This Document Contains Chapters 1 to 4 Chapter 1 True or False Questions 1. In the last fifty years, crime rates in the United States have remained relatively constant. Answer: False 2. Neither George Bush nor Barack Obama was committed to reducing drug use in the United States during their first terms in office. Answer: False 3. Prison has an important effect on crime rates. Answer: False 4. There is evidence to suggest that that police engaging in positive, community-oriented activities reduces crime. Answer: True 5. Poverty is an example of one of the elements that influences crime rates. Answer: True 6. Prison produces more criminals than it cures. Answer: True 7. Foucault is the author of Pyrrhic defeat theory. Answer: False Multiple Choice Questions 1. Foucault provided a __________ explanation of the new prison regime. a. class-based b. crime-based c. language-based d. weapon-based Answer: a. class-based 2. The War on Drugs began in the ___________. a. 2000s b. 1980s c. 1970s d. 1990s Answer: c. 1970s 3. What is an example of a recent government policy or initiative that has widened the gap between the affluent and poor communities in the United States? a. The Fight to End Crime b. the Obama healthcare initiative c. the War on Drugs d. the Bush tax cuts Answer: d. the Bush tax cuts 4. According to the text, what is an example of an argument that prison opponents would make? a. Prisons are only appropriate places for males. b. Prisons create crime rather than prevent it. c. Nearly 95% of all inmates are raped while in prison. d. The food served in prisons makes people ill. Answer: b. Prisons create crime rather than prevent it. 5. Why is it difficult for inmates to find a job once they leave prison? a. They are stigmatized. b. They live in regions with high unemployment. c. They refuse to look for a job. d. They rarely pass their drug tests. Answer: a. They are stigmatized. 6. Why are drug prices high? a. They are mostly sold to affluent people. b. They are illegal. c. They cost a lot to grow. d. A permit is required to sell them. Answer: b. They are illegal. 7. Which of the following was a result of the Brady Law? a. It prohibited the sale of firearms to those with prior felony convictions. b. It drastically reduced the number of firearm deaths across the nation. c. It limited the number of firearms that could be sold daily in certain states. d. It increased the number of firearm crimes since 2003. Answer: a. It prohibited the sale of firearms to those with prior felony convictions. Short Answer Questions 1. Why does the text refer to sources rather than causes of crime? Answer: The text likely focuses on sources rather than causes of crime to encompass a broader range of factors contributing to criminal behavior, including social, economic, and environmental influences. 2. Apply your knowledge of crime and prison to explain briefly why recidivism occurs. Answer: Recidivism often occurs due to a combination of inadequate rehabilitation programs in prisons and societal factors like lack of employment opportunities post-release. 3. What would Foucault say about a teacher who disciplines her students for not doing things “the right way”? Answer: Foucault would likely argue that the teacher's disciplinary actions reinforce power structures and norms, perpetuating control and conformity rather than fostering critical thinking or autonomy. 4. What are the main similarities and differences between the Pyrrhic defeat theory and the Erickson–Durkheim theory? Answer: The main similarity is their focus on the negative consequences of punishment, but Pyrrhic defeat theory emphasizes the potential reinforcement of criminal behavior, while the Erickson-Durkheim theory highlights the role of punishment in maintaining social order. Essay Questions 1. Evaluate the relationship between the legal status of drugs and crime rates in the United States. Next, argue for or against the legalization of drugs. Answer: The relationship between drug legalization and crime rates is complex, with evidence suggesting mixed outcomes depending on various factors such as implementation, drug type, and societal context. Advocates for legalization argue it could reduce crime by eliminating black markets and redirecting resources toward treatment and prevention. Opponents express concerns about potential increases in drug abuse and associated criminal activity. 2. Propose an alternative to putting criminals in prison. What would this model look like? What would be some of its advantages and drawbacks? Answer: One alternative to traditional imprisonment is restorative justice, where offenders repair harm they caused through dialogue, restitution, and community service. It fosters accountability, empathy, and rehabilitation, potentially reducing recidivism. However, its effectiveness relies on community support and may not be suitable for all types of crimes or offenders. Chapter 2 True or False Questions 1. In the United States, the label “crime” is used to name all of the worst actions that cause misery and suffering to Americans. Answer: False 2. Criminal law creates crime. Answer: False 3. The Internet is an example of a source that contributes to our collective image of crime. Answer: False 4. The threat posed by the Typical Criminal is not the act that endangers us the most. Answer: True 5. This is an example of an objection a Defender would make: “A premeditated murder is worse than someone being killed accidentally by unsafe work equipment.” Answer: True 6. One of the five hypotheses about the way in which the public’s image of crime is created is the decisions of legislators. Answer: True 7. Foucault is the author of the social reality of crime theory. Answer: False Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to Quinney, crime has a __________. a. social reality b. objective reality c. linguistic reality d. subjective reality Answer: a. social reality 2. Beatrice Hunter’s book, The Mirage of Safety, is about ___________. a. crimes of opportunity b. unsafe working conditions c. chemicals in food d. social reality theory Answer: c. chemicals in food 3. What is an example of one of the problems associated with air pollution? a. increased health problems b. increased poverty levels c. decreased working safety regulations d. decreased crime surveillance Answer: a. increased health problems 4. According to the text, what is an example of an argument that Defenders would make? a. All executives who refuse to make work environments safe for their employees should be subjected to a 10% tax increase. b. Poverty is the root cause of most crimes; therefore, we should invest in wealth redistribution measures. c. Because crime really only affects the poor, they should work harder on becoming gainfully employed so they are no longer impacted by crime. d. A CEO who refuses to ensure a safe working environment is a lesser criminal than a person who shoots a gas station attendant during a robbery. Answer: d. A CEO who refuses to ensure a safe working environment is a lesser criminal than a person who shoots a gas station attendant during a robbery. 5. Which of the following is an example of an occupational illness? a. A worker is exposed to carcinogens at work and develops cancer. b. A worker kills another worker at the job site. c. A tired worker trips on the way home and breaks his ankle. d. A worker catches pneumonia from a coworker. Answer: a. A worker is exposed to carcinogens at work and develops cancer. 6. Which of the following is an example of how healthcare can be dangerous to one’s health? a. Only the affluent can afford to pay for their own healthcare. b. Complications arise as a result of unnecessary surgery. c. An employee refuses to let his or her employee take sick days. d. Those without coverage cannot seek medical care. Answer: b. Complications arise as a result of unnecessary surgery. 7. Use social reality theory to choose which of the following statements corresponds to Quinney’s theoretical approach to crime. a. The reality of crime is the same in all countries around the globe. b. We can best understand crime as an objective reality. c. The reality is that all crime control is doomed to fail. d. The reality of crime is constructed by a variety of sources. Answer: d. The reality of crime is constructed by a variety of sources. Short Answer Questions 1. Why was the Reagan administration’s War on Drugs ironic, given the administration’s reactions to other policies? Answer: The Reagan administration's War on Drugs was ironic because it emphasized punitive measures while advocating for limited government intervention in other areas, contradicting its stance on individual freedom and small government. 2. Apply your knowledge of healthcare in the United States to briefly explain why it can be hazardous to one’s health. Answer: Healthcare in the United States can be hazardous due to its high costs, which often lead to financial strain, delayed treatment, and lack of access to essential medical services, endangering individuals' health. 3. What would Quinney say about the prevalence of violent video games? Answer: Quinney might argue that the prevalence of violent video games reflects broader societal issues, such as the normalization of aggression, rather than being a direct cause of violence itself. 4. What are the main differences between the Pyrrhic defeat theory and Quinney’s theory of the social reality of crime? Answer: The Pyrrhic defeat theory focuses on how the criminal justice system can inadvertently perpetuate crime, while Quinney's theory emphasizes how societal structures and inequalities contribute to the creation of crime itself. Essay Questions 1. Evaluate the relationship between regulations (or a lack thereof) and crime in the United States. Use specific examples to support your arguments. Answer: The relationship between regulations and crime in the United States is complex. For instance, lax regulations on firearms have been linked to higher rates of gun-related crimes, as seen in states with lenient gun laws. Conversely, strict regulations on substances like marijuana have been associated with a decrease in related offenses following legalization in some states. Thus, the effectiveness of regulations in curbing or exacerbating crime depends on various factors, including enforcement, societal attitudes, and the nature of the regulation itself. 2. Propose a more comprehensive alternative to the current criminal justice system, one that would work to protect Americans from all acts that cause harm. What would this system look like? What changes to the current system would have to be made? Answer: A comprehensive alternative to the current criminal justice system would prioritize prevention, rehabilitation, and restorative justice over punitive measures. This system would focus on addressing root causes of crime, such as poverty and lack of access to education and mental health services, while also promoting community-based interventions. Changes would include reallocating resources from prisons to social programs, implementing alternative dispute resolution methods, and prioritizing diversion and treatment for non-violent offenders. Chapter 3 True or False Questions 1. In the United States, prisons are filled predominantly with poor people. Answer: True 2. There are more black men than white men in prison because black men commit more crimes. Answer: False 3. College students are an example of a population that is frequently targeted by police. Answer: False 4. White-collar criminals are rarely arrested or charged. Answer: True 5. A lower-class man who steals a bike would be more likely to be charged than a wealthy man who embezzles. Answer: True 6. There is considerable evidence that double discrimination affects death penalty sentencing. Answer: True 7. Most business executives who commit financial fraud are convicted for their crimes. Answer: False Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to the President’s Crime Commission survey, __________. a. middle-class teens are frequently targeted by police b. most Americans have violated laws c. CEOs are frequently arrested for theft d. crime is rare in low-income communities Answer: b. most Americans have violated laws 2. Many black people are arrested for the crime of ___________. a. “driving while black” b. “cell phone abuses” c. “black embezzlement” d. “crimes of convenience” Answer: a. “driving while black” 3. Why did federal law enforcement dismiss many potential criminal cases arising out of the savings and loan scandals? a. because the CEOs involved were mostly black b. because financial fraud is not technically a crime c. because they lacked the personnel to pursue the cases d. because of generally decreased crime surveillance Answer: c. because they lacked the personnel to pursue the cases 4. Why is being released on bail important? a. Those who are not released on bail are treated as though they are guilty. b. Black defendants are more likely to be released on bail than white defendants. c. It can only be done before an individual is arrested. d. Only individuals who have been imprisoned for twenty days can be released on bail. Answer: a. Those who are not released on bail are treated as though they are guilty. 5. Why have some judges spoken out against the system of sentencing and mandatory minimum sentences? a. They were upset about the rampant ageism in recent court cases. b. They wanted to protect white-collar criminals. c. They were against the racism inherent in the criminal justice system. d. They wanted to improve the perception of the judicial system among inmates. Answer: c. They were against the racism inherent in the criminal justice system. 6. What is an example of the double discrimination seen in the United States? a. A white man who embezzles from a white man and released on bail, while a white man who embezzles from a black man is sentenced to three years in prison. b. A black man kills a white man and is given the death penalty, while a black man who kills another black man is imprisoned. c. A black cop who arrests a black man is more likely to be financially rewarded than a white cop who arrests another white man. d. A white man who kills another white man is more likely to be released on bail than a black man who kills another black man. Answer: b. A black man kills a white man and is given the death penalty, while a black man who kills another black man is imprisoned. 7. Apply your knowledge of the criminal justice system to choose which of the following people would most likely receive the harshest sentence for the same crime of dealing drugs. a. a middle-class white college student b. a wealthy black man c. a middle-class black woman d. a lower-class white man Answer: d. a lower-class white man Short Answer Questions 1. Why do most Americans think dangerous crimes are committed mainly by poor people? Answer: Many Americans associate poverty with higher crime rates due to socioeconomic disparities and media portrayals that often depict impoverished communities as crime-ridden. This perception overlooks systemic factors and complex socio-economic dynamics contributing to crime. 2. What would most likely happen to a white-collar criminal who is accused of embezzlement? Answer: A white-collar criminal accused of embezzlement would likely face legal proceedings, potentially resulting in fines, restitution, or imprisonment depending on the severity of the offense and the outcome of the trial. In some cases, they may also experience damage to their reputation and career. 3. Apply your knowledge of the Watergate and S&L scandals to describe how they impacted the public perception of crime. Answer: The Watergate scandal eroded public trust in government institutions, highlighting the potential for corruption at the highest levels of power. Similarly, the Savings and Loan (S&L) scandal of the 1980s contributed to a perception of financial institutions as untrustworthy, leading to increased scrutiny and regulatory reforms. 4. Analyze the role of double discrimination in the criminal justice system, and provide two real or hypothetical examples. Answer: Double discrimination in the criminal justice system refers to the compounded biases faced by individuals who belong to marginalized groups, such as racial minorities who also identify as LGBTQ+. For example, a transgender person of color may experience harsher sentencing due to both their race and gender identity, while a Muslim woman might face increased surveillance and suspicion in counterterrorism efforts due to her religion and gender. Essay Questions 1. Evaluate the relationship between class, race, and criminal justice in the United States. Use specific examples to support your arguments. Answer: In the United States, there exists a significant correlation between class, race, and involvement in the criminal justice system. For instance, African Americans and Hispanics are disproportionately arrested, convicted, and incarcerated compared to their white counterparts, reflecting systemic biases. Additionally, wealthier individuals often have better access to legal resources, affording them lighter sentences or alternative outcomes compared to lower-income defendants, exemplifying disparities in justice based on socioeconomic status. 2. Propose a set of reforms to the current criminal justice system to address issues of discrimination and injustice. What specific changes to the current system would have to be made? Answer: 1. Implementing mandatory implicit bias training for law enforcement officials to address prejudicial behavior. 2. Establishing independent review boards to investigate cases of police misconduct and brutality. 3. Introducing sentencing reform to address disparities in punishment for similar crimes. 4. Increasing funding for public defenders to ensure adequate representation for all individuals. Chapter 4 True or False Questions 1. An ideology is a widely held set of beliefs that justify the status quo. Answer: True 2. The poor commit more crimes than the rich do. Answer: False 3. The persistent belief that the most dangerous crimes are committed by poor people is an example of one of the effects of historical inertia. Answer: False 4. Those who suffer most from the failure to reduce street crime are not in a position to change criminal justice policy. Answer: True 5. TV violence is an example of one of the elements that shapes public perception of criminal justice. Answer: True 6. By blaming the individual for a crime, the society is acquitted of the charge of complicity in that crime. Answer: True 7. Essentially, crimes of the well-to-do redistribute property among the have-nots. Answer: False Multiple Choice Questions 1. The most powerful criminal justice policy makers are from the __________. a. middle class b. upper class c. lower class d. impoverished class Answer: b. upper class 2. The term “ideology” can be used in a neutral fashion to describe ___________. a. societal threats b. economic conditions c. value systems d. social deception Answer: c. value systems 3. How has the American criminal justice system been used throughout history to protect the interests of the powerful? a. CEOs were allowed to indefinitely detain their employees. b. The poor were not allowed to be released on bail. c. Politicians could not be arrested for financial fraud. d. Police forces were summoned to repress dissent. Answer: d. Police forces were summoned to repress dissent. 4. According to Marx, the wealthy have “control over the means of mental production.” What is a contemporary example of this? a. The wealthy directly control what is presented on television. b. The wealthy directly control everything that is disseminated on the Internet. c. The wealthy control all copyrights in the United States. d. The wealthy officially censor members of the middle class. Answer: a. The wealthy directly control what is presented on television. 5. What is an example of one of the factors that shape the distribution of income in the United States? a. your height relative to others in your age group b. your criminal status c. your mother and father’s professions d. your fitness habits Answer: c. your mother and father’s professions 6. What is an example of how the identification of crime and poverty benefits the rich? a. It provides wealthy victims with the justice they deserve. b. It lessens the number of people in prison. c. It proves that the wealthy are morally superior. d. It reinforces hostility toward the poor. Answer: d. It reinforces hostility toward the poor. 7. In the criminal justice system, who would be most likely to benefit from the bonus of bias? a. a black female prisoner b. a middle-class Hispanic man c. a poor black woman d. a wealthy white woman Answer: d. a wealthy white woman Short Answer Questions 1. How does the Pyrrhic defeat theory explain the current state of the criminal justice system? Answer: The Pyrrhic defeat theory suggests that a victory comes at such a great cost that it is tantamount to defeat. In the context of the criminal justice system, this could imply that efforts to maintain order and security may result in excessive restrictions on individual freedoms, undermining the system's integrity. 2. Identify specific examples to support the assertion that the criminal justice system reinforces the belief that poverty is itself a sign of poor or weak character. Answer: The disproportionate targeting and harsher sentencing of individuals from low-income communities perpetuate the notion that poverty is linked to criminality. Additionally, the lack of adequate legal representation for impoverished defendants often leads to unequal treatment in court, reinforcing the stigma associated with poverty. 3. Apply your knowledge of the “the American dream” to describe how this construction shapes the perception of success in America. Answer: The American Dream idealizes success as attainable through hard work, perseverance, and upward social mobility, often measured by material wealth and status. Consequently, this construct influences Americans to equate success primarily with financial achievement and material possessions. 4. Analyze the role of greed in the evolution of prisons. Answer: Greed has fueled the expansion of private prisons, prioritizing profit over rehabilitation and justice. This profit motive incentivizes policies that increase incarceration rates, perpetuating a cycle of mass incarceration. Essay Questions 1. Evaluate why the criminal justice system is allowed to function in a way that neither protects society nor achieves justice. Use specific examples from the text to support your arguments. Answer: The criminal justice system's focus on punishment over rehabilitation often perpetuates cycles of crime rather than addressing root causes. For instance, mandatory minimum sentences for non-violent drug offenses contribute to overcrowded prisons without effectively addressing substance abuse issues. Additionally, racial disparities in arrests and sentencing undermine societal trust in the system's ability to deliver justice impartially, further eroding its effectiveness in protecting society. 2. Propose some principles of a new ideology that would more accurately reflect and address the current sociopolitical realities that pertain to criminality in the United States. Answer: A new ideology could prioritize restorative justice, focusing on repairing harm caused by crime rather than punitive measures. It would also emphasize addressing systemic inequalities such as poverty and racism that contribute to criminal behavior. Community-based interventions and rehabilitation programs would take precedence over incarceration, aiming to reintegrate offenders into society and prevent recidivism. Test Bank for Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Jeffrey Reiman, Paul Leighton 9780205896103
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