CHAPTER 16 - COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE MULTIPLE CHOICE SECTION 1. Sociologists define __________ as the alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time. It is usually brought about by collective behavior and social movements. A. social divergence B. social change C. social innovation D. social conversion Answer: B 2. __________ is voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant group norms and values. A. Social change B. Organizational behavior C. Institutional behavior D. Collective behavior Answer: D 3. Unlike the __________ behavior that is found in corporations and voluntary associations (such as labor unions), collective behavior lacks an official division of labor, hierarchy of authority, and established rules and procedures. A. informal B. institutional C. organizational D. change-based Answer: C 4. Unlike __________ behavior (for example, in education, religion, or politics), collective behavior lacks established norms to govern behavior. A. administrative B. institutional C. organizational D. change-based Answer: B 5. Collective behavior occurs as a result of some common influence or stimulus that produces a response from a/an __________, which is a number of people who act together and may mutually transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures. A. administrative organization B. change-based organization C. social movement D. collectively Answer: D 6. Three major factors contribute to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur. Which of the following factors is not identified as contributing to collective behavior occurring? A. Structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way. B. Timing. C. Biological factors that decrease the chances of people responding in a specific manner. D. A breakdown in social control mechanisms and a corresponding feeling of normlessness. Answer: C 7. The first environmental organization in the U.S. was A. The Sierra Club. B. The American Forestry Association. C. COYOTE. D. Greenpeace. Answer: B 8. Which of the following statements concerning the environment is true? A. The first environmental organization was Greenpeace. B. Those who hold strong attitudes regarding the environment are also likely to be involved in an environmental movement. C. The environmental movement started in the 1960s. D. Environmental groups have been involved in sit-ins, protest marches and strikes. Answer: D 9. Several explanations could be provided in relation to the dynamics of collective behavior. Which of the following explanations is not valid in relation to the dynamics of collective behavior? A. When people can communicate quickly and easily with one another, spontaneous behavior is more likely. B. When people are gathered together in several locations, they are more likely to respond to a common stimulus. C. When people are gathered together in one general location, they are more likely to respond to a common stimulus. D. People’s attitudes are not always reflected in their political and social behavior. Answer: B 10. A(n) __________ is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity. A. mass B. aggregate C. category D. crowd Answer: D 11. Examples of a(n) __________ include the audience in a movie theatre or people at a pep rally for a sporting event. A. category B. mass C. crowd D. aggregate Answer: C 12. A(n) __________ is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity. A. mass B. category C. crowd D. aggregate Answer: A 13. An example of a(n) __________ is the popularity of “blogging” on the Internet. A blog is an online journal maintained by an individual who frequently records entries that are maintained in a chronological order. A. category B. crowd C. aggregate D. mass Answer: D 14. According to sociologist John Lofland, the __________ refers to the "publicly expressed feeling perceived by participants and observers as the most prominent in an episode of collective behavior." A. aggregate opinion B. mass point of view C. dominant emotion D. prominent feeling Answer: C 15. Sociologist Herbert Blumer developed a typology in which crowds are divided into four categories. Which of the following was not a crowd category identified by Blumer? A. casual B. expressive C. acting D. nontraditional Answer: D 16. __________ crowds are relatively large gatherings of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time; if they interact at all, it is only briefly. A. Conventional B. Casual C. Acting D. Expressive Answer: B 17. People in a shopping mall or on a city bus are examples of _________ crowds. A. casual B. expressive C. acting D. conventional Answer: A 18. __________ crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus. A. Acting B. Expressive C. Conventional D. Casual Answer: C 19. Students gathered at a college lecture are an example of a(n) ___________ crowd. The event has a preestablished schedule and norms. Because it occurs regularly, interaction among participants is much more likely; in turn, the events would not occur without the crowd, which is essential to the event. A. casual B. expressive C. acting D. conventional Answer: D 20. __________ crowds provide opportunities for the display of some strong emotion (such as joy, excitement, or grief). People release their pent-up emotions in conjunction with other persons experiencing similar emotions. A. Protest B. Expressive C. Acting D. Conventional Answer: B 21. Worshipers at religious revival services and revelers assembled on New Year's Eve at Times Square in New York are both participating in a(n) __________ crowd. A. conventional B. acting C. expressive D. casual Answer: C 22. __________ crowds are collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior. A. Protest B. Expressive C. Acting D. Conventional Answer: C 23. Mobs, riots, and panics are all examples of __________ crowds. A. acting B. casual C. expressive D. conventional Answer: A 24. A(n) __________ is highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence against a specific target (such as a person, a category of people, or physical property.) A. riot B. collectivity C. mob D. aggregate Answer: C 25. Love Canal residents were engaging in __________ behavior when they called attention to their problems with the chemical dump site by staging a protest in which they “burned in effigy” the governor and the health commissioner to emphasize their displeasure with the lack of response from these public officials. A. aggregate B. mob C. riot D. nuclear Answer: B 26. A(n) __________ is violent crowd behavior that is fueled by deep-seated emotions but not directed at one specific target. A. mob B. collectivity C. riot D. aggregate Answer: C 27. Examples of a(n) __________ include celebrations after sports victories such as those that occurred in St. Louis after the Cardinals defeated the Detroit Tigers in the 2006 Baseball World Series. A. aggregate B. mob C. collectivity D. riot Answer: D 28. A(n) __________ is a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior. A. panic B. riot C. mob D. aggregate Answer: A 29. The most common type of __________ occurs when people seek to escape from a perceived danger, fearing that few (if any) of them will be able to get away from that danger. A. mob B. aggregate C. panic D. riot Answer: C 30. __________ can arise in response to events that people believe are beyond their control, such as a major disruption in the economy. Although they are relatively rare, they receive massive media coverage because they evoke strong feelings of fear in readers and viewers. A. Mobs B. Panics C. Aggregates D. Riots Answer: B 31. Sociologists Clark McPhail and Ronald Wohlstein added __________ crowds to the four types of crowds identified by Blumer. These types of crowds engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals. A. militant B. protest C. rebel D. revolutionary Answer: B 32. Examples of __________ crowds include sit-ins, marches, boycotts, blockades, and strikes. A. rebel B. revolutionary C. militant D. protest Answer: D 33. Some protests take the form of __________, which is nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it. A. civil insubordination B. civil rebellion C. civil disobedience D. civil dismissiveness Answer: C 34. Sometimes acts of civil disobedience become violent, as in a confrontation between protesters and police officers. In this case, a protest crowd becomes a/an __________ crowd. A. conventional B. acting C. casual D. expressive Answer: B 35. In the 1960s, African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demanded social change. When these protests escalated into violent confrontations, these groups became __________ crowds. A. conventional B. casual C. acting D. expressive Answer: C 36. __________ focused on crowd psychology and developed the contagion theory. A. Clark McPhail B. Gustave Le Bon C. Robert Park D. Herbert Blumer Answer: B 37. __________ focuses on the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior; it attempts to explain how moods, attitudes, and behavior are communicated rapidly and why they are accepted by others. A. Psychoanalysis B. Convergence theory C. Emergent norm theory D. Contagion theory Answer: D 38. __________ argued that people are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable. A. Le Bon B. Hadley Cantrel C. Georg Simmel D. Talcott Parsons Answer: A 39. According to the contagion theory, which of the following statements is valid? A. People are less likely to engage in antisocial behavior in a crowd because they feel they are being observed. B. A crowd takes on a life of its own that is larger than the beliefs or actions of any one person. C. Crowds encourage individual rationality. D. Crowds are easily dispersed when the initial contagion passes. Answer: B 40. According to sociologist Robert Park, social unrest is transmitted by a process of __________, which is the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another, who, in turn, reflects the discontent back to the first person. A. convergence B. mob psychology C. circular reaction D. emergent norms Answer: C 41. __________ focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs that many people may bring to crowd behavior. Because of their individual characteristics, many people have a predisposition to participate in certain types of activities. A. Circular reaction B. Mob psychology C. Emergent norm theory D. Convergence theory Answer: D 42. From the __________, people with similar attributes find a collectively of like-minded persons with whom they can express their underlying personal tendencies. A. contagion theory B. convergence theory C. emergent norm theory D. psychoanalytic theory Answer: B 43. Applying the convergence theory in his study of a lynch mob, social psychologist Hadley Cantril found that __________ A. the participants came from widely divergent backgrounds B. the characteristics of the participants made them susceptible to joining a lynch mob even if they did not know the target of the lynching C. the participants came from the middle-, and upper-middle classes D. participants knew, and did not like, the target of the lynching Answer: B 44. __________ theory emphasizes the importance of social norms in shaping crowd behavior. A. Convergence B. Contagion C. Emergent norm D. Circular reaction Answer: C 45. Drawing on the __________ perspective, sociologists Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian asserted that crowds develop their own definition of a situation and establish norms for behavior that fit the occasion. A. functionalist B. symbolic interactionist C. conflict D. postmodernist Answer: B 46. Sociologists using the __________ approach seek to determine how individuals in a given collectivity develop an understanding of what is going on, how they construe these activities, and what type of behaviors are involved. A. emergent norm B. circular reaction C. contagion D. convergence Answer: A 47. Some emergent norms are __________, that is, they give people a shared conviction that they may disregard ordinary rules such as waiting in line, taking turns, or treating a speaker courteously. A. permissive B. restrictive C. proactive D. reactive Answer: A 48. Following the Los Angeles riots of 1992, some analysts concluded that Korean Americans were targets of rioters because they were viewed by Latinos/as and African Americans as “callous and greedy invaders” who became wealthy at the expense of members of other racial/ethnic groups. This illustrates emergent norms that are __________. A. reactive B. proactive C. restrictive D. permissive Answer: D 49. Not all collective behavior takes place in face-to-face collectivities. __________ behavior is collective behavior that takes place when people (who often are geographically separated from one another) respond to the same event in much the same way. A. Riot B. Mass C. Mob D. Panic Answer: B 50. The most frequent types of __________ behavior are rumors, gossip, mass hysteria, public opinion, fashions, and fads. A. riot B. mob C. panic D. mass Answer: D 51. __________ refers to unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject. A. Rumors B. Gossip C. Mass hysteria D. Panic Answer: A 52. In discussing rumors, the text points out several valid statements. Which of the following statements concerning rumors is not valid? A. While rumors may spread through an assembled collectivity, they also may be transmitted among people who are dispersed geographically. B. Rumors thrive when tensions are low and a large amount of authentic information is available on an issue of great concern. C. Although they initially may contain a kernel of truth, as they spread, rumors may be modified to serve the interests of those repeating them. D. Rumors thrive when tensions are high and little authentic information is available on an issue of great concern. Answer: B 53. __________ refer(s) to rumors about the personal lives of individuals. A. Mass hysteria B. Gossip C. Fads D. Panic Answer: B 54. Tabloid newspapers and magazines such as the “National Enquirer” and “People,” and television entertainment “news” programs that purport to provide “inside” information on the lives of celebrities, are sources of contemporary __________, much of which has not been checked for authenticity. A. panic B. fads C. gossip D. mass hysteria Answer: C 55. __________ is a form of dispersed collective behavior that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real or perceived threat. A. Gossip B. Rumor C. Mass hysteria D. Panic Answer: C 56. In 1938, actor Orson Welles hosted a radio broadcast dramatizing H.G. Wells's science fiction classic “The War of the Worlds.” A CBS radio dance music program was interrupted suddenly by a news bulletin informing the audience that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were in the process of conquering the earth. The ensuing reaction was an example of __________. A. mass hysteria B. propaganda C. public opinion D. mob behavior Answer: A 57. A __________ is a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people. A. style B. fad C. craze D. fashion Answer: B 58. A __________ is defined as a currently valued manner of behavior, thinking, or appearance. A. style B. fad C. fashion D. craze Answer: C 59. The text observes that most sociological research on fashion has focused on __________. A. clothing, especially women's apparel B. men's accessories C. the t-shirt craze D. hairstyles Answer: A 60. Sociologist __________ suggested a classic “trickle-down” theory to describe the process by which members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class. A. Herbert Blumer B. Pierre Bourdieu C. Thorstein Veblen D. Georg Simmel Answer: D 61. Sociologist __________ asserted that fashion serves mainly to institutionalize conspicuous consumption among the wealthy. A. Georg Simmel B. Thorstein Veblen C. Pierre Bourdieu D. Herbert Blumer Answer: B 62. __________ consists of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers. A. Public conviction B. Public persuasion C. Public sentiment D. Public opinion Answer: D 63. __________ is measured through polls and surveys, which use research methods such as interviews and questionnaires. It varies widely based on race/ethnicity, religion, region, social class, education level, sex/gender, and age. A. Public sentiment B. Public persuasion C. Public opinion D. Public conviction Answer: C 64. As the masses attempt to influence elites and vice versa, a two-way process occurs with the dissemination of __________ ,which is information provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one. A. propaganda B. rumor C. public opinion D. cultural capital Answer: A 65. In a study of public opinion on environmental issues, sociologist Riley Dunlap found that public awareness of the seriousness of environmental problems and support for environmental protection __________. A. decreased precipitously during the 1980s B. increased dramatically between the late 1960s and the 1990s C. has remained unchanged for the past three decades D. is extremely difficult to measure accurately Answer: B 66. __________ is an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action. It differs from collective behavior because it tends to be longer lasting, is more organized, and has specific goals or purposes. A. A revolution B. Civil disobedience C. A social movement D. An interest collectivity Answer: C 67. According to the text, social movements __________. A. are more likely to develop in industrialized societies than in preindustrial ones B. make democracy less available to some excluded groups C. usually relies on paid employees to carry out the work D. never resists change Answer: A 68. When sociologist Kai Erikson pointed out that people face a "new species of trouble," he was referring to __________. A. new diseases for which there is no known cure B. inhabitants of other planets that may be discovered by space exploration in the twenty-first century C. natural disasters, such as hurricanes and earthquakes that have more deadly force than previous ones D. technological disasters, such as toxic chemical pollution or radiation leakage Answer: D 69. Which statement concerning social movements is false? A. Most rely on volunteers. B. They give people who otherwise would not have the resources to enter politics a chance to do so. C. They made democracy more available to excluded groups. D. They can be easily categorized by their ideology. Answer: D 70. __________ movements seek to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure. Members usually work within the existing system to attempt to change existing public policy so that it more adequately reflects their own value system. A. Revolutionary B. Reform C. Alternative D. Resistance (regressive) Answer: B 71. Examples of __________ include labor movements, animal rights movements, antinuclear movements, Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD), and the disability rights movement. A. revolutionary movements B. alternative movements C. reform movements D. resistance (regressive) movements Answer: C 72. __________ movements seek to bring about a total change in society. These movements usually do not attempt to work within the existing system; rather, they aim to remake the system by replacing existing institutions with new ones. A. Reform B. Religious (expressive) C. Alternative D. Revolutionary Answer: D 73. Radical terrorists who use fear tactics to intimidate those with whom they disagree ideologically is an example of __________ movements. A. revolutionary B. religious (expressive) C. alternative D. reform Answer: A 74. The terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., on September 11, 2001, are examples of __________ movements. A. alternative B. reform C. revolutionary D. resistance (regressive) Answer: C 75. The Weathermen was a radical group that was recognizable for many robberies and bombings of buildings. They could be classified as what type of movement? A. reform B. revolutionary C. religious D. reactionary Answer: B 76. __________ movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and are typically based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems. They are concerned with renovating or renewing people through “inner change.” A. Alternative B. Reform C. Resistance (regressive) D. Religious (expressive) Answer: D 77. Some religious movements are __________, that is, they forecast that "the end is near" and assert that an immediate change in behavior is imperative. A. prophetic B. millenarian C. priestly D. revolutionary Answer: B 78. __________ movements seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior. A. Alternative B. Religious (expressive) C. Revolutionary D. Reform Answer: A 79. Recently, a variety of “New Age” movements have directed people’s behavior by emphasizing spiritual consciousness combined with a belief in reincarnation and astrology. This is an example of __________ movements. A. resistance (regressive) B. revolutionary C. alternative D. religious (expressive) Answer: C 80. __________ movements seek to prevent change or to undo change that has already occurred. A. Alternative B. Revolutionary C. Reform D. Resistance (regressive) Answer: D 81. Examples of __________ movements are groups organized since the 1950s to oppose school integration, civil rights and affirmative action legislation, and domestic partnership initiatives. A. alternative B. reform C. resistance (regressive) D. revolutionary Answer: C 82. The text identifies __________ as the most widely known resistance (regressive) movement. A. the National Rifle Association (NRA) B. the National Organization of Women (NOW) C. pro-life advocates (such as Operation Rescue) D. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) Answer: C 83. In the __________ stage of a social movement, widespread unrest is present as people become aware of a problem. At this stage, leaders emerge to agitate others into taking action. A. preliminary (incipiency) B. coalescence C. institutionalization (bureaucratization) D. intermediate Answer: A 84. In the __________ stage of a social movement, people begin to organize and to publicize the problem. At this stage, some movements become formally organized at local and regional levels. A. intermediate B. institutionalization (bureaucratization) C. preliminary (incipiency) D. coalescence Answer: D 85. In the __________ stage of a social movement, an organizational structure develops, and a paid staff (rather than volunteers) begins to lead the group. A. preliminary (incipiency) B. coalescence C. institutionalization (bureaucratization) D. intermediate Answer: C 86. According to __________ theory, people who are satisfied with their present condition are less likely to seek social change. Social movements arise as a response to people’s perception that they have been deprived of their “fair share.” A. value-added B. resource mobilization C. social constructionist D. relative deprivation Answer: D 87. __________ refers to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve. A. Relative deprivation B. Conditional deprivation C. Absolute deprivation D. Structured deprivation Answer: A 88. Developed by sociologist Neil Smelser, __________ theory is based on the assumption that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement. A. relative deprivation B. value-added C. resource mobilization D. social constructionist Answer: B 89. People must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action. Movements are more likely to occur when a person, class, or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem. This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of __________. A. structural conduciveness B. structural strain C. precipitating factors D. social control factors Answer: A 90. When a society or community is unable to meet people’s expectations that something should be done about a problem, tension occurs in the system. This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser’s value-added theory condition of __________. A. spread of a generalized belief B. mobilization for action C. structural strain D. social control Answer: C 91. For a movement to develop there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its causes, effects, and possible solutions. This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser’s value-added theory condition of __________. A. precipitating factors B. spread of a generalized belief C. structural conduciveness D. social control factors Answer: B 92. To reinforce the existing generalized belief, an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur. This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser’s value-added theory condition of __________. A. social control factors B. mobilization for action C. precipitating factors D. structural strain Answer: C 93. At this stage, leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction. This represents sociologist Neal Smelser’s value-added theory condition of __________. A. mobilization for action B. social control factors C. spread of a generalized belief D. structural conduciveness Answer: A 94. __________ theory takes into account the complexity of social movements and makes it possible to test assertions regarding the necessary and sufficient conditions that produce such movements. A. Resource mobilization B. Relative deprivation C. Social Constructionist D. Value-added Answer: D 95. __________ theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause. A. Resource mobilization B. Resource-added C. Relative deprivation D. New social movement Answer: A 96. __________ theory is based on the assumption that participants in social movements are rational people. It also assumes that participants must have some degree of economic and political resources to make the movement a success. A. Value-added B. Resource mobilization C. New social movement D. Relative deprivation Answer: B 97. Based on an analysis of fifty-three U.S. social protest groups ranging from labor unions to peace movements between 1800 to 1945, sociologist William Gamson concluded that __________ strongly influence its chances of success. A. available resources B. the organization and tactics of a movement C. the presence of charismatic leaders D. the extent of communal bonding Answer: B 98. Which of the following is not a type of social movement theory? A. value-added B. resource-mobilization C. social constructionist D. ecological Answer: D 99. __________ theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive, symbolically defined, and negotiated process that involves participants, opponents, and bystanders. A. Relative deprivation B. Value-added C. Resource mobilization D. Social constructionist Answer: D 100. __________ reflects the influence of sociologist Erving Goffman’s “Frame Analysis,” in which he suggests that our interpretation of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them. A. Social constructionist theory B. Value-added theory C. Relative deprivation theory D. Resource mobilization Answer: A TRUE-FALSE SECTION 1. Sociologists define social change as the alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time; such change is usually brought about by collective behavior and social movements. Answer: True 2. Similar to the organizational behavior found in corporations and voluntary associations (such as labor unions and environmental organizations), collective behavior also has an official division of labor, hierarchy of authority, and established rules and procedures. Answer: False Rejoinder: Collective behavior unlike organizational behavior does not possess any of these characteristics of an organization/bureaucracy. 3. It has been found that people respond similarly to both natural disasters and those caused by technological failure. Answer: False Rejoinder: Most sociological studies have found that people respond differently to natural disasters, which typically occur very suddenly, than to technological disasters, which may occur gradually. 4. People engaging in collective behavior may be divided into crowds and masses. A crowd is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another’s immediate vicinity. By contrast, a mass is a relatively large number of people who are in one another’s immediate vicinity. Answer: False Rejoinder: The definitions for the terms are just switched around. A crowd is a relatively large number of people who are in one another’s immediate vicinity. Whereas, a mass is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another’s immediate vicinity. 5. Conventional crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled even and thus share a common focus. Answer: True 6. Mob violence tends to dissipate relatively quickly once a target has been injured, killed, or destroyed. Sometimes, actions such as an effigy hanging are used symbolically by groups that are not otherwise violent. Answer: True 7. Scholar Gustave Le Bon asserted that emotions such as fear and hate are contagious in crowds because people experience an increase in personal responsibility; they will do things by themselves that they would never do as a collectivity. Answer: False Rejoinder: Actually Gustave Le Bon (contagion theory) asserted that emotions such as fear and hate are contagious in crowds because people experience a decline in personal responsibility; they will do things as a collectivity that they would never do when acting alone. 8. Rumors thrive when tensions are low and when an abundance of authentic information is available on an issue of great concern. Answer: False Rejoinder: Actually rumors thrive when tensions are high and when little authentic information is available on an issues of great concern. 9. A classic example of mass hysteria with a widely dispersed audience was actor Orson Welles’s 1938 radio dramatization of H.G. Wells’s science fiction classic “The War of the Worlds.” Answer: True 10. A fad is defined as a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance. Unlike fashions, fads tend to be longer lasting. A fashion is a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people. Answer: False Rejoinder: Just the opposite is true. A fad is a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people. Unlike fads, fashions tend to be longer lasting. A fashion is defined as a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance. 11. Public opinion consists of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers. It is measured through polls and surveys, which use research methods such as interviews and questionnaires. Answer: True 12. Social movements are more likely to develop in preindustrial societies than in industrialized societies, where acceptance of traditional beliefs and practices makes such movements unlikely. Answer: False Rejoinder: Social movements are more likely to develop in industrialized societies than in preindustrial societies, where acceptance of traditional beliefs and practices makes such movements unlikely. Diversity and a lack of consensus (hallmarks of industrialized nations) contribute to demands for social change. 13. Sociologists distinguish among movements on the basis of their goals and the amount of change they seek to produce. Some movements seek to change people whereas others seek to change society. Answer: True 14. Religious (expressive) movements seek limited change in some aspect of people’s behavior. For example, early in the 20th century, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union attempted to get people to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages. Answer: False Rejoinder: Religious (expressive) movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and are typically based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems (such as Hare Krishnas). By contrast, alternative movements seek limited change in some aspect of people’s behavior (such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union). 15. The so-called New Age movement seeks some limited change in people’s behavior. Therefore, the New Age movement is classified as a reform movement. Answer: False Rejoinder: A reform movement seeks change at the societal level. Since the New Age movement seeks some individual change, it is labelled an alternative movement. 16. When social movements reach the institutionalization (bureaucratization) stage, the initial zeal and idealism of members may diminish as administrators take over management of the organization. Early grassroots supporters may become disillusioned and drop out. Answer: True 17. Absolute deprivation refers to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve. Answer: False Rejoinder: The correct term is relative deprivation. 18. Based on sociologist Neil Smelser’s value-added theory, movements go through six different stages. These steps are necessary for the development of a social movement. Answer: True 19. Resource mobilization theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive, symbolically defined, and negotiated process that involves participants, opponents, and bystanders. Answer: False Rejoinder: The correct theory described is actually the social constructionist theory (frame analysis). By contrast, the resource mobilization theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause. 20. When successful framing occurs, the individual’s vague dissatisfactions are turned into well-defined grievances, and people are compelled to join the movement in an effort to reduce or eliminate those grievances. Answer: True 21. Frame bridging refers to the process whereby the creation and maintenance of new values, beliefs, and meanings induce movement participation by redefining activities and events in such a manner that people believe they must become involved in collective action. Answer: False Rejoinder: This is actually the frame alignment process referred to as frame transformation. Frame bridging is the process by which movement organizations reach individuals who already share the same world view as the organization. 22. China’s economy is growing but the energy needed to fuel the economy derives from coal which is one of the dirtiest sources of energy. Answer: True 23. There is a growing environmental movement in China but some movement organizers are reluctant to take action for fear of arrest. Answer: True 24. New social movement theory looks at an array of collective actions and the manner in which those actions are based in politics, ideology, and culture. It also incorporates factors of identity, including race, class, gender, and sexuality, as sources of collective action and social movements. Answer: True 25. Ethnocentrism emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s out of the feminist, peace, and ecology movements. It is based on the belief that patriarchy is a root cause of environmental problems. Answer: False Rejoinder: The correct term described is ecofeminism. Ethnocentrism is a term related to culture, in which it is human nature to judge/measure other cultures by one’s own cultural membership. SHORT RESPONSE SECTION 1. Define collective behavior and compare it with organizational and institutional behavior. Answer: Collective behavior is voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant-group norms and values. Unlike organizational behavior found in corporations and voluntary associations (such as labor unions and environmental organizations), collective behavior lacks an official division of labor, hierarchy of authority, and established rules and procedures. Unlike institutional behavior (in education, religion, or politics), collective behavior lacks institutional norms to govern behavior. Collective behavior can take various forms, including crowds, mobs, riots, panics, fads, fashions, and public opinion. According to sociologist Steven Buechler, early sociologists studied collective behavior because they lived in a world that was responding to the processes of urbanization, industrialization, and proletarianization of workers. Contemporary forms of collective behavior, particularly social protests are variations on the themes that originated during the transition from feudalism to capitalism and the rise of modernity in Europe. Today, some forms of collective behavior and social movements are directed toward public issues such as air pollution, water pollution, and the exploitation of workers in global sweatshops by transnational corporations. 2. Describe the conditions for collective behavior. Answer: Collective behavior occurs as a result of some common influence or stimulus that produces a response from a collectivity—which is a number of people who act together and may mutually transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures. Three major factors contribute to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur: (1) structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way. A common stimulus is an important factor in collective behavior. (2) timing is another significant factor in bringing about collective behavior. (3) a breakdown in social control mechanisms and a corresponding feeling of normlessness have been powerful forces in triggering collective behavior regarding environmental protection and degradation. 3. Discuss the dynamics of collective behavior. Answer: To better understand the dynamics of collective behavior, three areas need to be addressed: (1) How do people come to transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures? Some environmental activities have found that they can not get their point across unless they go outside established institutional patterns and organizations. Some situations are more conducive to collective behavior than others. When people can communicate quickly and easily with one another, spontaneous behavior is more likely. When people are gathered together in one general location (whether lining the streets or assembled in a massive stadium), they are more likely to respond to a common stimulus. (2) How do people’s actions compare with their attitudes? people’s attitudes (as expressed in public opinion surveys, for example) are not always reflected in their political and social behavior. For example, people may indicate in survey research that they believe the quality of the environment is very important, but the same people may not turn out on election day to support propositions that protect the environment or candidates that promise to focus on environmental issues. (3) Why do people act collectively rather than singles? Sociologists Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian note, people believe that there is strength in numbers. People may act as a collectivity when they believe it is the only way to fight those with greater power and resources. Collective behavior is not just the sum total of a large number of individuals acting at the same time; rather it reflects people’s joint response to some common influence or stimulus. 4. Distinguish between crowds and masses, and the influence of dominant emotions. Answer: People engaging in collective behavior may be divided into crowds and masses. A crowd is a relatively large number of people who are in one another’s immediate vicinity. Examples of crowds include the audience in a movie theatre or people at a pep rally for a sporting event. By contrast, a mass is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another’s immediate vicinity. An example is the popularity of blogging on the Internet. A blog, which is short for Web.log, is an online journal maintained by an individual who frequently records entries that are maintained in a chronological order. Collective behavior may also be distinguished by the dominant emotion expressed. According to sociologist John Lofland, the dominant emotion refers to the “publicly expressed feeling perceived by participants and observers as the most prominent in an episode of collective behavior.” He suggests that fear, hostility, and joy are three fundamental emotions found in collective behavior; however, grief, disgust, surprise, or shame may also predominate in some forms of collective behavior. 5. Identify and describe casual, conventional, expressive, acting, and protest crowds. Answer: Sociologist Herbert Blumer developed a typology in which crowds are divided into four categories: (1) casual crowds are relatively large gatherings of people, who happen to be in the same place at the same time; if they interact at all, it is only briefly. People in a shopping mall or a subway car are examples of casual crowds. A casual crowd has nothing in common. (2) conventional crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus. Examples include religious services, graduation ceremonies, concerts, and college lectures. Each of these events has preestablished schedules and norms. Because these events occur regularly, interaction among participants is much more likely; in turn, the events would not occur without the crowd, which is essential to the event. (3) expressive crowds provide opportunities for the expression of some strong emotion (such as joy, excitement, or grief). People release their pent-up emotions in conjunction with other persons experiencing similar emotions. Examples include worshippers at religious revival services; mourners lining the streets when a celebrity, public official, or religious leader has died; and revelers assembled at Mardi Gras or on New Year’s Eve at Times Square in New York. (4) acting crowds are collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior. Mobs, riots, and panics are examples of acting crowds. A mob is a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence against a specific target—a person, a category of people, or physical property. Mob behavior in the U.S. has included lynchings, fire bombings, effigy hangings, and hate crimes. Mob violence tends to dissipate relatively quickly once a target has been injured, killed, or destroyed. Compared with mob actions, riots may be of somewhat longer duration. A riot is violent crowd behavior that is fuelled by deep-seated emotions but not directed at one specific target. Riots are often triggered by fear, anger, and hostility. A panic is a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior. Sociologists Clark McPhail and Ronald Wohlstein added protest crowds to the four types of crowds identified by Blumer. Protest crowds engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals. Examples include sit-ins, marches, boycotts, blockades, and strikes. Some protests take the form of civil disobedience—nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it. 6. Summarize the key elements of these four explanations of collective behavior: contagion theory, social unrest and circular reaction, convergence theory, and emergent norm theory. Answer: French scholar Gustave Le Bon developed the contagion theory which focuses on the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior; it attempts to explain how moods, attitudes, and behavior are communicated rapidly and why they are accepted by others. People are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable. A crowd takes on a life of its own that is larger than the beliefs or actions of any one person. Because of its anonymity, the crowd transforms individuals from rational beings into a single organism with a collective mind. Emotions such as fear and hate are contagious in crowds because people experience a decline in personal responsibility; they will do things as a collectivity that they would never do when acting alone. Sociologist Robert Park added the concepts of social unrest and circular reaction to contagion theory. Social unrest is transmitted by a process of circular reaction—the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another, who, in turn, reflects the discontent back to the first person. Convergence theory focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs that many people may bring to crowd behavior. Because of their individual characteristics, many people have a predisposition to participate in certain types of activities. Convergence theory has been applied to a wide array of conduct, from lynch mobs to environmental movements. According to sociologists Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian developed the emergent norm theory which emphasizes the importance of social norms in shaping crowd behavior. They asserted that crowds develop their own definition of a situation and establish norms for behavior that fit the occasion. Sociologists using the emergent norm approach seek to determine how individuals in a given collectivity develop an understanding of what is going on, how they construe these activities, and what type of norms are involved. Some emergent norms are permissive—that is, they give people a shared conviction that they may disregard ordinary rules such as waiting in line and taking turns. Emergent norm theory points out that crowds are not irrational. Rather, new norms are developed in a rational way to fit the immediate situation. 7. Define mass behavior and outline the most frequent types of this behavior. Answer: Not all collective behavior takes place in face-to-face collectivities. Mass behavior is collective behavior that takes place when people (who often are geographically separated from one another) respond to the same event in much the same way. The most frequent types of mass behavior are rumors, gossip, mass hysteria, fads, fashions, and public opinion. Rumors are unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject. Rumors thrive when tensions are high and when little authentic information is available on an issue of great concern (for example, the blackout of August 2003). People are willing to give rumors credence when no opposing information is available. Rumors come from a wide variety of sources and may be difficult to trace. Whereas rumors deal with an issue or a subject, gossip refers to rumors about the personal lives of individuals (celebrity stories in tabloid magazines). Mass hysteria is a form of dispersed collective behavior that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real of perceived threat. An example of mass hysteria or a panic with a widely dispersed audience was actor Orson Welles’s 1938 radio dramatization of H.G. Wells’s science fiction classes, “The War of the Worlds.” A fad is a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people. Unlike fads, fashions tend to be longer lasting. A fashion is defined as a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance. Public opinion consists of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers. It is measured through polls and surveys, which use research methods such as interviews and questionnaires. As the masses attempt to influence elites and vice versa, a two-way process occurs with the dissemination of propaganda—information provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one. Although many people think of propaganda in negative terms, the information provided can be correct and can have a positive effect on decision making. 8. Describe social movements and note when and where they are most likely to develop. Answer: Although collective behavior is short-lived and relatively unorganized, social movements are longer lasting, are more organized, and have specific goals or purposes. A social movement is an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action. Because social movements have not become institutionalized and are outside the political mainstream, they offer “outsiders” an opportunity to have their voices heard. Social movements are more likely to develop in industrialized societies than in preindustrial societies, where acceptance of traditional beliefs and practices makes such movements unlikely. Diversity and a lack of consensus (hallmarks of industrialized nations) contribute to demands for social change, and people who participate in social movements typically lack power and other resources to bring about change without engaging in collective action. Social movements are most likely to spring up when people come to see their personal troubles as public issues that can not be solved without a collective response. Social movements make democracy more available to excluded groups. Historically, people in the United States have worked at the grassroots level to bring about changes even when elites sought to discourage activism. For example, the civil rights movement brought into its ranks African Americans in the South who had never been allowed to participate in politics. Also, the women’s suffrage movement gave voice to women who had been denied the right to vote. Most social movements rely on volunteers to carry out the work. Traditionally, women have been strongly represented in both the membership and the leadership of many grassroots movements. Social movements provide people who otherwise would not have the resources to enter the game of politics a chance to do so. We are most familiar with those movements that develop around public policy issues considered newsworthy by the media, ranging from abortion and women’s rights to gun control and environmental issues. 9. Differentiate among the five major types of social movements based on their goals and the amount of change they seek to produce. Answer: Sociologists distinguish among movements on the basis of their goals and the amount of change they seek to produce. Some movements seek to change people whereas others seek to change society. (1) reform movements seek to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure. Members of reform movements usually work within the existing system to attempt to change existing public policy so that it more adequately reflects their own value systems. Examples include labor movements, animal rights movements, and antinuclear movements. (2) revolutionary movements seek to bring about a total change in society. These movements usually do not attempt to work within the existing system; rather they aim to remake the system by replacing existing institutions with new ones. These movements range from utopian groups seeking to establish an ideal society to radical terrorists who fear tactics to intimidate those with whom they disagree ideologically. (3) religious (expressive) movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and typically are based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems. These movements are concerned with renovating or renewing people through “inner change.” Fundamentalist religious groups seeking to convert nonbelievers to their belief system are examples of this type of movement. Some religious movements are millenarian—that is, they forecast that “the end is near.” And assert that an immediate change in behavior is imperative. Relatively new religious movements include the Hare Krishnas, the Unification Church, and Scientology, all of which tend to appeal to the psychological and social needs of young people seeking meaning in life that mainstream religions have not provided for them. (4) alternative movements seek limited change in some aspect of people’s behavior. For example, early in the 20th century the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (led by Carrie Nation) attempted to get people to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages. More recently, a variety of “New Age” movements have directed people’s behavior by emphasizing spiritual consciousness combined with a belief in reincarnation and astrology. Such practices as vegetarianism, meditation, and holistic medicine are often included in the self-improvement category. (5) resistance (regressive) movements seek to prevent change or to undo change that has already occurred. Virtually all the proactive social movements face resistance from one or more reactive movements that hold opposing viewpoints and want to foster public policies that reflect their own beliefs. Examples of resistance movements are groups organized since the 1950s to oppose school integration, civil rights and affirmative action legislation, and domestic partnership initiatives. 10. Identify the stages in social movements and explain why social movements may be an important source of social change. Answer: There appear to be identifiable stages in virtually all movements that succeed beyond their initial phase of development. (1) in the preliminary (or incipiency) stage widespread unrest is present as people begin to become aware of a problem. At this stage, leaders emerge to agitate others into taking action. (2) in the coalescence stage, people begin to organize and to publicize the problem. At this stage, some movements become formally organized at local and regional levels. (3) in the institutionalization (or bureaucratization) stage, an organizational structure develops, and a paid staff (rather than volunteers) begin to lead the group. When the movement reaches this stage, the initial zeal and idealism of members may diminish as administrators take over management of the organization. Early grassroots supporters may become disillusioned and drop out; they may also start another movement to address some as-yet-unsolved aspect of the original problem. 11. Discuss the relative deprivation theory. Answer: According to relative deprivation theory, people who are satisfied with their present condition are less likely to seek social change. Social movements arise as a response to people’s perception that they have been deprived of their “fair share.” Thus people who suffer relative deprivation are more likely to feel that change is necessary and to join a social movement in order to bring about that change. Relative deprivation refers to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve. Movements based on relative deprivation are more likely to occur when an upswing in the standard of living is followed by a period of decline, such that people have unfulfilled rising expectations—newly raised hopes of a better lifestyle that are not fulfilled as rapidly as the people expected or are not realized at all. 12. Define and summarize the conditions of the value-added theory. Answer: The value-added theory developed by sociologist Neil Smelser is based on the assumption that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement. He called his theory the “value-added” approach based on the concept that each step in the production process adds something to the finished product. Similarly, Smelser asserted, six conditions are necessary and sufficient to produce social movements when they combine or interact in a particular situation. (1) structural conduciveness—people must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action. Movements are more likely to occur when a person, class, or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem. (2) structural strain – occurs when a society or community is unable to meet people’s expectations that something should be done about a problem. The ensuing tension and conflict contribute to the development of a social movement based on people’s belief that the problem would not exist if authorities had done what they were supposed to do. (3) spread of a generalized belief—for a movement to develop, there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its cause, effects, and possible solution. (4) precipitating factors—to reinforce the existing generalized belief, an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur. (5) mobilization for action—at this stage, leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction. (6) social control factors—if there is a high level of social control on the part of law enforcement officials, political leaders, and others, it becomes more difficult to develop a social movement or engage in certain types of collective action. Value-added theory takes into account the complexity of social movements and makes it possible to test Smelser’s assertions regarding the necessary and sufficient conditions that produce such movements. 13. Describe the key assumptions of the resource mobilization theory. Answer: Resource mobilization theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause. Resources include money, people’s time and skills, access to the media, and material goods such as property and equipment. Assistance from outsiders is essential for social movements. For example, reform movements are more likely to succeed when they gain the support of political and economic elites. Resource mobilization theory is based on the assumption that participants in social movements are rational people. According to sociologist Charles Tilly, movements are formed and dissolved, mobilized and deactivated, based on rational decisions about the goals of the group, available resources, and the cost of mobilization and collective action. Resource mobilization theory also assumes that participants must have some degree of economic and political resources to make the movement a success. In other words, widespread discontent alone cannot produce a social movement; adequate resources and motivated people are essential to any concerted social action. Based on an analysis of fifty-three U.S. social protest groups (ranging from labor unions to peace movements) between 1800 and 1945, sociologist William Gamson concluded that the organization and tactics of a movement strongly influence its chances of success. 14. State the key assumptions of the social construction theory: frame analysis. Answer: Social constructionist theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive, symbolically defined, and negotiated process that involves participants, opponents, and bystanders. Research based on this perspective often investigates how problems are framed and what names they are given. This approach reflects the influence of sociologist Erving Goffman’s Frame Analysis, in which he suggests that our interpretations of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them. Sociologists have identified three ways in which grievances are framed. (1) diagnostic framing—identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group or entity so that the social movement has a target for its action. (2) prognostic framing—pinpoints possible solutions or remedies, based on the target previously identified. (3) motivational framing—provides a vocabulary of motives that compel people to take action. When successful framing occurs, the individual’s vague dissatisfactions are turned into well-defined grievances, and people are compelled to join the movement in an effort to reduce or eliminate those grievances. Beyond motivational framing, additional frame alignment processes are necessary in order to supply a continuing sense of urgency to the movement. Frame alignment—is the linking together of interpretive orientations of individuals and social movement organizations so that there is congruence between individuals’ interests, beliefs, and values and the movement’s ideologies, goals, and activities. Four distinct frame alignment processes occur in social movements: (1) frame bridging—is the process by which movement organizations reach individuals who already share the same world view as the organization. (2) frame amplification—occurs when movements appeal to deeply held values and beliefs in the general population and link those to movement issues so that people’s preexisting value commitments serve as a “hook” that can be used to recruit them. (3) frame extension—occurs when movements enlarge the boundaries of an initial frame to incorporate other issues that appear to be of importance to potential participants. (4) frame transformation—refers to the process whereby the creation and maintenance of new values, beliefs, and meanings induce movement participation by redefining activities and events in such a manner that people believe they must become involved in collective action. 15. Discuss why the U.S. should be concerned with China’s environmental problems. What is the primary source of energy in China? Answer: Given China’s enormous growth staggering amounts of energy are needed. And, China gets almost all of its energy from coal. Coal is one of the dirtiest sources of energy. At one level, a humanitarian one, we should be concerned about the deadly effects of pollution on the residents of China. But we should also be concerned about the effects of pollution on the rest of the world, including the U.S. In other words, the pollution in China is a global problem. For example, it has been found that sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides coming from China’s coal-fired power plants fall as acid rain on Seoul, South Korea and Tokyo, Japan. And, much of the particulate pollution over Los Angeles originates in China. ESSAY SECTION 1. Describe the conditions for collective behavior, the dynamics of collective behavior, and the distinctions regarding collective behavior. Answer: Collective Behavior refers to spontaneous and unstructured social actions taken by a large number of individuals in response to a common stimulus or situation: • Conditions: Often arise in ambiguous or crisis situations where conventional norms and rules are temporarily suspended or unclear. • Dynamics: Characterized by rapid spread of behavior through social networks, often driven by emotional contagion or informational influence. • Distinctions: Contrasted with conventional behavior patterns as it involves non-routine actions, lacks formal organization, and often occurs in temporary gatherings. 2. Summarize the different types of crowd behavior. Answer: Crowd Behavior can be categorized into several types: • Casual Crowds: Brief gatherings with minimal organization and dispersed goals (e.g., spectators at a parade). • Conventional Crowds: Gatherings with specific purposes or events (e.g., religious gatherings, concerts). • Expressive Crowds: Emotionally charged gatherings expressing shared feelings or sentiments (e.g., protests, riots). • Acting Crowds: Engaged in goal-directed actions or protests seeking specific outcomes (e.g., political rallies, demonstrations). 3. Explain the theories of crowd behavior. Answer: Theories of Crowd Behavior include: • Contagion Theory: Suggests individuals in crowds experience anonymity and reduced self-awareness, leading to irrational and emotional behavior. • Convergence Theory: Focuses on shared motivations and interests bringing individuals together in crowds, emphasizing rational decisions rather than irrationality. • Emergent-Norm Theory: Proposes that crowd behavior develops through the establishment of new norms and rules emerging from interactions among participants. 4. Describe mass behavior. Answer: Mass Behavior involves large-scale behavior or actions that are widespread and often influenced by media, technology, or social movements: • Characteristics: Involves dispersed individuals engaged in similar behavior or actions without direct physical proximity. • Examples: Political movements, consumer behavior, viral trends on social media, and cultural shifts influenced by mass communication. 5. Summarize the different types and stages of social movements. Answer: Social Movements evolve through distinct stages and types: • Types of Social Movements: • Reform Movements: Seek limited changes in specific aspects of society or policies. • Revolutionary Movements: Aim for fundamental transformations of societal structures and power dynamics. • Resistance Movements: Oppose specific policies, practices, or authorities perceived as unjust or oppressive. • Stages of Social Movements: • Emergence: Initial recognition of grievances and formation of collective identities. • Coalescence: Organizing strategies, resource mobilization, and solidarity building. • Bureaucratization: Institutionalization of movement goals, tactics, and leadership. • Decline: Movement activities decrease due to achieving goals, repression, or internal divisions. 6. Compare the relative deprivation theory and the value-added theory. Answer: Relative Deprivation Theory: • Concept: Individuals or groups compare their situations to others and perceive a gap between their expectations and actual outcomes. • Trigger: Perceived deprivation can lead to frustration, grievances, and collective actions seeking to reduce disparities. • Example: Civil rights movements in the United States highlighting disparities and demanding equality based on perceived injustices. Value-Added Theory: • Concept: Collective actions result from added values or benefits of group participation that individuals cannot achieve alone. • Trigger: Collective actions emerge when individuals perceive benefits from participating in movements that advance their interests. • Example: Labor unions advocating for better wages, working conditions, and benefits through collective bargaining and activism. Comparison: • Focus: Relative Deprivation Theory emphasizes perceived disparities triggering collective actions. Value-Added Theory focuses on benefits gained from collective participation. • Mechanism: Relative Deprivation Theory centres on dissatisfaction with existing conditions. Value-Added Theory emphasizes benefits and incentives for collective engagement. 7. Describe the resource mobilization theory. Answer: Resource Mobilization Theory: • Concept: Social movements require resources (e.g., money, organizational skills, media access) to mobilize and sustain collective actions. • Key Elements: Focuses on acquiring, organizing, and deploying resources effectively to achieve movement goals. • Examples: Successful movements often strategically mobilize resources, such as funding, expertise, and public support, to influence policy and societal change. 8. Discuss the social constructionist theory: frame analysis. Answer: Social Constructionist Theory (Frame Analysis): • Concept: Frames are cognitive structures that shape how individuals perceive and interpret events, influencing collective identities and actions. • Frame Elements: Includes diagnostic frames (identifying problems), prognostic frames (proposing solutions), and motivational frames (mobilizing support). • Example: Environmental movements framing issues as urgent crises needing immediate action through public awareness campaigns and policy advocacy. 9. Discuss China in regards to its environmental issues. Answer: China's Environmental Issues: • Challenges: Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth have led to severe environmental degradation. • Issues: Air and water pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss threaten public health and ecological sustainability. • Government Response: China has implemented policies to reduce pollution, promote renewable energy, and improve environmental regulations. • Global Impact: China's environmental policies influence global climate change mitigation efforts and sustainable development goals. 10. Explain the new social movement theory. Answer: New Social Movement Theory: • Concept: Emerged in the late 20th century to describe movements focused on identity, culture, and quality of life issues rather than traditional economic concerns. • Characteristics: Emphasizes post-materialist values, participatory democracy, and grassroots organizing. • Examples: LGBTQ+ rights movements, environmental activism, and anti-globalization protests advocating for social justice and cultural change. Test Bank for Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials Diana Kendall 9781337109659, 9781111305505, 9781305094154
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