CH-11 Family Stress and Crisis Violence among Intimates – Exploring Marriages and Families : Exam Guide

Chapter 11: Family Stress and Crisis: Violence among Intimates Part I: Multiple Choice Questions Learning Objective 11.1: What is the difference between family stress and family crisis? 1. The tensions that occur either within the family (for example, violence or alcoholism) or outside the family (such as coping with a hurricane or other natural disaster) that test a family’s emotional resources are called: A. family crisis. B. family tension. C. open tension. D. learned helplessness. E. family stress. Answer: E Rationale: This is the definition of family stress. 2. What are the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? A. alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion B. acknowledge, reaction, problem-solving C. indifference, stress, resolution D. open tension, crisis, family stress E. acknowledge, stress, crisis Answer: A Rationale: The three stages are alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion. 3. Which is true about the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? A. It shows that stress reflects our education level. B. It shows that social class and stress are related. C. It shows the effects of life events on health and well-being. D. It has been shown to be largely invalid. E. It focuses on negative events rather than positive ones. Answer: C Rationale: The scale quantifies the impact of many life events on health and well-being. 4. Of the five possible patterns of the effects of stress on family functioning, which is the most common? A. no change B. roller coaster C. decreased D. mixed E. increased Answer: B Rationale: Fifty-one percent experienced the roller coaster effect on family functioning. Learning Objective 11.2: What are the ABC-X and Double ABC-X models of coping with a family crisis? 5. In the ABC-X model, which term is the stressor? A. X B. Stress-Factor C. C D. A E. Conflict-tactics Answer: D Rationale: “A” is the stressor. 6. The ______________ model is designed to understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises, and how families adapt to them. A. Conflict Tactics Scale B. intimate terrorism C. ABC-X model D. Double ABC-X model E. mixed Answer: D Rationale: The ABC-X model refers to the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt. Learning Objective 11.3: What is intimate partner violence? 7. Samuel was sexually abused by an uncle when he was a child; Maddie was assaulted by her husband; and Carmen was neglected by her parents. These acts are called: A. intimate partner violence. B. learned helplessness. C. intimate terrorism. D. ABC-X model. E. violence among intimates. Answer: E Rationale: There are many different types of violence among intimates, including intimate partner violence, child abuse, and elder abuse. 8. Shannon’s story in the opening vignette is an example of: A. child abuse. B. intimate partner violence. C. a positive crisis. D. life in a domestic violence shelter. E. elder abuse. Answer: B Rationale: Shannon was a victim of intimate partner violence. Learning Objective 11.4: What is the Conflict Tactics Scale? 9. Which is TRUE regarding the Conflict Tactics Scale? A. It was developed in the 1950s by famous sex researcher Alfred Kinsey. B. It asks people how they deal with conflict in their relationships. C. It has been largely discredited as an assessment tool since the late 1990s. D. It includes physical aggression but not psychological aggression because it is more difficult to measure. E. Findings from the scale show that women are more likely to be victims than are men. Answer: B Rationale: It focuses on how people deal with conflict in a relationship. 10. Some studies using the Conflict Tactics Scale have found that: A. women tend to show higher rates of physical aggression than do men, but these findings are not really accurate. B. physical violence is underreported by women because women are less likely than men to remember their own acts of violence and they may not see their acts as abusive. C. the consequences of violence are more serious for men than for women. D. it overreports acts of sexual violence. E. men are more likely to use psychologically aggressive responses while women are more likely to use physically aggressive responses. Answer: A Rationale: The CTS suggests that women have higher rates of physical aggression, but this is not correct. 11. About ______________ percent of women, and ______________ percent of men have been victims of intimate partner violence. A. 10; 2 B. 16; 3 C. 22; 7 D. 12; 14 E. 18; 25 Answer: C Rationale: About 22 percent of women and 7 percent of men have been victims of intimate partner violence. 12. Which of the following represents a macro-level risk factor for perpetration? A. weak community sanctions against intimate partner violence B. low academic achievement C. aggressive or delinquent behavior as a youth D. heavy alcohol and drug use E. depression Answer: A Rationale: Only A is a macro-level risk factor. Learning Objective 11.5: What are the four different types of intimate partner violence? 13. Jamel and his girlfriend had a terrible fight over something seemingly minor—how they would spend the weekend—and he got very angry. He slapped her in the face. This is an example of what type of violence? A. violent resistance B. mutual violent control C. common couple violence D. intimate terrorism E. conflict-driven Answer: C Rationale: Common couple violence arises out of a specific argument in which at least one partner lashes out physically. 14. ______________ is motivated by a desire to control the other partner. It may escalate over time and cause serious injury. A. Violent resistance B. Mutual violent control C. Common couple violence D. Intimate terrorism E. Conflict-driven Answer: D Rationale: Intimate terrorism is motivated by a desire to control the partner. Learning Objective 11.6: Why do people stay in abusive relationships? 15. Because of repeated verbal and physical assaults, Alana has developed low self- esteem and feels that she cannot control the abuse or the events around them. In essence, she has learned to feel helpless, and has difficulty envisioning a way out of her situation. This is called: A. common couple violence. B. situational power. C. learned helplessness. D. non-leavers. E. intergenerational transmission of violence. Answer: C Rationale: Some women feel helpless because of repeated abuse. 16. Kent uses a variety of control tactics to cripple his partner’s sense of control over her life, making her hesitant to leave an abusive situation. Which is NOT one of the tactics that Ken is likely to use? A. inducing shame B. increasing self-esteem C. creating financial dependency D. threatening retaliation E. creating fear of abandonment Answer: B Rationale: Kent is likely to decrease his partner’s self-esteem. 17. A recognized psychological condition used to describe someone who has been the victim of consistent and/or severe domestic violence is called: A. learned helplessness. B. shame inducement. C. open conflict. D. intimate terrorism. E. Battered Women’s Syndrome. Answer: E Rationale: Battered Women’s Syndrome is a recognized psychological condition used to describe someone who has been the victim of consistent and/or severe domestic violence. Learning Objective 11.7: How does violence in gay and lesbian relationships compare to violence in heterosexual ones? 18. The rate of violence and abuse in same-sex relationships is: A. much higher than in heterosexual couples. B. a little lower than in heterosexual couples. C. about the same as in heterosexual couples. D. much lower than in heterosexual couples. E. about 10 percent. Answer: C Rationale: The rate is about the same between heterosexual and same-sex couples. 19. Which statement is TRUE regarding violence in same-sex relationships? A. Violence among women is rare, but violence among men is common. B. Violence in same-sex couples usually results in fewer injuries than in heterosexual couples. C. Violence is more likely to be a single event among same-sex couples. D. About 25-30 percent of same-sex couples experience violence. E. Violence among men is rare; but violence among women is common. Answer: D Rationale: Only D is true, the others are false. Learning Objective 11.8: How common is rape and sexual assault? 20. About one in ______________ teenagers report having been slapped, pushed, or hit by a partner. A. 30 B. 20 C. 10 D. 5 E. 2 Answer: D Rationale: One in five teenagers has experienced intimate partner violence. 21. Which is FALSE regarding rape and sexual assault, according to the text? A. Sexual assault is the type of intimate violence least likely to be reported; in fact, it is the most underreported violent crime in the United States. B. A survey based on a nationally representative sample of nearly 10,000 adults found that 11 percent of women and 2 percent of men said that they had experienced forced sex at least once in their lives. C. College students are particularly vulnerable to rape and sexual assault. D. Date rape drugs, such as Viagra, enable men to have erections for a longer period, and under more stressful conditions, thereby facilitating rape. E. Men who had committed sexual assault (but not rape) had remarkably comparable personality profiles to no perpetrators. Answer: D Rationale: Date rape drugs such as gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol (popularly known as “roofies” or “roof enol”), or ketamine hydrochloride (Ketamine) can immobilize a person, facilitating an assault. Learning Objective 11.9: What forms does child abuse take? 22. Leela is a single mother of three children who are between the ages of 2 and 7. Nonetheless, when she wanted to go out with her friends one afternoon she locked her kids in the house and said she would be back in time for dinner. She lost track of time, coming home around 9:00. Her children had not eaten, and her youngest child was wearing a badly soiled diaper. This is an example of what type of child abuse? A. physical abuse B. neglect C. emotional abuse D. sexual abuse E. this is not abusive Answer: B Rationale: Neglect is the failure to provide for the child’s basic needs. 23. The most common type of child abuse is: A. physical abuse. B. medical neglect. C. emotional abuse. D. sexual abuse. E. neglect. Answer: E Rationale: Seventy-one percent of child abuse is in the form of neglect. 24. Which of the following is TRUE regarding child abuse? A. Nearly 60 percent of perpetrators are a parent. B. Countries with higher corporal punishment rates have students with lower IQs. C. Parents who earn less than $20,000 per year are about twice as likely to abuse their children than are high income parents. D. White children, compared to children of other racial or ethnic groups, are the least likely to be abused. E. All forms of child abuse are clear-cut and obvious. Answer: B Rationale: Only B is true; the others are false. Learning Objective 11.10: What are the consequences of child abuse? 25. Which is least likely to be a consequence of child abuse? A. independence and emotional maturity B. migraine headaches C. aggression and involvement in delinquent activities D. involvement in early sexual activity E. depression Answer: A Rationale: It is unlikely that child abuse would promote independence and emotional maturity. 26. Child abuse leaves about ______________ children permanently disabled each year. A. 4,000 B. 11,000 C. 18,000 D. 26,000 E. 55,000 Answer: C Rationale: Child abuse leaves about 18,000 children permanently disabled each year. Learning Objective 11.11: What is trafficking and how common is it? 27. ______________ is/are the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud or deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. A. Battered Women’s Syndrome B. Child abuse C. Trafficking D. Intergenerational transmission of violence E. Cultural norms Answer: C Rationale: This is the definition of trafficking. 28. Which is TRUE with respect to sex trafficking? A. Both males and females can be sex trafficked. B. Nearly 500,000 people are bought and sold every year across international borders for sexual purposes. C. One factor that contributes to sex trafficking is matriarchy. D. Sex trafficking is beginning to decline in numbers due to the hard work of international organizations. E. Around the world older boys are sought out for sex in the mistaken idea that they may be less likely to be HIV positive. Answer: A Rationale: Only A is true; the others are false. Learning Objective 11.12: What are some types of elder abuse? 29. Improperly using the resources of an older person for someone else’s benefit without his or her consent is called: A. neglect. B. financial/material exploitation. C. money laundering. D. granny abuse. E. impairment. Answer: B Rationale: Financial and material exploitation is improperly using the resources of an older person for someone else’s benefit without his or her consent. 30. What is/are the most common forms of elder abuse? A. sexual abuse B. physical abuse and money laundering C. neglect and sexual abuse D. financial abuse and neglect E. physical abuse Answer: D Rationale: One study found that abuse rates over the course of a year were 5.2 percent for financial abuse and 5.1 percent for neglect. Learning Objective 11.13: What theories do researchers use to explain violence? 31. Which of the following are macro-level explanations for violence? A. the intergenerational transmission of violence; stress B. stress; patriarchy C. stress; the intergenerational transmission of violence; family privacy D. family privacy; patriarchy; stress E. family privacy; cultural norms supporting violence; patriarchy Answer: E Rationale: Answer E is correct; the others include stress, which is a micro-level explanation. 32. Jake works hard to play the “tough guy.” He eschews any semblance of femininity and believes that being a man means that he must always act tough or be in control, especially in control of women. What theory might best explain his violence? A. family privacy B. cultural norms support violence C. the intergenerational transmission of violence D. stress E. patriarchy Answer: E Rationale: Patriarchy is the theory most closely linked to Jake. 33. Which is TRUE regarding the Power and Control Wheel to explain violence? A. It is a micro-level perspective to explain violence. B. It works the same way for heterosexual and same-sex couples. C. It illustrates the methods by which batterers will use power and control to abuse their victims. D. It is a macro-level perspective to explain violence. E. It is an example of the intergenerational transmission of violence explanation. Answer: C Rationale: The Power and Control Wheel illustrates the methods by which batterers will use power and control to abuse their victims. Learning Objective 11.14: How has the public responded to violence among intimates? 34. Domestic violence shelters: A. are temporary safe houses for women and children who are escaping an abusive relationship. B. began after World War II because of the high rate of violence among intimates during that period. C. now receive relatively generous federal funding from the US Department of Agriculture because the need is so great. D. are usually co-ed because men are also victims of violence by partners. E. usually do not allow children. Answer: A Rationale: Domestic violence shelters are a temporary safe house for women and children escaping abuse. 35. Regarding treatment programs for abusers: A. the programs usually focus on the symptoms because the root causes of violence are impossible to treat. B. abusers can be court-ordered to attend the programs or attend voluntarily. C. in the case of child abuse, the first goal of a treatment program is to assist and strengthen families. D. Treatment programs serve only men. E. Counsellors tend to minimize the seriousness of the violence. Answer: B Rationale: Abusers can attend voluntarily or be court-ordered. Part II: True – False Questions 1. In the opening vignette, Shannon reveals a story of child abuse. Answer: False 2. A crisis is a critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person’s life. Answer: True 3. Tensions that test a family’s emotional resources are from family stress. Answer: True 4. Chronic stress refers to short-term stresses such as cramming for an exam. Answer: False 5. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) refers to a fairly predictive pattern for coping with stress, including phases of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Answer: True 6. The ABC-X model is a model designed to help us understand the variation in the ways that families cope with stress and crisis. Answer: True 7. A model designed to help us understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt to them is called the Double ABC-X model. Answer: True 8. Intimate partner violence is violence that occurs among family members, neighbours, spouses, and partners. Answer: False 9. The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) is a scale of major life events over the past year, each of which is assigned a point value; the higher the score, the greater the chance of having a serious medical event. Answer: False 10. Nearly 10 percent of women and almost 5 percent of men have been victims of intimate partner violence. Answer: False 11. Common couple violence is a type of intimate partner violence that is motivated by a desire to control the other partner. Answer: False 12. Violence associated with self-defence is called violent resistance. Answer: True 13. Cyberstalking is when stalkers harass or threaten their victims electronically. Answer: True 14. A recognized psychological condition, often a subcategory of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, used to describe someone who has been the victim of consistent and/or severe domestic violence is known as “learned helplessness.” Answer: False 15. Battered Women’s Syndrome is the psychological condition of having low self- esteem and feeling helpless and without control, which is caused by repeated abuse. Answer: False 16. Violence in same-sex relationships occurs less frequently than it does in heterosexual relationships. Answer: False 17. One in five teenagers in a serious relationship reports being slapped, hit, or pushed by a partner. Answer: True 18. Drugs such as gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol (popularly known as “roofies” or “roof enol”), or ketamine hydrochloride (Ketamine), are called “date rape drugs” because they have been used to immobilize a woman so that she can be assaulted. Answer: True 19. Child abuse is an attack on a child that results in an injury and violates our social norms. Answer: True 20. Each yearly 800,000 children are determined to be victims of child abuse, with neglect being most common. Answer: True 21. Single parents are more likely to abuse children than are two-parent families, but there are no significant differences by race, ethnicity, or social class. Answer: False 22. Child abuse has serious short-term effects, but only minimal long-term effects. Answer: False 23. Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, or fraud or deception, or the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of the giving or receiving of payments to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Answer: True 24. Sex trafficking results from poverty, economic inequality, patriarchy, and globalization. Answer: True 25. Elder abuse is the abuse of an elderly person that can include physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, financial or material exploitation, and neglect. Answer: True 26. A cycle of violence that is passed down to dependents is known as the intergenerational transmission of violence. Answer: True 27. The stress explanation of violence is an example of a macro-level theory. Answer: False 28. The Power and Control Wheel synthesizes micro- and macro-level explanations of violence. Answer: True 29. Power and control may operate differently in LGBT relationships; there are additional ways that perpetrators may try to control and intimidate their victims. Answer: True 30. A domestic violence shelter is a temporary safe house for a woman (with or without children) who is escaping an abusive relationship. Answer: True Part III: Short Answer/Fill in the Blank Questions: 1. Planning for a wedding, studying for an exam, or having an argument with your partner is an example of ______________ . Answer: acute stress 2. List the three components of the General Adaptation Syndrome response to stress: Answer: (1) alarm reaction; (2) resistance; (3) exhaustion 3. A family crisis often follows a reasonably predictable pattern with three phases. What are those phases? Answer: (1) The event that causes the crisis; (2) the period of disorganization that follows; and (3) the reorganization that takes place afterwards. 4. The ______________ model is designed to understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt to them. Answer: Double ABC-X 5. ______________ refers to violence between those who are physically and sexually intimate, such as spouses or partners Answer: Intimate partner violence 6. The ______________ is a violence scale based on people’s responses about how they deal with disagreements in relationships. Answer: Conflict Tactics Scale 7. Which racial/ethnic group is most likely to be a victim of sexual and physical assault? Answer: American Indian/Alaska Native 8. A typology by Johnson identifies four types of violence based on motivations, social characteristics, and cultural context. These are: Answer: (1) common couple violence; (2) intimate terrorism; (3) violent resistance; (4) mutual violent control 9. Why do women sometimes stay, at least for a while, in abusive relationships? Perpetrators use a wide range of control tactics that can cripple a victim’s sense of command over her own life. List five of them identified in the text. Answer: (1) blaming the victim; (2) inducing shame; (3) lowering self-esteem; 4) creating financial dependency; (5) isolating the victim; (6) threatening retaliation; (7) exploiting love and hope; (8) exploiting commitment to the relationship; (9) creating fear of abandonment 10. Is the rate of violence in same-sex couples about the same, much higher, or much lower than among heterosexual couples? Answer: about the same 11. About ______________ percent of women have been raped at least once while in college. Answer: 20-25 12. The four types of child abuse identified in the text are: Answer: (1) neglect; (2) physical abuse; (3) sexual abuse; (4) psychological/emotional abuse 13. Although abuse can happen to any child, certain family characteristics increase its likelihood. List three of those characteristics discussed in the text. Answer: (1) young parents; (2) single parents; (3) Blacks, as compared to Whites, Hispanics, or Asians; (4) low-income. 14. List five specific possible consequences of child abuse, according to the text. Answer: (1) 18,000 children permanently disabled each year; (2) gynaecological problems; (3) migraine headaches; (4) digestive problems; (5) asthma; (6) aggressive behavior and more likely to get involved in delinquent activities; (7) have difficulty in school; (8) involvement in early sexual activity, which can result in teen pregnancy; (9) nightmares; (10) depression; (11) panic disorders; (12) suicidal thoughts. 15. As many as 1.4 million girls, women, and boys each year are coerced, kidnapped, sold, or otherwise enslaved and trafficked across international borders for use as involuntary sex workers. This is called: Answer: sex trafficking 16. List the five types of elder abuse identified in the text. Answer: (1) physical abuse; (2) sexual abuse; (3) psychological or emotional abuse; (4) financial or material exploitation; (5) caregiver neglect. 17. The intergenerational transmission of violence perspective suggests: Answer: We learn norms and behaviours, including violence, by observing others. Our families of orientation are our primary source of early learning; therefore, many adults who abuse their spouses, partners, or children learned this behavior in their own families. 18. The three types of explanations for violence and abuse that focus on macro-level society and cultural causes are: Answer: (1) patriarchy; (2) cultural norms supporting violence; (3) family privacy 19. Which explanation for violence and abuse integrates both micro- and macro-level factors? Answer: power and control 20 Domestic violence shelters begin the 1970s because of what two factors? Answer: (1) The research pointing to the high numbers of women who were victims of violence and locked in relationships with their batterer, and (2) the resurgence of the women’s movement that saw rape and battering as political and social issues. Part IV: Essay Questions: 1. Distinguish between family stress and family crisis, including different types. Provide an example of each type. What are the responses to stress? Answer: Family Stress: Family stress refers to the pressure or strain experienced by a family system due to internal or external factors. It can arise from various sources such as financial difficulties, parenting challenges, or relationship conflicts. Types of family stress include: • Normative stress: Occurs during expected life transitions such as having a new baby, children leaving home (empty nest syndrome), or retirement. Example: A couple experiences stress when adjusting to the financial and emotional demands of a newborn baby. • Non-normative stress: Arises unexpectedly from events like illness, accidents, or job loss. Example: A family faces severe financial strain after the primary earner loses their job unexpectedly. Family Crisis: Family crisis involves a sudden, unexpected event that disrupts the functioning of the family and exceeds their coping abilities. Types of family crises include: • Situational crisis: Triggered by external events like natural disasters, accidents, or sudden illness. Example: A family experiences a crisis when their home is destroyed by a tornado, forcing them to seek immediate shelter and rebuild their lives. • Developmental crisis: Stemming from internal developmental changes or challenges, such as adolescent rebellion or midlife identity crises. Example: A family faces crisis as parents struggle to cope with their teenage child's substance abuse problem. Responses to Stress: Responses to stress can vary widely among families and individuals, including problem-focused coping (taking direct action to solve the problem), emotion-focused coping (managing emotions associated with stress), and social support seeking (relying on others for assistance). 2. Compare and contrast the ABC-X and the Double ABC-X models of family stress and crisis. Provide a specific example of each one. Answer: ABC-X Model: • Definition: The ABC-X model explains how families experience and adapt to stress. It consists of: • A (stressor): The event or situation causing stress. • B (family's resources): Family's strengths and resources for coping. • C (family's perception): How the family interprets the stressor. • X (crisis): The outcome or level of crisis experienced by the family. • Example: A family faces financial strain (A) due to unexpected medical bills. They have supportive relatives (B) but perceive their situation as overwhelming (C), leading to high levels of crisis (X) manifested as increased tension and anxiety. Double ABC-X Model: • Definition: Expands on the ABC-X model by including: • Second A (pile-up of stressors): Accumulation of multiple stressors over time. • Second B (family's adaptation): How the family adjusts and copes with stress. • Second C (definition of the situation): Re-evaluation of the stressor's impact. • Second X (revised crisis): Updated outcome considering ongoing stressors and adaptations. • Example: Following the initial financial stress (A), the family experiences job loss (second A), forcing them to adapt by cutting expenses (second B). They redefine their situation (second C) to focus on long-term financial planning, resulting in a revised crisis level (second X) where they stabilize their financial situation over time. 3. Define and critique the Conflict Tactics Scale. Is there a sex bias? Answer: Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS): • Definition: The CTS is a tool used to measure conflict resolution strategies within intimate relationships, categorizing tactics into constructive (e.g., negotiation) and destructive (e.g., physical violence). • Critique: • Strengths: Provides a structured way to assess conflict resolution methods across different couples and cultures. • Weaknesses: Critics argue it oversimplifies complex relationship dynamics and may not capture contextual factors or motivations behind behaviours. • Sex Bias: • Research indicates potential bias in how the CTS measures aggression, often overlooking contextual differences in how men and women perceive and respond to conflict. It has been criticized for not fully accounting for power differentials or social norms influencing behavior. In summary, understanding family stress and crisis involves recognizing their different sources, impacts, and adaptive responses, which are conceptualized differently in the ABC-X and Double ABC-X models. The Conflict Tactics Scale provides a framework for assessing conflict resolution but may oversimplify complex relational dynamics and exhibit biases in its application. 4. Write an essay about the prevalence of violence among intimates. How common is it, who is likely to be a victim, and what micro- and macro-level factors shape victimization and perpetration? Answer: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is disturbingly prevalent, affecting millions globally. Victims are often women, but men also experience it. Factors like gender norms, socioeconomic status, and cultural attitudes influence both victimization and perpetration. Economic stress and substance abuse exacerbate risk. Intervention demands addressing systemic inequalities and promoting respectful relationships. 5. Explain the issues associated with leaving or staying in an abusive relationship. Answer: Leaving or staying in an abusive relationship presents significant challenges and risks. Leaving can involve safety concerns, including retaliation from the abuser, financial instability, and emotional trauma. Staying may perpetuate the cycle of abuse, impacting mental health and self-esteem, and potentially endangering physical safety. Both choices involve complex emotional and practical considerations that require support and careful planning. 6. Write an essay about sexual assault and date rape drugs. Answer: Sexual assault and date rape drugs are serious issues affecting individuals globally. Sexual assault refers to any unwanted sexual activity or contact, often involving force, coercion, or lack of consent. Date rape drugs such as Rohypnol, GHB, and ketamine are substances used to incapacitate victims, making them vulnerable to sexual assault. Awareness, prevention measures, and support for survivors are crucial in addressing these pervasive issues. 7. How common is child abuse, who are the most likely victims, who is most likely to be a perpetrator, and what type of abuse is most common? Answer: Child abuse is unfortunately common, with millions of cases reported annually worldwide. The most likely victims are young children, especially those under 5 years old, and adolescents. Perpetrators are often known to the child and can include parents, caregivers, or other trusted adults. Types of abuse include physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect, each having significant long-term effects on the child's physical and psychological well-being. Early intervention, education, and support systems are vital in preventing and addressing child abuse effectively. 8. What are the short- and long-term effects of child abuse? Answer: Child abuse can have profound short- and long-term effects. Short-term effects may include physical injuries, emotional distress, anxiety, and developmental delays. Long-term effects can manifest as mental health disorders, such as depression and PTSD, substance abuse, difficulty forming relationships, and increased risk of revictimization. These impacts can persist into adulthood, affecting overall well-being and life outcomes. 9. Describe the theoretical explanations for violence and abuse. Answer: Theoretical explanations for violence and abuse include social learning theory, which suggests behavior is learned through observation and reinforcement; attachment theory, emphasizing early relationships' influence on later behavior; and ecological systems theory, which considers the impact of environments and social structures on behavior. These frameworks help understand the complex interplay of factors contributing to violence and abuse. 10. What is the Power and Control Wheel, and how might it operate differently for same- sex and heterosexual couples? Answer: The Power and Control Wheel illustrates tactics used by perpetrators to maintain dominance and control over their partners in abusive relationships. It typically includes behaviours like intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, and economic abuse. In same-sex couples, the Power and Control Wheel may operate similarly but can also involve unique dynamics related to societal stigma, identity, and power differentials within the relationship. Understanding these nuances is crucial for providing effective support and intervention. Test Bank for Exploring Marriages and Families Karen T. Seccombe 9780205915194, 9780134708201, 9780133807776