This Document Contains Chapters 7 to 8 Chapter 7--Multicellular Primary Producers 1. Algae are divided taxonomically into different groups based on differences in: A. morphology. B. accessory pigments. C. habitat. D. depth distribution. E. size. Answer: B. accessory pigments. 2. The macroalgae are commonly known as: A. seagrasses. B. seaweeds. C. kelps. D. higher plants. E. phytoplankton. Answer: B. seaweeds. 3. The color of light that penetrates seawater to the greatest depth in coastal waters is: A. blue. B. red. C. green. D. orange. E. yellow.yellow Answer: C. green. 4. The depth distribution of algae is limited by: A. temperature. B. pressure. C. pH. D. light quality. E. salinity. Answer: D. light quality. 5. The compensation depth refers to: A. the depth at which seaweed growth compensates for grazers. B. always 3 times the secchi disk depth. C. the depth which provides only enough light for photosynthesis but not growth. D. the depth where competition excludes a species. E. the depth at which phytoplankton dissolve. Answer: C. the depth which provides only enough light for photosynthesis but not growth. 6. The greatest diversity of algae is found at: A. tropical latitudes. B. polar latitudes. C. subtropical latitudes. D. temperate latitudes. E. the equator Answer: A. tropical latitudes. 7. In colder regions, some macroalgae die off in winter, but others termed _____________________ live for at least 2 years. A. perennials B. annuals C. eurythermals D. stenothermals E. biannuals Answer: A. perennials 8. What is the dominant photosynthetic pigment found in all types of algae? A. Chlorophyll b. B. Chlorophyll c. C. Chlorophyll a. D. Phycoerythrin. E. Chlorophyll d. Answer: C. Chlorophyll a. 9. Photosynthetic pigments of algae are found in cells within: A. chloroplasts. B. nuclei. C. cell walls. D. mitochondria. E. vacuoles. Answer: A. chloroplasts. 10. All of the following photosynthetic pigments are found in red algae except: A. chlorophyll a. B. phycoerythrin. C. fucoxanthin. D. phycocyanin. E. chlorophyll d. Answer: C. fucoxanthin. 11. Excess sugars stored by high-latitude algae can: A. serve as accessory to cellulose. B. serve as antifreeze in winter. C. keep predators away. D. confuse predators with different colors. E. protect the algae from wave damage. Answer: B. serve as antifreeze in winter. 12. Some algae utilize calcium carbonate to: A. deter herbivores. B. aid in maintaining a proper pH balance. C. assist in photosynthesis. D. replace mucus. E. prevent from freezing. Answer: A. deter herbivores. 13. Fragmentation is a type of _______________________ for drift algae, like Sargassum. A. mechanism that leads to genetic population structure B. sexual reproduction C. asexual reproduction D. response to high water temperature E. response to herbivory Answer: C. asexual reproduction 14. When two or more separate mutlicellular algae stages occur in succession we call this: A. gametangia. B. fragmentation. C. sporangium. D. alternation of generation. E. germination. Answer: D. alternation of generation. 15. Which of these groups of algae could you potentially find in a high mountain lake? A. Red. B. Brown. C. Green. D. Cyanobacteria. E. Green and Cyanobacteria. Answer: C. Green. 16. The phylum of green algae is: A. Rhodophyta. B. Chlorophyta. C. Anthophyta. D. Dinophyta. E. Phaeophyta. Answer: B. Chlorophyta. 17. Those green algae that have large cells with multiple nuclei are termed: A. multinucleate. B. coenocytic. C. entronucleate. D. diploid. E. haploid. Answer: B. coenocytic. 18. The marine macrophyte group with the highest number of species is: A. seagrasses. B. red algae. C. green algae. D. brown algae. E. blue-green algae. Answer: B. red algae. 19. The following are all main points of the article Seaweeds and Medicine, except: A. seaweeds have been used for thousands of years for therapeutic purposes. B. vitamin C, iodine, and agar are substances found in seaweeds. C. phycocolloids are used in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. D. it is extremely expensive to extract useful substrances from seaweeds. E. None of these. Answer: D. it is extremely expensive to extract useful substrances from seaweeds. 20. Coralline red algae have an outer covering made of: A. cellulose. B. calcium carbonate. C. silica. D. protein. E. starch. Answer: B. calcium carbonate. 21. The haploid stage of the red algae life cycle is called: A. sporophyte. B. zygote. C. gamete. D. gametophyte. E. tetrasporophyte. Answer: D. gametophyte. 22. The diploid stage of the red algae life cycle is called: A. tetrasporophyte. B. zygote. C. gamete. D. gametophyte. E. haptophyte. Answer: A. tetrasporophyte. 23. The carposporphyte ________________. A. is a gametophyte B. remains in the female gametophyte C. contains four sperm cells D. is unique to green algae E. grows into the macroscopic algal form Answer: B. remains in the female gametophyte 24. Red algae are important to biomedical/microbiological laboratories due to the algal production of: A. carageenan. B. algin. C. agar. D. iodine. E. starch. Answer: C. agar. 25. Brown algae belong to the phylum: A. Rhodophyta. B. Chlorophyta. C. Anthophyta. D. Phaeophyta. E. Dinophyta. Answer: D. Phaeophyta. 26. All the following photosynthetic pigments are found in brown algae except: A. chlorophyll a. B. chlorophyll c. C. fucoxanthin. D. phycocyanin. E. None of these. Answer: C. fucoxanthin. 27. The brown algae can reach up to _________________________ meters in length. A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 100 E. 200 Answer: D. 100 28. Brown algae are most diverse and abundant along coastlines _____________. A. at temperate latitudes B. at the equator C. bordering the Caribbean D. bordering the Indo-Pacific E. in polar regions Answer: A. at temperate latitudes 29. Most brown algae start life attached to rocks; a notable exception is: A. giant kelp. B. North Atlantic Sargassum. C. feather boa kelp. D. Laminaria. E. Fucus. Answer: B. North Atlantic Sargassum. 30. Rockweed have eliminated the _________________________ life stage. A. sporophyte B. carpospore C. gametophyte D. zygote E. tetrasporophyte Answer: C. gametophyte 31. In the giant kelp the large thallus is the ________________________ life stage. A. sporophyte B. carpospore C. gametophyte D. zygote E. tetrasporophyte Answer: A. sporophyte 32. This structure can grow >50 m long in kelp. A. Blade. B. Holdfast. C. Stipe. D. Gas bladder. E. Rhizoid. Answer: C. Stipe. 33. Which of the following is false about Sargassum? A. It is in the division Rhodophyta. B. Some species are pelagic. C. It is common in the Gulf Stream. D. It is buoyed by pnuematocysts. E. It forms a habitat for animals. Answer: A. It is in the division Rhodophyta. 34. _______________________ is an important food additive that is obtained from giant kelp. A. Carageenan B. Alginate C. Agar D. Dulse E. Diatomaceous earth Answer: B. Alginate 35. All of the following are hydrophytes except: A. turtle grass. B. Zostera. C. surf grass. D. cordgrass. E. surf grass and cordgrass. Answer: D. cordgrass. 36. Marine flowering plants produce ____________. A. a sporophyte B. a gametophyte C. tetraspores D. seeds E. carpospores Answer: D. seeds 37. Seed-producing plants first evolved __________. A. on land B. in freshwater C. in the ocean D. in estuaries E. from red algae ancestors Answer: A. on land 38. Flowering plants that are salt tolerant are called: A. algae. B. conifers. C. halophytes. D. sporophytes. E. haptophytes. Answer: C. halophytes. 39. An example of a hydrophyte flowering plant that can withstand and thrive under conditions of continued submergence is: A. cordgrass. B. pickle weed. C. salt grass. D. turtle grass. E. blue grass. Answer: D. turtle grass. 40. The horizontal stems of seagrasses are called: A. rhizoids. B. rhizomes. C. stipes. D. blades. E. holdfasts. Answer: B. rhizomes. 41. Most seagrasses add nutrients into the marine food chain via: A. DOM. B. detritus. C. herbivory. D. marine geese. E. mucus. Answer: B. detritus. 42. Which of the following is false about marine plants? A. They are common in protected bays. B. They have xylem and phloem tissues. C. They are found only in tropical areas. D. They produce seeds. E. They are found only in tropical areas and they produce seeds. Answer: C. They are found only in tropical areas. 43. Springtime vegetative growth in seagrasses is primarily due to starch stored in the: A. roots. B. leaves. C. rhizomes. D. turions. E. stems. Answer: C. rhizomes. 44. The purpose of specialized lacunae are to: A. provide structure to the rhizomes. B. carry oxygen to plant parts. C. provide buoyancy to the blade. D. carry oxygen to plant parts and provide buoyancy to the blade. E. provide structure to the rhizomes and carry oxygen to plant parts. Answer: D. carry oxygen to plant parts and provide buoyancy to the blade. 45. In seagrasses the process of water-insoluble fertilization is called: A. hydroponic pollination. B. hydrophilous pollination. C. sperm pollination. D. aquatic insemination. E. clonal growth. Answer: B. hydrophilous pollination. 46. Salt marsh plants differ from seagrasses in that they: A. are not fully marine plants. B. require freshwater to reproduce. C. are intolerant of full strength seawater. D. are found throughout the world. E. have roots, while seagrasses do not. Answer: A. are not fully marine plants. 47. Salt marsh plants play an important ecological role in: A. recycling nutrients. B. stabilizing sediments. C. filtering run-off from coastal areas. D. habitat for small animals. E. All of these. Answer: D. habitat for small animals. 48. Cordgrass maintains osmotic balance with: A. succulent stems. B. salt glands. C. salt leaves. D. they cannot maintain osmotic balance; they are osmoconformers. E. salt filtration mechanisms in the roots. Answer: B. salt glands. 49. A mechanism in many salt plants to control osmotic pressure is: A. to remain as osmoconformers. B. to have succulent parts. C. to dry out. D. to go dormant during periods of high salinity. E. to drop leaves. Answer: B. to have succulent parts. 50. How are giant kelp and sea grass alike? A. Both contain chlorophyll a. B. Both utilize gas-filled spaces for buoyancy. C. Both lack conductive tissues and rely on diffusion to transport molecules manufactured by photosynthesis. D. Both contain chlorophyll a and utilize gas-filled spaces for buoyancy. E. Both utilize gas-filled spaces for buoyancy and lack conductive tissues and rely on diffusion to transport molecules manufactured by photosynthesis. Answer: D. Both contain chlorophyll a and utilize gas-filled spaces for buoyancy. 51. Mangroves typically occur in/on: A. tropical and subtropical areas. B. temperate areas. C. polar areas. D. open coasts. E. sandy beaches. Answer: A. tropical and subtropical areas. 52. Mangrove trees have specialized ________________________ to stabilize the plant in __________. A. roots, mud B. holdfast, rocks C. roots, rocks D. holdfast, mud E. roots, sand Answer: A. roots, mud 53. Pneumatophores are specialized to: A. exchange gas. B. produce nutritive roots. C. stabilize the plant. D. exchange gas and produce nutritive roots. E. exchange gas and stabilize the plant. Answer: D. exchange gas and produce nutritive roots. 54. Which of the following has a role in sediment consolidation similar to that of mangroves? A. Red algae. B. Seagrasses. C. Green algae. D. Rockweed. E. Giant kelp. Answer: B. Seagrasses. 55. Marine plants may contribute to the prevention of algal blooms by: A. trapping sediments. B. absorbing excess nutrients. C. removing toxic organic pollutants. D. producing detritus. E. blocking sunlight. Answer: B. absorbing excess nutrients. 56. Organisms that grow on the surface of algae and marine plants are specifically called: A. parasites. B. mutualists. C. anthophytes. D. epiphytes. E. epizooites. Answer: D. epiphytes. 57. Algae can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Answer: True 58. Algae have no vascular tissue. Answer: True 59. Red algae can only live in deep waters because their photosynthetic pigments are adapted only for these depths. Answer: False 60. Air bladders of kelp function to anchor the thallus to the substrate. Answer: False 61. Holdfasts of algae and roots of flowering plants are not functionally identical. Answer: True 62. The sporophyte generation of kelp is dominant and larger than the gametophyte. Answer: True 63. The sporophyte and gametophyte stages of sea lettuce are not identical. Answer: True 64. Seagrasses are not true grasses. Answer: True 65. Seagrasses do not produce pollen. Answer: False 66. The root system of mangroves is extensive and penetrates deep into the sediment. Answer: False 67. The greatest importance of seagrasses and salt marsh plants as a source of food is that they are eaten directly by invertebrates and wildlife. Answer: False 68. Match the words with the most closely associated algae type. 1. Brown algae porphyra 2. Green algae ulva 3. Red algae sargassum Answer: 69. Match the pigment with the most closely associated algae type. 1. Brown algae phycoerythrin 2. Red algae fucoxanthin 3. Green algae chlorophylls a and b Answer: 3 70. Match the words with the most closely associated algae type. 1. Green algae tetrasporophyte 2. Brown algae zygote 3. Red algae gametangium Answer: 71. Match the words with the most closely associated multicellular producer. 1. Seagrasses coralline 2. Red algae holdfast 3. Brown algae rhizomes Answer: 72. Match the term with the most closely associated term. 1. Seagrasses temperate; highest diversity in Indo-West Pacific Ocean 2. Mangroves temperate 3. Marsh plants tropics Answer: 73. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Marsh plants rhizomes 2. Seagrasses culms 3. Mangroves pneumatophores Answer: 74. Match the words with the most closely associated multicellular producer. 1. Sargassum aerenchyme 2. Seagrasses filamentous 3. Brown algae stipe and blade 4. Red algae pelagic Answer: 2 75. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Agarum flat blade perforated with holes 2. Padina clustered 3. Fucus matted Answer: 76. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Seagrasses covered with epiphytes 2. Mangrove food source for insects 3. Marsh plants habitat for nesting birds Answer: 1 77. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Mangroves hydrophilous pollination 2. Seagrasses pollinated by the wind 3. Marsh plants disperses with floating propagules Answer: 78. Explain the basis for how the three groups of macroalgae are divided, and name the main pigment(s) characteristic to each group. Answer: Algae are divided into three groups based on their color. The color of the different groups of algae derives from the accessory pigments of these algae. Red algae contain the red accessory pigment phycoerythrin; brown algae contain fucoxanthin; and green algae contain chlorophylls a and b, which are not masked by accessory pigments. 79. How do large kelps transport sugars from the terminal ends of the thallus to the bottom? Is this characteristic of other algae? Answer: Large kelps need some way of transporting materials from the upper reaches of the thallus to the lower parts that do not receive enough sunlight. In order to facilitate this transport, kelps have tube-like trumpet cells that can carry nutrients down from above. Other algae lack this conductive tissue. 80. Why is it possible for multicellular green and red algae to reproduce asexually by fragmentation but not the brown algae? Answer: The main reason for this is the simple nature of the tissues of green and red algae that lack specialization. Since one part of the thallus looks essentially the same as another these cells can simply break off and grow mitotically into a new thallus. Kelps do not generally undergo fragmentation because their tissues are too specialized. 81. If salt marsh plants are facultative halophytes, then why do they live and dominate in salty areas but not elsewhere? Answer: Salt marsh plants can only compete successfully for space in salty areas where other plants cannot grow well. Because salt marsh plants are adapted to withstand salty conditions they can outgrow other plants that do not have such adaptations. These same salt marsh plants would not be able to compete very well under freshwater conditions because other plants outcompete them. 82. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of marine flowering plants. Answer: Marine flowering plants play a number of ecological roles in their environments. They trap and stabilize sediments, which leads to the building up of coastlines; they filter runoff from land, absorbing harmful chemicals and nutrients, thereby preventing eutrophication of nearby waters; they are an important source for detritus, which supplies food to nearby communities; they are direct sources of food for many grazers; and they are an important shelter for many marine animals. 83. What is the importance of accessory photosynthetic pigments to multicellular algae and other photosynthetic organisms? Answer: Accessory pigments broaden the usable spectrum of available light by absorbing light at wavelengths that are not absorbed by the primary photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll a. 84. What are two functions of mucilage in algae? Answer: The mucilage of algae aids to protect algae from desiccation during periods of low tide. It also may act to remove larvae and sessile organisms that may settle on the surface of the algae. 85. What advantage does phycoerythrin confer upon red algae? Answer: Phycoerythrin is an accessory pigment that effectively absorbs blue and green light. Since blue and green light penetrate deepest in the oceans but red light does not, the algae would be able to live in deep areas where only blue and green light penetrate. 86. The sporophyte stage of red algae produces spores that are shed into the water. What is the advantage of shedding spores into the water? Answer: Releasing spores into the water allows them to be carried away by currents, thereby ensuring wide dispersal as a means of colonizing new areas and decreasing competition between new plants and their parents. 87. Describe the life cycle of the giant kelp (Macrocystis), including both the gametophyte and sporophyte stages. Answer: There are two stages in the giant kelp life cycle. The gametophyte, which is greatly reduced in size (microscopic) and the large sporophyte. Here the dominant sporophyte produces spores by meiosis (in the special blades near the base of the thallus called sporophylls), which settle to the bottom to produce a microscopic gametophyte. The gametophyte produces gametes (sperm and eggs). These unite to produce the zygote that matures into a large sporophyte. The spores are negatively phototactic, so they will settle "away" from the surface of the water onto rocks. 88. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of the giant kelps. Answer: Giant kelps play a number of ecological roles in their environments. They provide a canopy of high primary productivity. They are an important habitat for numerous species of invertebrates and fish. Many species feed directly on the kelps. They play an important role in protecting bottom communities from strong currents. Dislodged kelps continue to produce, provide protection, and enable juvenile animals to migrate. Beached kelps provide food for an active detritus-based community including amphipods and shore birds. 89. How can seagrasses contribute to the building of the environment in which they live? Answer: Seagrasses, once they take root in an area, tend to trap suspended particles and cause these to sediment. Accumulated sediments contribute to the sandy/muddy environment in which seagrasses live. 90. The flowers of seagrasses are small and inconspicuous, rather than large, colorful, and scented. Explain why these characteristics are useful in the marine environment. Answer: Seagrasses are hydrophytes that are usually submerged. In this under-water environment there are no ecological equivalents to insects, which transfer pollen from flower to flower of terrestrial plants. Instead, seagrasses rely on currents for pollination. As a result, there is no need for large conspicuous scented flowers to attract nonexistent insects. 91. What are at least 3 adaptations of salt marsh plants for withstanding salty conditions? Answer: Salt marsh plants have adaptations similar to those of desert plants for reducing water loss or excessive salty conditions. These include having cuticle-covered leaves to prevent water loss, having extensive vascular tissue for efficient water transport, and having thick leaves for water retention. Mangroves also have specific adaptations such as having openings (stoma) only on the underside of leaves and having the ability to concentrate salts in certain leaves that are eventually discarded. 92. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of mangroves. Answer: Mangroves play a number of ecological roles in their environments. They provide a three-dimensional structure to otherwise muddy intertidal environment. Their root system stabilizes the sediments and aggregate detritus. Their aerial roots provide habitat for epiphytes and crawling organisms. The upper tree portion is home to terrestrial insects, mammals, and birds. They export detritus to other ecosystems and protect shorelines from storm damage. Root system provides nursery habitat for fish and invertebrate species. Chapter 8--Lower Invertebrates 1. Which of the following is false about animals? A. They are multicellular. B. They are heterotrophic. C. They are autotrophs. D. They lack cell walls. E. Most can actively move. Answer: C. They are autotrophs. 2. Sponges belong to the phylum: A. porifera. B. cnidaria. C. platyhelminthes. D. nematoda. E. tubularia. Answer: A. porifera. 3. Sponges live a(n) _____________________ lifestyle. A. planktonic B. infaunal C. nektonic D. sessile E. neustonic Answer: D. sessile 4. Sponges have ______________________ symmetry. A. radial B. asymmetric C. bilateral D. dorsal-ventral E. pentamerous Answer: B. asymmetric 5. Water exits the sponge spongocoel through the: A. choanocytes. B. spicules. C. ostia. D. osculum. E. pinocytes Answer: D. osculum. 6. Water enters the sponge spongocoel through the: A. choanocytes. B. spicules. C. ostia. D. osculum. E. pinocytes. Answer: C. ostia. 7. A flagellated cell involved in bringing water into the spongocoel of sponges is called a(n): A. spicule. B. choanocyte. C. osculum. D. ostium. E. pinocyte. Answer: B. choanocyte. 8. ______________________ are cells that move through the sponge's body. A. Collar cells B. Pinococytes C. Archaeocytes D. Spongin E. Spicules Answer: C. Archaeocytes 9. The feeding biology of sponges is referred to as: A. grazing. B. filter feeding. C. carnivory. D. deposit feeding. E. omnivory. Answer: B. filter feeding. 10. The type of feeding in sponges classifies them as: A. grazers. B. scrapers. C. graspers. D. filter-feeders. E. omnivores. Answer: D. filter-feeders. 11. Sponges are considered: A. animals. B. plants. C. fungi. D. bacteria. E. Archaea. Answer: A. animals. 12. A sponge body type consisting of one spongocoel having many folds is called: A. asconoid. B. syconoid. C. leuconoid. D. hexactinellida. E. demospongoid. Answer: B. syconoid. 13. A sponge body type with many chambers lined with collar cells is called: A. asconoid. B. syconoid. C. leuconoid. D. hexactinellida. E. demospongoid. Answer: C. leuconoid. 14. The skeletal elements that give support to a sponge's body are called: A. choanocytes. B. spongin. C. spicules. D. collar cells. E. porocytes. Answer: C. spicules. 15. Sponges can have skeletons made of all these materials except: A. silica. B. calcium carbonate. C. starch. D. spongin. E. protein. Answer: C. starch. 16. Reproduction in sponges includes all except: A. budding. B. sexual. C. fragmentation. D. budding and sexual. E. sexual and fragmentation. Answer: D. budding and sexual. 17. Sponges often compete with other organisms for: A. food. B. space. C. light. D. nutrients. E. mating. Answer: B. space. 18. Sponges avoid predators by: A. seeking sheltered locations. B. having spicules. C. producing toxins. D. having spicules and producing toxins. E. seeking sheltered locations and having spicules. Answer: D. having spicules and producing toxins. 19. Large sponges belonging to the class _____________________ are harvested for commercial use. A. Hexactinellida B. Sclerospongia C. Spheciospongia D. Demospongia E. Calcarea Answer: D. Demospongia 20. Cnidocytes are stinging cells that are characteristic of the phylum: A. Porifera. B. Annelida. C. Echinodermata. D. Cnidaria. E. Ctenophora. Answer: D. Cnidaria. 21. Cnidarians that exhibit only the polyp stage in their life cycle are: A. hydrozoans. B. scyphozoans. C. cubozoans. D. anthozoans. E. bryozoans. Answer: D. anthozoans. 22. The Cnidarians possess: A. a water vascular system. B. bi-lateral symmetry. C. stinging cells. D. spicules. E. setae. Answer: C. stinging cells. 23. Cnidarians have _________________________ symmetry. A. radial B. asymmetric C. bilateral D. dorsal-ventral E. pentamerous Answer: A. radial 24. The nematocysts of cnidarians are produced within the: A. cnidocytes. B. cnidocils. C. statocysts. D. mouths. E. pneumatocysts. Answer: A. cnidocytes. 25. Colonial cnidarians that exhibit both the polyp stage and the medusa stage in their life cycles are: A. hydrozoans. B. scyphozoans. C. cubozoans. D. anthozoans. E. bryozoans. Answer: A. hydrozoans. 26. Jellyfish and box jellyfish are: A. hydrozoans. B. scyphozoans. C. anthozoans. D. bryozoans. E. protozoans. Answer: B. scyphozoans. 27. Common octocorals are the: A. sea pens. B. gorgonians. C. sea anemones. D. fire corals. E. sea nettles. Answer: B. gorgonians. 28. The Portuguese man-o-war is a member of the class: A. Hydrozoa. B. Scyphozoa. C. Cubozoa. D. Anthozoa. E. Bryozoa. Answer: A. Hydrozoa. 29. An example of a member of the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria is: A. Portuguese man-o-war. B. jellyfish. C. sea anemone. D. sea wasp. E. hydroid. Answer: C. sea anemone. 30. The benthic jellyfish _______________ traps plankton to feed on. A. Rhizophysa sp B. Cassiopeia sp C. Anthopleura sp D. Fungia sp E. None of these. Answer: B. Cassiopeia sp 31. The cnidarians have an incomplete gut called the: A. nematocyst. B. coelom. C. gastrovascular cavity. D. pseudointestine. E. spongeocoel. Answer: C. gastrovascular cavity. 32. Clown fishes form symbiotic relationships with members of this group of cnidarians: A. siphonophores. B. hydrozoans. C. anthozoans. D. scyphozoans. E. bryozoans. Answer: C. anthozoans. 33. Animals with eight rows of comb plates are called: A. jellyfish. B. seastars. C. ctenophores. D. polycheates. E. octocorals. Answer: C. ctenophores. 34. Ctenophores feed on: A. phytoplankton. B. benthic algae. C. planktonic animals. D. detritus. E. DOM. Answer: C. planktonic animals. 35. Most species of ctenophore are: A. haploid. B. male or female only. C. hermaphroditic. D. asexual. E. None of the above. Answer: C. hermaphroditic. 36. You are walking along the beach and see the remains of an unknown animal washed up on shore. You examine its characteristics and see that it is gelatinous, transparent, bilaterally symmetric, and lacks tentacles. You provisionally identify its phylum according to which choice? A. Gelatinous body rules out Cnidaria. B. Lack of tentacles rules out Cnidaria. C. Bilateral symmetry rules out Nemertea. D. Transparent body rules out Ctenophora. E. None of these. Answer: B. Lack of tentacles rules out Cnidaria. 37. The flatworms have _______________ symmetry. A. radial B. asymmetric C. bilateral D. spherical E. pentamerous Answer: C. bilateral 38. Which of the following is not a member of the phylum Platyhelminthes? A. Fluke. B. Tapeworm. C. Flatworm. D. Ribbon worm. E. None of these. Answer: D. Ribbon worm. 39. Representatives of free living flatworms are: A. turbellarians. B. cestodes. C. trematodes. D. tapeworms. E. polychaetes. Answer: A. turbellarians. 40. Flatworms can reproduce: A. asexually. B. sexually. C. by reciprocal copulation. D. All of the above. E. asexually and sexually Answer: D. All of the above. 41. Ribbon worms belong to the phylum: A. Nemertea. B. Platyhelminthes. C. Arthropoda. D. Ctenophora. E. Cnidaria. Answer: A. Nemertea. 42. How could you tell the difference between a brachiopod and a clam? A. Brachiopod is sessile, clam is not. B. Brachiopod has two valves, clam does not. C. Brachiopod has a fleshy stalk (pedicel), clam does not. D. Brachiopod is a filter feeder, clam is not. E. All of these. Answer: C. Brachiopod has a fleshy stalk (pedicel), clam does not. 43. Animals that live in the spaces between fine sediment grains are specifically called: A. infauna. B. epiphytic. C. meiofauna. D. epifauna. E. epizoa. Answer: C. meiofauna. 44. All of the following have bilateral symmetry except: A. Nemertea. B. Phoronids. C. Ctenophora. D. Platyhelminthes. E. None of these. Answer: C. Ctenophora. 45. Ribbon worms use their _______________ for capturing prey. A. epitoke B. proboscis C. pharynx D. lophophore E. choanocytes Answer: B. proboscis 46. Which is not a lophophorate? A. Phoronida. B. Ectoprocta. C. Brachiopods. D. Flukes & tapeworms. E. Lamp shells. Answer: D. Flukes & tapeworms. 47. Colonial animals called moss animals (due to their white encrustations or fuzzy growths) are: A. phoronids. B. bryozoans. C. brachiopods. D. anemones. E. hydroids. Answer: B. bryozoans. 48. Which of the following is not bilaterally symmetric? A. Turbellarian. B. Lamp shell. C. Ribbon worm. D. Phoronid. E. Comb jelly. Answer: E. Comb jelly. 49. The primary feeding type for lophophorates is: A. scavengers. B. attachment predators. C. herbivores. D. filter feeders. E. infaunal detritivores. Answer: D. filter feeders. 50. Collar cells of sponges function in moving water through the sponge's body. Answer: True 51. Water enters the spongocoel through the osculum. Answer: False 52. Sponges feed on attached algae. Answer: False 53. Suspension feeding and filter feeding always describe the same process. Answer: False 54. Asconoid sponges are usually the smallest of all sponges. Answer: True 55. Sponges can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Answer: True 56. Asexual reproduction in sponges is by binary fission. Answer: False 57. Sponges are heavily preyed upon by marine fishes. Answer: False 58. The planktonic form of cnidarians is called a medusa. Answer: True 59. True jellyfish belong to the class Scyphozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. Answer: True 60. Both cnidarians and ctenophores manufacture their own nematocysts for capturing prey. Answer: False 61. Ctenophores are lined with 10 rows of comb plates (ctenes). Answer: False 62. Turbellarians detect small prey items using chemoreceptors, among other things. Answer: True 63. Cephalization is the evolutionary tendency toward the concentration of sense organs at one end of the body of bilateral animals. Answer: True 64. Ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) primarily feed on sediment, as earthworms do. Answer: False 65. Match the characteristic with the most closely associated animal group. 1. Platyhelminthes many types are asymmetric 2. Porifera radially symmetric 3. Ctenophora bilateral symmetry Answer: 66. Match the words with the animals they are most closely associated with. 1. Porifera filter feeder 2. Cnidaria reef forming 3. Ctenophora only zooplanktonic forms Answer: 67. Match the words with the animals they are most closely associated with. 1. Porifera collar cells 2. Cnidaria stinging cells 3. Platyhelminthes cilia for locomotion Answer: 68. Match the ecological role with the animal group it is most closely associated with. 1. Porifera filter feeders 2. Nemertea carnivores on benthic infauna 3. Ctenophora carnivores on zooplankton Answer: 69. Match the dominant stage with the class it is most closely associated with. 1. Scyphozoan medusa and polyp 2. Hydrozoan medusa 3. Anthozoan polyp Answer: 70. Match the sponge type with the description of body plan. 1. Syconoid vase shape 2. Asconoid simple folding 3. Leuconoid complex folding Answer: 71. Match the animal group with its most closely associated food gathering tool. 1. Nemertea nematocysts 2. Porifera collar cells 3. Cnidarians proboscis Answer: 72. Match the term with its most closely associated animal group. 1. Ribbon worms stylet 2. Porifera gastrovascular cavity 3. Cnidarian spongocoel Answer: 73. Match the life stage with its most closely associated feature. 1. Planula free floating larval and adult form 2. Medusa attached form 3. Polyp l arval form Answer: 74. What are 4 distinguishing characteristics that separate animals from other organisms? Answer: Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, and lack cell walls. They cannot produce their own food and with the exception of adult sponges, can actively move. 75. What characteristics of sponges allow sexual reproduction by fragmentation? Answer: Sponges, unlike many other animals, lack specialized tissues that would preclude asexual reproduction by fragmentation. Once a piece of a sponge breaks off it freely grows into a new sponge. 76. What are the three classes of cnidarians and how do they differ from each other? Answer: Class Hydrozoa includes colonial cnidarians that posses both polyp and medusoid stages during their development. Hydrozoans include both sessile and planktonic representatives. Members of the class Scyphozoa include solitary jellyfish that usually only posses a medusoid stage that is planktonic rather than sessile. Class Anthozoa contains the anemones and coral polyps. Only the polyp stage is present in this group, which contains sessile animals. 77. What is meant by the term "cephalization"? Identify at least 4 animal phyla that possess this feature. Answer: Cephalization refers to the evolutionary tendency toward the formation of a head in which sensory organs are concentrated. This trend can be seen in bilateral animals from the simple flat worms to the chordates. 78. Describe the three main body types of sponges. Which of the three body types is usually the largest? Why? Answer: The three body types are the simple asconoid sponges, with one spongocoel and very little surface area; the syconoid sponges, which have a spongocoel surrounded by many layers of tissue and ostia; and the leuconoid body type with many spongocoels surrounded by dense ostia. Of the three, the leuconoid body plan supports the largest sponges because the very large surface area means there is a large volume of water circulating within the sponge that can support this large body. 79. What are 2 functions of naturally produced chemical defenses in sponges? Answer: Sponges have long been known to be relatively immune to bacterial infections. Sponges produce antimicrobial chemicals within their tissues that ward off bacteria. Other sponges use chemicals, which inhibit the settlement of larvae of other sessile animals on the sponges' tissues and may also clear a particular rock surface of encrusting algae and sessile animals. 80. What are the advantages of radial symmetry to a sessile or slow moving organism? Answer: Since sessile organisms do not move, it would be disadvantageous if all the sensory organs of the animal were placed at one end of the animal. This arrangement leaves the opposite end unprotected. Radial symmetry allows the equal distribution of senses around the body in a manner not unlike the distribution of guard towers around a castle. This same argument can be applied to slow moving animals. 81. What characteristics of flat worms allow them to use diffusion to excrete waste materials and take up oxygen? Answer: In order for waste products and gases to diffuse in or out of the body of flatworms, there must be a large surface area relative to the volume of the animal. Worms accomplish a relatively large surface area by being small, by being very thin and flat, all of which increase the surface area without substantially increasing the volume of the animals. 82. If all the meiofaunal organisms were eliminated from a sandy beach, how would that affect the habitat and the trophic structure of the beach? Answer: Meiofaunal organisms are an important link between microscopic bacteria, rotifers, and other small infaunal organisms. The meiofauna eat these small organisms and, in turn, are eaten by larger predators. Without meiofauna, the secondary production of these microscopic infauna would be lost to the trophic system of the sandy beach, and the beach wouldn’t be able to support many larger consumers. 83. Name the three animal phyla that feed and respire with a lophophore. Answer: Three phyla that use a lophophore are Phoronida, Ectoprocta, and Brachiopoda. Test Bank for Introduction to Marine Biology George Karleskint, Richard Turner, James Small 9780495561972, 9780534420727
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