. From the goodness-of-fit model, babies with low emotional reactivity benefited most from which the following? A. face-to-face interaction with a parent B. a parenting style with high demandingness and low tolerance C. a laissez-faire parenting style D. longer periods of sleep and more frequent naps Answer: A. face-to-face interaction with a parent Correct: Research has shown that babies who are low in emotional reactivity respond more favorably to face-to-face interaction with a parent than babies who are high in emotional reactivity. B. a parenting style with high demandingness and low tolerance Incorrect: Research has shown that babies who are low in emotional reactivity respond more favorably to face-to-face interaction with a parent than babies who are high in emotional reactivity. 25. If one were to pair a difficult tempered infant with a parental approach that is high in anger and frustration, one might predict which of the following outcomes? A. a child who is defiant and disobedient B. a child who is outgoing but shy in social situations C. a child who is highly sociable and can self-regulate D. a child who is high in self-confidence but low in sociability Answer: A. a child who is defiant and disobedient Correct: Parents who respond to an infant’s difficult temperament with anger and frustration are likely to find that the infant becomes a child who is defiant and disobedient, leading to further conflict and frustration for both parents and children. D. a child who is high in self-confidence but low in sociability Incorrect: Parents who respond to an infant’s difficult temperament with anger and frustration are likely to find that the infant becomes a child who is defiant and disobedient, leading to further conflict and frustration for both parents and children. 26. There appear to be cultural differences in personality. Compared to babies in the United States and Canada, Asian babies have been found to _______________. A. be much more demanding B. fit into a group at a younger age C. learn self-regulation earlier D. act much more passively Answer: C. learn self-regulation earlier Correct: These differences may be, in part, the basis for differences later in childhood, such as Asian children being more likely to be shy. A. be much more demanding Incorrect: Asian babies tend to learn self-regulation earlier than babies from the United States and Canada. 27. As compared to the United States and Canada, an attribute such as shyness is considered socially _______________ in China. A. desirable B. unacceptable C. repressed D. undesirable Answer: A 28. Studies of Chinese children have shown that shyness is associated with _______________. A. being ridiculed and bullied by peers B. academic success and being liked by peers C. poor social adjustment D. admiration by parents, but social isolation at school Answer: B. academic success and being liked by peers Correct: Studies of Chinese children have shown that shyness is often positively associated with academic success and being liked by peers, as the cultural context values modesty and self-restraint, which can lead to positive social and academic outcomes. A. being ridiculed and bullied by peers Incorrect: Studies of Chinese children have shown that shyness is associated with academic success and being well liked by peers. 29. Studies have shown that Chinese children who possess a higher degree of shyness are more likely _______________. A. to have lower academic success and to be socially rejected by their peers B. to have higher academic success and to be well-liked by their peers C. to have higher rates of depression and low social standing D. to have higher rates of anxiety and lower rates of self-regulation Answer: B. to have higher academic success and to be well-liked by their peers Correct: But there is some evidence that rapid cultural and economic changes in China are leading to shyness being less valued and more related to poor adjustment in childhood. A. to have lower academic success and to be socially rejected by their peers Incorrect: Studies of Chinese children have shown that shyness is associated with academic success and being well liked by peers. 30. Who believed that human emotional expressions were part of a long evolutionary history? A. Skinner B. Thomas and Chess C. Darwin D. Rothbart Answer: C 31. Primary emotions are also known as _______________. A. learned emotions B. secondary emotions C. basic emotions D. social emotions Answer: C 32. According to Lewis, what type of emotions are the most basic, such as anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness? A. primary B. secondary C. elementary D. primitive Answer: A 33. Which of the following are the five primary emotions? A. jealousy, joy, shame, lust, and surprise B. guilt, joy, envy, embarrassment, and happiness C. embarrassment, surprise, jealousy, joy, and hurt D. anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness Answer: D 34. _______________ are emotions that require social learning. A. Primary emotions B. Secondary emotions C. Reflexive emotions D. Basic emotions Answer: B 35. According to Lewis, what type of emotion requires social learning such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt? A. primary B. secondary C. elementary D. primitive Answer: B 36. What type of emotion is evident in the early weeks of life? A. primary B. secondary C. elementary D. primitive Answer: A 37. In a study by Oster et al. (1992), 1-, 4- and 7-month-old infants were observed as their forearms were held down so that they could not move them. At what age did infants show a definite anger response? A. 1 month B. 4 months C. 7 months D. All of the infants showed an anger response. Answer: C 38. You are playing with your 7-month-old nephew. You are wrestling with him and are holding his forearms down by his side so he can’t move them as he is lying on his back. What is emotion is your nephew likely to have? A. Anger B. Frustration C. Happiness D. Surprise Answer: A. Anger Correct: In a study of infants at 1, 4, and 7 months of age, the 7-month-old’s response to having his or her forearms held down so that they could not move them for a few minutes was anger. D. Surprise Incorrect: In a study of infants at 1, 4, and 7 months of age, the 7-month-old’s response to having his or her forearms held down so that they could not move them for a few minutes was anger. 39. During the first few weeks of life an infant may show the emotion of ________________; but it is rare that he or she may show the emotion of _______________ during the first year of life. A. shame; interest B. guilt; distress C. pleasure; sadness D. embarrassment; anger Answer: C. pleasure; sadness Correct: However, the infants of depressed mothers show facial expressions of sadness as young as 2–3 months. B. guilt; distress Incorrect: Pleasure is evident in the early weeks of life; however, sadness is relatively rare in the first year of life. 40. Sadness is relatively rare in the first year of life except for _______________. A. infants who were born premature B. infants with depressed mothers C. infants with “difficult” personalities D. infants with parents who abuse substances Answer: B 41. Your best friend had her baby three months ago. After visiting with them on a couple of occasions it appears to you that her infant seems sad. You remember from your developmental course that infants can be sad. What else do you suspect? A. Your friend’s marriage is not going well. B. Your friend is likely depressed. C. You are probably mistaken about your friend’s infant. D. The sadness is just a temporary phase that all infants pass through. Answer: B. Your friend is likely depressed. Correct: Sadness is relatively rare in the first year of life, except for infants with depressed mothers. When mothers are depressed, by 2–3 months old infants, too, show facial expressions of sadness. A. Your friend’s marriage is not going well. Incorrect: Sadness is relatively rare in the first year of life, except for infants with depressed mothers. When mothers are depressed, by 2–3 months old infants, too, show facial expressions of sadness. 42. When do infants begin to show “stranger anxiety?” A. 2 months B. 6 months C. 10 months D. 1 year Answer: B 43. Your nephew was born in mid-June so you had two months to play with him before you left for school. It seemed like your nephew really enjoyed when you rocked and held him. When you saw him next at Christmas he was six months old. What was his likely reaction to seeing you again? A. He acted overjoyed to see you because he remembered you. B. He was afraid as if he had stranger anxiety C. He acted like he had no idea who you were, but smiled at you. D. He was happy to see you because he was too young for stranger anxiety. Answer: B. He was afraid as if he had stranger anxiety Correct: Infants begin to show stranger anxiety in response to unfamiliar adults by 6 months of age. A. He acted overjoyed to see you because he remembered you. Incorrect: Infants begin to show stranger anxiety in response to unfamiliar adults by 6 months of age. 44. An infant’s development of stranger anxiety corresponds to the development of _______________. A. primary emotions B. attachments C. personality D. the rooting reflex Answer: B 45. Which of the following two emotions develop about half way through the first year of life? A. fear and surprise B. sadness and fear C. anger and sadness D. happiness and sadness Answer: A 46. When are infants likely to show surprise? A. when something occurs that frightens the child B. when something frightens the parent and is conveyed then to the infant C. when the infant has been physically abused D. when something in the infant’s perceptual world violates expectations Answer: D. when something in the infant’s perceptual world violates expectations Correct: Infants are likely to show surprise when something in their perceptual world violates their expectations. This reaction occurs because infants develop certain anticipations based on their experiences, and unexpected events challenge their understanding, leading to surprise. A. when something occurs that frightens the child Incorrect: Surprise is most often elicited by something in the infant’s perceptual world that violates expectations. 47. When do infants first exhibit a social smile? A. at birth B. at the second or third month C. at the sixth or seventh month D. at a year Answer: B 48. An expression of happiness in response to interacting with others is called _______________. A. social copycatting B. social contagiousness C. social with-it-ness D. social smile Answer: D 49. When do infants first laugh? A. at about a month of age B. about a month after the first smile C. about a month after getting their first tooth D. about a month after their first birthday Answer: B 50. Even at just a few days old, neonates who hear another neonate cry often begin crying too. What is this phenomenon called? A. group crying B. emotional release C. group protection D. emotional contagion Answer: D 51. In the early weeks of life, infants rely heavily on the sense of _______________ to perceive the emotions of others. A. hearing B. vision C. touch D. smell Answer: A. hearing Correct: At first, infants are better at perceiving emotions by hearing than by seeing. Their auditory system is more developed than their visual system in the early weeks of life. B. vision Incorrect: At first, infants are better at perceiving emotions by hearing than by seeing. Their auditory system is more developed than their visual system in the early weeks of life. 52. It is not until _______________ months that an infant’s visual acuity is strong enough to discriminate facial features and emotions at further distances. A. 1–2 B. 2–3 C. 4–5 D. 5–6 Answer: B 53. What happened when researchers told infants’ parents to show no emotion when they were around their infants? The infants _______________. A. laughed B. smiled C. were distressed D. were happy Answer: C 54. Just for fun, you thought that it might be interesting to see how your 3-month-old stepbrother would act if you showed no emotion at all and simply looked at him for a few minutes. How did your stepbrother react? A. he laughed and giggled B. he slapped his hands together C. he was distressed D. he was happy and reached for you Answer: C. he was distressed Correct: This is known as the still-face paradigm. A. he laughed and giggled Incorrect: At age 2–3 months, infants would respond with distress if showed no emotion while being looked at for a time. 55. What is the still-face paradigm? A. what happens when young infants have a stroke B. a research method in which parents are to show no emotion C. the facial expression of autistic spectrum disorder infants D. the facial expression of infants when they are scared Answer: B 56. _______________ occurs in the laboratory setting when parents are instructed to interact with their infant without showing any signs of emotions. A. Artificial affect B. Negative social modeling C. Zero emotional reactivity D. Still-face paradigm Answer: D 57. In one study, infants examined two faces, each expressing different emotions. They also heard a vocal recording that matched only one of the faces. Which of the two faces were 7-month-old infants more likely to view? A. the face that matched the vocal recording B. neither, they randomly viewed the two faces the same C. the face that did not match the vocal recording D. they looked away at both faces since they were strangers Answer: A 58. Infants develop the ability to use social referencing within _______________. A. the first year. B. the second year. C. the third year. D. the fourth year. Answer: A 59. What is the concept that infants use to shape their emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations? A. social-emotional development B. social development C. social imitation D. social referencing Answer: D 60. Social referencing is when _______________. A. an individual with a shy personality engages in introspection to develop a greater awareness of their identity in relation to their social world B. an individual observes the emotional responses of others and uses that information to shape their own emotional response C. an individual may ask for help when a social situation is ambiguous D. an individual has a disregard for social cues or etiquette Answer: B 61. Baby Jaden is at the circus with her family when suddenly a clown appears. Not knowing what to make of it she looks at her mother’s face. After noticing that her mother is smiling and laughing she also begins to smile and laugh herself. Which of the following best describes Jaden’s situation? A. facial feedback modeling B. facial feedback hypothesis C. social paradigm D. social referencing Answer: D. social referencing Correct: Social referencing is the term for the process of becoming more adept at observing others’ emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations, and using that information to shape one’s own emotional responses. A. facial feedback modeling Incorrect: Social referencing is the term for the process of becoming more adept at observing others’ emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations, and using that information to shape one’s own emotional responses. Short Answer Questions 62. Would a baby who is later considered shy be more likely to have a better “goodness of fit” with their caregiver in China or in the U.S.? Explain. Answer: In U.S. culture shyness is often seen as a problem that needs to be overcome, whereas in China being quiet and listening to others is seen as an admirable quality. If parents push their children to be more outgoing, it could be very stressful. Parents in the U.S. would be more likely to discourage shyness- an example of a poor goodness of fit. 63. Describe the development of one primary emotion during the first year of infancy. Answer: It include anger, fear, disgust, surprise, or happiness. In the first weeks of life babies show pleasure early in life by smiling after feeding or being stroked. By two or three months, they show a social smile, a smile in response to social interaction; before this it could be “just gas.” They show more intense emotions of happiness over the first year and their smiles change in response to different stimuli. During the first year of infancy, joy develops as infants begin to smile and laugh in response to social interactions and familiar faces, starting around 6 to 8 weeks, reflecting their growing social awareness and attachment. 64. Give an example of how social referencing is adaptive for babies. Answer: Social referencing refers to a child taking cues from their caregiver (or others) about the meaning of ambiguous events. They look at their parent’s face or listen to the tone of voice, for example, when they are unsure of what to make of a situation. A baby who wanders away from her mother toward the stairs while in a hotel might stop and look back. When she sees a fearful expression and hears her name called in a panicked tone, she will be likely to stop. 65. What is the still-face paradigm and what conclusions were drawn from it? Answer: This entails asking a caregiver to be “stone faced,” showing no emotion, in front of his/her infant and then watching to see the child’s response. From a very early age (2-3 months), babies become highly distressed, crying until the parent finally responds to them. This shows that emotions result from interactions with others and also that sadness, or at least sensitivity to it, develops very early. It also shows that babies have learned that they can expect certain responses from others, which is why no response is so upsetting. 66. Describe two features of infants’ social worlds that occur frequently across cultures. Answer: Infants spend more time with their mothers than any other caregiver in the first months of life. Fathers tend to be less involved, or even absent, in the first years of a child’s life. Essay Questions 67. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using parental reports to measure infant temperament. Describe an alternative measure. Answer: • One advantage is that the parent has interacted with the child more than the researcher, so they can base their report on a wider range of behaviors than just the one lab session. • One disadvantage is that parents may be biased in certain ways. For example, parents who are depressed rate their babies’ temperaments more negatively, probably because they have less frustration tolerance themselves. • Biological measures of temperament could be used instead of, or in addition to, parental reports. These include measures of brain activity and heart rate. Another option is multiple observations by researchers in naturalistic settings. 68. You see your cousin at a family party and he tells you how much trouble he is having with one of his twin sons, Blake. He says that he is completely different from their older daughter and his brother, who would sit still engaged in an activity and never hit (Blake hit his cousin when on vacation and your cousin was completely humiliated when his sister-in-law yelled at him). How would Thomas and Chess explain these differences in behavior? What can you say to reassure him? Answer: • They would say that this child has a difficult temperament, meaning that they do not adapt as well to new situations as easy or slow-to-warm-up children. They also have more intense emotional reactions. • Based on the theory of “goodness of fit” babies with difficult temperaments do better if their parents are patient and warm as they help the child to learn appropriate ways of responding. Being angry and showing that frustration when disciplining is likely to make matters worse. Answers will vary, but they might explain that the child can not yet use language to express his frustration so, as his caregiver, you need to teach him how to use his words rather than hitting. Thomas and Chess would explain these differences in behavior as variations in temperament, which is biologically based and unique to each child. To reassure him, I would say: "Each child has their own temperament, and Blake's energy and behavior are normal. It's important to adapt parenting strategies to fit his individual needs." MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. _______________ is defined as an individual's personal attributes such as irritability, sooth-ability, emotional reactivity, and sociability. A. Temperament B. Attachment C. Intelligence quotient D. Spiritual quotient Answer: A 2. According to the text, in the early weeks of life, which of the following emotions are present? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Elementary D. Primitive Answer: A 3. Infants first exhibit a social smile _______________. A. during the 2nd or 3rd month B. during the 8th or 9th month C. around 12 months D. at birth Answer: A 4. Most infants will develop the ability to use social referencing around _______________. A. 12 months B. 24 months C. 36 months D. 48 months Answer: A 5. For the first few months of life, infants rely heavily on the sense of _______________ to perceive the emotions of others around them. A. hearing B. vision C. touch D. smell Answer: A 6. In Chess and Thomas' (1984) longitudinal study, they classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find? A. Temperament in infancy predicted later development. B. Infant personality factors were extremely important in late adulthood. C. Infant personality factors were very important until adolescence. D. It was impossible to predict later development from infant temperament. Answer: A 7. According to the test, during the first few weeks of life an infant may show the emotion of _______________; but it is rare that he or she may show the emotion of _______________ during the first year of life. A. pleasure; sadness B. shame; interest C. guilt; anger D. embarrassment; distress Answer: A 9. Baby Samantha is at a birthday party when suddenly a clown jumps out of a cake. Startled and surprised she doesn't know what to make of it. After noticing everyone laughing and smiling she begins to laugh and smile herself. Which of the following best describes Samantha's situation? A. Social referencing B. Social paradigm C. Facial feedback hypothesis D. Social reciprocation Answer: A 10. Your friends have just had a baby, Grant. It is now two weeks old and you notice that Grant's moods are generally positive, he adapts well to new situations, and does not have extreme emotional reactions. This is in stark contrast to their other child, Cameron. During the same age, Cameron was irritable, had irregular sleeping and eating patterns, and did not adjust well to change. In regards to temperament _______________. A. Grant is an easy tempered child; whereas, Cameron is closer to a difficult temperament style B. Grant is more similar to a slow-to-warm-up child; whereas, Cameron is closer to an easy tempered child C. it is unclear what temperament they are, because they are too young to make a valid prediction D. they both have difficult temperaments because they are genetically related Answer: A Post-Test 1. Thomas and Chess (1956) proposed the concept of _______________ based upon their longitudinal research. A. temperament B. physiological set C. biological personality D. emotional quotient Answer: A 2. _______________ is the proposal that individual's temperament can be paired with proper environmental demands. A. Goodness-of-fit B. Temperament C. Attachment D. Personality quotient Answer: A 3. Most infants' visual acuity does not become strong enough to discriminate facial features and emotions of others at further distances until _______________. A. 2 to 3 months B. 4 to 5 months C. 6 to 7 months D. 8 to 9 months Answer: A 4. Most infants do not show "stranger anxiety" until they are _______________. A. 6 months old B. 8 months old C. 10 months old D. 12 months old Answer: A 5. According to the text, from the goodness-of-fit model, babies with low emotional reactivity respond best to _______________. A. face-to-face interaction with a parent B. a parenting style with high demandingness and low tolerance C. a laissez-faire parenting style D. a parenting style with low demandingness and low responsiveness Answer: A 6. From cross-cultural comparisons, as compared to babies in the United States and Canada, Asian babies have been found to _______________. A. learn self-regulation earlier B. be much more demanding C. fit into a group at a younger age D. act much more passively Answer: A 7. In contrast to other countries, studies have shown that Chinese children who possess a higher degree of _______________. A. shyness are more likely to have higher academic success and to be well-liked by their peers B. shyness are more likely to have lower academic success and to be socially rejected by their peers C. introverted personalities are more likely to have higher rates of depression and low social standing D. introverted personalities are more likely to have higher rates of anxiety and lower rates of self-regulation Answer: A 8. You are playing with your 7-month-old cousin. You are wrestling with him and are holding his forearms down by his sides so he cannot move them as he is lying on his back. Based upon the research illustrated in the text, what is emotion is your cousin likely to have? A. Anger B. Surprise C. Frustration D. Sadness Answer: A 9. Anna is 12 months old and has a regular sleep-and-eat pattern, is generally in a positive mood, and adapts well to new situations. According to Thomas and Chess what is her temperament style? A. Easy B. Difficult C. sSlow-to-warm-up D. Undifferentiated Answer: A 10. You have just had your first child. You feel horrible because your baby seems to be colicky and you try everything to help him but nothing seems to work. You bring him to the pediatrician's office and the doctor cannot find anything medically wrong but assures you that some children are "strong-willed." You remember your developmental psychology course and conclude that your child might be _______________. A. a difficult tempered baby B. an easy tempered baby C. a slow-to-warm-up baby D. an undifferentiated child Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. _______________ of babies in Thomas and Chess' original study were classified as slow-to-warm-up. A. Fifteen percent B. Ten percent C. Thirty-five percent D. Sixty percent Answer: A 2. Thomas and Chess (1956) assessed infants on which of the following qualities _______________. A. activity level, adaptability, intensity of reactions, and quality of mood B. psychosocial dynamics, physiological responses, anxiety level, and adaptability C. irritability, quality of mood, attachment style, and psychosocial dynamics D. attachment style, physiological responses, anxiety level, and irritability Answer: A 3. In Thomas and Chess' (1956) original study, which temperamental category had the smallest number of infants? A. Slow-to-warm-up B. Easy C. Undifferentiated D. Difficult Answer: D 4. Within the first year of life sadness is a relatively rare emotion; however, infants _______________ are more likely to manifest this emotion. A. with depressed mothers B. who were born premature C. with "difficult" personalities D. with parents who have social anxiety Answer: A 5. From research studies performed in China, children who are shy are associated with _______________. A. academic success and being liked by peers B. poor social adjustment C. being ridiculed and bullied by peers D. admiration by parents, but social isolation at school Answer: A 6. _______________ believed that human emotional expressions were part of a long evolutionary history. A. Darwin B. Thomas and Chess C. Skinner D. Rogers Answer: A 7. Which of the following are the 5 primary emotions? A. Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness B. Embarrassment, surprise, jealousy, joy, and hurt C. Guilt, joy, envy, embarrassment, and happiness D. Jealousy, joy, shame, lust, and surprise Answer: A 8. According to the text, researchers have demonstrated that infants who hear another baby cry often begin crying themselves. This phenomenon is called. A. emotional contagion B. emotional modeling C. emotional mimicking D. emotional copycatting Answer: A 9. Just for fun, you thought that it might be interesting to see how your baby sister who is three months old would act if you showed no emotion at all and simply stared at her for a few minutes. How did your sister react? A. She was distressed. B. She slapped her hands together. C. She laughed and giggled. D. She was happy and reached for you. Answer: A 10. Your friends have just had a baby. It is now two weeks old and you notice that its moods are generally negative; it does not adapt well to new situations, and has extreme emotional reactions. What do you know about her personality? She is probably _______________. A. a difficult baby B. an easy baby C. a slow-to-warm-up baby D. an undifferentiated baby Answer: A 11. From the research of Thomas and Chess, if an infant is described as having a low activity level, reacts negatively to new situations, and has few positive or negative emotions, he or she may be categorized as having what type of temperament? A. Slow-to-warm-up B. Easy C. Difficult D. Undifferentiated Answer: A 12. Thomas and Chess (1956) revisited subjects years after as a part of their longitudinal study. Years later, Subject "A" is described as being "sometimes fearful, as having problems academically, and at times, he lingers in his response to social cues." Which of the following temperament categories does Subject "A" fit? A. Slow-to-warm-up B. Difficult C. Undifferentiated D. Easy Answer: A 13. Which of the following refers to positive or negative responses to social interactions? A. Sociability B. Social smile C. Temperament D. Attachment Answer: A 14. Which of the following best describes Thomas and Chess' concept of "goodness of fit"? Children develop _______________. A. best when there is a good fit between temperament and environmental demands B. equally as well regardless of environmental demands C. into their phenotypes based mostly on their genotypes D. best when there is a fit between temperament and their siblings' temperaments Answer: A 15. According to the text, if one were to pair a difficult tempered infant with a parental approach that is high in anger and frustration we might predict which of the following outcomes? A. A child who is defiant and disobedient B. A child who is outgoing but shy in social situations C. A child who is highly sociable and can self-regulate D. A child who is high in self-confidence but low in sociability Answer: A Quick Review 1. Which of the following is referred to as the biologically-based raw material of personality? A. Temperament B. Genetics C. Set point D. Physiological establishment Answer: A 2. _______________ are Thomas and Chess' (1956) three categories of temperament. A. Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up B. Passive, aggressive, and average C. Happy, grumpy, and angry D. Calm, excited, and agitated Answer: A 3. What type of emotions are the most basic emotions, such as anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness? A. Primary B. Permanent C. Secondary D. Elementary Answer: A 5. Which of the following is a research method that asks parents in a laboratory setting to show no emotions to an emotionally ambiguous situation in the hopes of assessing their infant's emotional response? A. Still-face paradigm B. Catatonic worldview C. Counterproductive assumptions D. Pictorial-facial appearance Answer: A 6. According to the text, _______________ describes when infants use observations of others to shape their emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations. A. social referencing B. social-emotional reciprocation C. social maturation D. social imitation Answer: A 7. According to your text, which of the following temperament styles in the Thomas and Chess study rarely seemed to have problems in early childhood, but once they entered school they were sometimes fearful and had problems academically and with peers? A. Slow-to-warm-up B. Easy C. Difficult D. Uninhibited Answer: A 8. From the goodness-of-fit model, babies with a negative temperamental quality respond best to which of the following parental approaches? A. High understanding and high tolerance B. High demandingness and low tolerance C. Low tolerance and high understanding D. Low demandingness and high tolerance Answer: A 9. Which of the following is a major challenge with the work of Thomas and Chess? A. The temperament of 35% of subjects could not be classified. B. Only 25% of parents were willing to participate. C. They failed to maintain subject confidentiality. D. Their research findings were found to be statistically insignificant. Answer: A 10. Infants are likely to show surprise in situations when _______________. A. the infant's perceptual world violates their expectations B. the infant has been emotionally neglected C. their parents are angry or anxious D. their egocentric thoughts do not coincide with their perceived personal fables Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. In this demonstration, the adult stops singing and begins to ignore the child. What was the purpose of this ceasing of the interaction? Answer: The purpose of the cessation of singing is to discover what reaction it will prompt in the child. It is an example of the still face experiment. 2. We see the child smile at a person or object off camera, but then choosing to still interact with the adult on camera. Does this have any significance and why? Answer: Certainly, the child is "checking" or using social referencing with a secure base to find out if everything is ok or not. 3. What do you feel is the objective of the demonstration in this video? Answer: One objective may be social referencing. When someone stops responding to us in the way we think they should, we often wonder if everything is ok or not. The checking in this case is done with a person off camera. Multiple Choice Questions 1. What song is the researcher singing with the child when this video begins? A. Twinkle, Twinkle B. The ABC Song C. Mary Had a Little Lamb D. Row, Row, Row Your Boat Answer: B 2. What is the child's first reaction to the researcher discontinuing her singing? A. The child looks to an adult off camera. B. The child cries. C. The child screams. D. The child throws a tantrum. Answer: A 3. The child displays behavior consistent with social referencing in this video. Which behavior displays social referencing? A. when she looks at the other adult who is off camera B. when she throws a tantrum to gain the researcher’s attention C. when she stops what she is doing and cries D. when she stands instead of remaining seated Answer: C Practice Test Questions from the Textbook 1. Siwen goes to the doctor and expresses concern that her infant’s head is too big for his body. The doctor tells her that this is normal because of A. the fact that head size varies widely. B. the cephalocaudal principle. C. the proximodistal principle. D. the fact that after infancy, growth slows down considerably. Answer: B 2. If Salma is typical of most infants, A. his first tooth will appear at 18 months. B. his teething will be accompanied by increased saliva production. C. he will experience colic throughout the entire teething process. D. he will sleep better than he did before teething because sleep provides relief from the pain. Answer: B 3. Tara and Paul adopted their baby daughter, Oksana, from a Romanian orphanage 5 years ago. She was physically and emotionally deprived until they adopted her at age 2½. It is most likely that Oksana A. stayed underweight for much of her life. B. had more cognitive impairment than she would have had if she had been adopted before 6 months of age. C. will have greater brain plasticity later in development because of her nurturing environment. D. will show no signs of cognitive impairment due to synaptic pruning. Answer: B 4. SIDS is almost unknown in cultures where cosleeping is the norm because A. babies tend to sleep on hard mats. B. parents tend to put cloth on both sides of their babies so they remain on their sides. C. babies are less likely to be breast-fed and therefore, parents are less likely to roll over on them. D. babies are less likely to be aroused during the night in these quieter settings. Answer: A 5. Marasmus is A. a disease common among malnourished women with HIV. B. most common during childhood and contracted through breast milk. C. an infant disease characterized by muscle atrophy and abnormal drowsiness. D. a deadly disease resulting from contaminated water being used to dilute formula. Answer: C 6. If you were a pediatrician working in a developing country, you would likely use oral rehydration therapy to treat A. dysentery. B. diarrhea. C. small pox and malaria. D. yellow fever. Answer: B 7. Mahori was strapped to his mother’s back for the first year of his life. Which of the following statements is true? A. Mahori’s parents gave him extra “tummy time” to develop his muscles. B. Mahori’s motor development will be similar to an American child if they are compared during kindergarten. C. The sequence of his motor development will be different from that of babies in cultures where walking during infancy is actively encouraged. D. When it comes to Mahori’s motor development, environment plays a stronger role than genetics. Answer: B 8. The key to depth perception is A. the development of the pincer grasp. B. the development of intermodal perception. C. being able to walk. D. binocular vision, the ability to combine the images of each eye into one image. Answer: D 9. Little Rupert goes to the market with his mother and calls all men he sees “Dada” This is an example of A. a secondary circular reaction. B. The A-not-B error. C. assimilation. D. coordination of secondary schemes. Answer: C 10. Maha starts to begin rooting while being held by her mother’s friend, who quickly passes Maha back to her mother to be breast-fed. Based on Piaget’s sensorimotor substages, how old is Maha? A. 0–1 month. B. 1–4 months. C. 4–8 months. D. 8–12 months. Answer: A 11. Critics of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory argue that the likelihood of making the A-not-B error depends on A. the sex of the child. B. the time of day the child is tested. C. the delay between hiding and searching. D. the color of the object. Answer: C 12. Speed of __________________ is a good predictor of later memory and intelligence. A. habituation B. making the A-not-B error C. accommodation D. secondary circular reactions Answer: A 13. John is able to name all of the state capitals without his teacher providing any hints. This is an example of A. Recognition memory B. Joint attention C. Recall memory D. Habituation Answer: C 14. Scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development A. are useful as a screening tool because those who score very low may have developmental problems. B. are predictive of later IQ or school performance. C. are no longer used because they are considered out of date. D. are calculated for use with children ages 3 months to 9 years. Answer: A 15. Compared to infants who do not watch educational programming, those who watch 2-3 hours per day A. learn to speak earlier. B. score higher on cognitive tests. C. show no verbal or cognitive advantage. D. develop better attention spans. Answer: C 16. Babbling A. is found only in infants from the Western Hemisphere. B. occurs only if the infant can hear. C. develops before cooing. D. is universal. Answer: D 17. Use of infant-directed speech A. is less common in cultures outside the West. B. leads to slower development of language than the style of language typically spoken with adults. C. involves speaking in a lower than normal tone and using less repetition than in normal speech. D. has been shown to be less interesting to babies than normal speech; a reason why many parents do not use this type of “baby talk.” Answer: A 18. Temperament A. has been measured using the same nine components across various studies. B. has only been assessed using cross-sectional methods. C. is considered to have a biological basis. D. has no bearing whatsoever on later development. Answer: C 19. Which of the following best illustrates a good fit between caregiver and child? A. an irritable baby who is reared by parents who are rigid and intolerant B. a “difficult” infant whose parents respond with anger and frustration C. a slow-to-warm-up baby whose parents are understanding and tolerant D. a baby with a tendency toward negative emotions whose parents try to overcome this by encouraging face-to-face interactions with others Answer: C 20. Of the emotions listed below, _________________ is the emotion an infant would likely display later in development than the others. A. fear B. shame C. disgust D. anger Answer: B 21. When mothers waiting on the “deep side” of the visual cliff express fearful emotions, none of their 12-month-old infants are willing to cross. This finding illustrates A. habituation. B. social referencing. C. the still-face paradigm. D. goodness-of-fit. Answer: B 22. Which of the following is a common feature of infant social life in most cultures throughout history? A. Infants spend a lot of their day in the company of their fathers. B. Infants are cared for exclusively by their mothers until they become old enough to walk. C. Infants are often kept away from older adults so that they’ll be less vulnerable to the spread of disease. D. Infants are surrounded by others and carried or held almost constantly. Answer: D 23. Erikson and Bowlby both view __________________ as the key issue in an infant’s attachment to others. A. love B. trust C. age D. personality Answer: B Test Bank for Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey J. Arnett 9780205987887, 9780134641348
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